DOCSLIB.ORG

The Other Report on Chernobyl (TORCH)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Other Report on Chernobyl (TORCH) Embargoed to 11 am Central Europe time (10 am UK time) April 6, 2006 The Other Report on Chernobyl (TORCH) An independent scientific evaluation of the health-related effects of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster with critical analyses of recent IAEA/WHO reports Ian Fairlie PhD, UK David Sumner DPhil, UK With an Afterword by Professor Angelina Nyagu, Ukraine April 6, 2006 1 Acknowledgements This report was financed by Rebecca Harms, MEP, of the Greens/EFA Party in the European Parliament, the Altner-Crombacher Foundation and the Hatzfeld Foundation. The publishers are grateful in particular to Herr Günter Altner, Frau Altner and Herr Graf Hatzfeld for their support. ------ The authors thank Dr M DeCort of DG-TREN of the European Commission for permission to reproduce plates from the Atlas of Caesium Deposition on Europe after the Chernobyl Accident (1998) EUR Report 16733. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. The authors also thank Dr Y Demidchik for permission to reproduce figure 4.2. The authors thank Dr K Baverstock, Professor Y Dubrova, U Fink and Dr W Neumann for their helpful comments on drafts of the report. The authors also thank Dr E Cardis, Dr GN Kelly, Dr E Lyman, Professor A Nyagu, Dr T Ruff, M Schneider, J Simmonds and others for their helpful information. They also thank Margit Göbel, Silke Malorny and Anna Turmann for their expert administrative help. Any errors, of course, remain the sole responsibility of the authors. 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................5 Chapter 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................8 AIMS OF THE REPORT ..............................................................................................................8 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS ..........................................................................................................8 RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVITY ................................................................................................9 Uncertainty ........................................................................................................................9 Difficulties with Epidemiology Studies..............................................................................10 Polarised Views on Radiation Risks ................................................................................10 RECOMMENDED READING LIST ...............................................................................................12 Chapter 2. The Chernobyl Accident and Source Term ...........................................................13 THE ACCIDENT ......................................................................................................................13 SOURCE TERM ......................................................................................................................14 Reactor Inventory ............................................................................................................16 RELEASE ESTIMATES FOR MAIN NUCLIDES ..............................................................................17 Estimates for Cs-137 and I-131 .......................................................................................18 The Question of Plate-Out...............................................................................................19 ANNEX 2A: EXCERPT FROM OECD/NEA (1995).....................................................................20 ANNEX 2B. ORIGINAL TABLE REPRODUCED FROM SICH (1996)..................................................21 ANNEX 2C. DERIVATION OF CS-137 AND I-131 SOURCE TERMS ................................................22 Chapter 3. Dispersion and Deposition of Chernobyl Fallout ...................................................24 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................24 DEPOSITION DENSITY MEASUREMENTS ...................................................................................25 Official Reactions.............................................................................................................31 CS-137 FROM TEST BOMB FALLOUT .......................................................................................31 CONTAMINATION LEVELS - WHAT DO THEY MEAN?....................................................................33 CS-137 CONTAMINATION .......................................................................................................35 EFFECTS THROUGHOUT EUROPE ............................................................................................36 CONTINUING HIGH LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION........................................................................37 RESTRICTED REPORTING BY UNSCEAR (2000) AND IAEA/WHO (2005A, 2005B) ...................38 ANNEX 3A. CHERNOBYL CONTAMINATION BY AREA IN EACH COUNTRY ........................................40 ANNEX 3B. FUTURE EFFECTS FROM CHERNOBYL.....................................................................41 Chapter 4. Health Effects Resulting from the Chernobyl Accident..........................................42 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................42 (1) THYROID CANCER ............................................................................................................43 How many more thyroid cancers can we expect?............................................................45 Thyroid cancer in adults...................................................................................................46 3 Thyroid cancers outside Belarus, Ukraine and Russia ....................................................47 (2) LEUKAEMIA ......................................................................................................................48 Leukaemia in cleanup workers ........................................................................................48 Leukaemia in residents of contaminated areas ...............................................................49 Leukaemia in other European countries ..........................................................................49 (3) OTHER SOLID CANCERS ....................................................................................................51 Cancers in cleanup workers ............................................................................................51 Breast cancer in Belarus, Ukraine and Russia ................................................................51 Bladder and Kidney Cancer.............................................................................................52 Cancer in other European countries ................................................................................52 (4) NON-CANCER EFFECTS .....................................................................................................52 (a) Cataract Induction ......................................................................................................53 (b) Cardiovascular diseases ............................................................................................53 (5) HERITABLE EFFECTS.........................................................................................................54 (6) MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL EFFECTS ..................................................................54 ANNEX 4. RADIATION DOSE UNITS ..........................................................................................56 Chapter 5. Collective Doses ...................................................................................................57 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................57 A. Collective Dose Estimates for Belarus, Ukraine and Russia .......................................58 B. Collective Doses in the Rest of Europe.......................................................................59 C. Collective Doses in the Rest of the World (excluding the whole of Europe)................59 D. Global Collective Doses..............................................................................................60 COLLECTIVE DOSES FROM LONG-LIVED NUCLIDES...................................................................61 COMPARISON WITH OTHER RELEASES .....................................................................................61 ANNEX 5A. BENNETT’S STUDY................................................................................................62 ANNEX 5B. COLLECTIVE DOSE ESTIMATES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES........................................63 Chapter 6. Predicted Excess Cancer Deaths..........................................................................64 PREDICTIONS FOR BELARUS, UKRAINE AND RUSSIA .................................................................64 GLOBAL PREDICTIONS OF EXCESS CANCER DEATHS ................................................................64 Radiation Risk Estimates and DDREFs...........................................................................65 Inappropriate Comparisons with Background Radiation..................................................66
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Chernobyl Liquidator Medal—An Educational Essay
    Article Chernobyl’s Lesser Known Design Flaw: The Chernobyl Liquidator Medal—An Educational Essay Michael McIntire * and John Luczaj Department of Natural & Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Green Bay, Green Bay, WI 54311, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-920-465-5131 Received: 26 June 2019; Accepted: 7 August 2019; Published: 9 August 2019 Abstract: The honorary Chernobyl Liquidator Medal depicts pathways of alpha, gamma, and beta rays over a drop of blood, signifying the human health impacts of the Chernobyl accident. A relativistic analysis of the trajectories depicted on the Chernobyl Liquidator Medal is conducted assuming static uniform magnetic and electric fields. The parametric trajectories are determined using the energies of alpha (α) and beta (β) particles relevant to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident and compared with the trajectories depicted on the liquidator medal. For minimum alpha particle velocity of 0.0512c, the beta particle trajectory depicted on the medal is highly unlikely to have come from a naturally occurring nuclear decay process. The parametric equations are used to determine the necessary beta energies to reproduce the depicted trajectories. This article documents the unfortunate misrepresentation of a famous scientific experiment on an honorary medal and illustrates the importance of better communication between artists and scientists. Keywords: Chernobyl; liquidator; medal; radiation; trajectories; physics; design 1. Introduction 1.1. The Chernobyl Power Station Accident and the Liquidators With near universal acceptance of global climate change by today’s scientific community, coupled with a looming energy shortage as carbon-based fuels become increasingly limited, there has been a revitalization of nuclear energy throughout much of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Chernobyl on Health and Labour Market Performance
