Vegan: Ecological Diversity
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Partitioning the Colonization and Extinction Components of Beta Diversity: Spatiotemporal Species Turnover Across Disturbance Gradients
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.24.956631; this version posted February 25, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Research article Partitioning the colonization and extinction components of beta diversity: Spatiotemporal species turnover across disturbance gradients Shinichi TATSUMI1,2,*, Joachim STRENGBOM3, Mihails ČUGUNOVS4, Jari KOUKI4 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada 2 Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hokkaido, Japan 3 Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden 4 School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland * Corresponding author Shinichi Tatsumi ([email protected], +1-416-208-5130) Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.24.956631; this version posted February 25, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. 1 ABSTRACT 2 Changes in species diversity often result from species losses and gains. The dynamic nature of 3 beta diversity (i.e., spatial variation in species composition) that derives from such temporal 4 species turnover, however, has been largely overlooked. -
Gamma Diversity: Derived from and a Determinant of Alpha Diversity and Beta Diversity
Acta Zoologica Mexicana (n.s.) 90: 27-76 (2003) GAMMA DIVERSITY: DERIVED FROM AND A DETERMINANT OF ALPHA DIVERSITY AND BETA DIVERSITY. AN ANALYSIS OF THREE TROPICAL LANDSCAPES Lucrecia ARELLANO y Gonzalo HALFFTER Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Departamento de Ecología y Comportamiento Animal Apartado Postal 63, 91000 Xalapa, Veracruz, MÉXICO E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] RESUMEN Utilizando tres grupos taxonómicos en este trabajo examinamos como las diversidades alfa y beta influyen en la riqueza de especies de un paisaje (diversidad gamma), así como el fenómeno recíproco. Es decir, como la riqueza en especies de un paisaje (un fenómeno histórico-biogeográfico) contribuye a determinar los valores de la diversidad alfa por sitio, por comunidad, la riqueza acumulada de especies por comunidad y la intensidad del recambio entre comunidades. Los grupos utilizados son dos subfamilias de Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeinae y Geotrupinae, y la familia Silphidae. En todos los análisis los tres grupos taxonómicos son manejados como un grupo indicador: los escarabajos copronecrófagos. De una manera lateral se incluye información sobre la subfamilia Aphodiinae (Scarabaeoidea), escarabajos coprófagos no incorporados al manejo del grupo indicador. Los paisajes estudiados son tres (tropical, de transición y de montaña), situados en un gradiente altitudinal en la parte central del estado de Veracruz. Partimos de las premisas siguientes. La diversidad alfa de un grupo indicador refleja el número de especies que utiliza un mismo ambiente o recurso en un lugar o comunidad. La diversidad beta espacial se relaciona con la respuesta de los organismos a la heterogeneidad del espacio. La diversidad gamma depende fundamentalmente de los procesos histórico-geográficos que actúan a nivel de mesoescala y está también condicionada por las diversidades alfa y beta. -
Patterns of Alpha, Beta and Gamma Diversity of the Herpetofauna in Mexico’S Pacific Lowlands and Adjacent Interior Valleys A
Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 30.2 (2007) 169 Patterns of alpha, beta and gamma diversity of the herpetofauna in Mexico’s Pacific lowlands and adjacent interior valleys A. García, H. Solano–Rodríguez & O. Flores–Villela García, A., Solano–Rodríguez, H. & Flores–Villela, O., 2007. Patterns of alpha, beta and gamma diversity of the herpetofauna in Mexico's Pacific lowlands and adjacent interior valleys. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 30.2: 169–177. Abstract Patterns of alpha, beta and gamma diversity of the herpetofauna in Mexico’s Pacific lowlands and adjacent interior valleys.— The latitudinal distribution patterns of alpha, beta and gamma diversity of reptiles, amphibians and herpetofauna were analyzed using individual binary models of potential distribution for 301 species predicted by ecological modelling for a grid of 9,932 quadrants of ~25 km2 each. We arranged quadrants in 312 latitudinal bands in which alpha, beta and gamma values were determined. Latitudinal trends of all scales of diversity were similar in all groups. Alpha and gamma responded inversely to latitude whereas beta showed a high latitudinal fluctuation due to the high number of endemic species. Alpha and gamma showed a strong correlation in all groups. Beta diversity is an important component of the herpetofauna distribution patterns as a continuous source of species diversity throughout the region. Key words: Latitudinal distribution pattern, Diversity scales, Herpetofauna, Western Mexico. Resumen Patrones de diversidad alfa, beta y gama de la herpetofauna de las tierras bajas y valles adyacentes del Pacífico de México.— Se analizaron los patrones de distribución latitudinales de la diversidad alfa, beta y gama de los reptiles, anfibios y herpetofauna utilizando modelos binarios individuales de distribución potencial de 301 especies predichas mediante un modelo ecológico para una cuadrícula de 9.932 cuadrantes de aproximadamente 25 km2 cada uno. -
