Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X BEE DISEASES AND THEIR IMPACT ON BEE HONEY PRODUCTION IN ABU GHRAIB DISTRICT FOR THE YEAR 2020. Turki Zaal Amin1, Dr. Hossam Kanaan Waheed2 1,2 University of Baghdad/College of Arts, Baghdad, Iraq Email:[email protected] ABSTRACT Diseases and enemies of honey bees are among the most serious problems in the study area that threaten the life and permanence of honey bees, or limit and reduce the honey product, which is regarded important economic source for many beekeepers in the study area, which is (13) sectors, that the most important diseases are viral diseases, Such as: Sacbrood virus, bacterial diseases such as American foulbrood (AFB, European foulbrood (EFB), and unicellular disease (Nosema apis), as well as bee parasites such as Varroa destructor , wax worms, hives beetle, bee louse, and Acarine disease (bronchiectasis), as well as the enemies of honey bees such as the Merops, the eastern red hornet , honey badger, ants, mice, and the bee wolf, as well as some birds such as the crow, the bird of paradise and the hook, as well as frogs, lizards, spiders and the sesame butterfly. Diseases and pests have many effects on honey production in the study area, such as honey production, honey color, queen reproduction, royal jelly production, pollen production, beeswax, and propolis, as well as on the taste and smell of honey Keywords: Bee diseases, honey production I. INTRODUCTION Scientific studies have been concerned with (bees) and their various types. It's like any living creature, it must interact in life to reproduce, produce and continue. The maximum benefits from Through the knowledge of the highest feasibility and in various ways, and what hinders this feasibility and eliciting those benefits are obstacles, and more effective than them are the ills and diseases that threaten the life of this organism. So, bees are exposed to several diseases and illnesses that limit their activities, or eliminate them. Thus, we lose honey as a drink and a cure. The other environmental consequences that bees provide are the self-pollination of many of the crops we need, and thus, there is no need for scientific research. Study to preserve the life of bees and the quality of their product from honey syrup, in its various colors, types, and tastes. Through which it provides the human being with a better environment, a healthy and economical high-quality manager. Reducing the causes of environmental pollution, and reaching the best results by knowing and diagnosing these diseases. One of the priorities is to create the appropriate environment for this creature (bees), especially as we study in our study that the exact location is the area of (Abu Ghraib). The economic feasibility of raising honey bees is high, as the capital that is used is calculated without a building for the apiary. Its production depends on honey specifically, the capital in the first year returns and increases. it to double sometimes, so beekeeping is One of the profitable agricultural professions, which needs relatively few working hours in the winter, many working hours in the spring and autumn, while it is medium in the summer. Research problem What is the impact of bee diseases on the quality of honey product? What are the methods and used procedures to treat bee diseases and limit their spread? Study hypothesis: The study hypothesis is as follows; www.turkjphysiotherrehabil.org 9847 Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X Bee diseases affect many properties of honey product, including taste, density and color. There are many procedures and means that can treat bee diseases and limit their spread. The importance of the study The importance of the study lies in the importance of (bees) as an important organism, producer of the most important healthy drink that has healing for humans, which is honey. As well as for the effective contribution of bees in the self-pollination of agricultural crops. Thus, the importance of the study lies in the diagnosis of pests that threaten the life of bees and limit their reproduction and yield, and threaten their life and survival towards extinction. Limits of the study; The study limits are divided into A - Time limit: The study represented a study of the reality of beekeeping for the agricultural season 2020-2021. B- The spatial boundary: Abu Ghraib District. َ ، C- Astronomical boundaries: The search area is defined astronomically between two latitudes( 08 ،َ 33– َ 25 north and longitudes (o49, o 43 o11,o44) to the east. D- Natural borders: As for the َ( 33 َ ، 25 َ –33 َ، 08 َ() 33 natural boundaries of the study area, it is located within the sedimentary plain in the northern part of it, and the Euphrates River passes in southwest, forming a natural and administrative boundary for it, separating it from Anbar Governorate. E- Administrative borders: Administratively, the study area is determined by the district of Abu Ghraib, one of the districts of the province of Baghdad, which is located in its western part and is crossed by the highway and the Baghdad-Fallujah highway.The district of Abu Ghraib is bounded from the north by Kadhimiya district, from the east by Karkh district, from the southeast by Mahmudiyah district, and from the southwest and west by the Anbar governorate Geographical distribution of bee diseases and pests Bee colonies are exposed to many diseases and pests, just like other living organisms, by being infected with viruses and parasites that kill bees and cause their death, as well as profits, production and geo-climatic factors that have the ability to transmit viruses and diseases to bee colonies such as temperatures, winds and rain, including, what leads to breaking their wings like dust, in addition to the tools used for bees that have not been sterilized and cleaned, diseases and viruses are transmitted and lack of work experience, and to search for the factors of infection with the disease, there are three primary factors that play an important role in the occurrence of the infectious epidemiological situation, the factors are; 1 The family's community. 2 The pathogen community. 3 Effective means causing the disease. And that the most important diseases that affect bees are viral and bacterial diseases, bee parasites and pests, and here we will refer to the geographical distribution of bee hives, their diseases and pests, as well as the impact of diseases and pests on honey production, color, density and taste. It must be noted that there are types of diseases that were not discovered in the study area, which infect bees and affect them and cause their death and lack of production, which is the bee paralysis virus, which is a viral disease, and also chalk brood disease and stone brood disease, and these are fungal diseases, as well as dysentery disease. As for the diseases that were discovered in the study area, they are as follows; First, viral diseases www.turkjphysiotherrehabil.org 9848 Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation; 32(3) ISSN 2651-4451 | e-ISSN 2651-446X Virus is an amino acid (DNA) or (RNA) that is, the genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses do not have the possibility of dividing and multiplying themselves, that is, through the representation of nutrients, as is the case for most microorganisms such as bacteria, and most viruses multiply and spread independently and sometimes cause severe disease cases. These viruses are found either inside the box or in the cell environment that causes various pathological conditions (1). Sacbrood Virus It is the pathogen of Sacbrood disease, as it was observed as a result of examination by electron microscope. This virus consists of spherical particles or they tend to oval shape, and that each diameter is approximately (60 mm) microns (60 mm), as this virus was isolated from infected larvae with the disease. The candidate was tried to infect the monkeys, and this resulted in pathological symptoms, including high temperature, but also that the healthy larvae were also infected with the disease when the infection was caused by the immune system, which shows the Sacbrood Virus. It is evident from the analysis of Table (1) that the incidence of Sacbrood Virus disease has been divided into three categories: It included the first category in which the infection rate decreased from (5.3%) and it included the districts of (Graiba, Mahmoudi and Mufti). As for the second category, in which the rate of infection ranged between (5.4-10.5%), it included the provinces of (Akrakouf, Ayachiya, Sumailat, Fakhrya and Western Radwaniyah). As for the third category, in which the infection rate ranged between (10.6-21.1%), it included the provinces of (Biyala, Abadi and Hor Al-Basha). Meanwhile, the incidence of this disease was not recorded in the provinces (Hectria, Kharnabat, Manasir, Ghariba and Sulaymani) The reason for the high incidence of this disease is due to the use of old tires without dusting, as well as the use of tires in weak sects; Because it contains the disease and the lack of use of experience as well as the misuse of antibiotics that leads to the outbreak and spread of the disease, while the low rate of infection with this disease is due to not using old tires that carry the disease, burning or burying infected tires and using the expertise of specialists in the case of treatment and methods Use antibiotics and replace the queen with a healthy one. Table (1) the numerical distribution of Sacbrood Virus disease for the study sample for the year 2021 AD.