STUDIES IN MILITARY GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY .
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VOLUME 595 Studies in Military Geography and Geology
Edited by Douglas R. Caldwell US Army Topographic Engineering Center, Alexandria, VA, USA
and
Judy Ehlen US Army Topographic Engineering Center, Alexandria, VA, USA
and
Russell S. Harmon Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 1-4020-3104-1 (HB) ISBN 1-4020-3105-X (e-book)
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
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Printed in the Netherlands. Contents
Contributing Authors ix
Preface xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1 GERALD E. GALLOWAY
Part I: Geoperspectives
Chapter 2 Perspectives on Military Geography 7 RUSSELL S. HARMON, FRANCIS H. DILLON III, AND JOHN B. GARVER, JR.
Chapter 3 Military Use of Underground Terrain - A Brief Historical Perspective 21 THOMAS E. EASTLER
Chapter 4 Development of Tactical Geography in the Nineteenth Century 39 KURT A. SCHROEDER vi Studies in Military Geography and Geology
Chapter 5 Canadian Military Geography 1867-2002 - From Empire to Alliance: Guarding the South or Watching the North 53 JEAN MARTIN
Part II: Historical Vignettes
Chapter 6 A Geological/Topographical Reconnaissance of Hannibal's Invasion Route into Italia in 218 BC 67 WILLIAM C. MAHANEY
Chapter 7 Military Campaigns in Tropical Karst - The Maroon Wars of Jamaica 79 MICHAEL J. DAY
Chapter 8 A Military Geography of the Hudson Highlands - Focal Point the American War of Independence 89 EUGENE J. PALKA
Chapter 9 Decisive Terrain - A Military Geography of Fortress West Point 1775-1797 105 FRANCIS A. GALGANO
Chapter 10 Saratoga - A Military Geographic Analysis 121 JAMES B. DALTON, JR.
Chapter 11 The Impact of Geology on the March to the Battle of Eutaw Springs 133 IRENE B. BOLAND AND CHARLES A. BOLAND
Chapter 12 The 1815 Battle of New Orleans - A Physical Geographic Analysis 147 RICHARD W. DIXON Studies in Military Geography and Geology vii
Chapter 13 Terrain and its Affect on the Use of Artillery in the American Civil War - The Battle of Perryville 8 October 1862 155 JUDY EHLEN AND ROBERT J. ABRAHART
Chapter 14 The Geology of the Chicamauga Campaign, American Civil War 173 STEPHEN W. HENDERSON
Chapter 15 Military Geology and Geograpy in the American Civil War - The Cloyds Mountain/New River Campaign, May 1864 185 ROBERT C. WHISONANT
Chapter 16 German Military Geologists and Geographers in World War II - Roles in Planning Operation Sealion - The Invasion of England Scheduled for September 1940 199 EDWARD P.F. ROSE AND DIERK WILLIG
Chapter 17 War in the Heartland - The Role of Geography in Operation Barbarossa 1941-1842 215 BURL E. SELF
Part III: Technologies of the Twentyfirst Century
Chapter 18 Military Foot Traffic Impact on Soil Compaction Properties 229 KENNETH W. MCDONALD
Chapter 19 The Effect of Military Operations on Desert Pavement - A Case Study from Butler Pass, AZ (USA) 243 DANIEL A. GILEWITCH
Chapter 20 Development of an Archeological Predictive Model for Management of Military Lands - Identification of Geological Variables in Desert Terrain 259 ERIC MCDONALD, THOMAS BULLARD, TAD BRITT, AND MARILYN O’RUIZ viii Studies in Military Geography and Geology
Chapter 21 The Geometry of Line-of-Sight and Weapons Fan Algorithms 271 PETER L. GUTH
Chapter 22 A Gis-Based Spatial Analysis of Caves and Solution Cavities - Application to Predicting Cave Occurrence in Limestone Terrain 287 MICHAEL R. GROSS, KAJARI GHOSH, ALEX K. MANDA, AND DEAN WHITMAN
Chapter 23 Groundwater - Past, Present, and Future Uses in Military Operations 307 CHRISTOPHER A. GELLASCH
Chapter 25 Managing Groundwater Resources at Camp Shelby Training Site, MS (USA) 321 DAVID M. PATRICK, KAI M. ROTH, AND ROBERT A. LEMIRE
Chapter 25 Water and Environmental Security in the Middle East 333 J. DAVID ROGERS
Index 345 Contributing Authors
Robert J. Abrahart School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD UK ([email protected]) Charles A. Boland 630 Cannon Drive, Rock Hill, SC 29730 USA Irene B. Boland Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC 29733 USA ([email protected]) Tad Britt US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, PO Box 9005, Champaign, IL 61826 USA ([email protected]) Thomas Bullard Division of Earth and Ecosystem Science, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89506 USA ([email protected]) Michael. J. Day Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA ([email protected]) LTC James B. Dalton, Jr. Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, US Military Academy, West Point, NY 10096 USA ([email protected]) Francis H. Dillon, III Geography Department, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr., Fairfax, VA 22030 USA ([email protected]) x Studies in Military Geography and Geology
Richard W. Dixon Department of Geography, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA ([email protected]) Thomas E. Eastler Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME 04938 USA ([email protected]) Judy Ehlen USA Engineer Research and Development Center, Topographic Engineering Center, 7701 Telegraph Road, Alexandria, VA 22315 USA ([email protected]) LTC Francis A. Galgano Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, US Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996 USA ([email protected]) BG Gerald E. Galloway (US Army, retired) 1267 S. Oakcrest Road, Arlington, VA 22202 USA ([email protected]) COL John B. Garver, Jr. (US Army, retired) 6777 Surreywood Lane, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA ([email protected]) MAJ Christopher A. Gellasch* Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, US Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996 USA ([email protected]) *current address: 71st Medical Detachment (Preventive Medicine), Unit 28130, APO AE 09114 Kajari Ghosh* Department of Earth Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA ([email protected]) *current address: School of Geology and Geophysics, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA LTC Daniel A. Gilewitch Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, US Military Academy, West Point, NY 10096 USA ([email protected]) Michael R. Gross Department of Earth Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA ([email protected]) Peter L. Guth Department of Oceanography, US Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402 USA ([email protected]) Studies in Military Geography and Geology xi