Drivers of Beta Diversity in Modern and Ancient Reef-Associated Soft-Bottom Environments
Drivers of beta diversity in modern and ancient reef-associated soft-bottom environments Vanessa Julie Roden1, Martin Zuschin2, Alexander Nützel3,4,5, Imelda M. Hausmann3,4 and Wolfgang Kiessling1 1 GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Section Paleobiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany 2 Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria 3 SNSB—Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich, Germany 4 Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany 5 GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany ABSTRACT Beta diversity, the compositional variation among communities, is often associated with environmental gradients. Other drivers of beta diversity include stochastic processes, priority effects, predation, or competitive exclusion. Temporal turnover may also explain differences in faunal composition between fossil assemblages. To assess the drivers of beta diversity in reef-associated soft-bottom environments, we investigate community patterns in a Middle to Late Triassic reef basin assemblage from the Cassian Formation in the Dolomites, Northern Italy, and compare results with a Recent reef basin assemblage from the Northern Bay of Safaga, Red Sea, Egypt. We evaluate beta diversity with regard to age, water depth, and spatial distance, and compare the results with a null model to evaluate the stochasticity of these differences. Using pairwise proportional dissimilarity, we find very high beta diversity for the Cassian Formation (0.91 ± 0.02) and slightly lower beta diversity for the Bay of Safaga (0.89 ± 0.04). Null models show that stochasticity only plays a minor role in determining faunal differences. Spatial distance is also irrelevant. Contrary to expectations, there is no tendency of beta Submitted 26 September 2019 Accepted 16 April 2020 diversity to decrease with water depth. -
Scale Dependence of the Beta Diversity-Scale Relationship
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY 16(1): 39-47, 2015 1585-8553/$ © AKADÉMIAI KIADÓ, BUDAPEST DOI: 10.1556/168.2015.16.1.5 Scale dependence of the beta diversity-scale relationship 1 1,4P 2 3 1 Y. ZhangP , K. MaP , M. AnandP , W. Ye and B. FuP 1 State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China 2 Global Ecological Change Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada 3 Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China 4 Corresponding author. Tel/Fax: 86-10-62849104, Email: [email protected] Keywords: Alpha diversity, Diversity partitioning, Gamma diversity, Power law, Scaling. Abstract: Alpha, beta, and gamma diversity are three fundamental biodiversity components in ecology, but most studies focus only on the scale issues of the alpha or gamma diversity component. The beta diversity component, which incorporates both alpha and gamma diversity components, is ideal for studying scale issues of diversity. We explore the scale dependency of beta diversity and scale relationship, both theoretically as well as by application to actual data sets. Our results showed that a power law exists for beta diversity-area (spatial grain or spatial extent) relationships, and that the parameters of the power law are dependent on the grain and extent for which the data are defined. Coarse grain size generates a steeper slope (scaling exponent z) with lower values of intercept (c), while a larger extent results in a reverse trend in both parameters. -
Diversity Partitioning in Phanerozoic Benthic Marine Communities
Diversity partitioning in Phanerozoic benthic marine communities Richard Hofmanna,1, Melanie Tietjea, and Martin Aberhana aMuseum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany Edited by Peter J. Wagner, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Neil H. Shubin November 19, 2018 (received for review August 24, 2018) Biotic interactions such as competition, predation, and niche construc- formations harbor a pool of species that were principally able to tion are fundamental drivers of biodiversity at the local scale, yet their interact at the local and regional scale and thus can be regarded as long-term effect during earth history remains controversial. To test their the constituents of metacommunities in the geological record. role and explore potential limits to biodiversity, we determine within- Beta diversity among collections from the same formation is habitat (alpha), between-habitat (beta), and overall (gamma) diversity expected for two reasons, even though many benthic marine in- of benthic marine invertebrates for Phanerozoic geological formations. vertebrates have planktonic larval stages and thus high dispersal We show that an increase in gamma diversity is consistently generated capabilities. First, the distribution of species within a meta- by an increase in alpha diversity throughout the Phanerozoic. Beta community is predicted to be patchy (17). Even if the habitats diversity drives gamma diversity only at early stages of diversifica- represented by a formation were homogeneous, local differences tion but remains stationary once a certain gamma level is reached. This mode is prevalent during early- to mid-Paleozoic periods, in species distributions would result in compositional differences whereas coupling of beta and gamma diversity becomes increas- among sites. -
