Archaeological Assessment of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

by Paul Williams

Archaeology Service

Community and Economic Services ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE NEWPORT NITRATE REDUCTION SCHEME

by PAUL WILLIAMS

A Report for

SEVERN TRENT WATER

Archaeology Service

Report Number 130 © County Council November 1997 Winston Churchill Building, Radbrook Centre, Radbrook Road, , Shropshire SY3 9BJ Tel. (01743) 254018 the study area

© Crown copyright

Fig. 1: The location of the study area An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Severn-Trent Water have a proposal to run a pipeline in an east-west direction across an area of the to the north of , from Rodway Pumping Station (NGR SJ 71901847) to Pumping Station (NGR SJ 71901847), a distance of some 6.4 kilometres.

1.2 The construction of the pipeline will require the removal of topsoil from a 20 metre width across its entire length. The pipe will be laid at a maximum depth of 1.4 metres, and at an average depth of 0.9 metres.

1.3 The pipeline route traverses an area that has produced, and exhibits, much archaeological data from the prehistoric period. There are also indications that the area may encompass archaeological remains from the medieval and industrial periods.

1.4 Due to the archaeological significance of the area in which the pipeline will run it was deemed necessary to undertake an archaeological evaluation of the route. For the purpose of this evaluation the study area is defined as; the area enclosed between the Pipe Strine to the south of the pipeline route as far as Wall fort, and the to Edgmond road for the remainder of the southern boundary, and the to Newport road to the north (see fig. **). This constitutes a band of approximatly 500 metres either side of the pipeline.

2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 2.1 A brief for this evaluation was prepared by M.D.Watson, Head of Archaeology, Community and Economic Services, Shropshire County Council.

2.2 The aim of this evaluation is to provide information enabling a decision to be made with respect to the archaeological provision of the proposed pipeline route.

2.3 The objectives of the evaluation were: (i) To locate by non intrusive methods all archaeological remains and features within the study area. (ii) To assess the impact of the proposed works on any archaeological remains. (iii) To identify and reccomend options for the management of the archaeological resource including any further archaeological provision.

2.4 Methodology of the Evaluation The evaluation comprised a combination of documentary research and field assessment.

Documentary Research: An extensive search of the documentary sources was undertaken. The research included all relevant cartographic resources, and the appropriate aerial photographic record. All available primary and secondary An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

documentary sources were consulted at the Shropshire Records and Research Centre (SRO), and the County Sites and Monuments Record (SMR).

Field Assessment: A walk over survey was undertaken over the entire length of the proposed route in order to define and record all archaeological remains and historic landscape features likely to be affected by the proposed works. All remains and features encountered were sketch planned at a scale of 1:2500 on appropriate base maps. Photographic records were made where deemed necessary.

A programme of field walking was undertaken where physically possible over the entire pipeline corridor. The fieldwalking methodology is further described in section 4 below.

3. THEEVALUATION 3.1 The Archaeological Background The Weald Moors occupy an area of around 24 square kilometres of low lying ground to the north of the modern town of Telford. The geological landscape dates to around 11000 bc. The decaying ice from the last ice-age (Devensian) resulted in the formation of glacial lakes. The Weald Moors represents such a lake, with typical glacial sands, clay and gravels at the peripheries. It is thought that the peat accumulated across the basin during the wet period in the Late Bronze Age, many earlier Bronze Age artefacts have been recovered from deposits below the peat (Rowley 1972, 163). These boggy peatlands have now been replaced by well drained agricultural soils.

A clear pattern of settlement, occupation and communication of the wetland landscape can be detected from the archaeological evidence. The peat free higher ground that once formed dryer islands within the boggy moorlands were utilised as settlement centres. The earliest known is the defended settlement site of Wall Camp (SA 1108) (NGR SJ68151785), the wetlands surrounding the defensive ramparts were no doubt utilised for their defensive value. Excavations at Wall Camp have revaled occupation during the Iron Age period (Bond TSAS 67, 98-105 1991), although it is possible settlement here pre-dates this. The modern village of also sits on an island within the former wetlands of the Weald Moors. Again it seems likely that the site was originally chosen for settlement during the prehistoric period, although the existant settlement can only be dated back to the 11th century. The Domesday Survey of 1086 records Kynnersley as valued at 18s., it was formerley valued at 21s (Morris, 1986, 4, 23.1).

The Weald Moors are noticable for their concentration of Burnt Mounds, a type of monument usually associated with the Middle Bronze Age in Britain (circa. 1650 bc -1150 bc), although geographical variation in ancient technologies means that the dates for the Weald Moor mounds may be pushed back into the Early Bronze Age, or more likely, brought forward into the Late Bronze Age. The burnt mound is esentially a mound of burnt stones, usually in close proximity to water or a An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme former water source. There are two main hypothesese as to their former function: first, they represent the used stones that were first heated in a bonfire prior to being dropped into a central pit full of water, which would soon reach boiling temperature, thus providing the energy to cook or possibly steam meat and/or fish; secondly, the stones were used in a similar way except the aim was to produce steam to cleanse the body - in effect a prehistoric sauna. Burnt Mounds and scatters of burnt stones are well represented in the study area (see Gazeteer, section 7).

A quantity of artefactual finds indicate activity within the wetland area during the prehistoric and later Roman period, and it is through these and possible further finds that the settlement areas associated with the activity may be discovered and understood. In brief, flint impliments, bronze artefacts singularly and in hoard form, and Roman pottery are all represented in the area . It is here that the possible archaeological significance of the peat cover should be made apparent. The peat represents an ancient buried soil in which the inclusion of buried organic materials may be well preserved, and therefore more easily dateable. Therefore, ancient timber, textiles, leather, and even human remains may be preserved within peat deposits. Any such archaeological deposits would enhance the archaeological record and further the understanding of the Weald Moors settlement and useage patterns.

Medieval settlement is apparent at Kynnersley (see above). In the immediate study area medieval activity can be determined on the far western periphery of the pipeline route at The Rodway. A 16th century map of the Weald Moors shows three two storied buildings with chimneys in this area (SRO 38/3). The Rodway by this time appears to have been the main ‘Roadway’ leading north-south across the moors. The siting of a medieval preaching cross (SA 787) near the then planked Rodway Bridge suggests a spread of medieval activity in the area, such crosses were often used as meeting places. The Crudgington to Newport road (B5062) which skirts across the ridge to the north of the study area was the main east-west line of communication by this time (Hill 1953, plate VIII). On the far eastern periphery of the pipeline route medieval activity is focused on the Edgmond area. Centrally the modern farm at Adeney represents the remenants of a small medieval settlement.

The post medieval period has resulted in the exploitation of the Weald Moors for their land value. The Weald Moor appearance began to change from the 16th century as land began to be inclosed. These enclosures led to the rectangular field pattern evidenced today, although many field boundaries have dissapeared over the last century as large landowners have replaced the tennant farmer. Although drainage improvements can be dated back to the 16th century, it is really the innovations of the 19th century that have left their mark on the Weald Moor landscape. Drainage schemes such as that imposed by George Bishton, the first commisioner under the act of 1801 for allotting, inclosing and draining the Weald Moors, led to large tracts of previously unuseable wetlands to be transformed into An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

good arable land. For example, 1200 acres of Lord Staffords estate was converted from 'peat upon red sand full of water' into well drained fertile soil (Loch 1820, 219). Peat cutting for use as fuel has been sporadic since at least the 16th century, and salt was extracted from the brine streams at Kingsley Wych in Preston on the Weald Moors during the 18th century (Trinder 1973, 51). The moors are peppered with quarries, sand pits, marl pits and clay pits. The local use of these materials is highlighted by the brick kilns which were situated on the Adeney Road near Edgmond (SA 7298, SJ 709186 and SJ 717187), and near the Rodway (SJ 667190).

3.2 The Documentary Research 3.2.1 The repositories and sources consulted for the documentary research included the Shropshire Sites and Monuments Record and the Shropshire Records and Research Centre.

3.2.2 At the Shropshire Sites & Monuments Record, in addition to the SMR itself, the 1983 Cartographic Services 1:10,000 air photo series aerial photographic coverage of the study area was searched.

3.2.3 The following sources were consulted at the Shropshire Records and Research Centre:

Ref. no. Description 38/5 Early 17th century map of the north-western corner of the Weald Moors. 3121/1 Map of improvements and inclosure of the Weald Moors dated 1815. 301/2-21 Accounts of bronze spear head found near the Dayhouse on Moor. Whilst just outside the study area, these documents give a good insight into the prehistoric archaeology of the general area. 301/22-23 Documents concerning the medieval cross at the Rodway. 301/24 Description of Iron Age pottery found at Shray Hill just to the north of the study area. 301/26 Extracts from Plaxtons Observations made in the parishes of Kinnersley and Donnington from 1706-7, and Reverend W. Houghtons The Wealdmoors dated to 1874. 301/32 Reference to 17 burnt mounds (hearths) and 13 flint finds on the Weald Moors. Also, 5 Bronze Age Celts found near Preston on the Weald Moors; a spearhead and hook from Tibberton, and socketed axe from Childs Ercall Brook. 301/34 Account of field visit by the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club in 1925, which describes the burnt mounds in detail. 301/37 Leaflet by the Geologist T.C.Cantrill refering to form and purpose of burnt mounds. 301/40 List of burnt mounds in the area. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

301/42 Article concerning the Rodway cross and Henney Green. 301/46 Transcript of Lelands account of the Weald Moors in which he describes them as boggy and marshy with felled trees preserved below the ground. 301/56 Reference to drainage from 1964, in particular, the water table being 2- 3 foot below the surface at this time. 1616/1-7 Ordnance Survey sheets dated to 1818, lacking in useful detail.

Ordnance Survey 1:10000 1st edition (1891) Shropshire Sheet Nos: XXX.NW; XXX.NE; XXX.SW; XXX.SE.

Field Name Maps: Edgmond Parish, Edgmond Township 1841 (Foxall 1981); Edgmond Parish, Adeney Township 1841 (Foxall 1981); Kinnersley Parish 1840 (Foxall 1973); Edgmond Parish, Tibberton Township 1839 (Foxall 1974); Edgmond Parish, Cherrington Township 1839 (Foxall 1974).

1983 Cartographic Services 1:10,000 Air Photo Series: 8417; 8418;8419;8420;8518; 8519;8569;8570; 8679

3.2.4 A search of the available sources failed to reveal the presence of any new, previously unrecorded, sites of archaeological or historical importance within the study area. A total of 34 known sites or find spots were seen to be located along or immediately adjacent to the route of the new water-main. These are listed from west to east as follows:

Key SA Shropshire Sites and Monuments Record Number. SH North West Wetlands Survey Record Number. WM Shropshire County Council Archaeology Service Weald Moors Project Field Walking Location Number (see Section 4, below), ( WM 000-024) WMS Shropshire County Council Archaeology Service Weald Moors Project Site or Find Spot Record Number (WMS 01-37). WHP Wroxeter Hinterland Project find spot or site (WHP 1-3).

