Appendix E Cultural Resources Report

E-1

APPENDIX E CULTURAL RESOURCES REPORT

A CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY OF FOURTEEN MILES OF EXISTING PRIMARY BORDER FENCE IN THE SAN DIEGO BORDER INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM, SAN DIEGO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

Prepared by:

Eric S. Cox NRI Project No. 17-50

Prepared for:

U.S. Customs and Border Protection Office of Border Patrol FME CONTRACT GS10F0070W TASK ORDER HSBP1017F00229 Work Order 01

Submitted by:

Eric S. Cox M.A., R.P.A. Principal Investigator

Technical Report No. 17-62 Northland Research, Inc. Tempe, Arizona

January 29, 2018 NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA BASE INFORMATION

Authors: Eric S. Cox

Consulting Firm: Northland Research, Inc., 1865 E. 3rd St. Tempe, Arizona 85281 (480) 894-0020

Report Date: December 14, 2017

Report Title: A Cultural Resources Survey of Fourteen Miles of Existing Primary Border Fence in the San Diego Border Infrastructure System, San Diego County, California

Submitted To: U.S. Customs and Border Protection 24000 Avila Rd., Suite 5020 Laguna Niguel, CA 92677-3401

Contract Number: FME Contract GS10F0070W Task Order HSBP1017F00229 Work Order 01

USGS Quadrangles: Imperial Beach OEW, Imperial Beach, and Otay Mesa 7.5’ topographic quadrangles

Acreage: 14.2 linear miles of 60-foot transects totaling 101.8 acres

Keywords: Archaeological cultural resources survey; Roosevelt Reservation; San Diego County; U.S. Customs and Border Protection; border fence; P-37- 004281 (CA-SDI-4281); P-37-008079 (CA-SDI-8079); P-37-008604 (CA- SDI-8604); P-37-008652 (CA-SDI-8652); P-37-008773 (CA-SDI-8773); P-37-010621 (CA-SDI-10,621); P-37-011947 (CA-SDI-11,947); P-37- 012256 (CA-SDI-12,256); P-37-012257 (CA-SDI-12,257); P-37-012258 (CA-SDI-12,258); P-37-012259 (CA-SDI-12,259); P-37-012720 (CA-SDI- 12,720); P-37-013486 (CA-SDI-13,486); P-37-016666 (CA-SDI-15,038); P-37-025680 (Union Pacific Railroad); Townships 18 and 19 South; Ranges 1 and 2 West; Range 1 East; Imperial Beach OEW, Imperial Beach, and Otay Mesa quadrangles.

i TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ...... 1 PROJECT LOCATION ...... 8 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ...... 8 CULTURE HISTORY ...... 8 Archaic Period ...... 8 Late Period ...... 9 Historical Background ...... 9 Spanish Period (1769–1821) ...... 10 Mexican Period (1821–1848) ...... 10 American Period (1848 to Present) ...... 10 RECORDS REVIEW...... 11 General Land Office Maps ...... 11 FIELD METHODS ...... 19 SURVEY RESULTS ...... 20 Relocated Sites ...... 21 P-37-016666 ...... 21 P-37-025680 Union Pacific Railroad/San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway ...... 24 Sites Not Relocated ...... 25 P-37-004281 ...... 25 P-37-008079 ...... 27 P-37-008604 ...... 29 P-37-008652 ...... 30 P-37-008773 ...... 32 P-37-010621 ...... 33 P-37-011947 ...... 34 P-37-012256 ...... 35 P-37-012257 ...... 36 P-37-012258 ...... 37 P-37-012259 ...... 39 P-37-012720 ...... 41 P-37-013486 ...... 42 VIEWSHED ANALYSIS ...... 43 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS...... 47 APPENDIX A. RECORDS SEARCH INFORMATION ...... 49 REFERENCES CITED ...... 79

ii LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1a. San Diego Fence Replacement project location, Map 1 ...... 2 Figure 1b. San Diego Fence Replacement project location, Map 2 ...... 3 Figure 1c. San Diego Fence Replacement project location, Map 3 ...... 4 Figure 1d. San Diego Fence Replacement project location, Map 4 ...... 5 Figure 1e. San Diego Fence Replacement project location, Map 5 ...... 6 Figure 2. Example of existing primary landing mat border fence. View west ...... 7 Figure 3. Example of a bollard style fence. View south ...... 7 Figure 4. 1870 GLO plat map for T19S, R2W ...... 12 Figure 5. Example of Border Monument location to APE. View south ...... 13 Figure 6. Channelized portion of the Tijuana River within the APE. View northeast ...... 13 Figure 7. 1883 GLO plat map for T19S, R1W ...... 15 Figure 8. 1891 GLO plat map for T19S, R1E...... 16 Figure 9. 1879 GLO plat map for T18S, R1E...... 17 Figure 10. 1880 GLO plat map for T18S, R1E...... 18 Figure 11. Overview of San Diego Border Fence Replacement APE. View east ...... 19 Figure 12. Example of trash dumping over the primary border fence. View east ...... 20 Figure 13. Site map of P-37-016666 ...... 22 Figure 14. Overview of P-37-016666. View northwest ...... 22 Figure 15. Site map of P-37-025680 ...... 24 Figure 16. Portion of P-37-025680 within the San Diego Border Fence Replacement APE. View east ...... 25 Figure 17. Site map of P-37-004281 ...... 26 Figure 18. Overview of P-37-004281. View northwest ...... 27 Figure 19. Site map of P-37-008079 ...... 28 Figure 20. Site map of P-37-008604 ...... 29 Figure 21. Overview of P-37-008604. View east ...... 30 Figure 22. Site map of P-37-008652 ...... 31 Figure 23. Border Monument 252 visible over the primary border fence ...... 31 Figure 24. Overview of P-37-008652. View west ...... 32 Figure 25. Site map of P-37-008773 ...... 33 Figure 26. Site map of P-37-010621 ...... 34 Figure 27. Site map of P-37-011947 ...... 35 Figure 28. Site map of P-37-012256 ...... 36 Figure 29. Site map of P-37-012257 ...... 37 Figure 30. Site map of P-37-012258 ...... 38 Figure 31. Overview of P-37-012258. View east ...... 39 Figure 32. Site map of P-37-012259 ...... 40 Figure 33. Overview of P-37-012259. View east ...... 40 Figure 34. Site map of P-37-012720 ...... 41 Figure 35. Site map of P-37-013486 ...... 42 Figure 36. Viewshed analysis photographic locations for the NRHP listed Initial Point of Boundary Between U.S. and Mexico/Border Monument 258 ...... 43 Figure 37. Viewshed analysis photographic locations for the NRHP listed U.S. Inspection Station/U.S. Custom House ...... 44