    The Impact of Chernobyl on Health and Labour Market Performance Hartmut Lehmann1 and Jonathan Wadsworth2 June 2011 1. Department of Economics and DARRT, University of Bologna; IZA, Bonn; WDI; and DIW, Berlin. 2. Royal Holloway College, University of London, Egham; Centre for Economic Performance at the London School of Economics; CReAM and IZA, Bonn. Corresponding author: Jonathan Wadsworth Economics Department Royal Holloway College University of London Egham TW20 0EX [email protected] We thank Lenina Akkineni for valuable research assistance and Natalia Kharchenko at KIIS for most helpful advice on the dataset. We are grateful to Carlos Bozzoli, Andrea Ichino, Martin Kahanec, participants at the IZA workshop on “Analysis of Labour Market Adjustment in Transition and Emerging Economies Using Large Micro-Data Sets”, the ESCIRRU conference in Moscow and at seminars at the LSE, Bologna and DIW, Berlin for helpful comments. Lehmann also acknowledges financial support by the European Commission within the project “Economic and Social Consequences of Industrial Restructuring in Russia and Ukraine” (ESCIRRU). The Impact of Chernobyl on Health and Labour Market Performance Abstract Using longitudinal data from Ukraine we examine the extent of any long-lasting effects of radiation exposure from the Chernobyl disaster on the health and labour market performance of the adult workforce. The variation in the local area level of radiation fallout from the Chernobyl accident is considered as a random exogenous shock with which to try to establish its causal impact on poor health, labour force participation, hours worked and wages. There appears to be a significant positive association between local area-level radiation dosage and perception of poor health, though much weaker associations between local area-level dosage and other specific self- reported health conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Visual Geography of Chernobyl Davies, Thom
    University of Birmingham A visual geography of Chernobyl Davies, Thom DOI: 10.1017/S0147547913000379 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (Harvard): Davies, T 2013, 'A visual geography of Chernobyl: double exposure', International Labor and Working-class History , vol. 84, pp. 116-139. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0147547913000379 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: © Cambridge University Press 2013 Checked for repository 10/10/2014 General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive.
    [Show full text]
  • APR 2020 Part A.Pdf
    1 HZS C2BRNE DIARY – April 2020 www.cbrne-terrorism-newsletter.com 2 HZS C2BRNE DIARY – April 2020 HZS C2BRNE DIARY– 2020© April 2020 Website: www.cbrne-terrorism-newsletter.com Editor-in-Chief BrigGEN (ret.) Ioannis Galatas MD, MSc, MC (Army) PhD cand Consultant in Allergy & Clinical Immunology Medical/Hospital CBRNE Planner & Instructor Senior Asymmetric Threats Analyst Manager, CBRN Knowledge Center @ International CBRNE Institute (BE) Senior CBRN Consultant @ HotZone Solutions Group (NL) Athens, Greece Contact e-mail: [email protected] Editorial Team ⚫ Bellanca Giada, MD, MSc (Italy) ⚫ Hopmeier Michael, BSc/MSc MechEngin (USA) ⚫ Kiourktsoglou George, BSc, Dipl, MSc, MBA, PhD (UK) ⚫ Photiou Steve, MD, MSc EmDisaster (Italy) ⚫ Tarlow Peter, PhD Sociol (USA) A publication of HotZone Solutions Group Prinsessegracht 6, 2514 AN, The Hague, The Netherlands T: +31 70 262 97 04, F: +31 (0) 87 784 68 26 E-mail: [email protected] DISCLAIMER: The HZS C2BRNE DIARY® (former CBRNE-Terrorism Newsletter), is a free online publication for the fellow civilian/military CBRNE First Responders worldwide. The Diary is a collection of papers/articles related to the stated thematology. Relevant sources/authors are included and all info provided herein is from open Internet sources. Opinions and comments from the Editor, the Editorial Team or the authors publishing in the Diary do not necessarily represent those of the HotZone Solutions Group (NL) or the International CBRNE Institute (BE). www.cbrne-terrorism-newsletter.com 3 HZS C2BRNE DIARY – April
    [Show full text]
  • The Chornobyl Disasterin the Cultural and Historical Discourse