WMS 01: SA 787 (SJ 6573 1818) The Rodway Cross. Medieval Preaching Cross. The cross is not detectable at this site. WMS 02: WM 003 (SJ 6680 1850) Field name of possible archaeological interest, Hoarstones and Briery Leasow. According to Foxall (Foxall 1980, 9) the field name Hoarstone is synonymous with ancient boundary markers. WMS 03: WM003 (SJ6670 1870) The Henney or Henney Green. Depicted on 16th century map (SRO 38/3), this field is probably partly represented by the later enclosure known as Hoarstones and Briery Leasow (see An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

WMS 02 above). The map depicts medieval domestic buildings to the north and south of the field. WMS 04: WM 000 (SJ 667190) Brick kilns. WMS 05: SH 80 (SJ 6671 1852) Unglazed medieval body sherd. WMS 06: SA 792 (SJ 6671 1853) Possible enclosure of sub-rectangular form. Evidenced on aerial photograph (Ref***) WMS 07: SH 64 (SJ 6701 1885) Spread of burnt stone around 10 metres in diameter. The recent construction of a resevoir has removed this site without trace. WMS 08: SA 772 (SJ 6746 1909). Scatter of burnt stones thought to be a burnt mound. WMS 09: SA 773 (SJ 6752 1899) Largest known burnt mound on the Weald Moors measuring around 30 metres in diameter and rising to a height of 0.8 metres. WMS 10: SA 1366 (SJ 677 192) Supposed site of Stedford Castle known only by name association with 1st edition Ordnance Survey map reference. WMS 11: SA 777 (SJ 6783 1858) Burnt mound. WMS 12: SH 17 (SJ 6800 1865) Early prehistoric flint flake. WMS 13: SH 18 (SJ 6800 1853) Series of black chert microliths and waste flakes from the Mesolithic period, and a late Neolithic flint arrowhead and waste flakes. WMS 14: SH 19 (SJ 6816 1857) Flint scraper tool and an unglazed body sherd of medieval pottery. WMS 15: SH 33 (SJ 6876 1843) Burnt mound adjacent to the Pipe Strine. WMS 16: SH 39 (SJ 6990 1878) Unglazed medieval pottery base sherd. WMS 17: SH 34 (SJ6901 1860) Burnt mound. WMS 18: WM 012 (SJ 6930 1900- 6950 1930) Field names of possible archaeological interest, Near cinder Meadow and Far Cinder Meadow, indicating burnt material in these fields. WMS 19: WM 013 (SJ 6970 1910) Field names of possible archaeological interest, Cinders and part of Near Oxford, again reference to burning. WMS 20: SA 774 (SJ 6944 1907) Burnt mound. WMS 21: SH 34 (SJ 6901 1860) Burnt mound adjacent to the Pipe Strine WMS 22: SH 40 (SJ 6975 1885) One sherd of Samian ware in poor condition, also one sherd of Severn Valley Ware and other possible Roman or medieval pottery. Two unglazed medieval sherds. WMS 23: SH 36 (SJ 7015 1863) Mesolithic flake blade. WMS 24: SH 37 (SJ 7015 1851) Body sherd of Midland Purple Ware from the medieval period. WMS 25: SH 38 (SJ 7034 1856) Abraded sherd of Roman pottery. WMS 26: WM 016 (SJ 7053 1910) Stone, marked on the 1st edition 6” Ordnance Survey Map. WMS 27: WM 017 (SJ 7070 1914) Another Stone, marked on the 1st edition 6” Ordnance Survey Map. WMS 28: SA 7298 (SJ 709 186) Site of brick and pipe works. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

WMS 29: WM 018 (SJ 7115 1870) Field name of possible archaeological interest, Kings Meadow. Other parallels containing King have significant historical value (Foxall 1980, 56). A resevoir has recently been constructed on this field. WMS 32: WHP 1 (SJ 6917 1937) Sherd of late Roman pottery. WMS 33: WHP 2 (SJ 6929 1942) Sherd of early Roman pottery. WMS 34: WHP 3 (SJ 6971 1942) One sherd of early Roman pottery and one sherd of Medieval pottery. * WM codes above denote location of survey area nearest to site or find spot. (see fig**)

3.3 The Walk-over Survey 3.3.1 A walk-over survey was made of the entire study area during October 1997. Agricultural land usage was seen to be mainly arable with some permanent and improved pasture. In the areas covered by pasture, conditions for the visibility of earthwork remains were excellent at the time of the survey.

3.3.2 The following is a list of all the archaeological remains and historic landscape features of significance within the study area noted during the field survey:

WMS 35: WM 005 (SJ 6744 1968) Probable boundary stones in modern field hedge.

WMS 36: WM 012 (SJ 6983 1933) Area of burnt stones and black soil within ploughed field of light brown sandy soil. This feature was only visible under cloud cover. The burnt area measuring around 10 metres in diameter was part buried beneath the bank to the north of the field, just below the field boundary. This field is known as Near Cinder Meadow. The area was recorded on the base plan at a scale of 1:2500 and a photographic record made.

WMS 37: WM 019 (SJ 7140 1890) Area of possible ridge and furrow running approximatly northeast-southwest down the slope to the south of the wooded area which lies on the northern boundary of WM 019.

* WM codes above denote location of area/field nearest to site or find spot (see fig**)

4 THE FIELDWALKING 4.1 Methodology The pipeline corridor was divided up into 24 sections utilising the existing field boundaries. The sections were allocated numbers WM001 to WM024. The immediate surrounding area was given code WM000. During the walk over survey the crop cover or land use was noted and a high, low or medium visibility grading was allocated to each based on the following:

(i) High Visibility. Ideal for fieldwalking, lightly ploughed or with new crop. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

(ii) Medium Visibility. Suitable for fieldwalking although results may be impaired. The land generally will have been deep ploughed or may have some stubble cover. (iii) Low Visibility. Unsuitable for fieldwalking. Crop or grass cover too dense.

Each section of the route to be walked was divided into 50 metre lengths along the 20 metre wide corridor. Each section was then given a number i.e., WM 002/1; WM 002/2; WM 002/3 constitutes 3 x 50 metre lengths of the 20 metre pipeline corridor in field WM 002. Where three operatives walked the sections each operative was responsible for a 2 metre wide length of each section. These were labelled A, B & C based on a British road system, i.e., A was always on the left, B in the middle and C on the right. The corridor was walked systematically west-east. Where two operatives walked the route only two 2 metre wide lengths were walked, A on the far left and B the far right. By using this method any one find can be located to a100 square metre rectangle within the entire pipeline route. All man made items seen were collected and bagged for analysis.

The weather conditions were variable. Overcast conditions most suited to fieldwalking were prevailant, although there were long periods of bright sunshine. Early morning frost was confined to heavily shaded areas and posed no problems to the field-walking.

4.2 Results WM 001: Not walked; Pasture. WM 002: 1 Fragmented sherd of possible medieval pottery WM 003: Not walked; heavy stubble cover. WM 004: 1 piece of Roman brick; 4 abraded sherds of Roman pottery and 6 possible Roman sherds. WM 005: 2 sherds of possible medieval pottery. WM 006: Not walked; broad leaved crop cover. WM 007: Not walked; heavy root crop. WM 008: Not walked; stubble. WM 009: No finds of value to the evaluation. WM 010: Not walked; heavy cover of cabbages, some strips of stubble. WM 011: Not walked; stubble. WM 012: No finds of interest. WM 013: 1 late medieval section of pottery base; 1 abraded mdieval sherd; 1 piece of rim section of the Roman period; 1 hard fired medieval sherd and 3 abraded medieval or Roman sherds. WM 014: Ploughing in progress, but able to walk the first third of the field. No finds of interest.. WM 015: 2 sherds of possible Roman pottery; 12 pieces of probable Roman brick. WM 016: Not walked; stubble. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

WM 017: 2 abraded sherds of possible Roman pottery; 30 pieces of probable Roman brick. WM 018: Not walked; stubble. WM 019: Not walked; stubble. WM 020: Not walked; stubble. WM 021: Not walked; pasture. WM 022: Not walked; pasture. WM 023: Not walked; pasture. WM 024: Not walked; pasture.

5. THE IMPACT OF THE WORKS ON THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE 5.1 The Impact of Methods Employed in the Works The removal of the topsoil from the easement and contractors' compounds will entail damage to any shallow earthwork remains encountered along the route of the new pipeline. The excavation of the pipe trench will destroy any sub-surface remains along the line of the trench.

5.2 The Impact on Specific Sites

WMS 01: SA 787 (SJ 6573 1818) The Rodway Cross. The pipeline route runs some 120 metres to the north of the proposed site of the cross. WMS 02: WM 003 (SJ 6680 1850) Field name of possible archaeological interest, Hoarstones and Briery Leasow. According to Foxall (Foxall 1980, 9) the field name Hoarstone is synonymous with ancient boundary markers. The pipeline cuts through this field and the adjoining field Black Fen, which now make up one land unit (WM003) as field boundaries have been removed (see WMS 03 below). WMS 03: WM003 (SJ6670 1870) The Henney or Henney Green. The pipeline will cut directly across this piece of land which was a focus of medieval activity. Remains of medieval buildings or field boundaries may be encountered. This field contains find spot WMS 05, which adds weight to the possibility of medieval remains in this vicinity. This land is partly represented by the later enclosure known as Hoarstones and Briery Leasow (see WMS 02 above). WMS 04: WM 000 (SJ 667190) Brick kilns. The site of the brick works lies outside the pipeline corridor and is not at risk. WMS 05: SH 80 (SJ 6671 1852) Unglazed medieval body sherd. Found within WM 003; see WMS 03 above. WMS 06: SA 792 (SJ 6671 1853) Possible enclosure of sub-rectangular form. Evidenced on aerial photograph (Ref***). The aerial photograph appears to show the enclosure on a northwest-southeast alignment, suggesting an entrance and approach may lie within WM003. The pipeline may affect any such feature. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