Russell S. Harmon US Army Research Office, P.O. Box 12211, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709 USA ([email protected]) Stephen W. Henderson Department of Geology, Oxford College of Emory University, Oxford, GA 30054 USA ([email protected]) CPT Robert A. Lemire* Mississippi Army National Guard, Jackson, MS 39296 USA *current address: 168th Engineer Group, APO AE 09302 USA William C. Mahaney Quaternary Surveys, 26 Thornhill Ave., Thornhill, Ontario M3J1P3 Canada ([email protected]) Alex K. Manda Department of Earth Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA ([email protected]) Jean Martin Directorate of History and Heritage, National Defence Headquarters, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K2 Canada ([email protected]) Eric McDonald Division of Earth and Ecosystem Science, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89506 USA ([email protected]) LTC Kenneth W. McDonald Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, US Military Academy, West Point, NY 10096 USA ([email protected]) Marilyn O’Ruiz College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802 USA ([email protected]) COL Eugene J. Palka Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, US Military Academy, West Point, NY 10996-1695 USA ([email protected]) David M. Patrick Department of Geology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39046 USA ([email protected]) J. David Rogers Department of Geological Engineering, 129 McNutt Hall, 1870 Miner Circle, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65409 USA ([email protected]) Edward P.F. Rose Department of Geology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX UK ([email protected]) xii Studies in Military Geography and Geology
Kai M. Roth* Department of Geology, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39046 USA *current address: U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Stennis Space Center, MS 39522 USA Kurt A. Schroeder Department of Geography and Environmental Planning, Plymouth State University, 17 High Street, MSC 39, Plymouth, NH 03264 USA ([email protected] Burl E. Self Department of Geography, Southwest Missouri State University, 901 South National, Springfield Missouri 65804 USA ([email protected]) Robert C. Whisonant Department of Geology, Radford University, Radford, VA 24141 USA ([email protected]) Dean Whitman Department of Earth Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199 USA ([email protected]) Dierk Willig AGeoBw- GeoInfoSt Erfurt, Löberfeld- Kaserne, Zeppelin- Str. 18, 95096 Erfurt, Germany Preface
This book contains selected papers presented at the International Military Geology and Geography Conference that was held at the US Military Academy, West Point, NY in June 2003. The conference organizers, led by LTC Francis A. Galgano, successfully brought the two military geo- disciplines - military geology and military geography - together for the first time. Studies in Military Geography and Geology expands a series of recent publications originating from conferences and symposia on military geology that began at the Geological Society of America annual meeting in Seattle, WA in 1994. The first publication, Military Geology in War and Peace (Underwood and Guth, 1998), contains papers from this symposium and emphasizes current research as well as applications of engineering geology principles and practices to military problems. The papers in Geology and Warfare (Rose and Nathanail, 2000) were presented at a 1996 conference at the University of Warwick in England. This collection focuses on the work of military geologists and military applications of geology around the world and across time. Military activities and their impact on terrain are examined from an environmental perspective in The Environmental Legacy of Military Operations (Ehlen and Harmon, 2001), which is based on a second Geological Society of America symposium in Toronto, Canada in 1998. Fields of Battle - Terrain in Military History (Doyle and Bennett, 2002), was developed from research presented at the University of Greenwich, England in 2000. Fields of Battle takes a multi-disciplinary approach to understanding the effects of terrain on the outcome of warfare from medieval times to the present. The current volume, Studies in Military Geography and Geology, introduces military geography to the series and addresses a broad range of military topics ranging from the strategic xiv Studies in Military Geography and Geology perspective, through analyses of historical battles at the operational and tactical levels, to the use of advanced technologies applied to present-day military problems. We thank all those who reviewed papers in this volume, but especially Dr. Allen Hatheway, Colonel, US Army (Ret.) and University of Missouri- Rolla (Ret.); Danny C. Champion, US Army Training and Doctrine Command Analysis Center (TRADOC), White Sands Missile Range, NM; D.G. Christie, Major, Canadian Forces Liaison Officer, National Geospatial- Intelligence Agency (NGA); and Lubomyr Luciuk, Department of Politics and Economics, Royal Military College of Canada.
Douglas R. Caldwell Judy Ehlen Russell S. Harmon
REFERENCES
Doyle, P. and Bennett, M.R., eds. 2002. Fields of Battle - Terrain in Military History. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Ehlen, J. and Harmon, R.S., eds. 2001. The Environmental Legacy of Military Operations. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America Reviews in Engineering Geology XIV. Rose, E.P.F. and Nathanail, C.P., eds. 2000. Geology and Warfare: Examples of the Influence of Terrain and Geologists on Military 0perations. London: The Geological Society. Underwood, J.R., Jr. and Guth, P.L., eds. 1998. Military Geology in War and Peace. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America Reviews in Engineering Geology XIII.