    І Міжнародна наукова конференція «ВОЄННІ КОНФЛІКТИ ТА ТЕХНОГЕННІ КАТАСТРОФИ: історичні та психологічні наслідки»(до 35 роковин аварії на Чорнобильській АЕС) 2. Sriramachari, S. (2004), The Bhopal gas tragedy: An environmental disaster. Current Science, 86(7), 905-920. Retrieved April 19, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/24109273 3. Mittal A. (2015): Retrospection of Bhopal gas tragedy, Toxicological &Environmental Chemistry, DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2015.1125903 4. Basha O., Alajmy J., Newaz T. (2009) Bhopal gas Tragedy: A safety case study, from https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/187848. UDC 165.2 Shchyhelska H., Ph.D., Assoc. Prof. Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, Ukraine THE CHORNOBYL DISASTERIN THE CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL DISCOURSE Щигельська Г., к.істор.н., доц. ЧОРНОБИЛЬСЬКА КАТАСТРОФА У КУЛЬТУРНО-ІСТОРИЧНОМУ ДИСКУРСІ The Chernobyl disaster is a tragic event that impressed everyone with its scale, caused international resonance and was reflected in various forms of cultural reproduction which prompted a new understanding of the world as well as became a «generator» of historical experience and «living memory» of the Ukrainian nation. The Chornobyl Exclusion Zone can be considered a place of the technological, socio-cultural and political crisis. The zone arose rather as a result of that crisis - it is a symbol of the dead political system and utopian Soviet ideals. In Western literature the expression «cultural Chernobyl» which distinguishes the constituent basis of «spiritual extinction» is often used in relation to the mental and spiritual crisis of the post-Soviet society. In fact, after the collapse of the USSR, Ukraine, rising on the ruins of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, was held hostage to the disaster and it became a mnemonic place of rethinking of the post-Soviet life in general by gradually becoming a transit meeting place for West and East.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nuclear Accident at Chernobyl: Immediate and Further Consequences
    The article was received on September 10, 2020, and accepted for publishing on February 13, 2021. VARIA The nuclear accident at Chernobyl: Immediate and further consequences Symeon Naoum1, Vasileios Spyropoulos1 Abstract: The accident at Chernobyl occurred in April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Soviet Union. The incident occurred during a scheduled safety test. A combination of inherent reactor design flaws and operators’ mistakes resulted in reactor’s No.4 disaster and the emission of a large quantity of radiation. The immediate actions involved the fire extinguishing, the cleanup of radioactive residues and the prevention of a new explosion. For this purpose, plenty of people worked with self-sacrifice. The people who lived nearby were removed. As far as the socio-economic impact for the Soviet Union is concerned, it was quite serious. Moreover, the environmental and human health consequences were also alarming with thyroid cancer being the most studied. Useful conclusions, especially for the safety both of reactors and nuclear power, as well as for the impact of radiation at ecosystems have been drawn. The debate about the use of nuclear power has remained open ever since. Keywords: nuclear power, thyroid cancer, RBMK reactor, radiation, radioactivity, liquidators INTRODUCTION while 28 firemen and employees finally died. The Chernobyl The Chernobyl nuclear accident occurred on 26 April 1986 in accident is considered the most damaging nuclear power the light water graphite moderated reactor No 4 at the plant accident in history. The Chernobyl and the Fukushima Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, close the town of Pripyat, in accident are the two nuclear accidents classified as a level 7 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Soviet Union, roughly (the maximum classification) on the International Nuclear 100km of the city of Kiev [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Chernobyl Experience in the Field of Retrospective Dosimetry
    CHERNOBYL EXPERIENCE IN THE FIELD OF RETROSPECTIVE DOSIMETRY Vadim Chumak and Elena Bakhanova Research Center for Radiation Medicine AMS Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine [email protected] INTRODUCTION The Chernobyl accident, which occurred on April 26, 1986 at the nuclear power plant (NPP) located less than 150 km north of Kiev, is the largest nuclear accident ever. Unprecedented scale of the accident was determined not only by the amount of released activity, but also by a number of population and workers involved and, therefore, exposed to enhanced doses of ionising radiation [1]. The population of the 30-km exclusion zone numbering about 116,000 persons of all ages and both genders was evacuated within days and weeks after the accident. Emergency workers called "liquidators of the accident" or liquidators (males age 20-50) were involved into clean-up and recovery for 5 years and their total number is estimated as 600,000, of whom about 300,000 are Ukrainian citizens [2]. Due to an unexpected and excessively large scale accident, none of residents had personal dosimeters, coverage with personal dosimetry of liquidators was not total, dosimetry techniques and practices were far from the optimum [3]. As a result, an acute need for retrospective dose assessment was dictated by radiation protection and research considerations. This need was responded by implementation of wide scale dose reconstruction efforts, which covered main exposed cohorts and encompassed broad variety of newly developed methods: analytical (time-and-motion), modelling, biological and physical (EPR spectroscopy of teeth, thermoluminescence (TL) of quartz). The paper summarizes experience of Research Center for Radiation Medicine (RCRM) in the field of retrospective dosimetry of large cohorts of exposed population and professionals.