WMS 07: SH 64 (SJ 6701 1885) Spread of burnt stone around 10 metres in diameter. The recent construction of a resevoir has removed this site without trace. The pipeline route skirts the western edge of the resevoir. WMS 08: SA 772 (SJ 6746 1909). Scatter of burnt stones thought to be a burnt mound. The pipeline corridor passes less than 25 metres away, it is possible associated features may be detected. WMS 09: SA 773 (SJ 6752 1899) Largest known burnt mound on the Weald Moors measuring around 30 metres in diameter and rising to a height of 0.8 metres. The pipeline route runs 20 metres to the north of this feature, again, it is possible that associated features may be detected in this area. WMS 10: SA 1366 (SJ 677 192) Supposed site of Stedford Castle. The pipeline route does not affect this site. WMS 11: SA 777 (SJ 6783 1858) Burnt mound. The pipeline route does not affect this site. WMS 12: SH 17 (SJ 6800 1865) Early prehistoric flint flake. This find spot is south of the pipeline route. This find, together with adjacent finds SH 18 (WMS 13) and SH 19 (WMS 14), indicate prehistoric activity in this area. WMS 13: SH 18 (SJ 6800 1853) Series of black chert microliths and waste flakes. See WMS 12 above. WMS 14: SH 19 (SJ 6816 1857) Flint scraper tool and an unglazed body sherd of medieval pottery. See WMS 12 above. WMS 15: SH 33 (SJ 6876 1843) Burnt mound adjacent to the Pipe Strine. The pipeline route does not affect this site, the site, however, should be viewed as part of a prehistoric landscape that encompasses the proposed pipeline corridor. WMS 16: SH 39 (SJ 6990 1878) Unglazed medieval pottery base sherd. The pipeline route does not affect this find spot. WMS 17: SH 34 (SJ6901 1860) Burnt mound. As WMS 15 above. WMS 18: WM 012 (SJ 6930 1900- 6950 1930) Field names of possible archaeological interest, Near cinder Meadow and Far Cinder Meadow. The pipeline will run through this area of land. WMS 19: WM 013 (SJ 6970 1910) Field names of possible archaeological interest, Cinders and part of Near Oxford. The pipeline will run through this piece of land WMS 20: SA 774 (SJ 6944 1907) Burnt mound. The pipeline corridor runs some 30 metres to the north of this site and will not directly affect it, there is a possibility however, that associated features may be detected in the vicinity. WMS 21: SH 34 (SJ 6901 1860) Burnt mound adjacent to the Pipe Strine. Outside the line of the proposed pipeline. WMS 22: SH 40 (SJ 6975 1885) One sherd of Samian Ware in poor condition, also one sherd of Severn Valley Ware and other possible Roman or An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

medieval pottery. Two unglazed medieval sherds. Find spots from earlier fieldwalking by the North West Wetlands Survey. To the south of, and not directly affected by the proposed pipeline. WMS 23: SH 36 (SJ 7015 1863) Mesolithic flake blade. Find spot unaffected by the pipeline corridor. WMS 24: SH 37 (SJ 7015 1851) Body sherd of Midland Purple Ware from the medieval period. Find spot close to Adeney, outside the pipeline corridor. WMS 25: SH 38 (SJ 7034 1856) Abraded sherd of Roman pottery. Find spot unaffected by the pipeline corridor. WMS 26: WM 016 (SJ 7053 1910) Stone, marked on the 1st edition 6” Ordnance Survey Map. On the edge of the pipeline corridor and may be affected, however, the walk over survey revealed no sign of the stone. WMS 27: WM 017 (SJ 7070 1914) Another Stone, marked on the 1st edition 6” Ordnance Survey Map, around 40 metres to the north of the pipeline route. There is no sign of the stone on the ground. WMS 28: SA 7298 (SJ 709 186) Site of brick and pipe works. Out of the pipeline corridor to the south, not affected. WMS 29: WM 018 (SJ 7115 1870) Field name of possible archaeological interest, Kings Meadow, other parallels containing King have significant historical value (Foxall 1980, 56). A resevoir has recently been constructed on this field. The projected pipeline passes through this field to the north of the resevoir. WMS 30: WM 022 (SJ 717 187) Site of brick kiln. The pipeline passes directly through the field named Roundabout with Brickiln, it is likely that archaeological features may be encountered here, although the brick kiln(s) may have been situated in Brickiln Field on the opposite side of the road to the south. WMS 31: SA 798 (SJ7215 1892) Fishpond known as Monks Pool. associated with SA 804, The Provosts House. The site will be unaffected by the proposed pipeline although there may be associated medieval features in the vicinity. WMS 32: WHP 1 (SJ 6917 1937) Sherd of late Roman pottery. Find spot only, not affected. WMS 33: WHP 2 (SJ 6929 1942) Sherd of early Roman pottery. Find spot only, not affected. WMS 34: WHP 3 (SJ 6971 1942) One sherd of early Roman pottery and one sherd of medieval pottery. Find spot only, not affected. WMS 35: WM 005 (SJ 6744 1968) Probable boundary stones in modern field hedge. Will not be affected by the new pipeline. WMS 36: WM 012 (SJ 6983 1933) Area of burnt stones and black soil within ploughed field of light brown sandy soil. Not directly affected by the proposed pipeline, however, the feature in association with WMS 20 (SA774) suggests possible prehistoric archaeology in close proximity. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

WMS 37: WM 019 (SJ 7140 1890) Area of possible ridge and furrow. The pipeline corridor runs directly through this site.

5.3 Associated Ancillary Works 5.3.1 Contractors' compounds, spoil dumps, and borrow pits: The siting of contractors' compounds, spoil dumps, and borrow pits can also adversely affect archaeological features and deposits lying outside the works corridor. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

6 MITIGATING EFFECTS: RECOMMENDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROVISION FOR THE AFFECTED SITES 6.1 Grading of Affected Sites. 6.1.1 The archaeological provision recommended for the various sites affected by the laying of the new pipeline will depend upon their status, and may range from full excavation, preservation in situ to the maintenance of a watching brief during destructive groundworks.

6.1.2 Criteria employed for grading: (i) In grading the sites affected by the works, the same criteria have been used as those employed by English Heritage to evaluate a monument's status in terms of national importance for the purposes of scheduling. (ii) In the light of the data accumulated by this evaluation, consideration has been given to the following criteria for each of the sites to be affected by the construction of the proposed new road: survival/condition; period; rarity; fragility/vulnerability; documentation; group value; diversity; potential; amenity value.

6.1.3 The known sites which will be affected by the restoration works have thus been categorised within the following grades :

GRADE A: These sites are considered to be of such importance that they merit preservation in situ. GRADE B: These sites are of sufficient significance to require preservation by record. This can involve the excavation of below ground remains and the recording of above ground features. Sufficient funding for this should be allocated within the construction budget, and time for the completion of such recording should be built into the pre-construction timetable. GRADE C: Sites on which an archaeological watching brief should be maintained. Provision of time and resources should be made for the recording of any archaeological features revealed during the course of the groundworks. GRADE D: Further field evaluation is required on these sites before recommendations for the level of archaeological provision can be made. GRADE E: Sites requiring no further archaeological provision.

6.2 Recommended Archaeological Provision 6.2.1 Sites directly affected by the new water-main WMS 03: WM003 (SJ6670 1870) The Henney or Henney Green. GRADE C: An archaeological watching brief should be maintained during destructive ground works in this area. WMS 06: SA 792 (SJ 6671 1853) Possible enclosure of sub-rectangular form. GRADE C: Any approach or entrance to this feature may be affected by the scheme. The sensitive area lies within within WM003 and An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

therefore the provision applied to WMS 02 above which lies in the same area should apply. It is therefore reccommended that a watching brief should be maintained during destructive ground works in this area. WMS 08: SA 772 (SJ 6746 1909). Scatter of burnt stones thought to be a burnt mound. GRADE C: Whilst this site is not directly within the proposed pipeline corridor it is reccommended that an archaeological watching brief be maintained in area WM 006 as there is possibility of archaeological remains associated with the prehistoric period in this area. WMS 09: SA 773 (SJ 6752 1899) Largest known burnt mound on the Weald Moors. GRADE C: Lies within the same area as WMS 08 above and should fall under the same provision. WMS 20: SA 774 (SJ 6944 1907) Burnt mound. GRADE C: The pipeline corridor runs some 30 metres to the north of this site and will not directly affect it, however, due to the possibility of associated archaeological features of the prehistoric period being encountered within the vicinity it is reccommended that an archaeological watching brief be maintained in areas WM 012 and WM013. WMS 30: WM 022 (SJ 717 187) Site of brick kiln. GRADE C: It is reccommended that a watching brief be carried out on groundworks in this area in order to determine the existance of any archaeological industrial remains. WMS 31: SA 798 (SJ7215 1892) GRADE C: Fishpond known as Monks Pool. Although the site will be unaffected by the proposed pipeline there may be associated medieval features in the vicinity, it is reccommended a watching brief should be maintained in this area (WM023). WMS 36: WM 012 (SJ 6983 1933) Area of burnt stones. GRADE C: A watching brief in area WM 12 has been reccommended in relation to SA 774 (WMS 20), WMS 33 will be covered under the same area provision. WMS 37: WM 019 (SJ 7140 1890) GRADE E: Area of possible ridge and furrow. The existance of this site has been recorded, no further action is required.

6.2.2. Potential sites evidenced in field walking results.

WM 004: GRADE C: Small quantity of Roman pottery suggests possible Roman activity in this area, a watching brief is reccommended during earth works in this area.. WM 015: GRADE C: A spread of probable Roman brick fragments with some pottery of similar date suggest possible Roman activity in this area. This is supported by the WHP and SH finds within the proximity. It is suggested a watching brief be maintained in this area. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

WM 017: GRADE C: A spread of probable Roman brick fragments with some pottery of similar date suggest possible Roman activity in this area. An archaeological watching brief should be carried out in this area.

It is reccomended that provision be made for archaeological inspection of the remainder of the pipeline corridor not covered above, after removal of the topsoil. Any archaeological features noted in the exposed sub-surfaces should then be manually cleaned, recorded and graded according to the above system. Provision should then be made for any significant archaeological features or deposits noted be fully excavated or recorded prior to their disturbance or removal by the pipe laying works.

6.3 Further Recommendations 6.3.1 It is recommended that every effort be made to restrict all ground disturbing ancillary works to within the easement of the proposed new pipeline.

6.3.2 At the time that this evaluation was carried out, the location of contractors' compounds was not known. Contractors' compounds should be sited to avoid the known archaeological and historical sites within and adjacent to the study area identified in this report. The Shropshire Sites and Monuments Record (located with the Historic Environment Team, Environment Department, Shropshire County Council) should be consulted in advance of the intended location of the contractors' compound(s).

6.3.2 It is also recommended that construction companies and sub-contractors inform their employees of the need to report as soon as possible any archaeological finds and features discovered during works. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

7 GAZETTEER OF SITES

Site number WMS 01 Fig. * Site name The Rodway Cross (SA787) Site type Site only NGR SJ 6573 1818 Source Documentary Description Site of medieval wayside preaching cross. Impact Assessment Unafected by the pipeline route. Recommendations No further action.

Site number WMS 02 Fig. 1 Site name Hoarstones and Briery Leasow. Site type Field name. NGR SJ 6680 1850 Source Documentary. Description Field name indicating ancient boundary stones. Impact Assessment The pipeline passes directly through the area. Recommendations Watching Brief.

Site number WMS 03 Fig. * Site name The Henney or Henney Green. Site type Medieval Field. NGR Centered on SJ6670 1870 Source Documentary. Description Medieval field shown on 16th century map SRO 38/3. One of four open fields attatched to Cherrington Parish. Domestic buildings are shown to the north and south of the open area (partly represented by WM 003). Impact Assessment The pipeline route cuts across this area from southwest to northeast. Recommendations A watching brief should be maintained in this area.

Site number WMS 04 Fig. 2 Site name Brick Kilns Site type Post Medieval Industrial. NGR SJ 667190 Source Documentary. Description Two buildings next to clay pit depicted on 1st edition Ordnance Survey map. Impact Assessment The site is unaffected by the pipeline route. Recommendations No further action required. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

Site number WMS 05 Fig. * Site name Site type Find spot only. NGR SJ 6671 1852 Source SH 80 Description Unglazed medieval body sherd. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations No further action.

Site number WMS 06 Fig. * Site name Enclosure. Site type Possible Romano-British or prehistoric enclosure. NGR SJ 6671 1853 Source Visible as crop mark on aerial photograph. Description Rectangular or sub rectangular with possible entrance on the southeast side. Impact Assessment Proposed pipeline route runs to the east of this feature. Any existing approach to the enclosure may be affected by the works. Recommendations A watching brief should be maintained in this area.

Site number WMS 07 Fig. 4 Site name Spread of burnt stone. Site type Unknown. NGR SJ 6701 1885 Source SH 64 Description Spread of burnt stone now lost to the construction of a resevoir. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations No further action required.

