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The Herpetofauna of the Peruvian Dry Forest Along the Andean Valley of the Marañón River and Its Tributaries, with a Focus on Endemic Iguanians, Geckos and Tegus

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The Herpetofauna of the Peruvian Dry Forest Along the Andean Valley of the Marañón River and Its Tributaries, with a Focus on Endemic Iguanians, Geckos and Tegus The Herpetofauna of the Peruvian dry forest along the Andean valley of the Marañón River and its tributaries, with a focus on endemic iguanians, geckos and tegus Claudia Koch The Herpetofauna of the Peruvian dry forest along the Andean valley of the Marañón River and its tributaries, with a focus on endemic iguanians, geckos and tegus Squamata: Iguanidae, Phyllodactylidae, Teiidae Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn vorgelegt von Claudia Koch aus Bonn Bonn, 2013 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich- Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Böhme Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Wägele Tag der Promotion: 13.02.2014 Erscheinungsjahr: 2014 “Even so, the loss of a few species may seem almost irrelevant compared to major environmental problems […] There is one last reason for caring […] And it is simply this: the world would be a poorer, darker, lonelier place without them.” - MARK CARWARDINE - (Source: Adams, D. & M. Carwardine (1990): Last Chance to See. Ballentine Books, 265 pp.) CONTENT CONTENT CONTENT ............................................................................................................................. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... 5 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 7 1.1 Objectives and Background ......................................................................................... 7 1.2 Investigation Area .......................................................................................................13 1.2.1 Physiography ........................................................................................................13 1.2.2 Climate .................................................................................................................14 1.2.3 Vegetation ............................................................................................................14 1.2.4 Fauna ...................................................................................................................16 2. BIODIVERSITY OF THE PERUVIAN DRY FOREST HERPETOFAUNA .......................17 2.1 Annotated checklist and key to the species of amphibians and reptiles inhabiting the northern Peruvian dry forest along the andean valley of the Marañón River and its tributaries ..........................................................................................................................18 Introduction ...................................................................................................................19 Investigation areas ........................................................................................................20 Materials, methods and fieldwork ..................................................................................28 Results ..........................................................................................................................30 Rhinella limensis (Werner, 1901) ...................................................................................39 Rhinella margaritifera (Laurenti, 1768) .........................................................................40 Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) ..................................................................................42 Rhinella poeppigii (Tschudi, 1845) ................................................................................44 Rulyrana mcdiarmidi (Cisneros-Heredia, Venegas, Rada, & Schulte, 2008) .................47 Nymphargus posadae (Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch, 1995) ..................................................48 Excidobates mysteriosus (Myers, 1982) ........................................................................49 Hyloxalus elachyhistus (Edwards, 1971) ......................................................................50 Hyloxalus insulatus (Duellman, 2004) ............................................................................51 Pristimantis lymani (Barbour & Noble, 1920) .................................................................54 Pristimantis incomptus (Lynch & Duellman, 1980) .........................................................55 Pristimantis percnopterus (Duellman & Pramuk, 1999) ..................................................56 Leptodactylus labrosus Jiménez de la Espada, 1875 ...................................................57 Leptodactylus sp. ..........................................................................................................58 Phyllodactylus delsolari Venegas, Townsend, Koch & Böhme, 2008 .............................60 Phyllodactylus interandinus Dixon & Huey, 1970 ...........................................................61 1 CONTENT Phyllodactylus johnwrighti Dixon & Huey, 1970 .............................................................62 Phyllodactylus reissii Peters, 1862 ................................................................................63 Phyllodactylus thompsoni Venegas, Townsend, Koch & Böhme, 2008 ..........................65 Phyllopezus maranjonensis Koch, Venegas & Böhme, 2006 .........................................65 Gonatodes atricucullaris Noble, 1921 ............................................................................66 Pseudogonatodes barbouri (Noble, 1921) .....................................................................67 Polychrus jacquelinae Koch, Venegas, Garcia-Bravo, Böhme, 2011 .............................69 Polychrus peruvianus (Noble, 1924) ..............................................................................69 Microlophus stolzmanni (Steindachner, 1891) ...............................................................70 Stenocercus huancabambae Cadle, 1991 .....................................................................71 Varzea altamazonica (Miralles, Barrio-Amoros, Rivas & Chaparro-Auza, 2006) ............72 Ameiva aggerecusans Koch, Venegas, Rödder, Flecks & Böhme, in press ...................73 Ameiva concolor Ruthven, 1924 ....................................................................................74 Ameiva nodam Koch, Venegas, Rödder, Flecks & Böhme, in press ..............................74 Callopistes flavipunctatus (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) .....................................................75 Amphisbaena pericensis Noble, 1921 ...........................................................................78 Boa constrictor ortonii Cope, 1878 ................................................................................79 Micrurus peruvianus Schmidt, 1936...............................................................................80 Bothrops sp. .................................................................................................................80 Colubridae sp. ...............................................................................................................82 Chironius exoletus (Linnaeus, 1758) .............................................................................83 Clelia clelia (Daudin, 1803) ............................................................................................84 Leptodeira septentrionalis larcorum Schmidt & Walker, 1943 ........................................85 Mastigodryas reticulatus (Peters, 1863) ........................................................................87 Mastigodryas heathii (Cope, 1876) ................................................................................88 Mastigodryas boddaerti (Sentzen, 1796) .......................................................................89 Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler, 1824) ...................................................................................90 Sibynomorphus vagrans (Dunn, 1923) ..........................................................................92 Tantilla melanocephala (Linneaus, 1758) ......................................................................93 Epictia cf. rufidorsa (Taylor, 1940) .................................................................................96 Epictia sp. 1 ..................................................................................................................97 Epictia sp. 2 ..................................................................................................................98 Epictia sp. 3 ...................................................................................................................99 Epictia sp. 4 ............................................................................................................... 100 Epictia sp. 5 ................................................................................................................. 101 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 103 2 CONTENT 3. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF NEOTROPICAL PHYLLODACTYLID GECKOS .............. 106 3.1 Two New Sympatric Species of Leaf-Toed Geckos (Gekkonidae: Phyllodactylus) from the Balsas Region of the Upper Marañón Valley, Peru .......................................................... 107 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................. 109 Phyllodactylus
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