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Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Sustainability Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Sustainability www.jases.org e-ISSN 2360-8013 e-ISSN:2360-8013 Volume 3 Issue 8, 2017 Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Sustainability www.jases.org e-ISSN 2360-8013 JASES Volume 3, Issue 8, page 1 to 122, is a Special Issue Publication covering selected and revised papers after Peer-reviewed by Scientific Committee from The International Conference on Science, Engineering, and the Social Sciences (ICSESS) convened at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in 2016 and also after Peer-reviewed by reviewers of JASES. The ICSESS served as an academic platform for championing the pursuit of excellence in various research areas. Special thanks to the Chief Guest Editor and Guest Editors who have made this possible. ii | P a g e Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Sustainability www.jases.org e-ISSN 2360-8013 JASES Editorial Board Editors-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Malay Chaudhuri Emeritus Professor, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia Dr. Ibraheem Dooba Special Adviser, Niger State Government, Nigeria Managing Editor Dr. Augustine Chioma Affam University College of Technology Sarawak, Malaysia Technical Editor Dr. Ahmad Abba Haruna Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia iii | P a g e Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Sustainability www.jases.org e-ISSN 2360-8013 ICSESS Guest Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Nourudeen Bashir ICSESS Guest Editors: Dr. Mohammed Mukhtar Musa Dr. Abdulazeez Umar Raji Dr. Bosede Edwards Bemgba Bevan Nyakuma Dauda Umar Suleiman Kayode Ibrahim Adenuga Badiru Yunusa Yusuf iv | P a g e Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Sustainability www.jases.org e-ISSN 2360-8013 CONTENTS Damp and Its Effects: Insights from Tal 1 - 8 John James Anumah, Lesado Anumah, PeterYakong A Review of Infill Development Strategies in Nigeria 9 - 22 Muhammad Ali Chiroma, Adamu Harir Isa, Bukar Abba Gana, Audu Gani Bogoro Regression Model to Predict Micro-Hardness of Al-Si-Mg/Coconut Shell Ash Particulate Composite 23 - 33 Gambo Anthony Victor, Samuel Moveh The Effect of Vegetation in Enhancing the Performance of Courtyard in Buildings of Tropical Climate 34 - 42 Modi S. Zango, Dilshan R. Ossen, Doris H. C. Toe, Pontip S. Nimlyat, Oluwagbemiga P. Agboola, Bobai J. Luke Investigating Ethnic Residents’ Satisfaction within Neighbourhood Open Space towards Achieving Appropriate Improvements in South-West Nigeria 43 - 53 O. P. Agboola, M. H. Rasidi, I. Said, S. D. Zakka, A. W. Shuaibu Review On Organizational Culture Typologies 54 - 64 Sani Abdullahi Sarki, Razali Bin Adulhamid, Mahmood W. Y. W Assessment of the Production Capacity of Cement Factories and Prices of Cement in Nigeria 65 - 71 Okigbo O. N., Gana A. A. and Fabunmi F.O. A Proposed Method of Exploring the Use of Kinetic Architecture for Housing the Migrant Fulbe in Nigeria 72 - 83 Sarkile Abubakar Kawuwa v | P a g e Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Sustainability www.jases.org e-ISSN 2360-8013 Botanical Gardens as Drivers of Climate Change Mitigation and Urban Sustainability in Ondo-State, Nigeria 84 - 100 Afolabi Festus Akinyoyenu, Mohammad Rafee Bin Majid, Irina Safitri Zen Performative Culture: National Museum Akure as a Spectator of Cowry Head Cult in Akure Kingdom 101 – 112 Olufemi Timothy Ogunbode, Abdulmallik Aminu, Ezekiel Babatunde Ogunbode Ethnocide and Genocide of the Relics of Nigerian’s Mother Culture: Community Museum as a way forward 113 - 122 Olufemi Timothy Ogunbode, Yakubu Aminu Dodo, Ezekiel Babatunde Ogunbode Performance Assessment of Sustainable Architectural Practice in Nigeria: Insights from the Diminishing Role of the Architect 123 - 140 Enwerekowe, Ebelechukwu Obianuju, Tsok, Dauda Joel vi | P a g e ©Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Sustainability 3 (8): 1 - 8, 2017 e-ISSN 2360-8013 Research Article Damp and Its Effects: Insights from Tal 1 2 1 John James Anumah , Lesado Anumah , PeterYakong 1 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Jos-Nigeria 2 Archshel Development Ltd. Jos-Nigeria Email: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO A b s t r a c t Shelter is one of the most essential needs of mankind which is usually exposed Article history to the elements of weather. Damp as an issue affecting buildings has been one Received: 01/07/2017 of the most challenging problems to deal with not because it is impossible, but Accepted: 05/08/2017 due to the fact that people have little knowledge to what extent it affects buildings. Rising damp cause damages to buildings. These effects have Damp; Capillary Action; affected buildings in Tal village of Gombe State. It is alarming to note that Penetration; Condensation. there is no set out plan in view to solving the effect of damp on buildings. This paper sought to identify the cause(s) and proffer concrete measures to resolving the problem. A triangulated approach was adopted for this research. Existing literature on the subject matter was studied; questionnaires were administered in the study area and analysed; on-site survey and interviews to ascertain and analyse the problem first hand (physically). Results revealed that rising damp mostly affected the walls and floors between the months of April and October where precipitation peaks at 254mm in the month of August. Poor drainage, poor design, poor quality of construction materials and mixed land use were factors responsible for rising damp in Tal. Peeling of plaster and paint, mould growth, wetting of floors and walls and decay of skirting were the effects. © Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Sustainability. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction The access or penetration of moisture contents inside a building through its walls, floors or roof is known as dampness. Dampness in building is an important aspect to consider during building design. If neglected, it will affect the building structure adversely and create unhygienic condition for the persons living in that building (Suryakanta, 2015). Damp is considered as a major cause of decay in masonry material such as stones, bricks and mortars all over the world (Kportufe, 2015). Rising damp in buildings is the vertical flow of water up through a permeable wall structure, the water being derived from ground water. The water raises through the pores (capillaries) in the masonry by a process termed ‘capillary action or capillarity’ 1 | P a g e ©Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Sustainability 3 (8): 1 - 8, 2017 e-ISSN 2360-8013 (Taylor 2017). The height to which the water will rise depends on several factors including pore structure and rate of evaporation. Masonry containing a high proportion of fine pores will allow the water to rise higher than a coarse pored material. The average size of pores in masonry gives a theoretical rise of around 1.5 meters but where evaporation is severely retarded, for example by the use of impervious membranes, moisture can sometimes rise in excess of 2 meters (Safeguard 2007). Source: Safeguard 2007 Figure 1: water rising through mortar beds 2. Categories of Damp on Building The major path through which the water rises are the mortar beds, for water to raise through the bricks then it must cross a mortar bed. In effect, the mortar beds form the only continuous pathways for water rising through the wall. If a house is built from impervious bricks then water can still rise through the mortar bed but if an impervious mortar is used then water will not rise even if the bricks are very porous. The mortar beds will form an important part in the chemical treatment for rising damp. (Rirsch et al 2009). Kinsey (2014), Hall (2009), Sutcliffe (2010), Barry (2011) and Donnithorne (2014) categorized damp to include: Rising damp: This is caused by ground water moving up through a wall. The porous nature of stone and bricks makes them act like sponges drawing water up from the wet soil. Penetration (lateral) damp: Horizontal or penetrating damp can be due to leaking water supply of waste pipes, or tile grouts in shower alcoves and other wet areas. Drip from air-conditioning or hot water system over-flows can also be a cause of the problem. Condensation damp: this form of damp occurs on the surface where the relative humidity in the air is increased by human activities such as bathing, washing and drying indoors without suitable ventilation. 2 | P a g e ©Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Sustainability 3 (8): 1 - 8, 2017 e-ISSN 2360-8013 Figure 2: Condensation damp Figure 3: Rising damp Source: Dryhome 2017 2.1 Primary Causes of Damp Suryakanta (2015) stated the primary causes of dampness in buildings thus: Poor quality of construction material: concrete, brick or plaster possess within them interconnected void. When these come in contact with water, aided by capillary action, water moves in different directions. Bad design: it is important to consider the source of water that can penetrate through the building and the type of damp proof course to be provided mentioned during the design stage of the building. Faulty construction or bad workmanship: if 15mm damp-proof-course is specified and 10mm used instead, it will not serve the purpose for which it was constructed and consequently lead to dampness. 2.2 Effects of Damp Zeeshan (2016) stated the effects of damp viz: It causes dry rot (a fungal disease that causes timber to become brittle and crumble into powder) to the wooden portion of the building. It causes Corrosion of metals used in construction. It causes peeling off or removal of plaster. It causes blistering of paints. Destroys electrical installations. It reduces the life of the structure. It causes unhygienic conditions for the occupants of the building. 3 | P a g e ©Journal of Applied Sciences & Environmental Sustainability 3 (8): 1 - 8, 2017 e-ISSN 2360-8013 2.3 Damp Prevention Suryakanta, (2017) recommended the following techniques for damp prevention: Use of damp proof courses (DPC): These are layers or membranes of water repellent materials such as bituminous felts, mastic asphalt, plastic sheets, cement concrete, mortar, metal sheets, stones etc.
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