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Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations Revista ISSN 2238-6262 / e-ISSN 2238-6912 Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations Revista Brasileira de Estratégia e Relações Internacionais Porto Alegre, v.7, n.13 | Jan./Jun. 2018 Austral Porto Alegre v.7, n.13 p. 1-323 Jan./Jun. 2018 About the Journal AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy and International Relations was the first Brazilian journal in the area of International Relations to be fully pub- lished in English (2012). It is an essentially academic vehicle, linked to the Brazil- ian Centre for Strategy & International Relations (NERINT) and the Doctoral Pro- gram in International Strategic Studies (PPGEEI) of the Faculty of Economics (FCE) of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Its pluralist focus aims to contribute to the debate on the international political and economic order from the perspective of the developing world. The journal publishes original articles in the area of Strategy and Inter- national Relations, with special interest in issues related to developing countries and South-South Cooperation – its security problems; the political, economic and diplomatic developments of emerging countries; and their relations with the traditional powers. AUSTRAL is published semi-annually in English and Portu- guese. The journal’s target audience consists of researchers, experts, diplomats, military personnel and graduate students of International Relations. The content of the journal consists of in-depth analytical articles written by experts (Professors and Doctors), focusing on each of the great continents of the South: Asia, Latin America and Africa. Thus, the debate and diffusion of knowledge produced in these regions is stimulated. All contributions submitted to AUSTRAL are subject to rigorous scientific evaluation. Indexes Scopus | Livre! | Latindex | ISN-ETH | Journal TOCs | Sumário de Revistas Brasileiras | Beardsley Library Journals | Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) | Columbia International Affairs Online | Social Science Research Center Berlin (WZB) | ROAD-Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources This work was supported by the Support Program for Journal Editing (PAEP) - UFRGS 2 Editorial Team | Equipe Editorial Editor | Editor Paulo Visentini (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Deputy Editor | Editor Adjunto Marco Cepik (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Editorial Board | Conselho Editorial Celso Amorim (Ministério das Relações Exteriores / NERINT, Brazil) Carlos Arturi (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Chris Landsberg (University of Johannesburg, South Africa) Eduardo Migon (Escola de Comando e Estado-maior do Exécito, Brazil) Érico Esteves Duarte (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Fábio Morosini (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Gladys Lechini (Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina) Immanuel Wallerstein (Yale University, United States of America) Marcelo Milan (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Ruchita Beri (Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, India) Assistant Editors| Editores Assistentes Guilherme Thudium (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Bruna Hayashi Dalcin (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Consultative Board | Conselho Consultivo Adam Habib (University of Johannesburg, South Africa) Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) André Luiz Reis da Silva (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Antonio Jorge Ramalho (Universidade de Brasília, Brazil) Beatriz Bissio (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) Bertrand Badie (Sciences Po, France) Boris F. Martynov (Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia) Carlos Aurélio Pimenta de Faria (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Brazil) Cristina Pecequilo (Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil) Diego Pautasso (ESPM-Sul / Unisinos, Brazil) Henry Kam Kah (University of Buea, Cameroon) Isiaka Alani Badmus (Afe Babalola University, Nigeria) Ilter Turan (Istanbul Bilgi University, Turkey) José Ariosa Pérez (Universidad de la Habana, Cuba) José Miguel Quedi Martins (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) Leonardo Granato (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) Liu Youfa (China Institute of International Studies, China) Lotfi Kaabi (Institut Tunisien des Études Stratégiques, Tunisia) Lucas Kerr de Oliveira (Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Brazil) Luiz Rogério Goldoni (Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército, Brazil) Mamoudou Gazibo (Université de Montréal, Canada) Marcos Costa Lima (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil) Maria