    [Show full text]
  • Chernobyl Liquidators - the People and the Doses
    Available online at www.worldnewsnaturalsciences.com WNOFNS 4 (2016) 44-60 EISSN 2543-5426 Chernobyl Liquidators - the people and the doses Luis K. Gan-Jose1,*, Virginia Gonzalez-Kimena2 1Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore - 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 2Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Nuestra Señora de la Victoria s/n, 20700 Jaca, Spain *E-mail address: [email protected] ABSTRACT The clean-up operations following the Chernobyl accident were arguably the greatest in the history of mankind. This paper is not intended to give a comprehensive review of the Chernobyl related research, we present only a review of the scientific literature available till now about the “liquidators”, i.e. people who performed the task of decontamination work near the damaged Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Most of the approximately 300,000 liquidators who took part in the mitigation of the local consequences of the Chernobyl accident between 1986 and 1989 received only low radiation doses which are comparable or lower than those documented in nuclear worker registries. The health consequences from these radiation doses are too small to be identifiable in any epidemiological study that does not target specific sub-groups with potentially higher exposure. From our review of the published literature, several criteria are derived which could be used to identify potentially suitable sub-populations; in particular, among those being the liquidators who participated in the clean-up work during in 1986, including CNPP staff, special groups such as the “sarcophagus workers” (39), helicopter crews (3, 48), liquidators from the Institute of Biophysics who had participated in clean-up work in Chernobyl (12, 20), the Samoilenko group (12), sarcophagus builders (12) and groups other that the aforementioned.
    [Show full text]
  • 12 835 På Forespørsel Garantert
    Tel : +47 22413030 | Epost :[email protected]| Web :www.reisebazaar.no Karl Johans gt. 23, 0159 Oslo, Norway Chernobyl & Kiev Long Weekend Turkode Destinasjoner Turen starter AWC Ukraina Kiev Turen destinasjon Reisen er levert av 4 dager Kiev Fra : NOK Oversikt Comprehensive tour of Chernobyl Exclusion Zone and Nuclear Power Plant Reiserute Day 1 Start Kiev. This trip starts in Kiev, Ukraine's mighty and fast-evolving capital city. A sightseeing tour of Kiev will be offered on the last day of the trip before departure but those wishing to spend more time exploring this eclectic city and its many interesting heritage sites such as the National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War, may wish to extend the trip by a day or two. After check-in, we meet our local tour leader for a welcome briefing and group dinner. Overnight in Kiev. Day 2 Travel to Chernobyl; special tour inside Nuclear Power Station; explore the abandoned town of Pripyat and stay overnight within the Exclusion Zone. This morning we leave for Chernobyl and travel by comfortable private minibus for approximately 2 hours to Dytiatky, the main check point before entering official Exclusion Zone. After passing passport control and learning about some essential safety rules we start our comprehensive sightseeing tour by vehicle and on foot.On the way to the power plant we stop at the almost fully buried Kopachi village, which was highly contaminated by the high-level of radioactive fallout after the nuclear blast and subsequently bulldozed. A macabre and desolated kindergarten and one other brick building are the only structures that remain standing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chernobyl Necklace: the Psychosocial Experiences of Female Radiation Emergency Survivors
    Belgeo 2 (2015) Hazards and Disasters ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Becky Alexis-Martin The Chernobyl necklace: the psychosocial experiences of female radiation emergency survivors ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Avertissement Le contenu de ce site relève de la législation française sur la propriété intellectuelle et est la propriété exclusive de l'éditeur. Les œuvres figurant sur ce site peuvent être consultées et reproduites sur un support papier ou numérique sous réserve qu'elles soient strictement réservées à un usage soit personnel, soit scientifique ou pédagogique excluant toute exploitation commerciale. La reproduction devra obligatoirement mentionner l'éditeur, le nom de la revue, l'auteur et la référence du document. Toute autre reproduction est interdite sauf accord préalable de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Revues.org est un portail de revues en sciences humaines et sociales développé par le Cléo, Centre pour l'édition électronique ouverte (CNRS, EHESS, UP, UAPV). ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chernobyl 25 Years On