Site number WMS 08 Fig. 5 Site name Site type Possible burnt mound. NGR SJ 6746 1909 Source SA 772 Description Scatter of burnt stones. Impact Assessment The pipeline route passes 25 metres to the south of this feature and it is possible other associated features may be encountered. Recommendations Maintainance of an archaeological watching brief in this area (WM 006) An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

Site number WMS 09 Fig. * Site name Site type Burnt mound. NGR SJ 6752 1899 Source SA 773 Description Largest known burnt mound on theWeald Moors measuring around 30 metres in diameter and rising to a height of 0.8 metres. Impact Assessment Not directly affected by the pipeline, however, associated features may be encountered in this area. Recommendations Watching brief under the same provision as for WMS 08 above..

Site number WMS 10 Fig. 7* Site name Stedford Castle Site type Castle NGR SJ 677 192 Source SA 1366 Description There is no sign of this site within the present landscape. Impact Assessment The site is unaffected by the scheme. Recommendations No further action required.

Site number WMS 11 Fig. 7 Site name Site type Burnt mound. NGR SJ 6783 1858 Source SA 777 Description One of around 17 of such sites on the Weald Moors. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations No further action required.

Site number WMS 12 Fig. 7 Site name Site type Find spot only. NGR SJ 6800 1865 Source SH 17 Description Early prehistoric flint flake. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations None An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

WMS 13 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Find spot. NGR SJ 6800 1853 Source SH 18 Description Series of black chert microliths and waste flakes from the Mesolithic period, and a late Neolithic flint arrowhead and waste flakes. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 14 Fig. 9 Site name Site type Find spot only. NGR SJ 6816 1857 Source SH 19. Description Flint scraper tool and an unglazed body sherd of medieval pottery. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 15 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Burnt mound. NGR SJ 6876 1843 Source SH 33 Description Burnt mound adjacent to the Pipe Strine. Impact Assessment Unaffected by the scheme. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 16 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Find spot only. NGR SJ 6990 1878 Source SH 39 Description Unglazed medieval pottery base sherd. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations None. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

Site number WMS 17 Fig. * Site name Site type Burnt mound. NGR SJ6901 18606 Source SH 34 Description One of several such sites recorded on the Weald Moors. Impact Assessment Unaffected by the scheme. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 18 Fig. 8 Site name Near cinder Meadow and Far Cinder Meadow. Site type Field name. NGR SJ 6930 1900- 6950 1930 Source Documentary Description Field names of possible archaeological interest, indicating burnt material in these fields. Impact Assessment The pipeline cuts across these fields (WM 012 ) from west to east. Recommendation Site visit after topsoil removal for further evaluation.

Site number WMS 19 Fig. 8 Site name Cinders and part of Near Oxford. Site type Field name. NGR SJ 6970 1910 Source Documentary Description Field name of archaeological interest suggesting the presence of burnt material. Impact Assessment The pipeline cuts across this area (WM013) from west to east. Recommendations Site visit after topsoil removal for further evaluation.

Site number WMS 20 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Burnt mound. NGR SJ 6944 1907 Source SA 774 Description Burnt mound near the Strine within area WM 013. Impact Assessment The pipeline corridor runs around 30 to the north of this feature and there is a liklihood that associated prehistoric features may be encountered in this area. Recommendations Watching brief. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

Site number WMS 21 Fig. 8 Site name SA6651 Site type Burnt mound. NGR SJ 6901 1860 Source SH 34 Description Burnt mound adjacent to the Pipe Strine. Impact Assessment Outside the pipline corridor. Recommendations No further action required.

Site number WMS 22 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Find spot only. NGR SJ 6975 1885. Source SH 40. Description One sherd of Samian ware in poor condition, also one sherd of Severn Valley Ware and other possible Roman or medieval pottery. Two unglazed medieval sherds. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 23 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Find spot only. NGR SJ 7015 1863. Source SH 36. Description Mesolithic flake blade. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 24 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Find spot only. NGR SJ 7015 1851. Source SH 37. Description Body sherd of Midland Purple Ware from the medieval period. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations None. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

Site number WMS 25 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Find spot only. NGR SJ 7034 1856. Source SH 38. Description Abraded sherd of Roman pottery. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 26 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Probable Boundary Stone. NGR SJ 7053 1910 Source Documentary Description Stone, marked on the 1st edition 6” Ordnance Survey Map. Impact Assessment On the edge of the pipeline corridor, however, the walk over survey failed to locate the stone. Recommendations No further action.

Site number WMS 27 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Probable Boundary Stone. NGR SJ 7070 1914 Source Documentary Description Stone marked on the 1st edition 6” Ordnance Survey Map. Impact Assessment The pipeline route runs around 40 metres to the south of the site of this stone. The walk over survey revealed no trace of this feature. Recommendations No further action required.

Site number WMS 28 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Brick and Pipe Works. NGR SJ 7100 1855 Source SA 7298 Description Site of brick and pipe works. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations None. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

Site number WMS 29 Fig. 8 Site name Kings Meadow Site type Field Name. NGR SJ 7115 1870 Source Documentary Description Field name of possible archaeological interest, other parallels containing the prefix King have significant historical value. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 30 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Site of brick kiln. NGR SJ 717 187 Source Documentary Description Site of former brickworks giving rise to fieldnames Roundabout with Brickiln, and Brickiln Field. Impact Assessment The pipeline cuts through Roundabout with Brickiln (WM 022). It is possible that post medieval industrial remains may be encountered here. Recommendations Watching brief.

Site number WMS 31 Fig. 8 Site name Monks pool.

Site type Medieval fishpond. NGR SJ7215 1892 Source SA 798 Description Fishpond known as Monks pool associated with SA 804 The Provosts House near Edgmond. Impact Assessment The pipeline does not directly affect this site. There is a possibility, however, of medieval features associated with the site being apparent in this area (WM 023). Recommendations Watching brief.

Site number WMS 32 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Find spot only. NGR SJ 6917 1937 Source WHP 1 Description Sherd of late Roman pottery. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations None. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

Site number WMS 33 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Find spot only. NGR SJ 6929 1942 Source WHP 2 Description Sherd of early Roman pottery. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 34 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Find spot only. NGR SJ 6971 1942 Source WHP 3 Description One sherd of early Roman pottery and one sherd of Medieval pottery. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 35 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Probable boundary stones. NGR SJ 6744 1968 Source Field survey. Description Probable boundary stones in modern field hedge. Impact Assessment The site is outside the pipeline corridor. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 36 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Burnt material. NGR SJ 6983 1933 Source Field Survey. Description Area of burnt stones and black soil within ploughed field of light brown sandy soil. Impact Assessment The pipeline does not directly affect this site. There may, however, be associated features within this area (WM 012). Recommendations Watching brief. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

Site number WMS 37 Fig. 8 Site name Site type Ridge and Furrow agriculture. NGR SJ 7140 1890 Source Field survey. Description Area of possible ridge and furrow running approximatly northeast-southwest down the slope to the south of the wooded area which lies on the northern boundary of WM 019. Impact Assessment The pipeline cuts through this area. Recommendations None. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

8 REFERENCES AND SOURCES CONSULTED Acknowledgements The writer would like to thank Emma-Kate Burns who assisted in the field walking, and Phil **Clisham and Steve Dooley of Montgomery Watson for their support. Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Severn-Trent Water have a proposal to install a water pipeline in an west-east direction across the northern edge of the Weald Moors to the north of Telford. The pipeline will run from Rodway Pumping Station ( SJ 71901847) to Edgmond Pumping Station ( SJ 7190 1847), a distance of some 6.4 kilometres.

1.2 The construction of the pipeline will require the mechanical stripping of topsoil from an 18 metre wide corridor along its entire length. The pipe will be laid at a maximum depth of 3.0 metres, and at an average depth of 1.5 metres, within a 1 metre wide trench.

1.3 The pipeline route traverses an area that has produced, and exhibits, much archaeological data from the prehistoric period. There are also indications that the area may encompass archaeological remains from the medieval and industrial periods.

1.4 Due to the archaeological significance of the area through which the pipeline will run it was deemed necessary to undertake an archaeological evaluation of the proposed route. For the purpose of this evaluation the study area was defined as; a 500 metre wide corridor centred on the proposed pipeline route.

1 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

2. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 2.1 A brief for this evaluation was prepared by M.D.Watson, Head of Archaeology, Community and Economic Services, Shropshire County Council.

2.2 The aim of this evaluation is to provide information enabling a decision to be made regarding the archaeological provision of the proposed pipeline route.

2.3 The objectives of the evaluation were: (i) To locate and record all archaeological remains and features within the study area. (ii) To assess the impact of the proposed works on any archaeological remains. (iii) To identify and recommend options for the management of the archaeological resource including any further archaeological provision.

2.4 Methodology of the Evaluation The evaluation comprised a combination of desk-based assessment and field evaluation.

Desk-Based Assessment: An extensive search of the documentary sources was undertaken. The research included all relevant cartographic, and aerial photographic sources. All available primary and secondary documentary sources were consulted at the Shropshire Records and Research Centre (SRO), and the County Sites and Monuments Record (SA).

Field Assessment: A walk over survey was undertaken over the entire length of the proposed route in order to define and record all archaeological remains and historic landscape features likely to be affected by the proposed works. All remains and features encountered were sketch planned at a scale of 1:2500 on appropriate base maps. Photographic records were made where deemed necessary.

A programme of field walking was undertaken along the pipeline route, where current land use permitted. The field-walking methodology is further described in section 4 below.

2 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

3. THE EVALUATION 3.1 The Archaeological Background The Weald Moors occupy an area of around 24 square kilometres of low lying ground to the north of the modern town of Telford. The geological landscape dates to around 11000 bc. The decaying ice from the last ice-age (Devensian) resulted in the formation of glacial lakes. The Weald Moors represents such a lake, with typical glacial sands, clay and gravels at the peripheries. It is thought that the peat accumulated across the basin during the wet period in the Late Bronze Age (1150- 800 bc). Many earlier Bronze Age artefacts have also been recovered from deposits below the peat (Rowley 1972, 163). These boggy peatlands have now been replaced by well drained agricultural soils.

A clear pattern of settlement, occupation and communication of the wetland landscape can be detected from the archaeological evidence. The peat free higher ground that once formed dryer islands within the boggy moorlands were utilised as settlement centres. The earliest known is the defended prehistoric settlement site of Wall Camp (SA 1108) (NGR SJ 6815 1785), where the wetlands surrounding the defensive ramparts were no doubt utilised for their defensive value. Excavations at Wall Camp have revealed occupation during the Iron Age period (Bond 1991, 98-105), although it is possible that settlement here pre-dates this. The modern village of Kynnersley also sits on an island within the former wetlands of the Weald Moors. Again it seems likely that the site was originally chosen for settlement during the prehistoric period, although the existent settlement can only be dated back to the 11th century. The Domesday Survey of 1086 records Kynnersley as valued at 18s., it was formerly valued at 21s (Morris, 1986, 4, 23.1).

