SCA Membership Society for Check One ___Student ...... $25.00 ___Senior ...... $25.00 ___Spouse ...... $25.00 CaliforniaCalifornia ArchaeologyArchaeology ___Regular ...... $60.00 ___Institutional ...... $75.00 Newsletter ___Contributing ...... $100.00 ___Corporate ...... $250.00 Founded 1966 Volume 36, Number 2 June 2002 Education ___Life ...... $600.00

Research Please Complete Preservation Name...... Inside Meetings Address ...... ♦ President’s Message: 3, 33-34. Publications ...... ♦ Annual Meeting Wrap: 16-21...... ♦ New Publications: 22-23. City/State/Zip...... Mail this membership form and address changes to: ♦ As It Was, Part III: 26-31. Phone ( ) ...... ♦ USFS California: 34-42. Society for California Archaeology FAX ( )...... Business Office Department of Anthropology, CSU Chico e-mail ...... Chico, CA 95929-0401 Membership Year January 1, 200_ to December 31, 200_ Preston Arrow-weed Wins the CIHPA Award. Society for California Archaeology Business Office page 18 Department of Anthropology, CSU Chico Chico, CA 95929-0401 Time Sensitive Material

Address Service Requested Archaeology and Fire! page 37

Miss Altaville, 2000 page 42 USUS orestorest ServiceService Lee Motz, Society for California 17 April 2002 Archaeology Newsletter page 32 ProjectsProjects inin CaliforniaCalifornia Volume 36, No. 2

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 2 473

○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Advertisements Society for California Archaeology Newsletter

Volume 36, Number 2, March 2002

Regular Features

From the President A quarterly newsletter of articles and information Dana McGowan ...... 3 essential to California archaeology. Contributions are welcome. Lead articles should be 1,500-2,000 words. Longer articles may appear in installments. Send SCA Business and Activities submissions as hard copy or on diskette to: SCA Legislation Committee ...... 4 Newsletter, Department of Anthropology, CSU Chico, Chico CA 95929-0400 or as email or attachments to: Proceedings ...... 6 Information Center Committee ...... 7 Avocational Committee ...... 7

The SCA Executive Board encourages publication of a Archaeology Month ...... 8 wide range of opinions on issues pertinent to California Site Stewardship Committee ...... 8 archaeology. Opinions, commentary, and editorials Native American Programs...... 9 appearing in the Newsletter represent the views of the authors, and not necessarily those of the Board or Editor. Lead article authors should be aware that their articles may appear on the SCA web site, unless they request Reports and Announcements otherwise. Hate Crimes on Sacred Sites ...... 10 Indian Mounds State Park ...... 12 Editorial Staff SCA at SAA ...... 14 Managing Editor ...... Greg White (530) 898-4360 Editorial Assistance . . . . . Rose White (530) 898-5554 Irradiation and NRHP ...... 15 Advertising ...... (530) 898-5554 Annual Meeting Wrap-Up ...... 16 New Publications ...... 22 Contributing Editors Avocational News . . . Myra Herrmann (916) 653-1655 Field Tips ...... 42 Federal Agency News Russ Kaldenberg (916) 978-4635 Historical Archaeology ...... open Articles New Publications . . . . Newsletter Staff (530) 898-5554 State Agency News . . Thad Van Buren (916) 653-1427 Evolving Holocene Landscapes and Cultural Land Use Patterns Newsletter Deadlines For Issue ...... Deadline ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ in the Ballona Wetlands of Coastal Southern California (Poster) March ...... February 20 Jeffery A Homburg, Eric C. Brevik, Jefferey H. Altschul, Anthony R. Orme, June ...... May 20 and Steven D. Shelley ...... 24 September ...... August 20 December ...... November 20 As It Was: Part III Calendar Submissions Francis A. Riddell ...... 26 position open: ...... temporarily send submissions to [email protected] F. Lee Motz, June 14, 1934-April 17, 2002 Advertising Rates Glenn Farris ...... 32 1/4 page ...... $70 1/2 page ...... $100 Full page ...... $175 Heritage Program, Pacific Southwest Region, USDA Forest Service Judy Rose ...... 34 Ads that run three or more consecutive issues receive a 15% discount. Fire Effects Studies on the Eldorado National Forest Krista Deal ...... 37

Cover: Florence Lake, Sierra National Forest, courtesy Southern California Edison. Photo by Chris Morgan, Pacific Legacy. Altaville: the Story of a Successful PIT Project Mary Maniery...... 40

SCA Newsletter 36(2) SCA Newsletter 36(2) 3 From the President

law. Sannie also supervised some Annual Meetings. Highlights of seemingly mundane improvements in meetings included a wonderful silent the way the SCA does business, auction and entertainment at the San including obtaining insurance for its Diego Natural History Museum and Board of Directors, and general an excellent banquet presentation by liability insurance to cover the annual Brian agan. Thanks Myra and Mark and data sharing meetings and other for a great job! special events. While these don’t seem like exciting changes, they were Another effort that needs to be much needed to protect the SCA’s recognized is the work of Greg White general fund, as well as the retirement in the continual improvement of the nest eggs of Board members. Newsletter. The latest Newsletter reached us with a color cover of the Ken Wilson, Past President, left the archaeology month poster. The SAA Board this year but not without some and SHA newsletter editors must be his being my first “rom the assignments. Ken has agreed to worried. Donna Day, Proceedings President” column, I’d like to continue on as liaison to the SCA for a Editor, also deserves our appreciation Tbegin by thanking my friend popular book on California for a job well-done on the new size and and colleague, Sannie Kenton Osborn, archaeology being written by Brian layout of the most recent proceedings. for her hard work and dedication as the agan. This is one of the many In looking ahead at the rest of 2001-2002 SCA president. We were so projects sponsored this year by the 2002, a number of substantial changes busy at the banquet trying to keep the SCA, so look for an update on its are in the program short, I forgot the time- publication in the next Newsletter. (continued page 33) honored tradition of heralding the Thanks Ken, for leading the charge to deeds of the former Board. make this book a reality. Sannie, in assuming the Past President role, has SCA Executive Board 2002-2003 And what an action-packed year for taken the traditional assignment of President: Dana McGowan, Jones&Stokes Associates, the SCA Board! During Sannie’s revising the SCA’s procedures manual 2600 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95818; administration, several important so that future boards can benefit from W: (916) 739-3095; email: [email protected] pieces of legislation were introduced all she learned over the year. and passed, including the California Immediate Past President: Sannie K. Osborn, Presidio NAGPRA bill (AB 978). Under Northern Vice-President, Greg Trust Building, 230 Gorgas Avenue, P.O. Box 29052, San Sannie’s leadership, the SCA was Greenway said goodbye this year to Francisco, CA 94129-0052; W: (415) 561-5090. asked to the table to discuss the bill long and sometimes long-winded email: [email protected] and suggested revisions to improve board meetings. Greg’s legacy (among other things) was hosting two years of President-Elect: Elena Nilsson, URS Corporation, 1550 and clarify the bill’s language. Humboldt Road, Suite #2, Chico, CA 95928; Because last year was so active in the best-organized and attended (at W: (530) 893-9675. email: [email protected] terms of cultural resource legislation, least in recent memory) Northern Data Sannie filled the long vacant Sharing meetings. Incoming Northern Southern Vice-President: Thomas L. Wheeler, Caltrans Legislation Liaison position by California Vice-President Rick SLO, 50 Higuera Street, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401; appointing Stephen Bryne from Garcia itzgerald has promised to maintain W (805) 549-3777; H (805) 547-0763; Fax: (805) 549-3233; email: [email protected] & Associates. With several other this tradition, and has reportedly begun pieces of legislation in the works (SB to plan the Northern Data Sharing Northern Vice-President: Richard Fitzgerald, Caltrans, 1247, SB 1816, SB 1828 and SB 2084), meetings to be held in Santa Cruz this District 04, 111 Grand Ave., Oakland , CA; 94623-0660 it looks like Stephen will be busy. fall. (W) 510 622-1747; (H) 925 335-2454; email: [email protected] Another initiative that Sannie and The Board would also like to thank the Board spearheaded during her Kim Tanksley, our able past Secretary. Secretary: Vicki Beard, Tom Origer And Associates, P.O. administration was the quest to obtain Kim was replaced by Vicki Beard, who Box 1531, Rohnert Park, CA; 94927; (W) (707)792-2797; email: [email protected] legal representation for the SCA. This is bringing us into the 21st century with tape recorded meetings and dictation need was identified several times over Treasurer: Trish Fernandez, Jones&Stokes Associates, the year, but especially in relation to technology. I guess this will mean no 2600 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95818; W (916) 737-3000; the numerous easements held by the more revisionist history when it comes Cell (916) 801-5695; email: [email protected] SCA for archaeological sites. This is to approving the minutes? an initiative that I will be carrying SCA Business Office: Greg White, Department of The Board would also like to Anthropology, CSU Chico, Chico, CA 95929-001; forward during my term, with the extend our thanks to Myra Herrmann (530) 898-4360; email: [email protected] objective of having a lawyer on and Mark Allen for arranging the 2002 retainer that specializes in non-profit

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 4 SCA Business and Activities

Co-introduced by State Senators John Committee Reports Burton (Democrat, San rancisco, District 03), Wesley Chesbro (Democrat, Arcata, District 02) and Tom Torlakson (Democrat, Antioch, SCA Legislative District 07). Amended in Senate April SCA Committees 2002-2003 Liaison Report 17 and April 30, 2002. Archaeology Month Representative vacant Stephen Bryne SB 1247 will create a California Trust for Historic Preservation and will place Annual Meeting Planning, 2003 The following is a summary list of some it and the Office of Historic John Holson (510) 524-3991; [email protected] ederal and State legislation that may be Preservation (OHP), now located in of interest to SCA members. the Department of Parks and Annual Meeting Workshop Coordinator Recreation, under the auspices of the Amy Ramsay (510) 643-2271; [email protected] Current ederal Legislation State Library. The California Trust for Avocational Society Representative Historic Preservation would be Myra Herrmann (619) 446-5372; [email protected] HR 107 responsible for administering the grant Jerry Dudley (831) 663-2036; [email protected] funds of the California Heritage und Introduced by Representative Joel (a fund that received an influx of $10 Bennyhoff Memorial Award Hefley (Republican, Colorado), this million from the passage of Richard Hughes (415) 851-1410; [email protected] legislation directs the Secretary of the Proposition 12 two years ago and Interior to conduct a National Historic Curation Representative should receive even more as a result of Cindy Stankowski (619) 239-1868; [email protected] Landmark theme study to identify the passage of Proposition 40 during sites and resources in the United States the March primary). At present, the Education Committee associated with the Cold War (1946- OHP and the State Historical Mary Gorden (209) 597-2373; [email protected] 1989) and to recommend sites for Resources Commission (SHRC) Anne Duffield-Stoll (909) 621-7521; [email protected] commemorating and interpreting Cold administer the California Heritage War history. The Interior Secretary is und. The California Trust for Information Center Liaison Lynn Compas (916) 739-8356; directed to study sites and resources Historic Preservation would be made [email protected] associated with the Cold War and up of seven members, including State assess such sites for designation as Librarian, Secretary of the Resources Legislative Liaison National Historic Landmarks and/or Agency, President of the University of Stephen Bryne (415) 458-5803; [email protected] National Park units. California, and four members appointed by the Governor, the Senate Membership Comments: Cold War related sites are Stacy Schneyder Case (916) 737-3000; [email protected] Committee on Rules, and the Speaker currently under-represented in the of the Assembly – a California National Park System. Native American Programs historian, an historic preservationist, an Janet Eidsness (530) 629-3153; [email protected] expert on California’s native peoples, S 1257 and an architectural historian. OHP Liaison Introduced by Senator Harry Reid Michael McGuirt (916) 653-8920; [email protected] Comments: Missing from the list of (Democrat, Nevada). Trust members are the State Historic Proceedings Proceedings Preservation Officer (SHPO), a Donna Day (530) 478-6214; [email protected] Comments: Similar to HR 107. representative from the SHRC, and an Professional Standards and Guidelines Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home to become archaeologist. Also surprising is the Lynn Gamble (760) 371-1320; [email protected] National Historic Site fact that the bill seeks to move the OHP out of State Parks. In doing so, Publicity On ebruary 6, President Bush signed all laws relating to OHP would be Breck Parkman; [email protected] a measure to authorize the Secretary of moved from the Public Resources the Interior to purchase and establish Code to the Education Code. Because SCA Webmaster the Ronald Reagan Boyhood Home Kristina Roper (559) 561-6011; [email protected] OHP deals with issues of land use National Historic Site, located in regulation and environmental policy, Site Stewardship Committee Dixon, Illinois. to place their enabling legislation in Chris Padon; [email protected] the Education Code is viewed by Beth Padon; [email protected] Current State Legislation some as inappropriate. Another issue related to this bill is the nature of its Tom King Award Russ Kaldenberg (916) 978-4635; [email protected] SB 1247 California Trust for Historic creation; no organization, agency, or Preservation

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 5 SCA Business and Activities individual is taking credit for having Protection Act, which would prohibit a as it is currently written, the legislation lobbied for its sponsorship. Other person from knowingly and willfully does not differentiate between questions related to this bill include: excavating upon, removing, unauthorized excavation (pothunting) How will the OHP and SHRC be destroying, injuring, or defacing a and legally mandated and scientific affected by the move? Why are OHP Native American historic, cultural, or archaeological and other cultural and SHRC being moved from Parks sacred site, including any historic or resource investigations on private and and Recreation to the State Library? prehistoric ruins, burial ground, state-owned lands. The intent of bill Will OHP and SHRC retain the archaeological site, any inscriptions to halt illegal excavations and other authority to administer the California made by Native Americans at such a acts of vandalism on archaeological Heritage und and the National site, any Native American rock art, or sites, and to increase the penalties and Historic Preservation und? If the any archaeological or historic feature fines for such acts, is a good one. California Historical Resources situated on private land or within any However, the current bill fails to Information System (CHRIS) comes public park or place, and upon distinguish between vandalism and under the administration of the State conviction, would subject a person professional archaeological Library, will library staff be available found guilty of such a violation, to excavations on private and state- for documentation assistance? Will imprisonment in the county jail for not owned lands, which are mandated new projects, which include more more than one year, or in state prison under CEQA, PRC 5024, 5024.5, and recent cultural resources, remove the for 16, 20, or 24 months. The bill Executive Order W-26-92, as well as “50 years and older” parameter that is would also subject a person found any other state laws that pertain to currently used? guilty of such a violation to those archaeological research. This could provisions to a civil penalty in an lead to a halt of construction and other SB 1816 Native American Historic amount not to exceed $50,000 per development projects on all private Resource Protection Act violation. Existing law prohibits and state-owned lands, wherever looting and defacing of such sites by a prehistoric and historic archaeological Introduced by State Senator Wesley public agency or a private party using, sites occur. The amended bill has Chesbro (Democrat, Arcata, District occupying, or operating on public failed to address this problem. An 02) on ebruary 22, 2002. Co- property, and by those other than the amendment including text such as authored by Assembly Member landowner on private land. “except for scientific excavations Virginia Strom-Martin (Democrat, authorized or required by a lead Eureka, District 01). Amended in Comments: The intent of this agency or conducted for the purpose of Senate April 2 and April 30, 2002. legislation is to provide a more scientific research by qualified effective deterrent to site vandalism This bill would establish the Native professional archaeologists” would on State and private lands. However, American Historic Resource address this concern.

Be Heard!

State Senator James Brulte, R-31st, [email protected]

State Senator John Burton, D-3rd, [email protected]

State Senator Wesley Chesbro, D-2nd, [email protected]

State Senator Bruce McPherson, R-15th, [email protected]

State Senator Tom Torlakson, D-7th, [email protected]

Assembly Member Jackie Goldberg, D-45th, [email protected]

Assembly Member Virginia Strom-Martin, D-1st, [email protected]

To review the original and amended versions of a Senate Bill log on to: http://www.leginfo.ca.gov

If you are interested in tracking the legislation, go to: http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/bil2lawd.html

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 6 SCA Business and Activities

SB 2063 California Indian Museum and colleges, the California State contacts for the legislators are listed in Cultural Center Commission University, and the University of the sidebar, page 5. California from using any school or Introduced by State Senator James athletic team name, mascot, or inally, if any SCA members have Brulte (Republican, Rancho nickname that is derogatory or comments or issues regarding the Cucamonga, District 31). discriminatory against any race, above legislation or have information ethnicity, nationality, or tribal group. regarding other current legislation that SB 2036 would establish the California Any American Indian tribal name may be of interest to SCA members, Indian Museum and Cultural Center would be prohibited and the following please feel free to contact me at Commission in state government for team names, mascots, or nicknames [email protected]. the purpose of developing a California are specifically prohibited: Redskins, Indian Museum and Cultural Center in Indians, Braves, Chiefs, Apaches, and the region of the State Capitol. Comanches. This bill states that these SCA Proceedings Comments: Lacking in this bill are names are discriminatory “in singling specifics as to where this commission out the Native American/American The SCA invites all presenters at th would be located administratively or Indian community for the derision to the 36 Annual Meeting to submit who would be responsible for which mascots or nicknames are often their presentation for publication. appointments to it. subjected.” Briefly, each paper shall meet the following criteria: SB 2084 California Mission Comments: California may become Preservation und the first state to force nearly all public • Length: 8-10 pages schools to drop American Indian team ormat: Styles, headers, footers or Introduced by State Senator Bruce names and mascots. The bill grants an • other special formats shall not be McPherson (Republican, Santa Cruz, exception for Native American tribal used. They interfere with final District 15), this bill would create the schools. About 100 schools would be layout. California Mission Preservation und forced to change names, including 26 in the State Treasury and would Braves, 11 Chiefs, 55 Indians and 4 • Tables: Do not create tables by require that the moneys in the fund, Redskins. California also has 85 using tabs and spaces. These will upon appropriation by the Legislature, Warriors, which would be barred if a be distorted during final layout be used by the Department of Parks school combines the name with an causing your data to be mis- and Recreation, in consultation with identifiably Indian mascot. Although displayed. Use the Table function the California Missions oundation, schools across the country have reviewed of your word processing program. for specified purposes relating to the and sometimes dropped mascot names, preservation, restoration, and individual schools or school boards usually • Graphics: High resolution graphics protection of California’s 21 missions. make such decisions. in a .jpg, .gif, or .tif format only. Scan photographs or drawings at Comments: Although State Parks If any members would like to either 300 or 600 ppi, converting to owns and manages some of the contact their representatives regarding 300 ppi before saving them as a missions, many are still owned by any of the above legislation, email .jpg, .gif, or .tif. Digital photographs religious institutions. Although maintenance and restoration of the missions is a worthwhile project, a question that arises in analysis of this bill is the appropriateness (and constitutionality) of using public moneys to fund improvement of property owned by religious institutions.