    Enhancing nuclear safety Chernobyl 25 years on In late April 1986, a major nuclear accident released a large quantity of radioactive material into the atmosphere… Collection of topics Units Some sources of radiation An introduction to the Chernobyl accident exposure for humans Becquerel The becquerel (Bq) is the unit of Natural Artificial What is radioactivity? ..................................................... p. 2 measurement of radioactivity. radioactivity radioactivity It corresponds to one decay per Abdomen second, for all types of radiation CT scan 1 n The accident ........................................................................ p. 4 emitted ( , , ). Some parts a b g of Brazil and South-West India Gray 2 n Radioactive releases .......................................................... p. 7 The gray (Gy) is the unit of absorbed dose. It corresponds to the quantity of energy La Paz (Bolivia), Average medical 3 n Spread of the radioactive plume over Europe ...... p. 8 (measured in Joules – J) altitude exposure in France transferred by ionising radiation 3660 m (CT scan, X-rays, etc.) to the mass through which it 4 n Radioactive deposits in Europe ................................... p. 12 passes (expressed in kilograms – kg). -1 5 n Contamination of various environments 1 Gy = 1 J.kg . Radon* in France Dental and the food chain ............................................................ p. 17 Sievert panoramic *Naturally X-ray The sievert (Sv) is the unit of occurring n . equivalent dose received by radioactive gas 6 Health impact in the most contaminated areas p. 24 a specific organ or tissue, and the unit of effective (whole Paris-New York 0.06 return flight n body) dose. The equivalent dose 0.006 7 Doses received in France and their is determined from the dose 0.002 associated risks .................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The 25Th Anniversary of the Chernobyl Accident
    Business, Economics and Public Policy Working Papers Number: 2012 - 1 The 25th Anniversary of the Chernobyl Accident Phil Simmons School of Business, Economics and Public Policy Faculty of the Professions, University of New England, 2012 1 The Business, Economics and Public Policy Working Papers of the University of New England’s School of Business Economics and Public Policy, Armidale, Australia continues from the earlier series and comprises the following series: • Working Papers in Agricultural and Resource Economics ISSN: 1442 1909 • Working Papers in Econometrics and Applied Statistics ISSN: 0157 0188 • Working Papers in Economics ISSN: 1442 2980 • Working Papers in Economic History ISSN: 1442 2999 The intended aim and scope of these Working Papers is to provide a forum of the publication of research in the School’s key research themes: • Business, Development and Sustainability; • Economics; and • Policy and Governance. The opinions and views expressed in this Working Paper represent the author(s) and not necessarily UNE or the General Editor or Review Panel of Business, Economics and Public Policy Working Papers. FOR COPIES PLEASE CONTACT: AUTHOR CONTACT DETAILS: School of Business, Economics and Public Policy Phil Simmons, [email protected] Faculty of the Professions School of Business, Economics and Public Policy University of New England Faculty of the Professions Armidale NSW 2351 University of New England Tel: 02 6773 2432 Armidale NSW 2351 Fax: 02 6773 3596 Email: [email protected] The 25th Anniversary of the Chernobyl Accident Phil Simmons [email protected] Phone: (02) 6773 2314 School of Business, Economics and Public Policy Faculty of the Professions University of New England Armidale NSW 2351 Tel: 02 6773 2432 • Fax: 02 6773 3596 Email: [email protected] 3 The 25th Anniversary of the Chernobyl Accident ABSTRACT The nuclear accident at the Chernobyl plant in 1986 is described and a summary of its immediate effects on people and the environment outlined.
    [Show full text]