The Weald Moors are noticeable for their concentration of burnt mounds, a type of monument usually associated with the Middle Bronze Age in Britain (circa. 1650 bc -1150 bc), although mounds of burnt stones may be dateable to a much wider timescale. The burnt mound is essentially a mound of burnt stones, usually in close proximity to water or a former water source. There are two main hypotheses as to their former function: first, they represent the used stones that were first heated in a bonfire prior to being dropped into a central pit full of water which would soon reach boiling temperature, thus providing the energy to cook or possibly steam meat and/or fish; secondly, the stones were used in a similar way except the aim was to produce steam to cleanse the body - in effect a prehistoric sauna. Burnt mounds and scatters of burnt stones are well represented in the study area (see Gazetteer, section 7).

A quantity of artefactual finds indicate activity within the wetland area during the prehistoric and Roman period, and it is through these and possible further finds that the settlement areas associated with the activity may be discovered and understood. In brief, flint implements, bronze artefacts singularly and in hoard form, and Roman pottery are all represented in the area . It is here that the possible archaeological significance of the peat cover should be made apparent. The peat represents an ancient buried soil in which the inclusion of buried organic materials may be well preserved, and therefore more easily

3 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme dateable. Therefore, ancient timber, textiles, leather, and even human remains may be preserved within peat deposits. Any such archaeological deposits would considerably enhance the archaeological record and further the understanding of the Weald Moors settlement and usage patterns.

Medieval settlement is apparent at Kynnersley (see above). In the immediate study area medieval activity can be determined on the far western periphery of the pipeline route near The Rodway. A 16th century map of the Weald Moors shows a cottage on the southern edge of one of the four medieval open fields of Cherington (Henney Field)(SRO 38/3)(plate 3). The cottage was owned by Widow Allin and leased to Roger Tidder the blacksmith (Hill 1953, 308). The Rodway by this time appears to have been the main ‘Roadway’ leading north- south across the moors. The Crudgington to Newport road (B5062) which skirts across the ridge to the north of the study area was the main east-west line of communication by this time (plate 2). On the far eastern periphery of the pipeline route medieval activity is focused on the Edgmond area. Centrally the modern farm at Adeney represents the remnants of a small medieval settlement.

The post medieval period has resulted in the exploitation of the Weald Moors for their land value. The Weald Moor appearance began to change from the 16th century as land began to be inclosed. These enclosures led to the rectangular field pattern evidenced today, although many field boundaries have disappeared over the last century as large landowners have replaced the tenant farmer. Although drainage improvements can be dated back to the 16th century, it is really the innovations of the 19th century that have left their mark on the Weald Moor landscape. Drainage schemes such as that imposed by George Bishton, the first commissioner under the act of 1801 for allotting, inclosing and draining the Weald Moors, led to large tracts of previously un- usable wetlands to be transformed into good arable land. For example, 1200 acres of Lord Stafford's estate was converted from 'peat upon red sand full of water' into well drained fertile soil (Loch 1820, 219). Peat cutting for use as fuel has been sporadic since at least the 16th century, and salt was extracted from the brine streams at Kingsley Wych in Preston on the Weald Moors during the 18th century (Trinder 1973, 51). The moors are peppered with quarries, sand pits, marl pits and clay pits. The local use of these materials is highlighted by the many brick kilns that existed across the Weald Moors.

4 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

Previous field work in the area has been undertaken by the Universities of Lancater and Birmingham as part of wider landscape surveys. Lancaster University carried out field-walking as part of the North West Wetlands Survey (no.6: Shropshire and Staffordshire, 1997). Birmingham University field- walked part of the Weald Moors as part of the long running Wroxeter Hinterland Project directed by Roger White.

5 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

3.2 The Documentary Research 3.2.1 The repositories and sources consulted for the documentary research included the Shropshire Sites and Monuments Record (SMR), the Shropshire Records and Research Centre (SRO), and the National Monuments Record Air Photographic Library, Swindon (NMR). In addition to these the archives of the North West Wetlands Survey (Lancaster University) and the Wroxeter Hinterland Project (Birmingham University) were also consulted.

Abbreviations and terms used in following text SA Shropshire Sites and Monuments Record Number. NWWS SH North West Wetlands Survey Record Number. Field Archaeology Service, Shropshire County Council, Weald Moors Project Field Walking and Site Location Number (see Section 4, below), ( Field 001-024) WMS Archaeology Service, Shropshire County Council, Weald Moors Project Site or Find Spot Record Number (WMS 01-24). WHP Wroxeter Hinterland Project find spot or site (WHP 1&2).

3.2.2 A search of the available sources revealed the presence of several new, previously unrecorded, sites of archaeological or historical importance within the study area. A total of 24 sites or find spots were seen to be located along or immediately adjacent to the route of the new water-main. These are listed from west to east as follows:

WMS 01: (SJ 6624 1837 - SJ6635 1828) (Field 001) Linear ditch visible on Aerial Photograph and running in a NW-SE direction for a length of c.200 metres. Extant in 1964, no surface remains survive in 1997. Possibly a drainage ditch connecting to a former watercourse leading to the Strine Brook. WMS 02: (SJ 6630 1837) (Field 001) Domestic building dating to pre 1608. Probably the cottage leased to the blacksmith Roger Tidder referred to in a lease of 1658 (Hill 1953, 308). This building is depicted on a map dating to around 1608 (SRO 38/3) (see plate 3). WMS 03: (SJ 6658 1843) (Field 002) Building pre-dating 1839, depicted on the 1839 Tithe Apportionment Map of Cherrington Township. WMS 04: (SJ 6660 1845) (Field 003) Former quarry which does not appear on the 1839 Tithe Apportionment Map, and is annotated 'Old Quarry' on the 1st Edition Ordnance Survey Map.dated 1891. WMS 05: (SJ 6783 1861) (Field 003) ‘L’ shaped building shown on 1839 Tithe Apportionment Map of Cherrington Township. This building existed as late as 1946 and is visible on aerial photograph. WMS 06: (SJ 6680 1850) (Field 003) Field name of possible archaeological interest, Hoarstone and Briery Leasow. According to Foxall (Foxall 1980, 9) the field name Hoarstone is synonymous with ancient boundary markers. WMS 07: Ridge and Furrow (SJ 6680 1883 - SJ 6708 1900) (Field 003 &004) Cropmark ridge and furrow comprising two conjoined sections aligned north-south and east-west respectively. Both display reversed 'S' formation characteristic of medieval ridge and

6 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

furrow. Presumably part of the former medieval open fields of Cherrington. WMS 08: NWWS SH 80 (SJ 6671 1852) (Field 003) Unglazed medieval pottery body sherd. WMS 09: SA 792 (SJ 6671 1853) (Field 003) Cropmark enclosure of sub- rectangular form. Evidenced on aerial photograph (NMR SJ 6618- 4, A.Baker, 1969). WMS 10: NWWS SH 64 (SJ 6701 1885)(Field 004) Spread of burnt stone around 10 metres in diameter. The recent construction of a reservoir has removed this site without trace. WMS 11: SA 772 (SJ 6746 1909) (Field 006) Scatter of burnt stones thought to be a burnt mound. WMS 12: SA 773 (SJ 6752 1899) (Field 006) Largest known burnt mound on the Weald Moors measuring around 30 metres in diameter and rising to a height of 0.8 metres. WMS 13: SA 1366 (SJ 677 192) (Field 006) Supposed site of Stedford Castle known only by name association with 1st edition Ordnance Survey map reference. WMS 14: (SJ 6930 1900-6950 1930) (Field 012) Field names of possible archaeological interest, Near Cinder Meadow and Far Cinder Meadow, indicating burnt material in these fields (see individual reference in Gazetteer). WMS 15: (SJ 6970 1910) (Field 013) Field name of possible archaeological interest, Cinders and Part of Near Oxford (see individual reference in Gazetteer). WMS 16: SA 774 (SJ 6944 1907)(Field 013) Burnt mound. WMS 17: (SJ 7053 1910) (Field 016) Stone, marked on the 1st edition 6” Ordnance Survey Map. Probable boundary marker. WMS 18: (SJ 7070 1914) (Field 017) Another Stone, marked on the 1st edition 6” Ordnance Survey Map. Probable boundary marker. WMS 19: (SJ 7115 1870) (Field 018) Field name of possible archaeological interest, Kings Meadow. Other parallels containing King have significant historical value (Foxall 1980, 56). A reservoir has recently been constructed on this field (see individual reference in Gazetteer). WMS 20: (SJ 6971 1942) (Field 018) Ridge and Furrow Area of narrow ridge and furrow surviving in 1946. Forms part of the same agricultural system as Field 019 (WMS 27) located during the field survey (see below). WMS 21: (SJ 717 187) (Field 022) Site of brick kiln. Field names Roundabout with Brickiln and Brickiln Field (see individual reference in Gazetteer). WMS 22: SA 798 (SJ 7215 1892) (Field 023) Site of medieval fishpond known as Monks Pool. WMS 23: WHP 1 (SJ 6917 1937) Sherd of Roman pottery. WMS 24: WHP 2 (SJ 6929 1942) Sherd of Roman pottery.

7 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

4 THE FIELD EVALUATION 4.1 This comprised of a walk over survey of the pipeline route, and systematic field-walking.

4.2 The Walk-over Survey 4.2.1 A walk-over survey was made of the entire study area during October 1997. Agricultural land usage was seen to be mainly arable with some permanent and improved pasture. In the areas covered by pasture, conditions for the visibility of earthwork remains were excellent at the time of the survey.

4.2.2 The following is a list of all the archaeological remains and historic landscape features of significance within the study area noted during the field survey:

WMS 25: (SJ 6744 1968) (Field 005) Probable boundary stones in modern field hedge.It is unsure if these stones are in situ or relocated

WMS 26: (SJ 6983 1933) (Field 012) Area of burnt stones and black soil within ploughed field of light brown sandy soil. This feature was only visible under cloud cover. The burnt area measuring around 10 metres in diameter was part buried beneath the bank to the north of the field, just below the field boundary. This field is known as Near Cinder Meadow. The area was recorded on the base plan at a scale of 1:2500 and a photographic record made.

WMS 27: (SJ 7140 1890) (Field 019) Area of ridge and furrow running approximately northeast-southwest down the slope to the south of the wooded area which lies on the northern boundary of Field 019. This feature was sketch plotted onto the 1:2500 base map for recording purposes.

4.3 The Field-Walking 4.3.1 Methodology The pipeline corridor was divided up into 24 sections utilising the existing field boundaries. The sections were allocated numbers Field 001 to Field 024. During the walk over survey the crop cover or land use was noted and a high, low or medium visibility grading was allocated to each based on the following:

(i) High Visibility: Ideal for field-walking; lightly ploughed or with new crop. (ii) Medium Visibility: Suitable for field-walking although results may be impaired. The land generally will have been deep ploughed or may have some stubble cover. (iii) Low Visibility: Unsuitable for field-walking; crop or grass cover too dense.

Each section of the route to be walked was divided into 50 metre lengths along the 20 metre wide corridor. Each section was then given a number i.e., Field 002/1; Field 002/2; Field 002/3 constitutes 3 x 50 metre lengths of the 20 metre

8 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

pipeline corridor in field Field 002. Where three field walkers walked the sections each field walker was responsible for a 2 metre wide length of each section. These were labelled A, B & C (left to right facing eastwards). The corridor was walked systematically west-east. Where two field walkers walked the route only two 2 metre wide lengths were walked, A on the far left and B the far right. By using this method any one find can be located to a100 square metre rectangle within the entire pipeline route. All man made items seen were collected and bagged for analysis.