AB 2115

This bill was introduced by Assemblywoman Jackie Goldberg (Democrat, Los Angeles, District 45) on ebruary 19, 2002 and was amended in the Assembly on April 15 and May 1, 2002. This bill would prohibit public schools, community

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 7 SCA Business and Activities

should be converted to a 8x10 at disestablishment policies and rules of GIS 300ppi. operation, as well as fee policies. Two State Historic Resource Eric Allison • Do not put tables, figures or Commissioners, Mary Maniery and graphics in the document. Send Bill Hildebrandt have been appointed In November of 2001, the CHRIS them as separate attachments in an co-chairs of the ICPAC committee and Hub was moved from ISMS, email or as separate documents on assisted with the revisions. Incorporated to MapVision a disk, zip disk or CD-Rom Technologies, Incorporated in The information center Redlands, California. MapVision is The full version of the Guidelines coordinators met in Sacramento May under contract with OHP to provide for submission are published on the 13-16 to draft a new procedure manual. CHRIS Hub services (data conversion, SCA website at http://www.scanet.org. A draft was prepared at the meeting maintenance, systems support for the Papers not meeting the guidelines will and will go to OHP and the ICPAC information centers) through October be returned for corrections before committee and then it will be of 2002, but the agreement is being reviewed for submission. All amended to the regulations. The expected to continue beyond this date. papers are due to the Proceedings entire document will be submitted to Information from three areas of the Editorial Committee by August 1, the Office of Administrative Law state is currently being maintained in 2002. Email submissions to (OAL) and will be given to the public the CHRIS GIS System: (1) Western [email protected]. San Diego County; (2) Imperial, Riverside, San Bernardino, Inyo and parts of LA, Kern, and NE San Diego Information Center Counties, and; (3) Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, San rancisco and San Committee Update Mateo Counties.

Lynn Compas The GIS folks are also digitizing historical resource and study report Since the last update several locations in California National changes have taken place. Dr. Monument areas for the BLM. They Christopher Dore, PhD. has joined the continue to look at cooperative SCA Information Center Committee. I agency/government partnerships as a am happy to have his help. means of expanding the coverage of Amy Huberland was hired as our GIS and making it available to Assistant Coordinator of the Northeast more users. The CHRIS is developing Information Center and by all accounts updated access policies, procedures she is doing a wonderful job. and fee schedules as steps towards for comment after the OAL review has making the GIS data available to been completed. Any substantive CHRIS clients. Eric Alison is happy to Information Center Regulations answer questions or listen to and Procedural Manual comments that need to be incorporated will be addressed and/or suggestions or comments regarding the GIS system. He may be contacted Since 1999, the ICPAC committee included and then the document will at [email protected]. has been focusing on producing a 5- be reviewed once more before going year business plan for the Information to the SHRC for approval. Centers. As of October 2001, this The entire process takes about one changed and the new administration at Avocational Committee year. Once approved and adopted by OHP is concentrating on drafting the State of California the regulations regulations and a new procedural Jerry Dudley and Myra Herrmann will allow for the ICs to become a line manual for the CHRIS system. item in the state budget. In turn this Congratulations to the Kern John Thomas is drafting the IC will help secure a more stable source County Avocational Society for regulations with input from the SHPO, of funding. In addition, adoption of receiving the Helen C. Smith award to Deputy SHPO, the ICPAC committee regulations and a procedural manual the avocational group that as well as others. At the last two will encourage much needed demonstrated activities worthy of this meetings the ICPAC committee standardization of the IC system. special award. focused on revising some of the This group is involved in regulations including Information numerous public programs and Center establishment and conducts monthly meetings with

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 8 SCA Business and Activities prominent speakers and organized But few see photographs of artifacts or recreation planner Claude Singleton, several field trips throughout their archaeological features as art, and the BLM widllife specialist Jenifer area. Their newsletter is full of special public rarely is offered an opportunity Purvine, and Modoc National orest web sites and can be accessed through to see these types of images. The IVC Service archaeologist Gerry Gates. www.kcas.org or the SCA web site at Desert Museum, the BLM El Centro The weather cooperated on Sunday for www.scanet.org. ield Office, and the Imperial Valley our field trip, when we visited the Arts Council teemed up to produce a 1846 Applegate emmigrant trail, two Our avocational luncheon in San photography show on display through lithic scatter sites, and an historic Diego, sponsored by the San Diego mid June at the Old El Centro Post Caltrans building that stored blasting Archaeological Society this year was a Office, home to the Imperial Valley powder for 1930s road construction of great success with our usual lively Arts Council. The show highlights the Highway 395 between Alturas and discussions of local activities and archaeology, ethnohistory, and history Cedarville. programs. It became quite evident of the Imperial Valley. It also focuses that many of our groups have formed on the work of the students who At the second archaeological site, partnerships with various attended the 2001 Imperial Valley CASSP volunteers discovered the governmental, collegiate, and private College Archaeology Class taught by bases of two obsidian projectile points. organizations and this has become Ed and Karen Collins of the IVC Prelimary examination identifies one advantages to the overall success of Desert Museum. as an Humboldt type and the other as a many of our activities. Gatecliff type (see figures, opposite page). Cheryl took UTM Discussions also included fund measurements, while the rest of us raising, membership and activities New Teams of CASSP took photos. There are many obsidian available to the public at large. Volunteers in Alturas flakes at this site, but these are the first Archaeology Month and this and next projectile points recovered, and they years posters were reviewed. Next and Cedarville will be important for planning future year at the SCA meeting we will be research. sponsoring a poster session that will Beth and Chris Padon involve a collage of photos from the past CASSP trains volunteers to On April 20 and 21, the BLM ield and current activities, so keep this in mind regularly visit and monitor conditions Offices for Alturas and Surprise hosted and start collecting those photos. There at assigned archaeological or historical will be more on this in the future along a joint training workshop for new sites on public lands. More than 120 with a special fun program at the California Archaeological Site volunteers have been trained in the Stewardship Program (CASSP) annual meeting in Sacramento. last three years. The next volunteer volunteers. The volunteers received training workshop will be held on June classroom training on Saturday, which There were items brought up at the 15-16 for the Hollister ield Office of included presentations by BLM meeting that some of our organizations the BLM. Participants will receive may not be aware of. We can have our archaeologists Penni Van Ornum and classroom training on Saturday in groups nominated for the Governors Cheryl oster-Curley, BLM outdoor Hollister, and field training on Sunday. Historic Preservation Award, which has been received by avocational societies Archaeology Month display at the Old Post Office, El Centro, California. in the past. Also curation is a possibility for future fund raising involvement and this will be an expanding topic of discussion in subsequent meetings. We want to remind all groups to contact Kristina Roper to include our activities on the SCA web page.

Archaeology Month In the Imperial Valley, California Margaret Hangan

Photography is a powerful tool for recording archaeological information.

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 9 SCA Business and Activities

or more information, contact Beth Padon at (562) 492-6770 or [email protected], or visit the CASSP web site at www.cassp.org.

Native American Programs Committee Update Margaret Hangan, Janet Eidsness and Mike Wilken

“Transcending the Divide”

Taking advantage of the meeting Chris Padon location in San Diego, this year’s SCA Native American Programs Committee (NAPC) symposium focused on indigenous peoples’ concerns for promotion of Native American culture and protection of archaeological sites along the US/ Mexico International Border. The symposia began with a blessing and offering of white sage from Kumiai basketmaker and cultural authority, Gloria Castañeda. Mike Wilken of the CUNA Institute in Ensenada then facilitated informal presentations and translated questions and answers from Beth Padon Beth Padon the audience for a panel of traditionalists from Kumiai and Paipai Clockwise from the top: CASSP volunteers and BLM personnel at the Alturas Field Office. Ranchos in northern Baja California, Probable Humboldt point, held by Amelia Carmosino, daughter of archaeologist Penni Van Ornum. including Josefina Ochurte, Gloria This point was discovered by CASSP volunteer Donna Potter. Probable Gatecliff point, held by Castañeda, Teresa Castro Albáñez, CASSP volunteer Martin Sannaur, who found the point. Manuela Aguiar and Raul Sándoval. bibliography. Larry Banegas of the Serrano, with Mike Wilken’s help Preston Arrow-weed read excerpts Barona Band of the Kumeyaay translating, gave a presentation about from his new epic play that recounts demonstrated the web site the salvage archaeological work the Hokan (Quechan) Creation Story, (www.kumeyaay.com) highlighting completed on an archaeological site which Wilken simultaneously Kumeyaay culture and history, that was negatively effected by the translated for the Baja California contemporary peoples, educational Northern Baja California Pipe Line. guests. Quechan Tribal lawyer opportunities and frequently updated The session concluded with a lesson in Courtney Ann Coyle and Quechan current events. the traditional Kumeyaay game of Tribal Member and archaeologist Peon with accompanying songs Lorey Cachora discussed the Tribe’s Julia Bendimez of the Intstituo performed by Stan Rodrigas and Jon efforts to preserve their traditional Nacional De Anthropologia E Historia Mesa. sacred sites in the Indian Pass area En Baja California (INAH) and BLM threatened by the proposed Glamis State Cultural Lead Russ Kaldenberg Special thanks to Mike Wilken for Gold Mine in Imperial County. discussed issues surrounding cross- arranging for transportation and border border projects such as the Northern passes and looking after the nice folks Don Laylander and Bryce Kujala Baja California Pipe Line and the from Baja California, to Myra Herrman introduced and a new bilingual web Simpra Powerline. Julia also related for various arrangements and support, site dedicated to the anthropology of how cultural resources are identified, and to Pacific Legacy for their Baja California, Mexico protected and managed in Mexico. generous donation to support NAPC (www.bajacalifologia.org), which activities at this year‘s Annual SCA includes an extensive research Baja California archaeologist Jorge Meeting.

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 10 Reports and Announcements

I contacted Native American Heritage Commission who Hate Crimes on Sacred Sites in offered great support. They recommended I contract the Southern California: An American Attorney General’s office. After explaining to the Attorney Generals representative, she advised me that I could press Indian Experience charges under the Ralph Act as a hate crime at most, harassment charges at the least. However, I chose not to Joyce Stanfield Perry and Lynn H. Gamble press charges. Mii (Hello) My name is Joyce Stanfield Perry. I am It has been our tribes’ goal to educate institutions, Acjachemen and a monitor for our ancestral territory. Our organizations and corporations with a deep understanding of homelands are in Orange, Riverside, and San Diego our peoples history which reflects knowledge that has been Counties. My Acjachemen roots come from the villages passed down from the beginning of time. of Tobe, Souche, Acjachema, Tobani, Alume and Quinis Savit. Today we know these regions by the names of This story I just shared is painful for me to relate. The Dana Point, San Juan Capistrano, Rancho Mission Viejo, incident strikes the very core of my belief system. Cleveland National orest and Rancho Santa Margarita. I descend from these ancestral places of origin and to me the land is not incidental, or an irrelevant place with Response by Lynn H. Gamble, Chair, Professional economic value, but is appreciated for its connection to Standards and Guidelines Committee past generations, events and oral histories. I heard about this incident when I was contacted by Rob I work on an archeological site that is very important Wood from the Native American Heritage Commission. He for many reasons. I have worked there for close to three thought that I would be the appropriate person to report this years. With the pressure of the land developer to incident to because I am Chair of the Professional Standards complete their project, along with the visual frustrations and Guidelines Committee for the SCA. Rob Wood informed of the archeologist it was apparent that sooner or later the me of the incident and asked if the SCA could address the hostility would filter down upon the land of the remains. issue and contact Joyce. I called Joyce and she told me the tragic story that she has just shared with all of us above. The During the fall I offered my ceremonial prayers and despair and shock that she writes about were apparent as she gifts on the site where I monitor. I visited the area where recounted the events. As I listened, I wished that the SCA I prayed frequently when I needed strength and in late could take the lead to insure that this type of behavior never fall I noticed my gifts had been scattered. I asked one of occurred on a site again, but realized that this was a difficult the archeologists, Jose Castillo, if he knew what had task. The SCA used to require that new members sign the code of happened. Jose said” ____, another archeologist, ethics upon joining the society with the understanding that if this stomped on it. I told him to stop doing that because this code of ethics was broken, the member could be asked to was medicine.” “_____ continued to kick the religious leave the SCA. Although new members are no longer symbols and said f— this medicine.” requested to sign an ethical code, the Society still has the right to ask members to leave the SCA, as can be seen in I contacted the principal investigator. She removed Article IV, Section 3, which I have quoted here. him from the site but continued to employ him. I left a message with California Indian Legal Services. They Members in the Society shall affirm and adhere to the did not return my call. Now the anger and frustration was Code of Ethical Guidelines established in the By-Laws unbearable. I had to find a way to make this archeologist of the Society. A Member or a prospective Member accountable. I had read an article about “sacred sites” whose acts are contrary to the Objectives of the and it struck home. The author said, “Whether or not you Society or the Code of Ethical Guidelines established are a religious person, when you walk into the Sistine in the By-Laws of the Society may be expelled or Chapel there is a feeling that comes over you that is hard excluded from Membership by a three-quarters vote of to explain. Visiting this historic and religious site the Executive Board, but only after the Member has certainly evokes reverence and respect. This centuries- been given 15 days prior notice of the pending action old, detailed artwork by Michelangelo, the knowledge together with the reasons therefore, and has been that the next Pope would be selected there, the history of given the opportunity to be heard, orally or in writing, an entire religion enveloped in one space. Now imagine by the Executive Board at least five days before the the Sistine Chapel with an oilrig plopped right under the effective date of expulsion. famous “Creation of Adam” ceiling fresco. Inconceivable, ridiculous, sacrilegious.” I have the same I did not think that asking this individual to leave the feeling knowing my religious symbols had been society was a solution for various reasons. Joyce has chosen desecrated. not to provide the identity of this individual, but stated instead that she hoped that something positive could emerge from this incident. She knows that most archaeologists do not

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 11 Reports and Announcements or would not act in such a manner, but hopes that through this e. Encourage careful compliance with procedures specified incident, future acts of hate could be avoided and a greater in state and federal law regarding the discovery of Native respect and understanding of Native American’s concerns American human remains. (See Section 7050.5 of the state could be reached. I invited Joyce to share her story with the Health and Safety Code; and Section 5097.5 et seq. of the SCA Executive Board in San Diego on April 3, 2002. Before state Public Resources Code, Division 5, Chapter 1.75, the meeting, I reviewed the SCA “Code of Ethical added by amendments, Senate Bill 297 of 1982, Chapter Guidelines” to determine if the SCA had addressed issues 1492.) surrounding basic respect of Native Americans concerns. After reviewing the guidelines and discussing them Joyce, we f. Whenever a site of religious, ceremonial, or social decided that they could be strengthened and wrote some significance to a Native American or other ethnic additions with the help of David Belardes. David, Joyce, community is encountered, contact appropriate Janet Eidsness, and I then attended the Executive Board representatives of these communities and respect their meeting where Joyce shared her story with the Board. The expressed interests and concerns while considering the Executive Board was shocked and moved by this incident archaeological values of the site’s resources. and concerned that any archaeologist would act is such a g. Encourage the complete preservation of any significant manner. They listened to our proposed changes to the code cultural site for which the traditional religious beliefs of of ethics and suggested that I write a petition with these the pertinent ethnic peoples will not allow scientific changes and then obtain the 25 signatures that are required to excavation/salvage or the cost of salvage is prohibitive. bring such changes to a vote by the entire SCA membership. inally they suggested and that I co-author an article for the h. Support the rights of Native Americans or other newsletter with Joyce and Janet about this incident and ethnic peoples to practice their ceremonial traditions present the changes to the “Code of Ethical Guidelines” that on or near sites, in labs, around artifacts, or other we requested at the Board meeting. locations. I spoke to many of members at the annual meeting and 1.2 An archaeologist shall not: received the necessary signatures on the petition. I very much appreciate the support and concern that many of you a. Collect artifacts or features for the purposes of private voiced about the incident. Two additions are proposed in collection, sale of the items, or any other non-scientific Article XVI, Section 1, of the “Code of Ethical Guidelines.” activity. We have inserted this entire section with the proposed b. Excavate or otherwise disturb any location of a previous changes in bold. Native American settlement, ceremonial locality, cemetery, or other mortuary context which was being used Section 1. Ethical Responsibility to the Public until recently or is still being used, and for which native or other ethnic peoples maintain a sense of spiritual affinity, 1.1 An archaeologist shall: without the full concordance of those pertinent peoples. a. Recognize a primary commitment to present the public c. Allow his or her name to be used in the support of illegal with the results of field research in a responsible manner, or unethical activity. such as publication or public displays. d. Advocate unscientific destruction of cultural resources or b. Actively support conservation of the archaeological testify in a public hearing to assist other individuals in a resource base by recording sites, advocating protection or less than scientific destruction of said resources. salvage in impending destruction, or any other means e. Advocate the destruction of identified or known sacred/ available. religious sites of Native American or other ethnic c. Encourage conformance with the UNESCO Convention, peoples, merely because there are no observable or General Conference, Paris, November 14, 1970, and U.S. quantifiable artifacts or features. Public Law 97-446: Title III, the Convention on Cultural f. Knowingly misrepresent oneself as “qualified” in matters Property Implementation Act of 1983, which prohibit for which there is a reasonable doubt of qualification and illicit export or import and/or sale of cultural property. in which the existence of a cultural resource is at stake. d. Contact pertinent representatives of the Native American g. Knowingly desecrate, deface, or destroy a Native or other ethnic peoples during the planning phase American or other ethnic people’s sacred item or preceding archaeological programs of excavation or site. extensive reconnaissance, and it shall be the express purpose of such communications to develop a design for The language that we have suggested is intended to field work in coordination with the interests and address the incident that Joyce Perry has written about here. sensitivities of those pertinent people.