Regina Soares de Lima (IESP, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) Mehdi Parvizi Amineh (University of Amsterdam, Netherlands) Monica Hirst (Universidad Torcuato di Tella, Argentina) Nikolai Mikhailov (Russkiy Mir Foundation, Russia) Sean W. Burges (Australian National Centre for Latin American Studies, Australia) 3 ©Núcleo Brasileiro de Estratégia e Relações Internacionais - UFRGS Cover and Layout: Maria Gabriela de O. Vieira and Magnus Kenji H. H. Hiraiwa AUSTRAL: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations is available online in English and Portuguese at www.seer.ufrgs.br/austral Contact Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 - CEP 91509-900 Porto Alegre/RS - Brazil Phone: +55 (51) 3308 3272 E-mail: [email protected] www.seer.ufrgs.br/Austral Cataloging-in-Publication (CIP) Austral : Revista Brasileira de Estratégia e Relações Internacionais = Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas. - v. 7, n. 13 (Jan./Jun. 2018). – Porto Alegre: NERINT/PPGEEI/CEGOV/UFRGS, 2012- Semestral. ISSN 2238-6262. e-ISSN 2238-6912 1. Political Science. 2. International Relations. 3. International Politics. 4. Diplomacy. 5. Developing Countries. CDU 327 Biblioteca Gládis Wiebbelling do Amaral, Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da UFRGS. 4 Volume 7, Number 13 (Jan./Jun. 2018) Contents Editor’s Note 7 Paulo Fagundes Visentini Undocking and Collision: The Recent Paths of the Semiperiphery in 10 the World-System Maíra Baé Baladão Vieira Rise and Fall of Jacob Zuma 48 Vladimir Shubin African Union, State-building and the Challenges of State Fragility in 64 Africa Agaptus Nwozor Turkish Image in the West During the Ottoman Empire: Historical 85 Facts and Present Day Connotations Ali Evler, Mehmet Toplu Islamic Terrorism and the US Policy for the Resettlement of Syrian 101 Refugees Igor Henriques Sabino de Farias, Alexandre Cesar Cunha Leite, Andrea Maria Calazan Pacheco Pacífico A Comparative Study of Lula’s Diplomacy in the Middle East and 120 Ahmadinejad in Latin America Bruno Mendelski de Souza The Game for Regional Hegemony: China’s OBOR and India’s Strategic 159 Response Anshuman Rahul The Strategic Importance of Antarctica for China an India Under 197 Mearsheimer’s Offensive Realism Mônica Heinzelmann Portella de Aguiar, Leonardo Faria de Mattos Goodbye, Nehru: Indian Foreign Policy Under Globalization 217 Fabio Luis Barbosa dos Santos Regional Integration: Mercosur on the Verge of Political Orientations 245 Marcelo Pereira Fernandes, Rubia Wegner 5 The International Self-Defense Institute in the Era of Global Terrorism 264 Rodrigo Szuecs Oliveira, Carlos Canedo Augusto da Silva Tariff and Technical International Trade Measures: A Look at 288 Advanced and Emerging Countries Carolina Rodrigues Corrêa, Marília Fernandes Maciel Gomes Partners 317 Submission Standards / Previous Issues 320 The responsibility for the content of the articles is of their respective authors. A responsabilidade do conteúdo dos artigos é de seus respectivos autores. Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations e-ISSN 2238-6912 | ISSN 2238-6262| v.7, n.13, Jan./Jun. 2018 6 Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations e-ISSN 2238-6912 | ISSN 2238-6262| v.7, n.13, Jan./Jun. 2018 | p.7-9 EDITOR’S NOTE Paulo Fagundes Visentini1 The Axes of World Power The thirteenth edition of Austral is launched at a very special moment, namely the affiliation of the Brazilian Centre for Strategy and International Re- lations/NERINT to the Center for International Studies on Government-CE- GOV/UFRGS and the opening of the allusive programming for the twentieth anniversary of NERINT, that will take place in August 2019. The first Centre for International Studies in the South of Brazil, NERINT became a reference for its academic seriousness and independent posture for two decades. The first initiative will be the publication of a special issue (July-De- cember 2018) with a Dossier organized by Professors Juliana Viggiano and Rafael Duarte Villa on Security and Defense in South America, within the frame- work of the Pro-Defense Call for Proposals of the Pandiá Calógeras Institute of the Ministry of Defense of Brazil and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development of Brazil (CNPq). The development of the Security and Defense theme is a trend of Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy and International Relations, NERINT, as well as of the Post-Graduate Pro- gram in International Strategic Studies at UFRGS. This inflection is justified by the growth of international tensions and uncertainties, in a multidimensional crisis, which lack academic and theoret- ical treatment. The reflections on this theme allow a deeper classification of the axes of world power, which are emerging in the context of the crisis
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