The weather conditions were variable. Overcast conditions most suited to field- walking were prevalent, although there were long periods of bright sunshine. Early morning frost was confined to heavily shaded areas and posed no problems to the field-walking.

4.3.2 Land use and Visibility Within Individual Fields Field 001: Not walked. Low visibility; Pasture. Field 002: Walked. Medium visibility; greyish-brown sandy soil high ridged through plough action, with some stubble cover. Field 003: Not walked. Low visibility; heavy stubble cover. Field 004: Walked. High visibility; light clay soil with newly sewn crop. Field 005: Walked. Medium visibility, greyish brown sandy-clay soil, deep furrows and some stubble cover. Field 006: Not walked. Low visibility; heavy root cover. Field 007: Not walked. Low visibility; heavy root crop. Field 008: Not walked. Low visibility; stubble cover. Field 009: Walked. High visibility; light sandy soil recently sown with new crop. Field 010: Not walked. Low visibility; heavy cover of cabbages, some strips of stubble. Field 011: Not walked. Low visibility; stubble. Field 012: Walked. High visibility; recently ploughed. Field 013: Walked. High visibility; light sandy soil with lots of lime, recently sown crop. Field 014: Ploughing in progress, but able to walk the first third of the field where the visibility was good. Field 015: Walked. Medium visibility; sandy-clay soil, some stubble cover and deep furrowing. Field 016: Not walked. Low visibility; stubble cover. Field 017: Walked. High visibility; recently sown crop on sandy-clay soil. Soil became peaty toward the eastern edge. Field 018: Not walked. Low visibility; stubble. Field 019: Not walked. Low visibility; stubble. Field 020: Not walked. Low visibility; stubble. Field 021: Not walked. Low visibility; pasture. Field 022: Not walked. Low visibility; pasture. Field 023: Not walked. Low visibility; pasture. Field 024: Not walked. Low visibility; pasture.

4.3.3 Results

9 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

Field 002: (WMS 28)1 Fragmented sherd of possible medieval pottery Field 004: (WMS 29)1 piece of Roman brick; 4 abraded sherds of Roman pottery and 6 possible Roman sherds. Field 005: (WMS 30)2 sherds of possible medieval pottery. Field 009: No finds of value to the evaluation. Field 012: No finds of archaeological interest. Field 013: (WMS 31)1 late medieval section of pottery base; 1 abraded medieval sherd; 1 piece of rim section of the Roman period; 1 hard fired medieval sherd and 3 abraded medieval or Roman sherds. Field 014: Ploughing in progress, but able to walk the first third of the field. No finds of interest.. Field 015: (WMS 32)2 sherds of possible Roman pottery; 12 pieces of probable Roman brick. Field 017: (WMS 33)2 abraded sherds of possible Roman pottery; 30 pieces of probable Roman brick.

All fields produced a quantity of finds deemed irrelavent. These included: fragments of field drain ; 18th-20th century brick and tile; a small quantity of industrial slag; 18th-20th century pottery and glass; iron objects of unknown date.

10 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

5. THE IMPACT OF THE WORKS ON THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE 5.1 The Impact of Methods Employed in the Works The stripping of the topsoil from the easement and contractors' compounds is likely to remove any shallow earthwork remains encountered along the route of the new pipeline. The excavation of the pipe trench will destroy any sub-surface remains along the line of the trench.

5.2 The Impact on Specific Sites WMS 01: (SJ 6624 1837 - SJ6635 1828) (Field 001) Linear ditch shown on NMR Aerial Photograph. Extant in 1964,however, no surface remains were noted during the field survey. The route of the proposed pipeline cuts across this feature. WMS 02: (SJ 6630 1837) (Field 001) Medieval or early post-medieval domestic building. The pipeline route runs around 35 metres to the south of the site of the building. WMS 03: (SJ 6658 1843) (Field 002) Pre 1839 building. The site of the building lies to the north of the pipeline route and will be unaffected. WMS 04: (SJ 6660 1845) (Field 003) Former quarry. The pipeline will not affect this site. WMS 05: (SJ 6783 1861) (Field 003) ‘L’ shaped building shown on 1839 Tithe Apportionment Map. The site of this building will be unaffected by the pipeline route. WMS 06: (SJ 6680 1850) (Field 003) Field name of possible archaeological interest, Hoarstone and Briery Leasow. The pipeline cuts through this field and the adjoining field Black Fen, which now make up one land unit as field boundaries have been removed. WMS 07: (SJ 6680 1883-SJ 6708 1900) (Fields 003 & 004) Ridge and Furrow Shown on NMR Aerial Photograph (see Gazetteer). The pipeline will skirt the eastern edge of the detected ridge and furrow. WMS 08: (SJ 6671 1852) NWWS SH 80 (Field 003) Unglazed medieval pottery body sherd. WMS 09: (SJ 6671 1853) SA 792 (Field 003) Enclosure of sub-rectangular form. Evidenced from aerial photograph, which shows the enclosure on a northwest-southeast alignment, suggesting an entrance and approach may lie within this field. The pipeline may affect any such feature. WMS 10: (SJ 6701 1885) NWWS SH 64 (Field 004) Spread of burnt stone around 10 metres in diameter. The recent construction of a reservoir has removed this site without trace. The pipeline route skirts the western edge of the reservoir. WMS 11: (SJ 6746 1909) SA 772 (Field 006) Scatter of burnt stones thought to be a burnt mound. The pipeline corridor passes less than 25 metres away, it is possible associated features may be detected.

11 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

WMS 12: (SJ 6752 1899) SA 773 (Field 006) Largest known burnt mound on the Weald Moors measuring around 30 metres in diameter and rising to a height of 0.8 metres. The pipeline route runs 20 metres to the north of this feature, again, it is possible that associated features may be detected in this area. WMS 13: (SJ 677 192) SA 1366 (Field 006) Supposed site of Stedford Castle. The pipeline route does not affect this site. WMS 14: (SJ 6930 1900- 6950 1930) (Field 012) Field names of possible archaeological interest, Near Cinder Meadow and Far Cinder Meadow. The pipeline will run through this area of land. WMS 15: (SJ 6970 1910) (Field 013) Field name of possible archaeological interest, Cinders and part of Near Oxford. The pipeline will run through this piece of land WMS 16: (SJ 6944 1907) SA 774 (Field 013) Burnt mound. The pipeline corridor runs some 30 metres to the north of this site and will not directly affect it, there is a possibility however, that associated features may be detected in the vicinity. WMS 17: (SJ 7053 1910) (Field 016) Stone, marked on the 1st edition 6” Ordnance Survey Map. On the edge of the pipeline corridor and may be affected, however, the walk over survey revealed no sign of the stone. WMS 18: (SJ 7070 1914) (Field 017) Another Stone, marked on the 1st edition 6” Ordnance Survey Map, around 40 metres to the north of the pipeline route. There is no sign of the stone on the ground. WMS 19: (SJ 7115 1870) (Field 018) Field name of possible archaeological interest, Kings Meadow, other parallels containing King have significant historical value (Foxall 1980, 56). A reservoir has recently been constructed on this field. The projected pipeline passes through this field to the north of the reservoir. WMS 20: (SJ 6971 1942)(Field 018) Ridge and Furrow. The pipeline route cuts directly through this feature. WMS 21: (SJ 717 187) (Field 022) Site of brick kiln. The pipeline passes directly through the field named Roundabout with Brickiln, it is likely that archaeological features may be encountered here, although the brick kiln(s) may have been situated in Brickiln Field on the opposite side of the road to the south. WMS 22: (SJ7215 1892) SA 798 (Field 023) Fishpond known as Monks Pool. associated with SA 804, The Provosts House. The site will be unaffected by the proposed pipeline although there may be associated medieval features in the vicinity. WMS 23: (SJ 6917 1937) WHP 1 Sherd of late Roman pottery. Find spot only, not affected. WMS 24: (SJ 6929 1942) WHP 2 Sherd of early Roman pottery. Find spot only, not affected. WMS 25: (SJ 6744 1968) (Field 005) Probable boundary stones in modern field hedge. Will not be affected by the new pipeline. WMS 26: (SJ 6983 1933) (Field 012) Area of burnt stones and black soil within ploughed field of light brown sandy soil. Not directly affected by the proposed pipeline, however, this feature in

12 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

association with WMS 20 (SA774) suggests possible prehistoric archaeology in close proximity. WMS 27: (SJ 7140 1890) (Field 019) Area of possible ridge and furrow. The pipeline corridor runs directly through this site. WMS 28: (Centred on SJ 6660 1840) (Field 002) 1 Fragmented sherd of possible medieval pottery. Single find spot only , unaffected. WMS 29: (Centred on SJ 6700 1900) (Field 004)1 piece of Roman brick; 4 abraded sherds of Roman pottery and 6 possible Roman sherds. WMS 30: (Centred on SJ 6730 1900) (Field 005)2 sherds of possible medieval pottery. WMS 31: (Centred on SJ 6960 1910) (Field 013)1 late medieval section of pottery base; 1 abraded medieval sherd; 1 piece of rim section of the Roman period; 1 hard fired medieval sherd and 3 abraded medieval or Roman sherds. WMS 32 (Centred on SJ 7010 1907) (Field 015)2 sherds of possible Roman pottery; 12 pieces of probable Roman brick. WMS 33: (Centred on SJ 7080 1900) (Field 017)2 abraded sherds of possible Roman pottery; 30 pieces of probable Roman brick.

5.3 Associated Ancillary Works 5.3.1 Contractors' compounds, spoil dumps, and borrow pits: The siting of contractors' compounds, spoil dumps, and borrow pits can also adversely affect archaeological features and deposits lying outside the works corridor.

13 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

6. MITIGATING EFFECTS: RECOMMENDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROVISION FOR THE AFFECTED SITES 6.1 Grading of Affected Sites 6.1.1 The archaeological provision recommended for the various sites affected by the laying of the new pipeline will depend upon their status, and may range from full excavation, preservation in situ to the maintenance of a watching brief during destructive groundworks.

6.1.2 Criteria employed for grading: (i) In grading the sites affected by the works, the same criteria have been used as those employed by English Heritage to evaluate a monument's status in terms of national importance for the purposes of scheduling. (ii) In the light of the data accumulated by this evaluation, consideration has been given to the following criteria for each of the sites to be affected by the construction of the proposed new road: survival/condition; period; rarity; fragility/vulnerability; documentation; group value; diversity; potential; amenity value.

6.1.3 The known sites which will be affected by the restoration works have thus been categorised within the following grades :

GRADE A: These sites are considered to be of such importance that they merit preservation in situ. GRADE B: These sites are of sufficient significance to require preservation by record. This can involve the excavation of below ground remains and the recording of above ground features. Sufficient funding for this should be allocated within the construction budget, and time for the completion of such recording should be built into the pre-construction timetable. GRADE C: Sites on which an archaeological watching brief should be maintained. Adequate provision of time and resources should be made for the recording of any archaeological features revealed during the course of the groundworks. GRADE D: Further field evaluation is required on these sites before recommendations for the level of archaeological provision can be made. GRADE E: Sites requiring no further archaeological provision.