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 12 Reports and Announcements

It is her hope that something like this does not happen again. descendants such as the Konkow, Nisenan, Patwin, Miwok, It may be difficult for some archaeologists to understand the and Yokuts occupied large villages in this region for over connection of contemporary Native Americans with 5,000 years. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth archaeological sites. If we look at the history of California, centuries, the development of farms and ranches in the region many California Indian groups were never given a reservation and the establishment of towns and cities destroyed a number or land when they were lost their traditional lands. This was of these sites. In more recent years, urban sprawl and the especially the situation along the coast where colonists made expansion of these and other cities have destroyed or claims to land at a very early date. The ancestral sites of these currently threaten the few remaining examples of these groups perhaps carry an additional significance that may be prehistoric and ethnohistoric villages. hard for archaeologists to comprehend. We realize that changes in the SCA Code of Ethical Guidelines may not stop Another important aspect of the prehistoric Central Valley this type of behavior, but believe it is important that the mounds concerns the history of archaeological research in the Society recognize the incident and take steps to bring the region and its implications for North American archaeology serious nature of this type of behavior to its membership. as a whole. Archaeologists from Sacramento Junior College and the University of California at Berkeley during the 1930s and 1940s recorded and excavated a number of these mound sites. The results of these excavations contributed Information Needed on Prehistoric tremendously to our understanding of the prehistoric and Mound Sites in the Central Valley and ethnohistoric periods in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (e.g., Beardsley 1948; Heizer 1949, 1974; Heizer and Archaeological Type Sites throughout enenga 1939; Lillard and Purves 1936; Lillard, Heizer, and California: Potential Acquisitions for enenga 1939; see also, Gifford and Schenck 1926; Meighan 1987; Ragir 1972; Riddell 2002; Schenck and Dawson 1929; California State Parks Schulz 1970; Towne 1976). urther, the archaeological techniques and methods developed at the time by these Steven R. James and John W. oster researchers in the Central Valley, in turn, influenced other archaeologists across the Nation. California has been inhabited by extremely diverse cultures throughout prehistory and history. One of the goals Many of these mound sites have since been destroyed, of the State Park System is to preserve this rich, diverse and the California State Park system contains few examples. cultural heritage and acquire examples of irreplaceable Due to the significance of these sites for our understanding of prehistoric, ethnographic, and historic properties that exhibit the past, State Parks should acquire some of these sites for this diversity for current and future generations. Thus, their preservation and protection so that future generations significant cultural resource properties that need to be can see examples of what the Central Valley looked like in acquired by State Parks are those that contributed to our prehistory. We are proposing to establish a “Central Valley understanding of prehistoric, ethnographic, and historic Indian Mounds State Historic Park.” Such a park would link cultural sequences in California. Although State Parks several small parcels that contain significant prehistoric contain some of these properties, there are considerable mound sites throughout the Central Valley. deficiencies in significant themes for California prehistory. With regard to “type sites” that should be considered for With the passage in March 2002 of Proposition 40—the acquisition, these refer to archaeological, ethnohistorical, or California Clean Air, Safe Neighborhood Parks, and Coastal ethnographic sites throughout California where temporally Protection Act of 2002—we have an opportunity to acquire significant artifact types, cultural horizons and complexes, additional cultural properties that fulfill some of the and rock art styles were first discovered and named. or deficiencies in our State Park System. Two deficient themes example, the prehistoric Windmiller Mound (CA-SAC-107) are: 1) sites associated with prehistoric mounds and villages near the Cosumnes River in Sacramento County is the type in the Central Valley, and 2) archaeological “type sites” that site for the Windmiller Horizon dating from about 2500 to are significant for our understanding and interpretation of 500 B.C. California prehistory. We are seeking to acquire a broad and representative sample of these sites to be incorporated and A number of these major sites have been recorded and protected as part of the State Park System. excavated over the years. As a historical note, a list of important archaeological sites that needed to be preserved The preservation of the remaining prehistoric mounds was even prepared for California State Parks (then known as and villages in the Central Valley are quite important for the the Division of Beaches and Parks) in the early 1960s, which information they contain about the people who once lived listed 157 important sites by county throughout the state there. During the prehistoric and ethnohistoric periods, the (Meighan 1960). Needless to say, this list needs to be Central Valley of California contained a large population of updated. We need information from the archaeological Native Californians. Prehistoric tribes and their ethnographic community in determining the current status of significant

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 13 Reports and Announcements

SCA NAPC Guidelines or Archaeologists Who Work With Native American Monitors

1. Your primary responsibility is to be a mentor, explain what archaeologists do and why. Never talk down. Be patient.

2. Be a teacher, help them learn to identify artifacts, features and other cultural constituents, and learn the “arch-bark” vocabulary to facilitate communications among team members.

3. Explain what kinds of information can be learned from archaeological data (e.g., obsidian sourcing and hydration, radiocarbon dating, stratigraphic analysis, flaked- stone analysis, etc.), and whether such analyses are destructive or non-destructive. Help them, and indirectly, their Tribal relations, make informed decisions when it comes to deciding what level of documentation and analyses may be performed, for example, should burials be found.

4. If the monitor (or you) has an “attitude,” try to work it out together. If you can’t resolve it by talking straight with each other and the working relationship is uncomfortable, talk to a supervisor.

5. Be respectful and courteous, ask about their own interests and life, if they are willing to talk about it. ind common ground. Learning is a two-way street.

6. Share books and articles about archaeology, if Monitors are interested. Talk about your own education and background, and aspirations in archaeology. Suggest programs and classes they may want to take.

7. Ask Monitor if they are interested in participating in site recording or excavations, assign them a job and help them along. Learn how they can best benefit the team effort. Respect their feelings if they do not want to dig or screen because of personal values.

8. Plan a pot-luck get together for the whole team, invite the Monitor’s relations and enjoy some off time and experiences with your new associates!

9. Always be trustworthy. Don’t make promises you can’t or won’t keep.

Janet Eidsness

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 14 Reports and Announcements sites, such as whether a major mound site or type site is still Ragir, Sonia preserved or has been completely destroyed, name and 1972 The Early Horizon in Central California Prehistory. address of the current landowner, and other important Contributions of the University of California information about the condition of the site, as well other Archaeological Research acility No. 15. Berkeley. important sites that may never have been formally recorded Riddell, rancis A. by archaeologists. It is our hope that you will help us develop 2002 As It Was: Part II. Society for California Archaeology a list of sites that may be potential candidates for acquisition. Newsletter 36(1):20-23. The significance of these sites should be that they are eligible for the National or California Register, possess a high Schenck, W. Egbert, and Elmer J. Dawson degree of physical integrity, and that they represent the 1929 Archaeology of the Northern San Joaquin Valley. antiquity and diversity of California’s prehistoric inhabitants. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 25:289-413. If you have information on significant prehistoric mounds Schulz, Peter D. and village sites in the Central Valley and/or archaeological 1970 Solar Burial Orientation and Paleodemography in the “type sites” throughout California, please contact us by email Central California Windmiller Tradition. University of ([email protected], [email protected]), regular mail at the California at Davis, Center for Archaeological Cultural Heritage Section, Department of Parks and Research No. 2:199-208. Recreation, P.O. Box 942896, Sacramento, CA 94296-0001, or phone us at (916) 653-8480. Towne, Arlean H. 1976 History of Central California Archeology, 1880-1940. M.A. thesis, California State University, Sacramento. References Cited

Beardsley, Richard K. 1948 Culture Sequences in Central California Archaeology. SCA at SAA American Antiquity 14:1-28. Sannie Kenton Osborn Gifford, E. W., and W. Egbert Schenck 1926 Archaeology of the Southern San Joaquin Valley. The March 2002 Society for American Archaeology University of California Publications in American (SAA) annual meeting in Denver, Colorado was well attended Archaeology and Ethnology 23:1-122. by SCA members. SCA members Rob Jackson (SAA Professional Development Committee Chair) and Dave Heizer, Robert . Zeanah (SAA Committee Member) are to be applauded for 1949 The Archaeology of Central California, I: The Early their help in making this a successful national meeting. The Horizon. University of California Anthropological University of California’s Berkeley, Davis, and Santa Barbara Records 12(1). campuses helped sponsor the roundtable luncheons. Kent 1974 Studying the Windmiller Culture. In Archaeological Lightfoot’s (UC Berkeley) presentation “Integrating Researches in Retrospect, edited by Gordon R. Willey, Multiple Sources in the Construction of Colonial Histories” pp. 177-204. Winthrop, Cambridge, MA. was the highlight of the opening plenary session. Heizer, Robert ., and ranklin enenga Congratulations to the following SCA members whose 1939 Archaeological Horizons in Central California. abstracts passed the SAA’s tough peer review and who American Anthropologist 41:378-399. presented some of the 1600+ papers and poster sessions: Jeanne Arnold, Suzanne Baker, Julie Bernard, Michael Bever, Lillard, Jeremiah B., and W. K. Purves Jeanne Day Binning, Jim Cassday, Robert Clifford, Cristyann 1936 The Archeology of the Deer Creek-Consumnes Area, Darwent, Colleen Delaney-Rivera, Carolyn Dillian, Rob Sacramento County, California. Sacramento Junior Edwards, Jon Erlandson, John oster, Lynn Gamble, Linn College, Department of Anthropology Bulletin 1. Gassaway, Diane Gifford-Gonzalez, Michael Glassow, Lillard, Jeremiah B., Robert . Heizer, and ranklin enenga Anthony Graesch, Doanld Hardesty, Leslie Hartzell, Sandra 1939 An Introduction to the Archeology of Central Hollimon, Jeffrey Homburg, Kathleen Hull, Steven James, California. Sacramento Junior College, Department of John Johnson, Douglas Kennett, Tom King, Andrew Kinkella, Anthropology Bulletin 2. Kent Lightfoot, Don Morris, Ann Munns, Peter Paige, Meighan, Clement W. Jennifer Perry, Scott Pletka, Torben Rick, M. Steven 1960 The Preservation of Archaeological Remains in Shackley, Nancy Sikes, Russell Skowronek, Cindy California. Report prepared for Division of Beaches Stankowski, Anne Stoll, Rene Vellanoweth, Barbara Voss, and and Parks, Sacramento, CA. David Whitley. Dana McGowan’s workshop “How Not to Lose Money” got rave reviews. 1987 Reexamination of the Early Central California Culture. American Antiquity 52:28-36. Dana McGowan and I represented SCA at two important committee meetings. The first was the Council of Councils

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 15 Reports and Announcements meeting where various professional societies convene to ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ discuss issues of common concern and interest. Curation was Opinion and Comment a major discussion point. Although SCA is not technically a professional society, we were invited to attend and distributed Comments on Compasses California Archaeology Month posters to the other state organizations. The second was the Council of Affiliated A while back there was a brief description of compass parts Societies (CAS) annual business meeting. The CAS was provided by magic marker man. The compass used for the established by the SAA to mutually benefit all societies and discussion was obviously the Silva Ranger, far and away the to advance the practice of archaeology. To be eligible for most popular compass for field archaeologists. Magic marker affiliation, a regional, provincial, state, or local society must man pointed out that there is a convenient scale for be an organized, incorporated group, open to the general calculating Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) locations. public, and maintain legal recognition as a not-for-profit What the author evidently failed to notice is that the scale is organization with bylaws, objectives, and programs that are 1:25,000. This is quite unfortunate, because, as far as I can consistent with those of SAA. SCA was approved for tell, archaeologists and hikers in the US use United States affiliation by SAA at the meeting in Denver, thus allowing us Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5 Minute Topographic Series to distribute materials free of charge at the CAS table in the maps which have a scale of 1:24,000. In other words, the conference bookroom. We also submitted the California scale on Silva Rangers is not only useless to archaeologists Archaeology Month poster in the SAA poster contest which and hikers, it can be hazardous to the health of your dead was won, again, by Wyoming. Vandenberg Air orce Base reckoning. It is ok for rough determinations of short archaeologist Larry Spanne received the SAA award for distances, but in 1000 m it will be off roughly 150 m. cultural resource management at the annual awards presentation and business meeting. ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ortunately, clear plastic UTM coordinate grids are available from orestry Suppliers and various hiking suppliers (e.g., REI, A16, etc.) These are 8 ½ x 11 or simliar large size and Impact of Mail Irradiation Program on contain perhaps four to six different scales. I cut out the 1:24,000 portion, which gives you a piece about the size of a National Register Nominations business card. This is accurate, less confusing than having to search through various scales, and easier to carry in your rom the NPS National Register Website fieldjacket or Levis.

As you may be aware, the US Postal Service (USPS) In the March issue, magic marker man suggested that a drop intends to irradiate mail in selected USPS facilities, including of sewing machine oil in the base of the compass will keep our mail facility here in Washington D.C., to sterilize it from the action free. I find the problem is actually sand and grit possible anthrax contamination using high-energy electron getting in under the bezel. Oil will make the problem worse. irradiation technology. We have concerns about the possible Try holding the compass in a stream or under a faucet with the effects of irradiation on nominations to the National Register side of the compass up and turning the bezel forth and back. that pass through these facilities. We are advising you to The grit will wash out after perhaps a dozen rotations. You avoid using USPS for envelopes and flats that contain may want to do this every few days if you’re working in a National Register nominations, Determinations of Eligibility, place like the Algodones Dunes, much less frequently in the and any other material that will be archived here. Cascades or Sierras.

Paper will be seriously affected, losing tensile strength Jackson Underwood, Ph.D., R.P.A. and increasing brittleness. In addition to accelerating the Archaeologist/Ethnographer aging processes, discoloration is also to be expected. EDAW, Inc., 1420 Kettner Blvd., #620 Oxidation is expected from the interaction with ozone San Diego, CA 92101 formed in air (and within the packages) during irradiation. 619.233.1454, [email protected] Photographs will be adversely affected as well. Magnetic media (floppy disks, zip disks, audio and video tape) will Correction to Article Entitled: probably lose significant information content. A Clovis Point rom the Sierra National orest We strongly recommend using an alternate shipper such as United Parcel Service (UPS) or ederal Express (edEx) In the Spring Newsletter (March 2002, Vol. 36, No. 1), the for sending nominations to the National Register of Historic SCA ran an article reporting on the discovery of a Clovis Places. Use our physical location address only: Point from the Sierra National orest. Co-author, Sarah E. Johnston former orest Archaeologist for the Sierra National Register of Historic Places, Suite 400, 800 North National orest (1989-1991), and current Associate Capitol Street, NW Washington DC 20002. Archaeologist for Caltrans District 6, was inadvertently left off the ascription of the article.

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 16 Annual Meeting Wrap-Up

rank Bayham of CSU Chico and a three-quarter day Historic Highlights from the 2002 SCA Annual Bottle Workshop led by Richard ike were held on Meeting in San Diego Wednesday April 3rd at the Doubletree Hotel. Each workshop was a complete sell-out, and based on the pre-registration Myra Hermann and Mark W. Allen response, we can almost guarantee a repeat for Sacramento. In addition to three days of papers, workshops, tours and On behalf of the 2002 Annual Meeting Planning receptions, the Bookroom offered attendees the opportunity Committee, we want to thank everyone who helped to make to purchase books, journals, Archaeology Month posters, the San Diego meeting a great success. Despite the Native American crafts, baskets and pottery, and obtain aftermath of September 11th and a heightened awareness for technical information from the many vendors that serve the homeland security, over 500 SCA members and others archaeological community. interested in California archaeology ventured to San Diego for this year’s annual meeting. Of special note was the The Thursday morning Plenary Session began with a participation of tribal members from both sides of the traditional Native American welcome by Kumeyaay Elder, Mexican Border, coming together for a special workshop Jane Dumas. The plenary session was entitled, “Teaching focusing on issues that have divided the traditional cultural Archaeology in the 21st Century, and featured presentations areas of Native people from Alta and Baja California since by Russ Kaldenberg, Susan Hector, Beth Padon, Michael the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The workshop was Glassow, and Michael Adler. These speakers covered the organized and chaired by Native American Programs Chair, teaching of archaeology at all levels from working with Janet P. Eidsness and Margaret Hangan. Closing out the children to graduate programs and field schools. Annual Meeting program was a special lecture and book signing by Thomas King called The Archaeology of a Mystery: After the plenary session, seven symposia, one workshop, Amelia Earhart and Nikumaroro Atoll. Tom’s presentation three roundtables, one panel, one poster session, and five outlined the content of his new book Amelia Earhart’s Shoes general sessions were held. All told, about one hundred (Altamira 2001) and illustrated the work that The presentations were made during the Annual Meeting. This International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery (TIGHAR) was a lower total than other recent meetings in Southern have completed to date. California, though the meeting attendance figures were high. Incidentally, Mark apologizes for the small room sizes on or those of you that could not attend, and those of you Thursday afternoon—just because a hotel conference that drank too much and can’t remember, here are a few planning guide says a room holds 80 people does not additional highlights: necessarily mean that it does! We also hope that you, like us, had the opportunity to benefit as we did from our noisy As promised, the committee worked very hard to bring neighbors on Saturday morning during their pre-purchase you a fun-filled event which included pre-meeting legal fees meeting. Nothing like the theme music to workshops, receptions, break-out sessions, a stimulating “Rocky” at 8am to start a weekend off right!! This Plenary Session and a highly entertaining Annual Awards competing meeting was a surprise to us, and we hope that it Dinner. Two special tours were also included in this year’s did not inconvenience people too much. program, each providing attendees with a glimpse into San Diego’s cultural heritage. The Annual Meeting’s Gary Breschini presents the SCA headquarters, the Doubletree Hotel San Diego - Mission Lifetime Achievement Award to Rob Edwards. Valley, provided great service and kept the bars full!! However, I understand from the hotel staff that we (SCA attendees and guests) were successful in drying out the lounge bar on two occasions. Additionally, with direct access to the San Diego Trolley across the street, several members ventured south of the border to Tijuana and other local destinations such as Old Town and the Gaslamp Quarter Downtown in order to sample San Diego’s night life. And thanks to the innovative design skills of Greg White, all annual meeting participants went home with a canvas bookbag incorporating the California State lag Bear symbol and the SCA Oak leaf logo. Additional canvas bags ($7.00) and T-shirts ($12.00) are still available for sale. These prices include shipping. Remember, the holidays are fast approaching. Contact Myra Herrmann to place your order.