Bridging the Gap Between Ecological Diversity Indices and Measures of Biodiversity with Shannon’S Entropy: Comment to Izsa´K and Papp
Ecological Modelling 152 (2002) 1–3 www.elsevier.com/locate/ecolmodel Bridging the gap between ecological diversity indices and measures of biodiversity with Shannon’s entropy: comment to Izsa´k and Papp Carlo Ricotta * Department of Plant Biology, Uni6ersity of Rome ‘‘La Sapienza’’, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy Received 31 May 2001; accepted 11 October 2001 Abstract Most ecological diversity indices summarize the information about the relative abundances of community species without reflecting taxonomic differences between species. Nevertheless, in the environmental conservation practice, data on species abundances are generally unknown. In such cases, to summarize the conservation value of a given site, so-called ‘biological diversity’ measures need to be used. Most of these measures are based on taxonomic relations among species and ignore species relative abundances. In a recent paper, Izsa´k and Papp suggest that the quadratic entropy index (Q) is the only diversity index used to date in the ecological practice that incorporates both species relative abundances and a measure of the pairwise taxonomic differences between species in the analyzed data set. I show here that a number of traditional ecological diversity measures can be generalized to take into account a taxonomic weighting factor. Since these new indices violate part of the mathematical properties that an index should meet to be termed an ecological diversity index, I defined this new family of indices ‘weak diversity indices’. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Biodiversity measures; Ecological diversity; Quadratic entropy; Shannon’s entropy; Species richness 1. Introduction data on species abundances are generally un- known. -
Species Biodiversity Lab
SCIENCE IN THE PARK: ROCK POOLS SPECIES BIODIVERSITY LAB Purpose: To understand the importance of biodiversity, calculate the indices of the Simpson’s Index, and quantify the biodiversity of a sample. Developed by E. A. Betts Time: 40 minutes BACKGROUND: Simpson's Diversity Index is a measure of diversity. In ecology, it is often used to quantify the biodiversity of a habitat. It takes into account the number of species present, as well as the abundance of each species. Before looking at Simpson's Diversity Index in more detail, it is important to understand the basic concepts. Biological diversity can be quantified in many different ways. The two main factors taken into account when measuring diversity are richness and evenness. Richness is a measure of the number of different kinds of organisms present in a particular area. For example, species richness is the number of different species present. However, diversity depends not only on richness, but also on evenness. Evenness compares the similarity of the population size of each of the species present. Richness - The number of species per sample is a measure of richness. The more species present in a sample, the 'richer' the sample. Species richness as a measure on its own takes no account of the number of individuals of each species present. It gives as much weight to those species which have very few individuals as to those which have many individuals. Thus, one daisy has as much influence on the richness of an area as 1000 buttercups. Evenness - Evenness is a measure of the relative abundance of the different species that make up the richness of an area. -
BROAD-SCALE PATTERNS and DETERMINANTS of BETA-DIVERSITY Meghan Wilde Mcknight a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The