6.2 Recommended Archaeological Provision 6.2.1 Sites directly affected by the new water-main WMS 01: (SJ 6624 1837 - SJ6635 1828) (Field 001) Linear ditch. GRADE C: This area should be subject to a watching brief during ground disturbance. WMS 02: (SJ SJ 6630 1837) (Field 001) Medieval or post-medieval domestic building. GRADE C: An archaeological watching brief should be maintained during destructive ground works in this area. WMS 07: (SJ 6680 1883 - SJ 6708 1900) (Fields 003 & 004) Ridge and Furrow GRADE E: No further action required

14 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

WMS 09: (SJ 6671 1853) SA 792 (Field 003) Enclosure of sub-rectangular form. GRADE C: Any approach or entrance to this feature may be affected by the scheme. It is therefore recommended that a watching brief should be maintained during destructive ground works in this area. WMS 11: (SJ 6746 1909) SA 772 (Field 006) Scatter of burnt stones thought to be a burnt mound. GRADE C: Whilst this site is not directly within the proposed pipeline corridor it is recommended that an archaeological watching brief be maintained in Field 006 as there is possibility of archaeological remains associated with the prehistoric period in this area. WMS 12: (SJ 6752 1899) SA 773 (Field 006) Largest known burnt mound on the Weald Moors. GRADE C: Lies within the same area as WMS 11 above and should fall under the same provision. WMS 14: (SJ 6930 1900- 6950 1930) (Field 012) Near Cinder Meadow and Far Cinder Meadow. Field names suggesting burnt material or evidence of burning. GRADE C: Watching Brief. WMS 15: (SJ 6970 1910) (Field 013) Cinders and Part of Near Oxford.. Field name suggesting burnt material or evidence of burning. GRADE C: Watching Brief. WMS 16: (SJ 6944 1907) SA 774 (Field 013) Burnt mound. GRADE C: The pipeline corridor runs some 30 metres to the north of this site and will not directly affect it, however, due to the possibility of associated archaeological features of the prehistoric period being encountered within the vicinity it is recommended that an archaeological watching brief be maintained in Field 013. WMS 20: (SJ 6971 1942) (Field 18) Ridge and Furrow GRADE E: No further action required. WMS 21: (SJ 717 187) (Field 022) Site of brick kiln. GRADE C: It is recommended that a watching brief be carried out on groundworks in this area in order to determine the existence of any archaeological industrial remains. WMS 26: (SJ 6983 1933) (Field 012) Area of burnt stones. GRADE C: A watching brief in area WM 12 has been recommended in relation to SA 774 (WMS 20), WMS 33 will be covered under the same area provision. WMS 27: (SJ 7140 1890) (Field 019) GRADE E: Area of ridge and furrow. An adequate record of this feature has already been made. No further action is required. WMS 28: (Centred on SJ 6660 1840) (Field 002) GRADE E: 1 Fragmented sherd of possible medieval pottery. Single find spot only , unaffected. WMS 29: (Centred on SJ 6700 1900) (Field 004) GRADE E: 1 piece of Roman brick; 4 abraded sherds of Roman pottery and 6 possible Roman sherds. Find spots only. No further action required. WMS 30: (Centred on SJ 6730 1900) (Field 005) GRADE E: 2 sherds of possible medieval pottery. No action required.

15 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

WMS 31: (Centred on SJ 6960 1910) (Field 013) GRADE C: 1 late medieval section of pottery base; 1 abraded medieval sherd; 1 piece of rim section of the Roman period; 1 hard fired medieval sherd and 3 abraded medieval or Roman sherds. Field 013 has already been proposed as GRADE C with respect to site WMS 16 above. The existance of such a scatter of archaeologically relevant pottery adds weight to this provision. A watching brief is recommended. WMS 32 (Centred on SJ 7010 1907) (Field 015) GRADE C: 2 sherds of possible Roman pottery; 12 pieces of probable Roman brick. The quantity of Roman material suggests likely Roman activity in this area. A watching brief should be carried out in this area. WMS 33: (Centred on SJ 7080 1900) (Field 017) GRADE C: 2 abraded sherds of possible Roman pottery; 30 pieces of probable Roman brick. The quantity of Roman brick suggests Roman structures may be encountered in this area. It is recommended an archaeological watching brief be carried out.

6.3 Further Recommendations 6.3.1 It is recommended that provision be made for archaeological inspection of the remainder of the pipeline corridor not covered above, after removal of the topsoil. Any archaeological features noted in the exposed sub-surfaces should then be manually cleaned, recorded and graded according to the above system. Provision should then be made for any significant archaeological features or deposits noted be fully excavated or recorded prior to their disturbance or removal by the pipe laying works.

6.3.2 It is recommended that every effort be made to restrict all ground disturbing ancillary works to within the easement of the proposed new pipeline.

6.3.3 At the time that this evaluation was carried out, the location of contractors' compounds was not known. Contractors' compounds should be sited to avoid the known archaeological and historical sites within and adjacent to the study area identified in this report. The Shropshire Sites and Monuments Record (located with the Historic Environment Team, Environment Department, Shropshire County Council) should be consulted in advance of the intended location of the contractors' compound(s).

6.3.4 It is also recommended that construction companies and sub-contractors inform their employees of the need to report as soon as possible any archaeological finds and features discovered during works.

16 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

7 GAZETTEER OF SITES

Site number WMS 01 Fig. 4 Site name Site type Linear Ditch NGR SJ 6624 1837 - SJ6635 1828 Source Aerial Photograph: NMR AP Unit OS/64116 Frame 363. 1:7500 Description Linear ditch running in a NW-SE directionfor a length of c.200 metres. Extant in 1964, no surface remains survive in 1997. Possibly a drainage ditch connecting to a former watercourse leading to the Strine Brook. Impact Assessment The pipeline route will cut across the line of the ditch. Recommendations Watching brief.

Site number WMS 02 Fig. 4 Site name . Site type Medieval or post-medieval domestic building. NGR SJ 6630 1837 Source SRO 38/3 Description Building shown on 16th century map SRO 38/3. The building lies on the southern edge of Henney Field, one of four open fields attached to Cherrington Parish. A 17th century lease suggests this is the building leased to the blacksmith Roger Tidder. Impact Assessment The pipeline route cuts across this area from southwest to northeast. Recommendations A watching brief should be maintained in this area.

Site number WMS 03 Fig.4 Site name Site type Building NGR SJ 6658 Source Tithe Apportionment Map of Cherrington Township. 1839 Description Pre 1839 Rectangular building in field named Far Cote. The building is not shown on the 1st edition 6"Ordnance Survey Map. Impact Assessment The pipeline route runs to the south of the site of this building. Recommendations No action required.

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Site number WMS 04 Fig.4 Site name Site type Quarry NGR SJ 6660 1845 Source 1st Edition (1891) 6" Ordnance Survey Sheet XXX SW Description Former quarry, now an area of waste. Quarry appears as 'Old Quarry' on 1891 map (above), but does not appear on Tithe Map of 1839, suggesting a life-span between these dates. Impact Assessment The site is unaffected by the pipeline route. Recommendations No action required.

Site number WMS 05 Fig.4 Site name Site type Building NGR SJ 6783 Source Tithe Apportionment Map of Cherrington Township 1839; 1st Edition 1891 6"Ordnance Survey Sheet XXX SW. Description ‘L’ shaped building which appears on 1839 Tithe Apportionment map of Cherrington Township,and later on the 1st edition Ordnance Survey map. This building existed as late as 1946 and is visible on aerial photograph. Impact Assessment The pipeline route will run along the eastern edge of the ridge and furrow. Recommendations No action required.

Site number WMS 06 Fig.4 Site name Hoarstones and Briery Leasow. Site type Field name. NGR SJ 6680 1850 Source Field name map of Cherrington Township in Edgmond Parish 1839, Foxall, H.D.G (1974). Description Field name indicating ancient boundary stones. Impact Assessment The pipeline passes directly through the area. Recommendations Watching Brief.

18 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

Site number WMS 07 Fig.4 Site name Site type Ridge and Furrow NGR SJ 6680 1883 - SJ 6708 1900 Source Aerial Photograph: NMR AP Unit OS/64116 Frame 364. 1:7500 Description Cropmark ridge and furrow comprising two conjoined sections aligned north-south and east-west respectively. Both display reversed 'S' formation characteristic of medieval ridge and furrow. Presumably part of the former medieval open fields of Cherrington. Impact Assessment The pipeline route will run along the eastern edge of the ridge and furrow. Recommendations No action required.

Site number WMS 08 Fig. 4 Site name Site type Find spot only. NGR SJ 6671 1852 Source NWWS SH 80 Description Unglazed medieval pottery body sherd. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations No further action.

Site number WMS 09 Fig. 4 Site name Site type Prehistoric or Romano-British enclosure. NGR SJ 6671 1853 Source SA 792; NMR SJ 6618-4, A.Baker, 1969. Description Rectangular or sub rectangular enclosure with possible entrance on the southeast side. Impact Assessment Proposed pipeline route runs to the east of this feature. Any existing approach to the enclosure may be affected by the works. Recommendations A watching brief should be maintained in this area.

Site number WMS 10 Fig. 4 Site name . Site type Unknown spread of burnt stone NGR SJ 6701 1885 Source NWWS SH 64 Description Spread of burnt stone now lost to the construction of a reservoir. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations No further action required.

19 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

Site number WMS 11 Fig. 4 Site name Site type Possible burnt mound. NGR SJ 6746 1909 Source SA 772 Description Scatter of burnt stones. Impact Assessment The pipeline route passes 25 metres to the south of this feature and it is possible other associated features may be encountered. Recommendations Maintenance of an archaeological watching brief in this area

Site number WMS 12 Fig. 4 Site name Site type Burnt mound. NGR SJ 6752 1899 Source SA 773 Description Largest known burnt mound on theWeald Moors measuring around 30 metres in diameter and rising to a height of 0.8 metres. Impact Assessment Not directly affected by the pipeline, however, associated features may be encountered in this area. Recommendations Watching brief under the same provision as for WMS 08 above..

Site number WMS 13 Fig. 4 Site name Stedford Castle Site type Castle NGR SJ 677 192 Source SA 1366 Description There is no sign of this site within the present landscape. Impact Assessment The site is unaffected by the scheme. Recommendations No further action required.

Site number WMS 14 Fig. 4 Site name Near Cinder Meadow and Far Cinder Meadow. Site type Field name. NGR SJ 6930 1900- 6950 1930 Source Field name map of Tibberton Township in Edgmond Parish 1839, Foxall, H.D.G (1974). Description Field names of possible archaeological interest, indicating burnt material in these fields. Impact Assessment The pipeline cuts across this field (WM 012 ) from west to east. Recommendation Watching brief.

20 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

Site number WMS 15 Fig. 4 Site name Cinders and part of Near Oxford. Site type Field name. NGR SJ 6970 1910 Source Field name map of Adeney Township in Edgmond Parish 1841 Foxall, H.D.G (1981). Description Field name of archaeological interest suggesting the presence of burnt material. Impact Assessment The pipeline cuts across this area (WM013) from west to east. Recommendations Watching brief.

Site number WMS 16 Fig. 4 Site name Site type Burnt mound. NGR SJ 6944 1907 Source SA 774 Description Burnt mound near the Strine within area Field 013. Impact Assessment The pipeline corridor runs around 30 to the north of this feature and there is a possibility that associated prehistoric features may be encountered in this area. Recommendations Watching brief.