As we did last year, the SCA again offered two specialized workshops. The half-day Osteology Workshop led by Dr.

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 17 Annual Meeting Wrap-Up

Lifetime Achievement Award for Contributions to California Archaeology: Robert L. Edwards (Gary Breschini) California Indian Heritage Preservation Award: Preston Jefferson Arrow-weed (Jay Von Werhlof) Martin A. Baumhoff Special Achievement Award: Michael A. Glassow (Sannie Osborn) Mark Raymond Harrington Award for Conservation Archaeology: John R. Johnson (Lynn Gamble) Thomas . King Award for Excellence in Cultural Resource Management (2 recipients): Dwight Dutschke, Hans Kreutzberg (Tom King) Helen C. Smith Avocational Society Achievement Award: Kern County Archaeological Society (Myra Herrmann & Jerry Dudley) James A. Bennyhoff Memorial und Award: Alex Degeorgey (Randy Milliken) Student Paper Award: Nathan Stevens (Sannie Osborn)

Presidential Commendations

Outgoing Officers/Committee Chairs: Ken Wilson, Greg Greenway, Kim Tanksley, Kristina Roper, John oster, Nancy ox Beneath Your eet Conference Sponsors: Malcolm Margolin, Preston Arrow-weed receives the SCA Kent Lightfoot, Glenn Gmoser, Mary Praetzellis, Adrian California Indian Heritage Preservation Award. Praetzellis An opening night, no-host bar was held in the Millennium Conference: Russ Kaldenberg, Roger Kelly, Archaeology Bar at the Club Max on Thursday evening, Daniel McCarthy where SCA members were provided an archaeology word search created by Sherry Andrews of ASM Affiliates, Inc., to DoD Statewide Inventory: Marie Cottrell, Stan Berryman stimulate their brains. Congratulations to everyone at Beth and Chris Padon’s table for completing your word search in Public Outreach: Amy Ramsay record time! California NAGPRA: Robert Bettinger, Tina Biorn, Lisa riday evening was reserved for the Binational Reception Dietz, Michael Glassow, John Johnson and Silent Auction (which netted over $4,000) in the new Excellence in Journalism: Diane Hatch-Avis wing of the San Diego Natural History Museum. This year’s event, attended by over 275 people featured the music of Support to SCA Executive Board and 2002 Conference early California by Los Californios, a tasty Mexican fiesta and Committee: Greg White a special showing of the movie Ocean Oasis which highlighted the cultural and biological diversity of the Baja 2002 SCA Certificates of Appreciation California Peninsula. Our deepest gratitude goes out to Courtney Ann Coyle and Steven McDonald for donating the Courtney Ann Coyle, Steven McDonald, Mike Sampson, Museum space for this event. Beer and wine, generously Dominic Calarco, Jennifer Diaz, Christy Dolan, Carrie donated by Ballast Point Brewery, Stone Brewery and the Gregory, Sam Getachew, Damon Lockrem wineries of Temecula and San Pasqual Valley in northern San Diego County helped make the event more memorable.

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 18 Annual Meeting Wrap-Up

provided a window into this rich peninsula and opened doors toward future cooperative efforts. Thanks to everyone for making the evening a huge success that will be remembered by all who attended.

The 2002 Annual Meeting culminated with the Saturday evening banquet and award presentation in the Grand Ballroom of the Doubletree Hotel. This year, the SCA honored anumber of individuals for their contributions to the Society and California archaeology (see sidebar).

Immediately following the awards, guests were treated to a very lively and entertaining slide presentation by special guest speaker Dr. Brian agan that made us laugh out loud at ourselves as archaeologists. His talk was titled, “Come, Let Me Tell You a Tale: Teaching Tourism, and California Archaeology.” His main thrust, however, was to employ his own sailing experience, some archaeological evidence, and common sense to argue that ocean-going canoes have considerable antiquity off the coast of California. The evening ended with music and dancing, idle chit chat in the lounge and lots of late night parties! At least that’s what we heard!!!!!

We don’t know about the rest of you, but we are still trying to catch up at work after a year and half of planning this year’s Michael Glassow receives the SCA annual meeting. And for that, Myra is taking a long overdue Martin A Baumhoff Special Achievement Award. vacation to Baja California for some R&R. Mark has to wait longer, but he will be returning to New Zealand later in the The concept behind the Binational Reception was to summer. Again, on behalf of the 2002 Annual Meeting provide a bridge between California archaeologists and our Planning Committee, we want to thank all of the volunteers counterparts in Baja California to increase awareness and behind the scenes who helped with pre-registration, program work towards improved cross border relations. Southern preparation, on-site registration, room monitors, loading California archaeologists, historians and preservationists have buses, moving tables and chairs for the Silent Auction and in a shared respect for the cultural diversity of Baja California. general, and just being the glue that binds the whole thing The reception committee sincerely hopes that the evening together. We also thank conference coordinators Damon Lockrem and Sam Getachew, and the rest of the staff from the Sannie Osborn presents John Johnson with the SCA Doubletree Hotel for making our event a great success. Mark Raymond Harrington Award for Conservation Archaeology. inally, we especially thank our families for putting up with all the time, phone calls, emails and paperwork that goes along with planning one of these meetings. As a footnote, planning has already begun for the 2003 Annual Meeting at the Doubletree Hotel in Sacramento. Watch announcements in future issues of the SCA Newsletter. We look forward to seeing you there!

Arrow-weed Receives 2002 SCA California Indian Heritage Preservation Award Margaret Hangan

Preston J. Arrow-weed was honored with the 2002 SCA California Indian Heritage Preservation Award. Mr. Arrow- weed is a playwright, actor, poet and a keeper of Quechan Indian traditional songs. He has used his artistry to create

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 19 Annual Meeting Wrap-Up plays highlighting he Quechan history and culture, such as their interactions with the Spanish explorers and the Quechan Creation Story. He read a version of the creation story at the SCA 2002 Meetings. His non-profit organization, AH-MUT PIPE oundation, has been instrumental in producing documentaries that express contemporary Native American concerns for proposed projects, such as the nuclear waste dump in Ward Valley, California, and the proposed Glamis Gold Mine in the Indian Pass area of Imperial County, California.

Arrow-weed has worked closely with archaeologist Jay von Werlholf to identify the physical locations of places and sites described in the traditional songs he was raised with and sings. Mr. Arrow-weed recently met with Indigenous peoples of northern Baja California, Mexico, to share his traditional knowledge and language, and help reunite kinfolk from both sides of the International Border.

Society For California Archaeology Lifetime Achievement Award, 2002 Gary S. Breschini

As you might expect, this year’s recipient of the Society Nancy Fox receives the SCA for California Archaeology’s Lifetime Achievement Award Presidential Commendation for her work developing Archaeology Month. has been involved in California archaeology for a significant length of time and has made important contributions to the He has, in fact, already received, indirectly, awards from profession. the SCA. These awards honored accomplishments of groups and individuals he has mentored, but until now none of the Our recipient’s career began in the 1960s, with awards has borne his name—Rob Edwards. undergraduate education at San rancisco City College and San rancisco State University, followed by an advanced My first association with Rob was in 1971 or 1972, shortly degree at the University of California, Davis. At these after he began teaching at Cabrillo College in Aptos, near institutions our recipient was exposed to many of the notable figures in California archaeology. One of these individuals Hans Kreutzberg receives the SCA told me that our recipient belonged to the infamous cell of Thomas F. King Award for Excellence in Cultural Resource Management. subversive young Turks—among them, Bob Schenk, John White, rank Rackerby, Tom King, and Mike Moratto— mentored by Adan Treganza at San rancisco State College.

In 1966, while still in school, our recipient joined with a number of other archaeologists as they formed a new organization, the Society for California Archaeology. In addition to being a founding member, our recipient has been president, northern vice president, and secretary of the SCA— actually he ran for secretary when I was president just so he could harass me! He was an early Coordinator of a Regional Center which developed into the Regional Information Centers. He also convened the first Indians/Archeologists orum at the annual meetings in Asilomar in 1970.

ollowing additional graduate study, this gentleman joined the faculty at a nearby community college. He is still there, and his contributions are many; he is a leader, a teacher, and a communicator.

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 20 Annual Meeting Wrap-Up

job skills. And it pays off—100% of students completing the certificate get jobs or go on to higher education or both.

The Society for California Archaeology emerged from the ferment of the 1960s. Rob, like the others, worked very hard to advocate the inclusion of archaeological sites in the emerging body of environmental law. In so doing, he was one of the pioneers in Cultural Resources Management in California.

One of our colleagues told me that he considers one of Rob’s greatest achievement was one of his earliest. Rob invested a great deal of effort in the battle against the proposed High Dos Rios Dam. He and his allies (anthropologists, Native Americans, and environmentalists) were ultimately successful, thus saving Round Valley, Transcending the Divide symposium. Some of the traditionalists from northern Baja although some in the academic community and friends, from L to R Claudia Leyva, Josefina Ochurte, Teresa Castro, Larry disapproved of such efforts.. In retrospect, Rob was Banenges (standing), Gloria Castañeda, Teresa Castro Albáñez, and Raul Sándoval. the visionary. He took the high ground, and helped to save a beautiful part of California and a Santa Cruz in the Monterey Bay area. I was starting my unique way of life for the residents of that area. career, and Rob was instrumental in getting me headed in the right direction. He invited me to attend his summer field school. I Rob was among early California archaeologists to pay ended up attending five, first as a student then as a TA. ield professional attention to historical archaeological resources, school? More like a boot camp! (Could Rob’s experience in the and that interest has persisted for nearly 40 years; 18 of his 30 United States Marine Corps have anything to do with that?) field schools have been at historical sites. Rob was a founding member of the California Mission Studies I didn’t realize at the time how lucky I was. After thirty Association, and served on their board for many years. years of experience I can now compare Rob’s field schools with others I have visited in California, Nevada, and No mention of his accomplishments would be complete Washington. Even though Rob’s community college field without giving credit for Rob’s many contributions to schools were originally short in length, they equaled or avocational archaeology in California, especially as regards surpassed all of the other field schools I have visited over the the Santa Cruz Archaeological Society, which has received years. This can be directly attributed to Rob’s teaching the Helen Smith award from the SCA. The society coalesced abilities and his rigorous standards. His goal was to produce out of a class titled “Archaeology for the Interested” which students who could handle all of the tools of the trade, from trowel to transit, from pencil to notebook, and straighten those sidewalls! Rob regarded his field schools as a rich (right to left) Sannie Osborn and Dana McGowan present Gale Grasse and teaching opportunity, not only as a source of labor. He Jack Sprague, Kern County Archaeological Society, with the Helen C. Smith Award for Avocational Society Achievement. wanted his students to be thoroughly prepared, and was less concerned with how much dirt they moved. But Rob’s field schools were only a part of his curriculum.

In the classroom Rob was quietly building and operating what arguably may be the finest community college archaeology program in California. This culminated in the Cabrillo College Archaeological Technology Program, a vocational educational program formalized in 1990. Students take not just a ield School, but a series of courses in survey, excavation, data management, laboratory analysis, as well as laws and regulations that would equal a 12-15 week field school. Many of his certificated students are four year institutions. In fact, 40% or more of Rob’s Arch Tech students already have their BA or higher degrees, and are looking to Cabrillo’s program to acquire

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 21 Annual Meeting Wrap-Up

Rob taught in 1972. Rob was the professional advisor to the society for many years. James A. Bennyhoff Memorial Fund Award, But here’s a little-known tidbit: Rob was the one who, more than any other, moved us towards the metric system and 2002 towards the use of UTM grid coordinates for spatial control in site records. His 1969 article in American Antiquity was Randy Milliken based on a major survey of Point Reyes in 1967 and led the At the Banquet, Randy way to the use of this system. Milliken stood in for Bennyhoff Throughout his career Rob has worked, often behind the Committee Chair Richard Hughes scenes, to make things happen. He has brought numerous to present the Bennyhoff Award to grants to his program, and engendered numerous scholarships Alex DeGeorgey of Chico State. for deserving students. He has a knack for getting people to “In 1995, the Society for Alex DeGeorgey receives pitch in and help. Its a running joke in our office that when California Archaeology the James A. Bennyhoff Rob calls, the staff yells to me, “Tell him no.” (Everyone in established the James A. Memorial Fund Award. our office is a graduate of his field school or certificate Bennyhoff Award in remembrance of Jim Bennyhoff and in program.) Time and time again I’ve picked up the phone and support of the kind or archaeological work in which he heard Rob’s deep, hearty chuckle, followed by “Listen, I’ve believed. Jim was a member of that cohort of archaeologists got something in mind ” One recent project, part of which who studied anthropology at U.C. Berkeley immediately was filmed at last year’s SCA meetings, is an educational and after World War II, the cohort that included Martin Baumhoff, recruitment video titled “Pathways to Archaeology.” This Shielagh Brooks, Al Elsasser, Clem Meighan, ritz Riddell, was designed for interested students, career counselors, and and Dave redrickson, among others. the public, and was financed in part by donations from local archaeological consultants (several more of those phone Among them all, Jim Bennyhoff had the greatest talent for calls); 200 copies have been distributed throughout the organizing vast amounts of archaeological evidence to United States and its available on the internet. reconstruct patterns of assemblage change over time. ew realize the amount of work that stands behind the artifact Rob has always known that public outreach, public seriation/assemblage charts in Al Elsasser’s “Prehistory” archaeology, public education, and Native American outreach chapter in the 1978 California volume, or realize that the are the lifeblood of our profession; no matter how good we are charts were developed by Jim Bennyhoff. as archaeologists, without the support of the public we will be able to accomplish very little. One recent example: Rob was James A. Bennyhoff Memorial Award is granted to a instrumental in preparing “Archaeology News,” which was student, undergraduate or graduate, who is carrying on distributed with “Comic News,” an alternative local paper research that will improve our understanding of temporal with distribution of 17,000 in Santa Cruz. change in prehistoric assemblages. This year’s award, in the form of a $750 check for radiocarbon dating, 100 obsidian As I wrote this presentation I kept trying to find some way hydration readings, and 50 obsidian source determinations, to portray the skill and dedication, the caring and support that goes to Alex DeGeorgey of CSU Chico. Alex’s research Rob brings to teaching and to the field of education in incorporates obsidian studies in the task of identifying the general. The things I have mentioned fall short of this goal, Paleo-Archaic assemblages in the Cache Creek area of for in these areas Rob is truly exceptional. California’s North Coast Ranges.” Above Rob’s desk is the quote “A good teacher is not The Bennyhoff Committee reminds college teachers that neutral or passive.” This certainly describes Rob’s approach it is never too early to remind your students about the to teaching and to life. Bennyhoff Award, even though the official call for And so it is with great pride that I present the 2002 applications will not come out until September, and will not Society for California Archaeology Lifetime Achievement be due until next ebruary. Award to my friend, Rob Edwards. ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○