iii Figure 38. Photograph of Initial Point of Boundary Between U.S. and Mexico/Border Monument 258 circa 1974. View west. (Photograph courtesy of the NRHP database) ...... 45 Figure 39. Current photograph of Initial Point of Boundary Between U.S. and Mexico/Border Monument 258. View south ...... 45 Figure 40. Photograph looking toward Initial Point of Boundary Between U.S. and Mexico/Border Monument 258 showing built environment. View west-southwest ...... 46 Figure 41. Photograph of U.S. Inspection Station/U.S. Custom House at the San Ysidro POE in 1981. View north. (Photograph courtesy of Clayton B. Fraser/ FraserDesign.) ...... 46 Figure 42. Current photograph of U.S. Inspection Station/U.S. Custom House at the San Ysidro POE showing built environment. View southwest ...... 47 Figure A-1. Previously recorded cultural resources investigations within one-quarter mile of the San Diego Border Fence Replacement Project ...... 63 Figure A-2. Previously recorded cultural resources investigations within one-quarter mile of the San Diego Border Fence Replacement Project ...... 64 Figure A-3. Previously recorded cultural resources investigations within one-quarter mile of the San Diego Border Fence Replacement Project ...... 65 Figure A-4. Previously recorded cultural resources investigations within one-quarter mile of the San Diego Border Fence Replacement Project ...... 66 Figure A-5. Previously recorded cultural resources investigations within one-quarter mile of the San Diego Border Fence Replacement Project ...... 67 Figure A-6. Previous cultural and historical resources recorded within one-quarter mile of the San Diego Border Fence Replacement Project ...... 74 Figure A-7. Previous cultural and historical resources recorded within one-quarter mile of the San Diego Border Fence Replacement Project ...... 75 Figure A-8. Previous cultural and historical resources recorded within one-quarter mile of the San Diego Border Fence Replacement Project ...... 76 Figure A-9. Previous cultural and historical resources recorded within one-quarter mile of the San Diego Border Fence Replacement Project ...... 77 Figure A-10. Previous cultural and historical resources recorded within one-quarter mile of the San Diego Border Fence Replacement Project ...... 78

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Cultural Sites within the San Diego Border Fence Replacement APE...... 21 Table 2. Artifacts Observed at P-37-016666...... 23 Table 3. Recommended Mitigation Strategy for Cultural Sites Recorded in the San Diego Border Fence Replacement APE...... 48 Table A-1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies within ¼ mile of the San Diego Border Fence Replacement Project ...... 50 Table A-2. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within ¼ mile of the San Diego Border Fence Replacement Project ...... 68

iv MANAGEMENT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT

Client: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, U.S. Border Patrol

Land Status: Federal lands managed by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection

Project Title: A Cultural Resources Survey of Fourteen Miles of Existing Primary Border Fence in the San Diego Border Infrastructure System, San Diego County, California

Project Description: At the request of U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), Northland Research, Inc. (Northland) conducted an archaeological survey of the 60-foot wide Roosevelt Reservation along 14 miles of the United States-Mexico International Border on lands administered by the CBP. Northland has completed the cultural resources survey and records review of the APE in advance of a proposed undertaking that will involve the removal and replacement of an estimated 14 miles of existing primary landing mat border fence with a taller bollard wall.

Project Location: The project area is in the southwestern corner of San Diego County, and follows the United States-Mexico International Border. Specifically, the APE is located in Township 18 South, Range 1 West, Sections 32 and 33; Township 19 South, Range 1 East, Section 6; Township 19 South, Range 1 West, Sections 1–6; Township 19 South, Range 2 West, Sections 1, 2, and 7– 11 on the Imperial Beach OEW, Imperial Beach, and Otay Mesa USGS 7.5 minute quadrangles. The entire survey was conducted within the Roosevelt Reservation.

Number of Acres: 101.8

Previously Recorded Sites: 15

Newly Recorded Sites: None

Comments: Northland has completed an archaeological field survey and viewshed evaluation for the San Diego Border Fence Replacement APE in advance of an undertaking that will replace approximately 14 miles of existing primary border fence in the San Diego Border Infrastructure System with a new, taller bollard wall. The field work was completed at the request of the Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Customs and Border Protection as part of their commitment to continue to protect valuable natural and cultural resources through responsible environmental stewardship.

The Cultural Resources Survey

has been

redacted from public review

to protect identified cultural resources at the site.

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