Site number WMS 17 Fig. 4 Site name Site type Probable Boundary Stone. NGR SJ 7053 1910 Source 1st Edition (1891) 6" Ordnance Survey Sheet XXX NE. Description Stone, marked on the 1st edition 6” Ordnance Survey Map. Impact Assessment On the edge of the pipeline corridor, however, the walk over survey failed to locate the stone. Recommendations No further action.

Site number WMS 18 Fig. 4 Site name Site type Probable Boundary Stone. NGR SJ 7070 1914 Source 1st Edition (1891) 6" Ordnance Survey Sheet XXX NE. Description Stone marked on the 1st edition 6” Ordnance Survey Map. Impact Assessment The pipeline route runs around 40 metres to the south of the site of this stone. The walk over survey revealed no trace of this feature. Recommendations No further action required.

21 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

Site number WMS 19 Fig. 4 Site name Kings Meadow Site type Field Name. NGR SJ 7115 1870 Source Field name map of Edgmond Township in Edgmond Parish 1841, Foxall, H.D.G (1981). Description Field name of possible archaeological interest, other parallels containing the prefix King have significant historical value. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 20 Fig. 4 Site name Site type Ridge and Furrow. NGR SJ 6971 1942 Source Aerial Photograph: NMR AP Unit 106G/UK/1483 (1946) 1:9600 Description Area of narrow ridge and furrow surviving in 1946. Forms part of the same agricultural system as WMS 36 (below). Impact Assessment The pipeline cuts through this area. Recommendations No further action required.

Site number WMS 21 Fig. 4 Site name Site type Possible site of brick kiln. NGR SJ 717 187 Source Field name map of Edgmond Township in Edgmond Parish 1841, Foxall, H.D.G (1981). Description Site of former brickwork's giving rise to fieldnames Roundabout with Brickiln, and Brickiln Field. Impact Assessment The pipeline cuts through Roundabout with Brickiln (Field 022). It is possible that post medieval industrial remains may be encountered here. Recommendations Watching brief.

Site number WMS 22 Fig. 4 Site name Monks pool.

Site type Medieval fishpond. NGR SJ7215 1892 Source SA 798 Description Fishpond known as Monks pool associated with SA 804 The Provosts House near Edgmond. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations None.

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Site number WMS 23 Fig. 4 Site name Site type Find spot only. NGR SJ 6917 1937 Source WHP 1 Description Sherd of late Roman pottery. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 24 Fig. 4 Site name Site type Find spot only. NGR SJ 6929 1942 Source WHP 2 Description Sherd of early Roman pottery. Impact Assessment None. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 25 Fig. 4 Site name Site type Probable boundary stones. NGR SJ 6744 1968 Source Field survey. Description Probable boundary stones in modern field hedge. Impact Assessment The site is outside the pipeline corridor. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 26 Fig. 4 Site name Site type Burnt material. NGR SJ 6983 1933 Source Field Survey. Description Area of burnt stones and black soil within ploughed field of light brown sandy soil. Impact Assessment The pipeline does not directly affect this site. There may, however, be associated features within this area (WM 012). Recommendations Watching brief.

23 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

Site number WMS 27 Fig. 4 Site name Site type Ridge and Furrow agriculture. NGR SJ 7140 1890 Source Field survey. Description Area of possible ridge and furrow running approximately northeast-southwest down the slope to the south of the wooded area which lies on the northern boundary of WM 019. Impact Assessment The pipeline cuts through this area. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 28 Fig. 4 Site name Field 002 Site type Find Spot. NGR Centred on SJ 6660 1840 Source Field-walking results. Description Fragmented sherd of possible medieval pottery Impact Assessment The pipeline cuts through this area. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 29 Fig. 4 Site name Field 004 Site type Find spots. NGR Centred on SJ 6700 1900 Source Field-walking results. Description 1 piece of Roman brick; 4 abraded sherds of Roman pottery and 6 possible Roman sherds. Impact Assessment The pipeline cuts through this area. Recommendations None.

Site number WMS 30 Fig. 4 Site name Field 005 Site type Find spots.. NGR Centred on SJ 6730 1900 Source Field survey. Description 2 sherds of possible medieval pottery Impact Assessment The pipeline cuts through this area. Recommendations None.

24 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

Site number WMS 31 Fig. 4 Site name Field 013 Site type Spread of finds.. NGR Centred on SJ 6960 1910 Source Field-walking results. Description 1 late medieval section of pottery base; 1 abraded medieval sherd; 1 piece of rim section of the Roman period; 1 hard fired medieval sherd and 3 abraded medieval or Roman sherds. Impact Assessment The pipeline runs directly through this site. Recommendations A watching brief is recommended.

Site number WMS 32 Fig. 4 Site name Field 015 Site type Spread of finds. NGR Centred on SJ 7010 1907 Source Field-walking results. Description 2 sherds of possible Roman pottery; 12 pieces of probable Roman brick. The quantity of Roman material suggests likely Roman activity in this area Impact Assessment The pipeline cuts through this area. Recommendations A watching brief should be carried out in this area.None.

Site number WMS 33 Fig. 4 Site name Field 017. Site type Spread of finds. NGR Centred on SJ 7080 1900 Source Field-walking results. Description 2 abraded sherds of possible Roman pottery; 30 pieces of probable Roman brick Impact Assessment The pipeline cuts through this area. Recommendations Watching brief.

25 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

8 REFERENCES AND SOURCES CONSULTED Bond, D (1991). An Excavation at Wall Camp, Kynnersley, pp 98-105 in, Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Historical Society.Vol. LXVII. Hill, M.C (1953). The Weald Moors 1560-1660, pp 255-326 in, Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological Society Vol LIV. Morris, J (ed) (1986). Domesday Book. No. 25, Shropshire. Phillimore, Chichester. North West Wetlands Survey 6 (1997). The Weald Moors Chapter 8. Lancaster Imprints 6. Rowley, T (1972). The Shropshire Landscape. Hodder & Stoughton, London. Trinder, B (1973). The Industrial Revolution in Shropshire Phillimore,Chichester. Foxall, H.D.G Field Name Maps based on Tithe Apportionment and Maps for: Edgmond Parish, Edgmond Township 1841 (Foxall 1981); Edgmond Parish, Adeney Township 1841 (Foxall 1981); Kinnersley Parish 1840 (Foxall 1973); Edgmond Parish, Tibberton Township 1839 (Foxall 1974); Edgmond Parish, Cherrington Township 1839 (Foxall 1974). Ordnance Survey 1:10000 1st edition (1891) Shropshire Sheet Nos: XXX.NW; XXX.NE; XXX.SW; XXX.SE. SRO: 38/1 Map of the Weald Moors entitled “plot of Wylde Moor”, dated c. 1580. 38/3 Circa 1608 map entitled “A Mapp of A parte of the Wyld mores”. 38/5 Early 17th century map of the north-western corner of the Weald Moors. 3121/1 Map of improvements and inclosure of the Weald Moors dated 1815. 301/2-21 Accounts of bronze spear head found near the Dayhouse on Cherrington Moor. 301/22-23 Documents concerning the medieval cross at the Rodway. 301/24 Description of Iron Age pottery found at Shray Hill. 301/26 Extracts from Plaxtons Observations made in the parishes of Kinnersley and Donnington from 1706-7, and Reverend W. Houghton's The Wealdmoors dated to 1874. 301/32 Reference to 17 burnt mounds (hearths) and 13 flint finds on the Weald Moors. Also, 5 Bronze Age Celts found near Preston on the Weald Moors; a spearhead and hook from Tibberton, and socketed axe from Childs Ercall Brook. 301/34 Account of field visit by the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club in 1925. 301/37 Leaflet by the Geologist T.C.Cantrill referring to form and purpose of burnt mounds. 301/40 List of burnt mounds in the area. 301/42 Article concerning the Rodway cross and Henney Green. 301/46 Transcript of Lelands account of the Weald Moors. 301/56 Reference to drainage from 1964. 1616/1-7 Ordnance Survey sheets dated to 1818, lacking in useful detail. Cartographic Services1:10,000 Air Photo Series (1983) : 8417; 8418;8419;8420;8518; 8519;8569;8570; 8679

26 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

National Monuments Record Air Photographs: Sortie No. Start Frame End Frame Date Scale 106G/UK/1483 4432 4434 9-5-1946 9600 106G/UK/1483 4436 4439 9-5-1946 9600 OPE/UK/2010 2366 2372 16-4-1947 9800 OPE/UK/2010 4365 4968 16-4-1947 9800 OPE/UK/2010 4372 4373 16-4-1947 9800 OPE/UK/2469 3456 3461 9-3-1941 10000 OPE/UK/2469 4455 4456 9-3-1948 10000 OPE/UK/2469 4460 4461 9-3-1948 10000 540/955 5144 5144 28-111952 5000 82/755 258 261 31-3-1953 5500 US/7GR/LOC393 4025 4025 24-8-1944 13700 MAL/81035 271 273 3-8-1981 10000 OS/86052 221 224 1-5-1986 8300 OS/86052 231 232 1-5-1986 8300 OS/63140 2 4 15-6-1953 7500 OS/63140 18 20 15-6-1953 7500 OS/64116 363 366 27-7-1964 7500 OS/64116 368 369 27-7-1964 7500

Acknowledgements The writer would like to thank Mike Watson, Head of Archaeology, Shropshire County Council, for providing the results of research at the National Monuments Record Air Photographic Library, Swindon. Also thanks to Emma- Kate Burns and Naomi Hastilow who assisted in the field walking, and Phil Clisham and Steve Dooley of Montgomery Watson for their support.

27 Archaeological Evaluation of the Newport Nitrate Reduction Scheme

CONTENTS Page No 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 3 3 THE EVALUATION 4 3.1 The Archaeological Background 4 3.2 The Documentary Research 4 3.3 The Walk-over Survey 6 4 THE IMPACT OF THE WORKS ON THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE 9 4.1 The Impact of Methods Employed in the Restoration Works 9 4.2 The Impact on Specific Sites 9 4.3 Associated Ancillary Works 10 5 MITIGATING EFFECTS: RECOMMENDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROVISION FOR THE AFFECTED SITES 11 5.1 Grading of Affected Sites. 11 5.2 Recommended Archaeological Provision 11 5.3 Further Recommendations 13 6 GAZETTEER OF SITES 14 7 REFERENCES AND SOURCES CONSULTED 18

ILUSTRATIONS Fig. 1: Site 01 (Grounds of Broom Hall) and Site 02 (Maes-y-Llan enclosure) Fig. 2: Site 03 (Penyllan) and Site 04 (Maes y Felin mine workings) Fig. 3: Site 05 (Ridge and furrow at Llywyn-y-Mapsis Farm) Fig. 4: Site 06 (mine workings), Site 07 (boundary stone), and Site 08 (enclosure) Fig. 5: Site 09 (tramway at Ty Stanley) Fig. 6: Site 10 (Llynclys Pool) Fig. 7: Site 11 (Llynclys Crossroads), Site 12 (tramway), and Site 13 (SA2276) Fig. 8: Site 14 (tramway at Pant) Fig. 9: Site 15 (Llanymynech Hillfort)

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