2002 Data-Sharing Schedule: Photos appearing in the Annual Meeting wrap- up courtesy of Trudy Haversat and Gary S. Northern California Data-Sharing Meeting Breschini; all rights reserved. They have been October 26th @ Cabrillo College, Aptos; photographing the meetings since about 1984, which means they have the goods on a lot of Southern California Data-Sharing Meeting people! November 2nd @ Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 22 New Publications

prehistoric movement across the landscape. Haynes proposes that paleoenvironmental trends served to agregate and isolate populations of large mammals at the Last Glacial Maximum, benefiting human hunters. Computer models of mammoth predation show that even relatively low levels of killing would have obliterated mammoth populations. Prehistoric Archaeology Hodder, Ian (editor) 2001 Archaeological Theory Today. Malden: Blackwell Denise Thomas and Robert Hoover Publishers, Inc. Hodder stresses the power of theoretical diversity in This series offers an annotated bibliography of recent contemporary archaeology in his introductory chapter of this published and some unpublished literature pertinent to multi-authored publication. He disagrees with the implicit current debates and methods in Californian archaeology. assumption that archaeology as a mature discipline should Prehistoric and historical archaeology will appear in alternate exhibit theoretical unity, rather he emphasizes that issues. If you have any news or ideas about how this section productive tensions are important to the field. In this spirit, can better fit the needs of its audience feel free to email the Archaeology Theory Today includes eleven chapters of diverse author: [email protected]. Please limit theoretical positions and treatments in varied contexts. contributions to those that can be easily accessed by all members of the SCA and have appeared within the last five years. This diversity is reflected in La Motta’s and Schiffer’s Haynes, Gary concern with formulating questions about behavioral 2002 The Catastrophic Extinction of North American variability and change and its manifestation in the Mammoths and Mastodonts. World Archaeology archaeological record. They use case studies to explain 33(3):391-416. behavioral variability at different scales. In his chapter on evolutionary archaeology, Leonard draws a parallel between Haynes draws a connection between prehistoric phenotypes and artifacts in the “replicative success” or populations who manufactured Clovis-type fluted points and persistence through time. Casas Grandes ceramics from the extinction of mammoths and mastodonts. Although many northern Mexico are used to show that change in technology have emphasized the significance of climatic oscillations, the can be viewed as evolutionary adaptations. Mithen uses author claims that evidence suggests that the disappearance cognitive evolution as a means to explore the role of of megafauna was caused by human predation during the late archaeology in understanding prehistoric psychology (i.e., Pleistocene. Haynes structures his argument around three sexual selection, religious thought, evolution of language, propositions and/or assertions. irst, he states that the timing social learning, and human creativity). and direction of climate-caused habitat changes were not correlated with megafauna extinction. urther, these large In the fifth chapter, Renfrew looks at long-term change mammals survived earlier abrupt climatic reversals. and the development of European Bronze Age societies in relation to generalizing statements and sensitivity of Second, mega-mammals were actively pursued and killed contexts. He accentuates the need to evaluate not only the by human hunters. This is counter to the recently voiced individual experience, as is common in interpretative position that Pleistocene populations focused their archaeology, but also to understand the macro level of society subsistence activities toward plant procurement and small and group interaction. Barret, in the following chapter, uses game hunting, only rarely scavenging megafauna. Haynes sociological theory as a means to draw out implications of an compared the North American sites with studies of object of study including human agency. contemporary cultural and natural elephant bone sites from Africa. He found that characteristics distinguish killing from Thomas presents a new approach in landscape scavenging, such as bone representation, weathering stages, archaeology whereby archaeologists in the present are carnivore utilization, and mortality profiles, all indicated that constructing analogies for past worlds of meaning. Concepts prehistoric North American peoples were actively hunting he focuses on include embedded and multiple landscapes, and killing these large mammals. reference and relationality, perception, and idea of landscape. Archaeologies of Identity is presented by Miskell who Third, Haynes argues that hunting megafauna was an stresses realistic views of political, social, ethnic, and sexual optimal strategy for late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers. He categories and that these boundaries are arbitrary distinctions suggests that many have misinterpreted the marginal value that need to be deconstructed if archaeologists intend to theorem: it does not predict that foragers reduce their value represent past cultures. Yentsch and Beaudry review material ranking of a dietary item based solely on that item’s scarcity, culture theory in America and accentuate the need to include rather the theorem predicts how foragers evaluate their time culture in developing past social identities by viewing spent in a patch before leaving. Prior information and artifacts and features as forms of text. predictability of patch productivity would have influenced

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 23 New Publications

In Chapter 10, Gosden evaluates the contradictions ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ between academic thought and the postcolonial situation as it relates to contemporary legal strategies of indigenous groups in gaining control over their own histories. Moser looks at the significance of theory of archaeological representation and how it links visualizations of the past with knowledge of the past and the construction of meaning. In the conclusive chapter, Shanks reiterates the articulation of culture and archaeology and states that these concepts should be incorporated into and not separated from research strategies. Holliman, Sandra E. 2000 Archaeology of the ‘Aqi: Gender and Sexuality in Prehistoric Chumash Society. In Archaeologies of Sexuality, edited by Robert A. Schmidt and Barbara L. Voss. New York: Routledge. Pp. 179-196. Soft Kite Aerial Photography Holliman explores the probability that the guild of http://arch.ced.berkeley.edu/kap/ undertakers in Chumash society, known as the ‘aqi, kaptoc2.html#equipment represented one of the first forms of labor organization in the Santa Barbara Channel area. The author argues that this Impact of Modern Legislation on the Ainu of Japan professional association may have served as a model for craft http://www.teamatlantis.com/yucatan_test/ guilds that were observed and documented at the time of ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ research_ainu_culture.html Euro-American contact. 14C Dating Stonehenge Holliman surveys the connection between sexual identity, http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/stoneh/start.htm gender roles, labor organization, and social structure in association with Chumash undertakers. The ‘aqi not only The Blombos Cave Project represented an individual who performed ritual and functional http://naples.cc.sunysb.edu/CAS/cape.nsf/pages/ duties associated with the dead, but it also linked gender blombos3 identification concepts with supernatural power. Mammoth Rubs in Sonoma County Traditionally, male members or post-menopausal women http://www.pressdemocrat.com/local/news/ performed this role. There is an apparent religious 27mammoth.html connection between non-procreative sexual activity and spiritual and cosmological recognition within the Chumash The Antique Tractor Resource Page culture and other cultural groups in the region (Yokuts, Mono, http://www.AntiqueTractors.com and Tubatulabal). National Tribal Environmental Council The ‘antap society, the economic, political, and religious http://www.ntec.org/ elites, and the ‘aqi guild are thought to have been fully formed and recognized by the Early Period. Artifacts such as Biography of +rederica De Laguna turtle shell rattles, wands, and quartz crystals have been http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/delaguna.html#biblio documented in Early, Middle, Transitional, and Later Period cemeteries on Santa Cruz Island suggesting that mortuary New California Archaeology Web Site practices were fully established. The archaeological http://www.californiaprehistory.com evidence for male ‘aqi practitioners is based on the discovery of a relatively young male with a pathological condition located in the spine only previously seen in females. It has been proposed that this condition could have developed from the repeated stress from excavating graves. The challenge in identifying items associated with the ‘aqi is that the tool kit of undertakers, digging stick and baskets, would look identical to domestic items archaeologically. However, Holliman maintains that it is possible to consider sexuality in archaeological contexts if research objectives are in Editor’s e-mail: accordance with larger social systems such as kinship, [email protected] marriage, and division of labor.

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 24 Evolving Holocene Landscapes and Cultural Land-Use Patte Jeffrey A. Homburg1, Eric C. Brevik2, Jeffrey H. Al 1 – Statistical Research, Inc., 2 – Valdosta State University Department of P

INTRODUCTION Models of landscape evolution are crucial for many archaeological RESEARCH studies, especially those conducted in dynamic coastal settings, OBJECTIVES such as lagoons and estuaries. A geoarchaeological study was conducted in the historic Ballona Lagoon of coastal southern • Reconstruct California to reconstruct the history of the wetlands. An extensive Holocene landscape coring program was completed to document the stratigraphy of marine, estuarine, and terrestrial deposits. Sediment, chronometric, change in the microfossil, and shellfish analyses of core samples were integrated Ballona Lagoon and with archaeological data to reconstruct the succession of landforms adjacent wetlands. and their effect on human occupations. Three distinct cultural adaptations were identified, each associated with a particular stage • Evaluate the of landscape and lagoonal development over the last 7,000 years: relationship between (1) Early period (7000-3000 B.P.) marked by short-term, bluff-top archaeological site occupations overlooking a shallow bay or lagoon; (2) Middle period (3000-1000 B.P.), characterized by an influx of population distributed distributions and on bluff-top and creek-edge settings; and (3) Late period (1000-200 Holocene B.P.), marked by population aggregation around the lagoon. landscapes.

METHODS • 200+ cores were taken from depths up to 15 m using a hollow stem auger. Complete core descriptions were made, and depositional environments were interpreted. • Cross sections of the lagoon were prepared. • Sediment analyses (particle-size, organic C, soil micromorphology, and sand mineralogy) were completed. • Shellfish, charcoal, and wood from cores were 14C-dated. • Paleoecological analyses of pollen, diatoms, forams, ostracodes, and mollusks were completed, focusing on cores 1 and 8.

CA-LAN-61 Westchester Bluffs CA-LAN-193 CA-LAN-211

Former Centinela Creek CA-LAN-62 CA-LAN-2676

East view of the Westchester Bluffs, where Early and Middle period sites are concentrated. Below the bluffs are alluvial fans, terraces, and Geomorphically stable E R footslopes, where Middle and Late period sites F G were established near Centinela Creek and landforms are CC wetland settings around the lagoon. indicated by clay-rich

lamellae at a E Middle Period G Q site (CA-LAN- 0.4 mm 211) on the footslope of the Ballona Escarpment. Reddish brown clay infillings B C and coatings (CC) on sand grains and Examples of microfossils from aggregates. (Q) quartz; (F) feldspar; (E) cores: (A) diatom, (B) foram, (C) evaporites; (R) rock fragments; (G) garnet. A ostracode, and (D) gastropod. D

Model of Holocene landscape evolutio Winner of 2001 Professional Poster Award in the Ballona area ove

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 25 erns in the Ballona Wetlands of Coastal Southern California ltschul1, Antony R. Orme3, and Steven D. Shelley1 Physics, Astronomy, and Geosciences, 3 – UCLA Department of Geography

CONCLUSIONS • Estuarine conditions prevailed after a barrier closed off part of Santa Monica Bay at ~6200 B.P. The resulting lagoon stabilized by ~3000 B.P., and then began shrinking dramatically after 2000 B.P. as it continued to fill with Ballona Creek alluvium. • Biotic productivity increases through time as freshwater influences became dominant. • Human settlement expanded from bluff-top settings to the base of the bluff and into seasonally dry wetlands that formed around the lagoon. • Human settlement tended to move westward through time. Initial occupation focused on the Baldwin Hills, shifted in the Middle period to the Westchester Bluffs and Centinela Creek, and culminated in large settlements at the mouth of Centinela Creek and the Ballona Lagoon.

Santa Monica Bay Aerial view of the Ballona Ballona Creek B’ Lagoon area, ca. 1985, Marina del Rey showing selected core C Ballona Lagoon A 43 100 61 25 locations in red, stratigraphic 1B 8 cross-sectional areas (A-A’, A’ B C’ Westchester Bluffs B-B’, and C-C’), and major El Segundo Sand Hills place names.

Stratigraphic cross sections (see aerial photo for locations).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Playa Capital Company for funding this research as part of the Playa Vista Archaeological and Historical Project. We acknowledge the help of archaeologists, Donn Grenda, Richard Ciolek-Torrello, Chris Doolittle, Benjamin Vargas, Kenneth Becker, Kurt Heidelberg, William n and archaeological site distributions Hayden, Anne Stoll, and Terry Majewski from Statistical Research, Inc. We also thank a number of scientists for their help, including Caroline Tepley (core descriptions), Monday Mbila (mineralogy and micromorphology), Owen Davis (pollen), Manuel Palacios-Fest (ostracodes), er the last 7,000 years. Richard Boettcher (forams), and Stanley Kling (diatoms). Chester Schmidt and Cindy Elsner Hayward from SRI and Thomas Hiett of the Iowa State University Instructional Technology Center assisted with the graphics. Sites depicted here are currently under several meters of fill, and are located in a private land holding covered by tight security.

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 26 As It Was

In spite of my being convinced that I was a good shot I am, in Father time caught up with Francis A. “Fritz” Riddell on Friday, 8 retrospect, very happy that we never had a serious encounter March 2002. An obituary will appear in 36(3). In recognition of with any of the big bears. I later fired my Remington and his contributions to the discipline, the SCA plans a scholarship in found that it malfunctioned and would probably have made his name and will hold a symposium in his honor at the 2003 some bear very angry with a poorly placed shot. meetings. A second challenge for us were the black flies and Before he passed away, Fritz completed this, the third installment mosquitoes! They were worst late in the day, but were on of “As It Was,” taking us through 1951. The contribution includes duty all the time. The flies look like tiny bees and love to a new report on the important excavations he conducted in 1951 bite you anywhere but prefer sensitive, exposed areas such as with James Bennyhoff and Richard Shutler at Amadee Cave, between the fingers. They inject a toxin that causes the hands Ca-Las-90, in eastern Lassen County, California. - editor to swell and itch like mad. McGeein’s solution was to scratch the bites until they bled. He used a metal rasp from a tire As It Was patch kit to macerate his skin. The rest of us borrowed his rasp on occasion. The wounds would bleed and presumably the rancis A. Riddell toxins would dissipate and the bites scab over and cease itching. After about two weeks of this agony we became acclimated to the toxin and the bites were not too Part III bothersome. The same thing with the mosquito bites. But During the summer of until we got used to these pests our hands looked like we had 1950 a graduate student mittens on. from the University of The third challenge was the weather. It tended to rain for Oregon, Lloyd Collins, and two weeks and then the sun would shine for two weeks. When I were invited by rederica it rained we had to go out and dig regardless because that is de Laguna to join her and what we went there for. We had foul-weather gear which kept Catherine McClellan at the rain out but we still got drenched from the sweat of Angoon on Admiralty digging. Taking notes in a driving rain was a real chore, but I Island, Territory of Alaska, had learned that by having specially treated notebooks one to assist in studies of the could write under water, if necessary. In passing through Tlingit Indians. De Laguna was a professor at Bryn Mawr and Seattle we picked up such note books at the Student Union of McClellan a fellow graduate student with me at Berkeley. the University of Washington. However, by the end of two The two women worked with the Indians on ethnographic weeks we were about to go crazy with all the rain, and were matters while Lloyd and I made test excavations on praying for sunshine. Then, low and behold, the sun would archaeological sites in the vicinity (De Laguna 1960; come out and we would have glorious, bright days. And when DeLaguna and McClellan 1981). This was a wonderful I say days, I mean almost 24-hour days. The sun would go experience for me and my enthusiasm prompted Dr. de down around 11:00 P.M. and come up again several hours Laguna to invite me to return and assist in a similar program later. One could read a newspaper at midnight! The beautiful st at Yakutat in the summers of 1952 and 1953. On June 1 of weather would go on for several weeks and then we would 1952 I married an attractive fellow graduate student, Dorothy realize the creek from which we got our water was getting Menzel. She was in the process of receiving her Ph.D. in very low and brown. In addition, the forest and all its Peruvian archaeology at Berkeley and we had been dating for components were beginning to become stressed from the several years. lack of rain. We then began to pray for rain! By alternately My crew at Yakutat in 1952 was Donald McGeein, praying for rain and sunshine, we managed to seesaw our way Kenneth Lane and J. Arthur reed: in the surnmer of 1953 the through the summers excavating at Tlukwan (Old Town) on crew was McGeein, reed, and two new men, Robert Knight Island in Yakutat Bay. Anderson and Albert Olson. Digging in Southeastern Alaska In speaking of rain I am reminded of the layout of our had its own challenges. We had to be on constant lookout for camp. We had a wall tent that accommodated a table that brown bears (known at grizzlies in the Lower orty-eight). I seated four, a small Yukon stove, and our four or five sleeping carried a .45 cal. Remington semiautomatic rifle, and we also bags. We had a small wall tent in the rear where Art reed had a .30/.40 Krag left over from the Spanish-American War. kept our supplies organized and inventoried. In addition, we McGeein carried his trusty “thutty-thutty,” a small but had a war surplus pyramidal squad tent that Sweet Old Bob popular hunting rifle of those days. Just to brag for a moment I had lent us out of the gear of the U.C. Archaeological Survey want to record that I was a fair shot and had fired as “Expert” in Berkeley. What I did not realize was that a large portion of on the range when I was passing through boot training in the the roof of the tent looked like Swiss cheese! I never Marine Corps in 1942. I got the highest score in our platoon, convinced myself that it wasjust a coincidence that we were unfortunately my high score was made on the day prior to the so happily lent this tent by Heizer. But then we could always record-firing day, so I only received a “Marksman’s” rating. look at the bright side ... it only leaked when it rained!

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 27 As It Was

Our fourth challenge was getting and maintaining That was in 1946, and they, too, were returning to college supplies. There was a cannery store in Yakutat but that was 14 after the war. Heizer, enenga and I were going out to Tyler miles away, ten of which were over the open water of Yakutat Island in the Sacramento/San Joaquin delta region to test a Bay. Tom John, a local Tlingit, rented us his 14-foot, sand mound in which burials were imbedded in highly flat-bottomed skiff he wasn’t using at the time. It had been indurated soil. Although both Jim and Dick had gotten some beached and needed caulking but he gave us a good deal ... a exposure to anthropology classes they had not been in the good deal of headaches! We attached our 10-horsepower field and Heizer invited them to go out with us and dig. This Evinrude outboard motor to the transom and used that small was fine with me as the sandy soil was so hard that the burials boat for all our visits to town for supplies and for exploration could only be exposed with extreme effort and patience. around the island where we were digging. By bailing out the With this trip we became good friends so they were logical water that seeped in we managed to keep afloat. Any boating men to ask to help with the cave excavation. in Alaskan coastal waters has to be done with a tide table and nautical chart in hand. We tried to time our trips to allow us to Amedee was at one time the end of the NC&O Railroad pass the difficult places at slack tide. If you got in channels and a hotel was built there as well as several stores and during the peak of ebb or flow, you could go for a merry ride. homes. Several hot springs bubbled forth nearby and a bath The narrows became torrents (chucks) at that time and had was set up to attract clients. Being at the end of the line the best be avoided, especially with a small, waterlogged, little town flourished until the railroad extended north to overloaded, flat-bottomed, underpowered skiff pushed by an Ravendale and on to Alturas on its way to Oregon. After that old Evinrude outboard motor. The water of the bay was so Amedee went into a steep decline and the hotel was cold that survival in it would be but a few minutes. abandoned. Amedee was owned by a man by the name of Humphries who had extensive cattle grazing lands along the Trips to town were events for us, but if we all went there shore of Honey Lake and environs. Late one cold and snowy was no one digging and that was not a good use of manpower. night just before the war enenga, Beardsley and I drove in As captain of the team I wanted to get as much mileage out of to Amedee and asked Mr. Humphries if we could roll out our the crew as possible. In that case I either went into town alone sleeping bags in the old hotel as we did not relish sleeping or with just one other person. As it was daylight for almost 24 out on the snow alongside the road. Mr. Humphries was in a hours, one could cross the bay any time. We found that close small cabin with his cowhands and wondered what planet we to sundown, that is, 10:00 P.M., the bay was like glass and the had just come off of, at that time of the year, at that time of 10-mile crossing was no challenge. At that time of day, and the night, at that place. He looked the three of us over and with the setting sun on the St. Elias range, with Mt. St. Elias said, “NO!” I started to argue with him but when the scene and Mt. airweather bathed in the golden rays, a clear blue began to take on all the aspects of an old western, and with sky overhead, the scene was indescribably beautiful. The enenga tugging at my sleeve, I realized that this was one only dissonance was the putt-putt of our faithful Evinrude. time that “No” meant just that. We went down the road until we found an old stable and holed up there for the time we It was not always possible to return to the island when the were there. That was at the time we excavated Tommy bay was smooth as glass, and it was those time that reality Tucker cave in December of 1941, as I have noted earlier. would set in. One time two of us went in and picked up a 55-gal drum of gasoline and other supplies. When fully By the time Bennyhoff, Shutler and I returned to Amedee loaded Tom John’s skiff presented about three inches of in 1951 the old hotel had been torn down so we found an old freeboard. The bay was choppy and with some swells and the shed to call home for the few days we worked at the cave. It boys back on the island stood on the beach anxiously turned out that Mr. Humphries knew about the cave—and as watching us come in. They reported that at times we would he was a private collector of great renown for this region of disappear from sight, only to come back into view on the next the state—and had already dug a hole in the center of the swell. Also there were times we voluntarily marooned cave deposit. Although I tried several times to interact with ourselves on the island because a pod of killer whales was the man, I never was successful for one reason or another. active just off our beach for several days. We did not have One time when I was in the Honey Lake area, the time Bill sufficient nerve to get in among them with Tom John’s skiff. Evans and I were making our 1949 surveys, we stopped in Just having the porpoises playfully coming up from under us during the day to see if we could record his collection. We and bumping the stem of our little boat was enough never got to the door because of the fierce dogs which would excitement for us. The Orcas would at times come right up to not let us get up to the door. It seemed obvious no one was the beach while going through their antics, and one of the home and the dogs reinforced that observation. However, in antics clearly was breeding. walking along the driveway and up the path toward the door Bill and I were amazed to see the ground literally covered During the third week of July of 1951 Jim Bennyhoff, with all kinds of projectile points! It was paved with them and Dick Shutler and I excavated Amedee Cave (CA- LAS-90) it took me a few minutes to figure out what the man had done. which was located at the base of the Amedee Mountains It became clear that the collection he had in his house several miles east of Honey Lake in Lassen County. I first consisted of only perfect points. He had just cast out all the met these two men on their initial archaeological field trip. ones he chose not to exhibit! There must have been

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 28 As It Was

Figure 1: Diagrams of Riddell’s, Bennyhoff’s, and Shutler’s excavations at Amedee Cave in 1950. These data appear here for the first time in print (courtesy of Francis A. Riddell).