BROAD-SCALE PATTERNS AND DETERMINANTS OF BETA-DIVERSITY Meghan Wilde McKnight A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Curriculum in Ecology. Chapel Hill 2007 Approved by: Advisor: Peter S. White Reader: John Bruno Reader: Aaron Moody Reader: Robert K. Peet Reader: Dean L. Urban © 2007 Meghan Wilde McKnight ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT MEGHAN WILDE MCKNIGHT: Broad-Scale Patterns and Determinants of Beta-Diversity (Under the direction of Peter S. White) Ecologists recognize two components of biodiversity: inventory diversity, the species composition of a single place, and differentiation diversity, more commonly called beta-diversity, which is derived by several different methods from the change in species composition between places. Beta-diversity is determined through a complex array of processes relating to the interaction of species traits and characteristics of the physical landscape over time. Geographic variation in beta- diversity reflects past and present differences in environment, ecological interactions, and biogeographic history, including barriers to dispersal. As beta-diversity quantifies the turnover in species across space, it has important applications to the scaling of diversity, the delineation of biotic regions and conservation planning. Despite the importance of beta-diversity, relatively little is known about diversity’s “other component”, particularly at broad scales. In this dissertation, I trace the conceptual evolution of beta-diversity in order to reconcile the different views surrounding it, and examine empirical patterns of terrestrial vertebrate beta-diversity at broad spatial scales in order to gain insight into this important diversity component. -
Indexes of Group Diversity 1 Some Common Indexes Of
INDEXES OF GROUP DIVERSITY 1 SOME COMMON INDEXES OF GROUP DIVERSITY: UPPER BOUNDARIES1,2 ANTONIO SOLANAS Department of Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona Institute for Research in Brain, Cognition, and Behavior (IR3C), University of Barcelona REJINA M. SELVAM Department of Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona Institute for Research in Brain, Cognition, and Behavior (IR3C), University of Barcelona JOSÉ NAVARRO Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona DAVID LEIVA Department of Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona Institute for Research in Brain, Cognition, and Behavior (IR3C), University of Barcelona 1 Address correspondence to Antonio Solanas, Departament de Metodologia de les Ciències del Comportament, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 171, 08035-Barcelona, Spain. Electronic mail may be sent to Antonio Solanas at: ([email protected]) 2This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, grant PSI2009-07076 and by the Generalitat of Catalonia’s Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca, grant 2009SGR1492. INDEXES OF GROUP DIVERSITY 2 Summary. —Workgroup diversity can be conceptualized as variety, separation, or disparity. Thus, the proper operationalization of diversity depends on how a diversity dimension has been defined. Analytically, the minimal diversity must be obtained when there are no differences -
Diversity Indices: Shannon and Simpson
Name: Date: Student Handout 1A: How to Calculate Biodiversity Diversity Indices: A) A diversity index is a mathematical measure of species diversity in a given community. B) Based on the species richness (the number of species present) and species abundance (the number of individuals per species). C) The more species you have, the more diverse the area, right? D) However, there are two types of indices, dominance indices and information statistic indices. E) The equations for the two indices we will study are: s Shannon Index (H) = - ∑ pi ln pi i=1 1 Simpson Index (D) = s 2 ∑ pi i=1 The Shannon index is an information statistic index, which means it assumes all species are represented in a sample and that they are randomly sampled. Can you point out any problems in these assumptions? In the Shannon index, p is the proportion (n/N) of individuals of one particular species found (n) divided by the total number of individuals found (N), ln is the natural log, Σ is the sum of the calculations, and s is the number of species. The Simpson index is a dominance index because it gives more weight to common or dominant species. In this case, a few rare species with only a few representatives will not affect the diversity. Can you point out any problems in these assumptions? In the Simpson index, p is the proportion (n/N) of individuals of one particular species found (n) divided by the total number of individuals found (N), Σ is still the sum of the calculations, and s is the number of species. -
Differences in Beta Diversity Between Exotic and Native Grasslands Vary with Scale Along a Latitudinal Gradient Leanne M
Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology Publications 4-2015 Differences in Beta Diversity Between Exotic and Native Grasslands Vary with Scale Along a Latitudinal Gradient Leanne M. Martin Iowa State University Brian J. Wilsey Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/eeob_ag_pubs Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Plant Breeding and Genetics Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ eeob_ag_pubs/88. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Differences in Beta Diversity Between Exotic and Native Grasslands Vary with Scale Along a Latitudinal Gradient Abstract Biodiversity can be partitioned into alpha, beta, and gamma components, and beta diversity is not as clearly understood. Biotic homogenization predicts that exotic species should lower beta diversity at global and continental scales, but it is still unclear how exotic species impact beta diversity at smaller scales. Exotic species could theoretically