A: Plan drawing.

B: B - B1 Section.

C: A - A1 Section

A.

Plan View

B.

C.

far/gw

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 29 As It Was

A.

B. C. Figure 2: Artifact assemblage recovered by Riddell, Bennyhoff, and Shutler during their excavation at Amedee Cave in 1950 (continued) (courtesy of Francis A. Riddell).

A: Projectile points. B: Bifaces. C: Flake tools. D: Bone implements. E: Textile fragments.

D. E.

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 30 As It Was

hundreds of points, many of which had a tip, stem or barb broken but were otherwise excellent archaeological specimens. What a gross waste of a finite resource!

Inasmuch as the work we did at Amedee Cave was never published it seems that now would be a good time to interject some descriptive data on the cave and the results of our excavation there. I had loaned our preliminary write-up and other data to Jerry Johnson for his use in the preparation of his Ph.D. dissertation. He only used our data on the ground stone artifacts, but in the process of getting our notes back to me a portion ofthem disappeared. Stuff happens! ollowing is a lightly edited transcript of a portion of my field notes on the work done at the cave in 1951.

Generally speaking the cave deposit is composed of two strata: the lower stratum has been subjected to dampness with the consequent loss of nearly all perishable material. The upper stratum, to the contrary, contains a high percentage of organic material in a good state of preservation. The dry stratum extends from the back of the cave to about 75 inches from the cave mouth. A. The cave originally had been inundated by the upper levels of Pleistocene Lake Lahontan, possibly at the maximum level as exhibited by the fact that the calcareous tuffa deposit on the cave exterior extends but a few feet higher than the elevation of the cave

Figure 3: Artifact assemblage recovered by Riddell, Bennyhoff, and Shutler during their excavation at Amedee Cave in 1950 (continued) (courtesy of Francis A. Riddell).

A: Manos and metates. B: Cores and core tools.

B.

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 31 As It Was

mouth. The cave had been coated with a layer of the The location of the metates recorded can be seen on the tuffa in the same manner as at nearby Tommy Tucker plan of the cave (igure 1 A). They were, for the most part, cave. The cave floor is also partially coated with simple flat slabs exhibiting a minimum of wear (igure 3 A). calcareous tuffa. ragments of tuffa that have fallen In keeping with the simplicity of the metates the manos were from the ceiling and walls occur throughout the mainly of locally-collected ovoid stones (igure 3 B). They, cultural deposit. too, showed little or no shaping.

Metates appear to have been cached in front of the The occurrence of both manos and metates at Amedee cave (igure 1 A; igure 3 A). The metates in the cave Cave is in stark contrast to the situation at Tommy Tucker were located from a corner of the excavation unit, with Cave where no grinding tools were encountered. No graves depth taken from the cave surface to the base of each or grave goods were found in either cave, although a string of metate. beads was recorded for Tommy Tucker Cave (enenga and Riddell 1949; Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987). Kitty Joaquin (a The excavation outside the cave was done in one-foot Paiute elder at that time [1951]) was told by her father, levels. All excavated material from both outside and Joaquin, that Amedee Cave was inhabited by the Honey inside the cave was done by shovel and passed through Lake band of Paiutes into historic times, but that Tommy a screen. The deposit inside the cave was excavated in Tucker Cave was to be avoided (Riddell 1960). Kitty said that six-inch levels. her family utilized Amedee Cave when she was a girl when Except for Test Pit 1, the section to the west of the the group went there annually to harvest wada (Sueda datum outside the cave was dug to a depth of one foot. depressa) seeds. The local Paiute called the caves Tuhuta, “wildcat hole”. The fact that Joaquin told his daughter Kitty Section R-0 was dug to a maximum depth of 18 inches; to stay away from Tommy Tucker Cave suggests the cave bedrock was reached at this depth in a portion of this may have served as place for initiates to receive power. The section. lack of food preparation tools at Tommy Tucker Cave supports such a consideration. The occurrence of a pictograph Section R-1 was dug to a maximum depth of 24 inches. panel (in red pigment) at the mouth of that cave, too, suggests The remaining deposit was not dug at this time as it a special use of the cave. was virtually sterile. Section L-1 was dug to a maximum depth of 36 inches References Cited where bedrock was reached over most of this section. enenga, . and and .A. Riddell Section L-2 was dug to a maximum depth of 36 inches, 1949 Excavation of Tommy Tucker Cave, Lassen County, however bedrock appeared about 20 inches in a California. American Antiquity 14(3):203-214. portion of this section near the left wall of the cave. Bennyhoff and Hughes Section L-3 was dug to a maximum depth of 30 inches, 1987 Shell Bead and Ornament Exchange Networks although a portion of this section near the center and Between California and the Western Great Basin. left wall of the cave had a depth of about 20 inches due Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of to the shallowness of the bedrock. Natural History, Volume 64, Part 2. New York. Riddell, .A. In looking at these sparse notes several thoughts come to 1960 The Archaeology of the Karlo Site (Las-7), California. mind: a) Complete your report of “work done” as soon as you University of California Archaeological Survey, get out of the field, and b) Don’t loan your notes to anyone Reports No. 53. Berkeley. before you write your report. Hindsight is 20/20! And were we to dig the cave now we would be using the metric system De Laguna, . and would have dug in shallower depth increments with 1960 The Story of a Tlingit Community: A Problem in the trowels, dustpans and buckets and would have passed the Relationship Between Archaeological, Ethnological, material through 1/8th inch screen, or smaller if necessary. We and Historical Methods. Bulletin 172. Washington, DC: did, however, attempt to separate those items from the “wet” Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution. stratum (lower) from the “dry” stratum (upper). I suppose I De Laguna, . and McClellan, C. can justify our methodology used here by pointing out that 1981 Ahtna. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 6, with the limited crew, limited time and limited funding, not Subarctic. William C. Sturtevant, general editor. June to mention the possibility that Mr. Humphries might choose Helm, volume editor. Washington, DC: Smithsonian to return, we did the best we could with what we had. Just Institution: 641-663.

what Mr. Humphries got in his digging we shall never know, ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ but when we screened his backdirt we recovered a number of projectile points that he had missed.

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 32 Tribute

his appeal was his unflagging sense of humor, often wry with F. Lee Motz, himself as the butt of many of his jokes. When working June 14, 1934 - simultaneously on the irst Brick House and the Whaling Station in Monterey, he would refer to them in combination April 17, 2002 as “the irst Brick Whale.” After retiring from the department he came back as a Retired Annuitant but referred Glenn arris to himself as a “Retarded Irritant.” Lee Motz, an Although he often seemed a workaholic on the job, he Associate State found time for his family of which he was very proud. Lee’s Archaeologist with the DPR photo wife, Kathleen Whalen, and their three sons, Rob and Eric Cultural Resource Motz and Pat Whalen were always very much on his mind and Division, California Department of Parks and Recreation, he frequently mentioned the many accomplishments of each died on April 17, 2002. He had been suffering from terminal of them as they occurred. cancer, but maintained his typical bravura right to the end, inquiring about a favored project at Angel Island that he still Lee will be sorely missed by his colleagues and friends wanted to do. throughout the Department and the archaeological community. Our only consolation is that he is now out of Lee was originally from Ohio and came to California with pain. the U.S. Air orce. He joined the Department of Parks and Recreation following an early medical retirement from the Air orce resulting from a back injury. He often joked about Reports and Publications by Lee Motz: having hurt himself by falling out of a plane. The fact that the plane was on the ground didn’t lessen the hardness of the Motz, Lee tarmac when he slipped from a large military aircraft while 1979 ort Ross Glass Trade Bead Analysis. performing maintenance work. The Air orce’s loss was our 1980 European “Trade” Beads from Old Sacramento. IN gain when, after getting his B.A. in Anthropology from Papers on Old Sacramento Archeology, California Sacramento State University, he came to work for State Parks Archeological Reports, No. 19, pp. 49-68. in 1981. Lee was a hard worker and meticulous in his field 1983 An Analysis of the Glass Beads Recovered from the work and report writing. Organization and neatness were Cooper-Molera Adobe Complex, Monterey, California. important to Lee and put many of us to shame. Due to a 1985 Archeology of the New Entrance, Access Road, and particular interest in historical trade beads, Lee developed a Parking Lot for the Ano Nuevo State Reserve. reputation as an expert in this type of artifact and published 1986 The Archeological Investigation of the Creamery Site several articles in professional journals. He also developed (CA-SMA-152) at Año Nuevo State Reserve. considerable expertise in analyzing and stabilizing historic 1987 Archival, Archaeological, and Architectural Notes structures. He showed a wonderful practical knowledge of Relating to the Cottage at Point Lobos State Reserve. construction and was endlessly fascinated by his discoveries of the archaeological evidence of how things went together. 1990 Dickerman Dairy Barn Año Nuevo State Reserve San Mateo County, CA Historic Structure Inventory. Though he worked in many parts of the state over the 1992 Lowest Rough Creek Spring Historic Water Line course of his career, he became a specialist in the Santa Cruz- Insertion Project, Bodie State Historic Park Mono Monterey area. One of his early projects was at the Cooper- County. Molera Adobe in Monterey where he did extensive 1994 Ground Penetrating Radar Survey and Test Excavation excavation resulting in the discovery of a number of trash pits of the Bodie Cemetery Bodie State Historic Park from the early to late 19th century that produced the Cooper- Mono County, California. Molera collection. In the later 1980s and 1990s Lee worked 1996 Historic Structure Record, The Water Tank, Año on numerous historic structures including the irst Brick Nuevo State Reserve, San Mateo County, California. House, the Whaling Station and the Pacific House in 1996 The Partial Stabilization of the Bolcoff Adobe, Wilder Monterey; the John Rogers Cooper cabin at Andrew Molera Ranch State Park, Santa Cruz County, California. State Park and the Bolcoff Adobe at Wilder Ranch State Park. He also directed many other projects, particularly at Año 1997 The Bolcoff Adobe North Wall Stabilization Wilder Nuevo State Park and Wilder Ranch State Park. Ranch State Park Santa Cruz County, California. 1998 Ground Penetrating Radar Survey of the Pioneer and Lee generally preferred to work alone or with a small Saint John’s Cemeteries. John Marshall Gold team, but he will be especially fondly remembered for his Discovery. work with various docent groups and other volunteers as well 1998 Historic Structures Record, The Pacific House, as CCC, NCCC and Conservation Corps crews. He often Monterey State Historic Park, Monterey County. sported hats or t-shirts given him by appreciative convict 1999 Installation of Historic Building Access Doors, Angel crews that proclaimed him an honorary prisoner. A big part of Inland State Park, San rancisco Bay.

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 33 Tribute

1999 Repair of the Bolcoff Adobe Roof, Wilder Ranch State Schulz, Peter D., . Lee Motz and Kathleen E. Davis Park, Santa Cruz County, California. 1994 Mill Office/Post Office Building, Greenwood Creek 1997 The Restoration of the Water Tank Año Nuevo State State Beach, Mendocino County, California: Historical Reserve, San Mateo County, California. Survey and Records Search. 2000 Benbow Dam Historic Structure Record, Benbow Dam Schulz, Peter D., Lee Motz and Karen Hildebrand State Recreation Area. 1988 Pio Pico Adobe Historic Structures Investigation: n.d. The Shakemaker’s Cabin (CA-TUO-1514) Calaveras Initial ield Survey. Big Trees State Park, Tuolumne County, California Wheeler, Thomas and Lee Motz Historic Structure Report. 1994 Plumas Eureka, Historic Structures Snow Damage Motz, Lee, Emily Abbink, Phil Hines, Mark Hylkema Report.

1989 Results of the General Development Plan ○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Archeological Test Excavation Conducted at CA- ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ MNT-185/H, Garrapata State Park, Big Sur District, Central Coast Region, Big Sur Coast Immediate Public Use acility Project. From the President Motz, Lee and Kathleen Davis Continued from page 3 1997 Historic Structure Record: The Pacific House Monterey State Park Monterey County. works. irst, in June the business office will be moving to Chico, where it will be co-located with the Newsletter under Motz, Lee, Leslie Hartzell, Karen Hildebrand, Peter D. the direction of Greg White. Greg has been busy for the last Schulz, Tom Wheeler year upgrading the layout and the content of the Newsletter, 1990 Pio Pico State Historic Park, Pio Pico Adobe, Historic and now that it is positively gorgeous, he has time to turn his Structure Report. attention to the business office. Kristina Roper, our current Motz, Lee, Richard Hastings, Cristi Assad Hunter, Peter business office manager, has been working with Greg to Schulz ensure a smooth transition. The Board wishes to thank 1999 The Excavation of Two Coffin Burials At CA-SMA- Kristina for her incredible dedication the SCA during her 207H, ranklin Point, Año Nuevo State Reserve. tenure as Business Office Manager. Not being one to let Motz, Lee, Karen Hildebrand and Kathleen Davis dedicated individuals get away, the Board has asked Kristina 1994 The Bunkhouse Wilder Ranch State Park Santa Cruz to continue on as the SCA’s Webmaster. Look for a new and County, California Historic Structure Report. improved website now that Kristina has some free time. inally, I am pleased to report that Mike McGuirt has agreed Motz, Lee and Bonnie S. Porter to fill the long vacant position of OHP liaison. 1983 Archeological And Historical Investigations at the irst Brick house in California and the Old Whaling One other change you will be seeing soon is ballot asking Station, Monterey State Historic Park (Preliminary for your vote to change our code of ethics regarding the Draft). consideration of Native American traditional values and 1990 The irst Brick House In California Monterey State beliefs. The need for this change was presented to the Board Historical Park Historic Structure Report. by Lynn Gamble, chair of the SCA’s Professional Standards Motz, Lee, Eric W. Ritter, and James Rock and Guidelines Committee, who had been contacted by a 1986 Glass Trade Beads rom Two Shasta Sites in Siskiyou Native American representative regarding some insensitive County. Journal of California and Great Basin treatment during the course of an archaeological project. Anthropology 8(1):116-128. Upon review of our exiting ethics statement, the Board felt that a stronger statement regarding the need to respect Motz, Lee and Peter Schulz Native American traditional values could help prevent 1996 Historic Structure Record, The Water Tank, Año similar instances from occurring. Nuevo State Reserve, San Mateo County, California. Motz, Lee, Peter D. Shulz, John Elliot, Leslie Hartzell, Karen In terms of the annual meetings, beginning last year the Hildebrand, Thomas Wheeler Board decided to change how the meetings are designed and 1989 Pio Pico Adobe H.S.R. Draft. organized. We decided that we wanted to provide program chairs and local arrangement chairs with a general theme for Motz, Lee, Peter Schulz, Edna Kimbro and Karen Hildebrand the meetings, and that this theme would then be carried 1995 Historic Structure Report: The Bolcoff Adobe, Wilder forward in the archaeology month events and in the poster. Ranch State Park, Santa Cruz County, California. The theme of the 2003 Annual Meeting, to be held in Hines, Philip W., Lee Motz, Dwight D. Simons, Christina Sacramento, will be “Remembering Our Roots.” With the Swiden passing of ritz Riddell this year, one of the SCA’s founders, 1982 Archeological Investigations in Conjunction with the Board felt that a program that reflected on our history Construction at Angel Island State Park. would be appropriate. Also, continuing on in the tradition of

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 34 USFS California the SCA trying to be all things to all people, the meeting will This year’s annual meeting illustrated just how popular also provide a venue to opine on the future of archaeology in the workshops are as numerous hopeful attendees had to be the State. turned away when the classes filled early. or the upcoming 2003 meeting, the Board is considering increasing the In the absence of an annual meeting survey for this year’s number of workshops and broadening the topics based on meeting, the Board circulated at San Diego meetings and input from the membership. So as not to burden the already asked the membership what types of sessions, workshops, and busy program chair, a new position of workshop coordinator tours they were interested in. These ideas were captured and has been initiated and filled by Amy Ramsay. forwarded on to John Holson, from Pacific Legacy’s Albany office, who has graciously agreed to be program chair for the I look forward to the year ahead. Your next Newsletter will Sacramento meetings. As we go to press the meetings are include more information regarding these exciting changes still without a local arrangements chair. If you want a lot of and more information on the 2003 annual meetings. recognition, poor compensation, and a few headaches, see me as I have just the job for you. - Dana McGowan

This begins a series of articles Heritage Program Pacific Southwest covering the USDA Forest Region USDA Forest Service Service, Pacific Southwest Region’s active and diverse Judy Rose, Regional Archaeologist Heritage Program in California. Heritage Program Leader, Pacific Southwest Region Regional Archaeologist Judy USDA orest Service, 1323 Club Drive, Vallejo, CA 94592 Rose introduces the series here with a discussion of The USDA orest Service’s Heritage Program opens Programmatic Agreements windows on the past to see both people and the land more and guiding principles. Articles clearly. Guided by the national strategy, Heritage—It’s About to follow include: Pacific Time, the Pacific Southwest Region’s Heritage Program Ranger District, Eldorado implements a threefold mission: to effectively provide National Forest District Archaeologist Krista Deal on Fire Effects and Archaeology; PAR, Inc. Principal Mary Maniery on the Six Rivers quality stewardship, public service, and historic contexts for National Forest Altaville PIT project; Tahoe National Forest Forest resource management. It carries out this mission with highly Archaeologist Donna Day on basalt distribution studies, and; skilled specialists and qualified professionals on every forest. Mendocino National Forest Forest Archaeologist Greg Greenway on The Pacific Southwest Region, or Region 5, consists of 18 the Nomlaki Research Project. Thanks to Greg Greenway and Judy Rose for organizing these contributions! National orests in the state of California. The forests cover over 20,000,000 acres, roughly one-fifth of the state. rom survey of roughly 35 percent, or more than 7,000,000 acres, of consultation, immediately following project reporting and its administered lands, the region has recorded 52,000 certification of completion by the forest’s Heritage Program cultural resources. manager. These account for 98 percent of the projects generated by the region each year. The forests submit summary annual reports to the SHPO and the regional office; Regional Programmatic Agreements and the regional office submits a state-wide summary report to the SHPO and the ACHP. The Pacific Southwest Region’s key tools for managing its cultural resources are the Regional and Sierra Programmatic Agreements that have been executed with the Section 110 Program California State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP). The two As a result of the time and savings afforded by the are very similar, but the Sierra agreement is specifically expedited National Historic Preservation Act Section 106 tailored to accommodate existing research and management responsibilities, the regional programmatic agreements frameworks for some of the Sierran forests (i.e., The require a Section 110 program to implement the national ramework for Archaeological Research and Management for heritage strategy. The Section 110 program provides for orests of the North-Central Sierra Nevada, or ARM). stewardship, public service, and ecosystems research to enhance cultural resources and provide opportunities for The two agreements expedite management of routine public outreach. Each forest, in consultation with the SHPO projects that do not affect sites or that protect sites with and the ACHP, sets long-term goals and objectives for specifically identified standard treatment measures. or all heritage management activities, e.g., broad scale inventory, such projects, the agreements allow project decisions and National Register of Historic Places nominations, evaluations subsequent implementation, without case-by-case of eligibility, site monitoring, resource protection and

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 35 USFS California

opportunities for permitted special use public events, such as theater and arts shows. orest personnel, technical specialists, and scores of volunteers also completed major structural rehabilitation projects, reproduction and restoration of historic fabrics, and historic landscape maintenance. Tallac is a set of three National Register listed recreational estates from the early 1900s, with over 30 buildings and historic landscaping, plus the archaeological remains of a turn-of-the-19th-century casino. Its setting is spectacular, in one of the few remaining old-growth Ponderosa pine forests along the south shore of Lake Tahoe. * The Los Padres National orest’s Partners in Preservation site steward program monitored 231 sites, and provided training to other forests and agencies in public volunteer Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit: Nevada Air National Guard, site steward monitoring. one of many site preservation partners, rehabilitating one of the * The Six Rivers National orest offered the most popular buildings at Tallac Historic Site. PIT volunteer program in the orest Service. ollowing the Smoke is a cooperative effort with California Indian stabilization, interpretation, public volunteer opportunities, tribes and basket weavers to enhance management of research, and professional contributions. basketry resources for traditional cultural use. Each forest has a Section 110 plan and generates * In cooperation with Columbia State Historic Park, the accomplishments directly related to its plan. The program Stanislaus National orest conducted a PIT volunteer has been very successful. Since the agreements were project to archive historic references linked to specific executed, in late 1996, the region has: sites located on the forest and in the park. The volunteers digitized, encoded, and scanned historic newspaper and * Evaluated 1,474 sites for National Register eligibility; journal articles, diaries, photographs, and other documents * Monitored 3,551 sites for impacts from vandalism, related to Mother Lode gold rush resources, and tied them recreation use, project impacts, erosion, and decay; to a georeferenced electronic database for public use and access. * Preserved 647 sites, either indirectly through such means as fencing or placement of barriers, or directly through Database stabilization or rehabilitation; * Provided 3,656 public outreach opportunities, such as The Pacific Southwest Region is a primary contributor to guided tours of sites, Passport in Time (PIT) public development of the orest Service’s national cultural volunteer projects, and California Archaeology Month resource database, the Heritage Module of Infrastructure programs; (Oracle). Infrastructure is a relational database that tracts and integrates data about the built environment of the National * Benefitted from 618,734 heritage public volunteer hours orests, from boundaries and land line locations to roads and through stewardship and enhancement projects; and trails, from Special Use Permits to campgrounds, and from administrative facilities to archaeological sites. In addition, * Made nearly 400 professional contributions, such as Region 5 has a supplemental Access database, called Baxter, publications, and symposia or papers at professional to meet the day-to-day field needs of Heritage Program conferences. specialists.

The other orest Service articles in this issue provide Populating the orest Service corporate database will some examples of archaeological research being completed continue over the next few years until basic management under Section 110 plans. ollowing are additional examples needs are met. All 52,000 Region 5 cultural resource site from this past year’s accomplishments that illustrate the locations are digitized in the orest Service’s Geographic diversity of the Pacific Southwest Region’s Section 110 Information System (GIS). orests are now working on program: digitizing cultural resource survey areas into GIS and encoding tabular site record information into Infrastructure. * At the 72-acre Tallac Historic Site, the Lake Tahoe Basin Coordination with the California Office of Historic Management Unit provided more than 300 regularly Preservation regarding data migration and integration into the guided tours, an on-site museum and self-guided California Historical Resources Information System is interpretation, annual living history programs, and ongoing.

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 36 USFS California

Management Issues

The complexity of the Pacific Southwest Region’s Heritage Program is reflected in more than its numerous sites and diverse Section 110 activities. Many heritage resource and management issues have surfaced over the years. With California’s diverse and involved public, several have been elevated to regional, state-wide, or national debates. Virtually all have been challenging; many have been highly controversial; and some have been very political.

The old Gasquet to Orleans (G-O) road controversy on the Six Rivers National orest went all the way to the Supreme Court. The Helkau traditional cultural property, which was at the center of that case, later ended up being protected from development by the Smith River National Recreation Area legislation. A few Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit: Visitors observing Washoe ceremonial, years ago, Mt. Shasta traditional cultural property Wahsheshu Edeh Festival annual living history program, Tallac Historic Site. on the Shasta-Trinity National orest was protected from development when the orest programmatic agreements are the most all-encompassing Service revoked a Special Use Permit for proposed ski area tools for doing this. Now, the region is developing development. management tools for certain property types with large numbers of resources and constant management activities. Current controversies include adverse effects from rock climbing at Cave Rock traditional cultural property on the Recreation residences are unique to the orest Service Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, and proposed and require constant management. Region 5 has 267 geothermal energy development at the Medicine Lake recreation residence tracts that are treated as historic districts. Highlands traditional cultural property on the Modoc There are more than 6,300 recreation residences in those National orest. Both of these issues are now undergoing tracts. The region has completed a Recreation Residence environmental analyses and are unresolved. Strategy that defines the multiple property type, provides a historic context for evaluation, identifies the property type’s In addition to dealing with such controversial issues, the significance criteria, and establishes guidelines for Pacific Southwest Region is taking steps to provide efficient identification and evaluation. The region also executed a regional guidance for heritage management. The regional programmatic agreement for management of its recreation residence tracts. The agreement identifies Shasta-Trinity National Forest: Mt. Shasta traditional cultural property. exempt and screened undertakings for (photo courtesy of Ken DeCamp, Shasta-Trinity NF). routine maintenance, in-kind repairs and replacements, minor modifications, accessibility, and health and safety upgrades. The screened undertakings are reported, and consulted upon with the SHPO, as part of Regional Programmatic Agreement annual reporting.

The orest Service is currently revising its facilities master plans. The agency anticipates decommissioning facilities that do not meet its administrative needs. Other facilities are being remodeled to meet current needs, e.g., to fit larger, contemporary, fire engines into small, narrow-doored, historic garages. Some 6,800 Region 5 administrative facilities are old enough to require evaluation of historic

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 37 USFS California significance and effects. These include fire lookouts, ranger artifact obsidian from 23 sites with hydration bands ranging stations, guard stations, visitor information centers, and other from 0.9 to 7.7 microns. or the experiment, we divided the facilities. The region just completed two Section 106 obsidian equally between two prescribed burns, and placed training sessions that focused on administrative facilities. It the obsidian in three areas based on ground fuels condition. already has a historic context and a programmatic agreement “Light fuels” were those composed of pine needles and leaf for the property type. It will negotiate an amendment to an litter (or, in firefighters’ terms, 1-hour fuels), “woody fuels” existing agreement, to account for the facilities master consisted of twigs and branches ¼ to 1-inch in diameter (i.e., planning process and manage this property type. 10-hour fuels), and “log fuels,” branches and small logs up to 8-inches in diameter (100-hour fuels). Within each fuel type, The Pacific Southwest Region has a complex, active, and 6 obsidian samples were placed at the ground surface below effective Heritage Program, managed by qualified the duff and atop mineral soil, and 3 samples were placed at professionals. It includes: depths of 5 to 8cm. Thermocouples were inserted into the soil next to the obsidian and connected by a cable to a * Project compliance work in recreation, timber, forest datalogger outside the fireline set to record temperatures at health, wildlife, fire, minerals, range, engineering, and designated time intervals (igure 1). The obsidian was special uses; retrieved following the burns and resubmitted for hydration * Stewardship projects to protect, stabilize, and rehabilitate readings. heritage resources; The first of the two prescribed burns occurred in an area * Public outreach interpretation, environmental education, where there was no history of any wildland or prescribed fires and volunteer projects; since at least 1910, when the orest Service began keeping records. The lack of fires in the area had resulted in fairly * Research in the human dimensions of ecosystems and heavy fuel loads estimated at 40 tons per acre. At our historic ecology; obsidian study area, the forest floor inventory of “light” fuels measured 20 tons per acre of fuel, primarily in the form of * Coordination with other agencies, tribes, and the public; deep duff; “woody” fuels measured 31 tons per acre of fuel in and the form of duff and 1/4-inch to 1-inch diameter twigs and * Controversial and sensitive issues. branches; and “log” fuels measured 16 tons per acre of deep duff, twigs and an 8-inch diameter log. Ways to manage more efficiently and effectively are being explored to preserve the nation’s cultural heritage for On the day of ignition, relative humidities were between generations to come. 27 and 40%, winds were calm, soil moistures ranged around 26% between the surface and 8cm, and the woody fuel

moistures were fairly low, at 7 to 8%. lame lengths varied

○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ from 1 to 3 feet and scorch heights were from 10 to 15 feet. The flaming front crossed the obsidian study area in about 10 Fire Effects Studies on the minutes. The temperatures at the ground surface (where 6 of the samples were located) rose continuously over the next 2.5 Eldorado National Forest hours as the ground fire smoldered through the fuels above the samples, reaching a maximum of 522ºC under the log Krista Deal, Pacific Ranger District fuels. Maximum surface temperatures under the woody fuels were recorded at 310ºC, and under the light fuels at 306ºC. The Eldorado National orest began investigating the Temperatures at the mineral soil surface then dropped off effects of fire on cultural resources in the aftermath of the steadily during the next 6 hours. Subsurface temperatures 1992 Cleveland ire (Rood 1994; Deal 1995; Tremaine and peaked 6.5 hours after the flaming front crossed the obsidian Jackson 1995). Although many different types of effects were study plot, reaching a maximum of only 72ºC, also under the noted to artifacts and features within the fire, we understood log fuels. Due to the long-term smoldering of the fire in the little at the time about the parameters of the fire environment heavy ground fuels, temperatures at all the instrumented causing those effects and made few attempts to make study spots remained elevated over ambient temperatures for detailed observations on the nature of the impacts we the next 44 hours. observed. Later analysis led to the development of a field guide for recording fire effects and a form for making Two-thirds of the obsidian from this prescribed burn observations about fuel loads, fire behavior, fire intensity and returned from the lab with no visible hydration bands; the severity, fire effects, suppression impacts, and short and long- prescribed burn had essentially reset the obsidian hydration term threats to cultural resources (Deal 2001). “clock” to zero. Of these, 78% of the samples on the mineral soil surface had “erased” hydration bands, contrasted with In order to increase our understanding of fire-induced 22% of the samples placed below the soil surface. The impacts, in the fall of 1999 we initiated studies on the effects majority of effects occurred under the log fuels, where 78% of of fire to obsidian hydration. We selected 54 samples of the samples were altered, compared to 67% under woody

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 38 USFS California

Detailed results from both burns were presented at the 1999 annual SCA meetings, during a symposium on the effects of fire and heat on obsidian. Papers from this symposium will be available in a forthcoming publication edited by symposium organizers Tom Origer and Dave redrickson.

We also looked at the implications of using obsidian hydration data for landscape level reconstructions of fire histories and past fuel loads, based on the premise that high temperatures (hot wildfires) and long duration smoldering fires (resulting from heavy fuel loads) destroy hydration bands. Obsidian hydration bands were still present on 90% of the obsidian retrieved from surface contexts on the Pacific District of the Eldorado National orest. We believe this may be due to past reduced fuel loads resulting from deliberate Krista Deal landscape level burning by California Indians. ire histories derived from cores from fire-scarred trees, Figure 1. Fuels conditions in the first prescribed burn experiment. Obsidian samples were placed in light fuels under the duff on the left side of the frame, under covering the last 300 years on the Pacific District, the log in the center of the photo, and under the small twigs and branches to the indicate that frequent, low intensity fires burned right. Thermocouples were placed into the soil next to the obsidian and connected through the forest (without replacing the timbered with a cable to a datalogger set to record temperatures at designated time intervals. stands) on an average of every 6 to 7 years in the Arrows mark pin flags yellow pine / black oak belt, and nearly 13 years in the red fir zone. This frequency is much higher than fuels, and 56% under light fuels. that anticipated from lightning ignition alone; lightning ignitions only match the number of fires expected in the area Our second prescribed burn was conducted in an area once fire suppression policies were enacted. Complicating where the fuels had been previously managed with our hypothesis is the possibility that obsidian might rehydrate prescribed fire in 1978, 1979 and 1985, resulting in fuel loads after a fire, and might do so rather rapidly (Origer and on the forest floor averaging 21 tons per acre, with fuels at the Anderson 1994). We are currently conducting an experiment burn site consisting of less than a half inch of pine needles to determine if fire-altered obsidian rehydrates under natural mixed with a few pine cones, twigs and a few small logs. A conditions. well-developed duff layer was not present. As in the first burn, soil moistures were high and fuel moistures were fairly In another prescribed burn experiment conducted on the low on the day of ignition. The reduced fuel loads in the Pacific District, we observed the effects of heavy fuels around second burn resulted in flame lengths of only 3 to 12 inches, a granite boulder used as a surrogate for a boulder/bedrock and scorch heights of 2 feet. As in the first burn, the flaming mortar. This boulder was 50cm high by 120cm long, with 3.5 front crossed the obsidian study area in 10 minutes (igure 2). foot tall manzanita on one side and 6.0 foot tall manzanita on The temperatures at the soil surface peaked in only minutes, the other. Half of the boulder was covered with limbs varying and dropped off rapidly, also in a matter of minutes. from ¼ to 3 inches in diameter, pine cone bracts, a few dried Temperatures under the log fuels were similar to those oak leaves, small clumps of 4-inch high bear clover, pine achieved in the first burn, at 473ºC. Subsurface temperatures needles varying from ¼ to 1 inch deep, moss, lichen and began to rise after 15 minutes, reaching a maximum of only several small green annuals. The base of the boulder had 35ºC, also under the log fuels. Temperatures remained branches varying from 4 to 7 inches in diameter, with pine elevated for only 4 hours, with only 1/3 of the obsidian and oak leaf litter, duff to 1.5 inches thick, grasses and sparse exhibiting altered hydration. This contrasts with the earlier bear clover. uel loads in the grasses were estimated at 1 ton burn where 2/3 of the hydration was altered; none of the per acre, the 10 hour fuels were 2.3 tons per acre, and the 100 subsurface samples were affected, compared to 44% in the hour fuels were 3.0 tons per acre. On the day of ignition, the first burn. The reduced number of obsidian samples altered temperature was 80º, 10-hour fuel moistures were measured in this second burn may be due to the reduced smoldering at 10%, wind speeds were calm and the relative humidity was time. In both burns, surface materials suffered most, with at 38%. lame lengths varied from a few inches to 4 feet. 64% of the combined obsidian yielding post-burn erased Overall, this was a “cool” burn, and the green grasses in the hydration readings. The obsidian hydration was most altered burn area were not consumed. The vegetation on top of the in log fuels, where 61% of the total log fuel samples were boulder was mostly consumed, and large pockets of ash were affected. atop the boulder. Despite the cool burn, most of the heavy

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 39 USFS California fuels at the base of the boulder were consumed, resulting in a 15 x 12 x 6cm chunk of the rock face spalling off (igure 3). This spall was found 2 feet downhill of the boulder.

We also conducted extensive literature reviews on the effects of heat and fires on flaked stone, ground stone and other stone artifacts made from a variety of material types, such as chert, petrified wood, slate, quartz, obsidian, basalt, tuff, granite, rhyolite, steatite, and sandstone, among other types of rock. Reported effects to these materials include breaking, spalling, crenulating, crazing, potlidding, microfracturing, pitting, bubbling, bloating, smudging, discoloring, adhesions, altered hydration, altered protein residue, and weight and density loss (Deal 2002). urther details regarding fire effects to artifacts made of stone will be included in a publication by the USDA (Jones and Ryan 2002). This publication will also include information on Krista Deal the effects of fire to ceramics, rock art, subsurface materials, and materials of the Figure 2. Fire burning across obsidian study samples in the second prescribed burn historic period, and will include discussions of experiment. Light fuels obsidian samples are under the pine needles to the left, fire behavior and the fire environment, risk woody fuels samples are in the center between the pin flags, and log fuels samples management, and data gaps (available later this year are under the small logs to the right. at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm). kind of information will increase our understanding of what The reported results of laboratory and prescribed burn happens to cultural resources in fires and will lead to more experiments, and observations made after wildland fires, effective management decisions regarding cultural resources point to several conclusions regarding fire effects: the higher threatened by fires. The Eldorado National orest is actively the temperature, the greater the effect; effects increase as using management directions for prescribed fires included as exposure time increases; effects similar to those occurring at a module to the Programmatic Agreement (PA) for treating elevated temperatures can also occur at reduced temperatures historic properties in the National orests of the Sierra if the exposure to heat is long enough; and protection can be Nevadas. Work is underway this summer to develop a “user’s afforded to materials by even a few centimeters of soil. This guide” to the application of protective measures and treatment protocols under this prescribed burn Figure 3. “BRM” boulder used in fire effects study following prescribed burn. All module. The guidelines provided by our prescribed fuels in the immediate vicinity of the boulder were consumed. A large spall broke off burn module are less extensive, but similar to the the face of the boulder where the dip can be seen along the top left edge. national interagency PA being developed for managing cultural resources under the new ederal ire Policy. This work is being completed by Rob Jackson of Pacific Legacy, Inc., under the auspices of the National Park Service. Several treatment protocols will be proposed under the national PA which may be used to aid in managing cultural resource values in wildland and prescribed fires, such as the use of minimal impact suppression techniques, non-staining retardant, buffer zones, heat resistant fabric to wrap cultural resources, and post-fire monitoring, among other things.

As a profession, there is still much that we do not understand about how fire alters different types of cultural resources. As California continues to experience large, intense wildfires each year, and as we move forward with prescribed burning more areas in an effort to reduce the scope of those wildfires, our Krista Deal need for more research into fire effects, as well as the

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 40 USFS California

effectiveness of various treatment measures in protecting ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ cultural resources, will become even more apparent.

References Cited:

Deal, Krista 2002 ire Effects to laked Stone, Ground Stone, and Other Stone Artifacts. Chapter 4 in “Wildland ire in Ecosystems: Effects of ire on Cultural Resources and Archeology”, edited by Anne Trinkle Jones and Kevin C. Ryan. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-42- Vol. 3. Ogden, Utah: USDA orest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 2001 Archaeological Investigations at Thirteen Sites within the Cleveland ire, Pacific Ranger District, Eldorado

National orest. Report on file at the Supervisor’s Tom Keter Office, Placerville, California. 1999 Effects of Prescribed ire on Obsidian and Volunteer excavators at Altaville, June 2000. Implications for Reconstructing Past Landscape Conditions. With contributions by Denise McLemore.

Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Altaville: The Story of a for California Archaeology, April 23-25, Sacramento, Successful PIT Project California. 1995 Pacific District Surveys in the Cleveland ire Area, El Mary Maniery Dorado County, California. Eldorado National orest Archaeological Reconnaissance Report ARRA 05-03- “A filthier, dirtier, nastier, noisier 331-146a. Report on file at the Supervisor’s Office, place I have not struck in the state.” - Wm. Brewer 1863 Placerville, California When land surveyor William Brewer wrote those words in Jones, Anne Trinkle and Kevin C. Ryan December of 1863 he was sitting outside Altaville, a “little 2002 Wildland ire in Ecosystems: Effects of ire on town on a sharp ridge” situated a few miles south of the Cultural Resources and Archeology, edited by Anne Oregon/California border in the northwest corner of the state. Trinkle Jones and Kevin C. Ryan. General Technical In Brewer’s day Altaville was the center of a copper mining Report RMRS-GTR-42-Vol. 3. Ogden, Utah: USDA district that boomed in interior Del Norte County in the early orest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station (in 1860s. The little town, located at Low Divide on the Pioneer press). Road (a major route into the mines), was laid out in 1862 in a Origer, Thomas and Jessica Anderson rather arid ecotone about 11 miles southeast of Brookings, 1994 Preliminary Results on an Assessment of the Effects of Oregon and 20 miles northeast of Crescent City, California. ire on Obsidian Specimens from CA-SON-48, Salt Point State Park, Sonoma County, California. San Jose, Altaville not only was the center of a civil War-era copper California: International Association for Obsidian mining district, it was the major town on the road between the Studies Newsletter 12. harbor at Crescent City and the gold mining community at Jacksonville, Oregon. As such, it served as a stage stop and Rood, Judy rest station for the teamsters, freight wagons and stage 1994 Archaeological Surveys on the Placerville District coaches that traveled over the route. At its peak between Portion of the Cleveland ire, ARRA 05-03-331-146b. 1863 and 1865 the town prospered with several saloons, On file in the Supervisor’s Office, Eldorado National hotels, a butcher shop, blacksmith shop, general stores, and orest, Placerville, California. mining offices and housing. Altaville dwindled quickly after Tremaine, Kim J. and Robert J. Jackson 1865 as the cycle of boom and bust played its course. Its 1995 The Cleveland ire Archaeological Site Evaluation demise was aided by the end of the civil war (reducing the Program on the Eldorado National orest. BioSystems need for copper) and the migration of the Jacksonville miners Analysis, Inc. With contributions by Rebecca Allen, to new gold fields. By the turn of the century the site was a William Bloomer, M. Kathleen Davis, Cristi Assad ramshackle collection of stone foundations, fallen houses, Hunter, Thomas L. Jackson, Jay King, Charles dust and one cabin, occupied by rank Zaar, the self- Miksicek and Margaret Newman. Prepared for appointed “caretaker.” Several attempts were made to open Eldorado National orest, Placerville, California. the copper and chromite mines in the 20th century, using Altaville as a base, but these ventures were short-lived and

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 41 USFS California the town site remained abandoned and isolated, but never forgotten.

In 1997 Six River National orest, searching for an historic site to excavate as part of the United States orest Service’s national Passport in Time (PIT) program, remembered Altaville. The town, located on both private and public lands, was the focus of several inventory projects in the late 1970s and early 1980s during a short mining venture in the county. No excavation had taken place, although the stone building foundations, trash scatters, and wells were recorded. Six Rivers partnered with the landowner and planned one week of excavation in 1998. The forest also partnered with PAR Environmental Services for the duration of the project. While Six Rivers ran the program, PAR provided the historical archaeological expertise in the field and lab and was responsible for cataloging, data base, artifact analysis, and reporting.

The first year at Altaville was an unqualified success, generating positive local and regional publicity. There was such a public demand to “do” archaeology and requests for more excavation that Six Rivers was inspired to try it another year. The interest generated during that week resulted in two more years of excavation, culminating in a final field session in June of 2000. In the three seasons of digging 381 Flattened. spoon from Altaville. volunteers put in 9,704 hours of their time excavating the Civil War town site. in 2000 also identified the water source for the town (hand The three years of excavation afforded us and opportunity dug cisterns), tent platforms, and the probable site of a to explore most of the lots that once lined the main street of miner’s cabin, the main town plaza. Altaville. Through the years volunteers uncovered a As archaeologists, it was extremely satisfying to have the blacksmith forge, found the living quarters for the late 1850s time and opportunity to reconstruct the 1860s town. The stage stop residence, expose the hotel built and owned by archaeological evidence allowed us to interpret living and Nicholas Tack and the mercantile store next door to Tack’s working areas in town, to estimate the size and mass of the Hotel. The final session concentrated on answering Tack Hotel (66 feet long, 20 feet wide and two or more questions raised during the previous two years and finally stories high), identify forges and domestic cooking areas, and discovered the garbage refuse from the Tack Hotel. Research verify the water source, layout, and design of the town as a whole and of individual lots. Working in the Lab at Altaville, June 2000. or many of the volunteers the highlight of the season was finally hitting the archaeological “jackpot”: whole or nearly whole bottles and dishes last touched by Altaville residents during the Civil War. A soup bowl with an English company mark, several medicine bottles, a piano hammer, a condiment bottle, and pieces of a door chime joined the 1000s of nails, bits of tin cans, and fragments of dishes that filled our on-site lab. These items were discussed around campfires at night, were carefully handled, and gave volunteers a hands-on sense of Altaville’s history, much more than the stained and hardened soil in the outdoor kitchen or the traces of the interior post hole in Tack’s Hotel treasured by the archaeological staff.

Historical archaeologists handle old bottles and ceramics regularly and it is easy to forget the real connection to the past that these artifacts can provide. It was a delight to view Tom Keter our profession through the eyes of volunteers, who treat these

SCA Newsletter 36(2) 42 USFS California old objects with such respect and delight in examining even the simplest nail. It was exciting to watch as these volunteers TOPO MAPS: uncovered porcelain buttons, corset stays and other objects that likely were used by Eleanor Tack or one of her female hotel guests so many years ago. The awed look on the face of LATITUDE/LONGITUDE, HISTORY & BASICS Nicholas Tack’s great-great-great granddaughter when she found a pewter serving spoon within the walls of his hotel Latitude and longitude represent the oldest and most widespread spoke clearer than words ever could about the feel for the past comprehensive geographical coordinate system. Latitude and longitude inspired by the PIT project. coordinates are rarely required in today’s archaeological records but there are still several reasons to learn the system. irst, the more common Public Land Recovering these simple objects of day-to-day life Survey and Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate systems described allowed the PIT participants to explore the lives of people below are based on a latitude and longitude organizing principle. Second, living in an isolated area of California during the Civil War. latitude and longitude are often the only position listed on older site records. Camping on the site for a week, enduring high winds that Third, latitude and longitude is a common reference system in historical land blew tents over in the dead of night, days of over 100 degree records and documents such as trail logs. weather, and even cold, clammy fog one morning gave everyone a true sense of what it was like to live at Altaville so long ago. Meridians of Longitude Lines of longitude are also Although the fieldwork is finished, the enthusiasm and called meridians. Longitude dedication of the volunteers is still evident in the collection. measures distance west or east The artifact labels within each bag, carefully written by the of a prime meridian. There are “lab rats” and sometimes illustrated with detailed drawings of 180° of longitude in each maker’s marks or decorative designs, provide silent and hemisphere, Eastern and eloquent testimony of the care that each individual volunteer Western. Longitude ranges put into their assigned task during a few hot summer weeks from 0° at the prime meridian to spread over three years. 180° east and west, on the opposite side of the globe. Note: Popular and technical reports on the Altaville excavations will be completed in fall/winter of 2002. Please contact Ken Wilson, Six Rivers National orest, for information. Parallels of Latitude The equator is a line of equadistance between the poles. Latitude measures distance north or south of the equator. Lines of latitude are also called parallels. There are 90° of latitude in each Ms. Altaville, 2000 hemisphere, Northern and (Alexandra Bush, Southern. Latitude is 0° at the 3 years old, equator and 90° at each of the our youngest poles. The North Pole is 90°N volunteer). and the South Pole is 90°S.

The Measure of Space and Time The 0o prime meridian passes through the site of the original Royal Observatory in Greenwich, outside London, also the locus of Greenwich Mean Time. On the opposite side of Earth, 180o corresponds to the mid-Pacific International Date Line.

Tom Keter

Tom Keter SCA Newsletter 36(2) 43 Field Tips

Degrees, Minutes, Seconds Each degree (°) of latitude or longitude is subdivided into 60 minutes ('). Each minute is subdivided into 60 seconds ("). Degrees, minutes, and seconds are progressively more precise measures of space. Specific points, such as site locations, are measured down to the nearest second.

In the mid-latitudes of the continental United States, one degree of latitude equals approximately 69 miles (111 km), one minute is just over one mile, and one second is around 100 feet. Note that these distances would vary from the equator (where all lines of latitude and longitude diverge to the maximum extent) to the poles (where all lines of longitude and latitude converge).

122o07’30”W Precise points are logged using the full phrase: 40o22’30”N Degrees Minutes Seconds Hemispheric Position

Why are Quad sheets are also called “seven-and-a-half minute sheets”? Quad sheets are 7’30” (7.5 minutes) of longitude and 7’30” (7.5 minutes) of latitude.

This sheet spans 122o07’30”W to 122o15’W Longitude,

and

40o15’N to 40o22’30”N Latitude If both dimensions are 7.5’, why is the sheet longer than wide? Hemipheric latitude is measured by 90o, while hemispheric longitude is measured by 180o, so 7’30”latitude covers more space than 7’30” longitude.

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SCA Newsletter 36(2) 2 473

○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Advertisements Society for California Archaeology Newsletter

Volume 36, Number 2, March 2002

Regular Features

From the President A quarterly newsletter of articles and information Dana McGowan ...... 3 essential to California archaeology. Contributions are welcome. Lead articles should be 1,500-2,000 words. Longer articles may appear in installments. Send SCA Business and Activities submissions as hard copy or on diskette to: SCA Legislation Committee ...... 4 Newsletter, Department of Anthropology, CSU Chico, Chico CA 95929-0400 or as email or attachments to: Proceedings ...... 6 Information Center Committee ...... 7 Avocational Committee ...... 7

The SCA Executive Board encourages publication of a Archaeology Month ...... 8 wide range of opinions on issues pertinent to California Site Stewardship Committee ...... 8 archaeology. Opinions, commentary, and editorials Native American Programs...... 9 appearing in the Newsletter represent the views of the authors, and not necessarily those of the Board or Editor. Lead article authors should be aware that their articles may appear on the SCA web site, unless they request Reports and Announcements otherwise. Hate Crimes on Sacred Sites ...... 10 Indian Mounds State Park ...... 12 Editorial Staff SCA at SAA ...... 14 Managing Editor ...... Greg White (530) 898-4360 Editorial Assistance . . . . . Rose White (530) 898-5554 Irradiation and NRHP ...... 15 Advertising ...... (530) 898-5554 Annual Meeting Wrap-Up ...... 16 New Publications ...... 22 Contributing Editors Avocational News . . . Myra Herrmann (916) 653-1655 Field Tips ...... 42 Federal Agency News Russ Kaldenberg (916) 978-4635 Historical Archaeology ...... open Articles New Publications . . . . Newsletter Staff (530) 898-5554 State Agency News . . Thad Van Buren (916) 653-1427 Evolving Holocene Landscapes and Cultural Land Use Patterns Newsletter Deadlines For Issue ...... Deadline ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ in the Ballona Wetlands of Coastal Southern California (Poster) March ...... February 20 Jeffery A Homburg, Eric C. Brevik, Jefferey H. Altschul, Anthony R. Orme, June ...... May 20 and Steven D. Shelley ...... 24 September ...... August 20 December ...... November 20 As It Was: Part III Calendar Submissions Francis A. Riddell ...... 26 position open: ...... temporarily send submissions to [email protected] F. Lee Motz, June 14, 1934-April 17, 2002 Advertising Rates Glenn Farris ...... 32 1/4 page ...... $70 1/2 page ...... $100 Full page ...... $175 Heritage Program, Pacific Southwest Region, USDA Forest Service Judy Rose ...... 34 Ads that run three or more consecutive issues receive a 15% discount. Fire Effects Studies on the Eldorado National Forest Krista Deal ...... 37

Cover: Florence Lake, Sierra National Forest, courtesy Southern California Edison. Photo by Chris Morgan, Pacific Legacy. Altaville: the Story of a Successful PIT Project Mary Maniery...... 40

SCA Newsletter 36(2) SCA Newsletter 36(2) SCA Membership Society for Check One ___Student ...... $25.00 ___Senior ...... $25.00 ___Spouse ...... $25.00 CaliforniaCalifornia ArchaeologyArchaeology ___Regular ...... $60.00 ___Institutional ...... $75.00 Newsletter ___Contributing ...... $100.00 ___Corporate ...... $250.00 Founded 1966 Volume 36, Number 2 June 2002 Education ___Life ...... $600.00

Research Please Complete Preservation Name...... Inside Meetings Address ...... ♦ President’s Message: 3, 33-34. Publications ...... ♦ Annual Meeting Wrap: 16-21...... ♦ New Publications: 22-23. City/State/Zip...... Mail this membership form and address changes to: ♦ As It Was, Part III: 26-31. Phone ( ) ...... ♦ USFS California: 34-42. Society for California Archaeology FAX ( )...... Business Office Department of Anthropology, CSU Chico e-mail ...... Chico, CA 95929-0401 Membership Year January 1, 200_ to December 31, 200_ Preston Arrow-weed Wins the CIHPA Award. Society for California Archaeology Business Office page 18 Department of Anthropology, CSU Chico Chico, CA 95929-0401 Time Sensitive Material

Address Service Requested Archaeology and Fire! page 37

Miss Altaville, 2000 page 42 USUS orestorest ServiceService Lee Motz, Society for California 17 April 2002 Archaeology Newsletter page 32 ProjectsProjects inin CaliforniaCalifornia Volume 36, No. 2

SCA Newsletter 36(2)