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The Moon Dies in Northern Bekasi: Development, Impoverishment And

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The Moon Dies in Northern Bekasi: Development, Impoverishment And INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN STUDIES ISSUE 4. 2017 The Moon Dies in Northern Bekasi: Development, Impoverishment and the Irony of the Paddy Granary Khaerul Umam Noer Biodata: Khaerul Umam Noer is a lecturer at Department of Public Administration of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Muhammadiyah Jakarta Univerity (UMJ).,He is also Managing Director of the Center of Women and Gender Studies, University of Indonesia. His research interests are gender and public policy. The author can be contacted on the email address: [email protected] Abstract The issues of development in Indonesia is always interesting to be studied, especially the impact of development on the society. This article tries to picture how development in the Bekasi regency has changed the face of Bekasi fundamentally, from an agricultural area to an industrial area, as well as its impact on the society. Specifically, this article shall explore the northern region of Bekasi. The regency of Bekasi, which is very strategic due to its direct shared border with Jakarta, in addition to the fact that the land area is extensive, has made Bekasi the target of industrial development, especially in the southern area of Bekasi. This has had a real and viable impact on Bekasi’s PDRB (Produk Domestik Regional Bruto/Regional Gross Domestic Product). However, the industrial development has left behind one serious issue, the industrial waste that flows from the south to the north, which ends in the Sea of Java. On the other hand, the needs of housing from the workers in the eastern area of Jakarta and Bekasi as well as the price of the land that is still cheap, has made the northern region of Bekasi a favorite option for housing. This has encouraged the conversion of land use from farming land into housing areas that is uncontrollable. These two problems, the industrial waste and the farming land conversion, are the problems faced in the northern region of Bekasi. The development that was championed as the surefire solution to break the chain of poverty has instead backfired to become the cause of an increasingly more structural kind of poverty in the society, as it did not simply eliminate the livelihoods of the people, but also has caused an ecological disaster that is uncontrollable, which in the end becomes a broader catastrophe. Keywords: Bekasis province, sustainable development in Indonesia, gender issues and the environment in Indonesia Introduction It was the year 417 AD. That a dark cloud was hanging, the moonlight has dimmed over the sky of Tarumanegara,1 a dim hint of light in the castle is reaffirming the concerned look on the face of the king. His Majesty Purnawarman is worried, because his kingdom’s territory was often plagued by flood and drought. The Tugu Stone Tablet (Prasasti Tugu) recorded, that on the date of the 8th, half month of Phalguna (paro petang bulan Phalguna, around March), the king instructed construction of the canals of Gomati and Candrabagha with the length of 6.122 spears (equal to 24.448 m), a task that was finished in 21 days. Thus, on the 13th of the 1 Tarumanegara is a Hindu kingdom in the West Java area, with its territory spans from the Bogor in the west of Jakarta up to Bekasi, along with some part of Jakarta and the surrounding areas. 53 | P a g e INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN STUDIES ISSUE 4. 2017 half month Caitra (paro bulan Caitra), His Majesty Purnawarman hosted a celebration which was led by the Brahmana (Hindu religious leader caste) by donating 1000 cows as a form of his gratitude to the completion of the Gomati and Candrabagha mega project. It was not known exactly where Gomati is actually located, but Candrabagha was believed as what we nowadays know as the Kali Bekasi (Bekasi Canal). The name Bekasi itself, according to Poerbatjaraka, was taken from the word candrabagha (part or a piece of the moon), which then changed into bhagasi and later on became Bekasi (Sagimun, 1988; Alrasyid, 2006). In its passage of history, since the beginning, Bekasi has been an agricultural area. This is known from the Tugu Stone Tablet which contained the records regarding the construction of the Gomati and Candrabagha canals for farming irrigation and watering. Even after Tarumanegara collapsed, which then changed into the Padjajaran kingdom and the Sumedanglarang kingdom, the colonial era up to the independence of Indonesia, the position of Bekasi as one of the main production areas of rice, alongside Karawang, remains irreplaceable (Alrasyid, 2006). Bekasi was once known as one of the national paddy granaries. The praises for the success of Bekasi as the national paddy granary is now gone without any trace at all. Bekasi is a portrait of how a piece of a moon shining brightly for over a millenia has now dimmed, blackened and died. Before I moved further too faraway, there are two things that I need to underline. Firstly, the mentioning of Bekasi here would refer to the regency of Bekasi (Kabupaten Bekasi). I am not discussing the city of Bekasi (Kota Bekasi) due to the relevance of the problem that I would like to raise here. Secondly, this article is based on my life experience, a village boy born and raised in Babelan, that felt how my village changed until I can barely recognize it at all. Specifically, this article has two objectives: One, to elaborate the mess of the problem that happened in the northern region of Bekasi as a result of national policy which resulted in the formation of areas in the Bekasi regency, which are the residential area and the industrial area. Two, to elaborate how this zoning is affecting the life of the people in the northern Bekasi region, which are pressed hard in-between two basic problems: the industrial waste coming from the south and the land use conversion in the north. In addition is the problem of climate change which impacted the people of northern Bekasi. In the eco-feminist framework, I will try to explain how human, both women and men, have become the victims of the problem of development that does not take account the balance of nature. The waste flowing afar2 The regency of Bekasi is located in the Province of West Java, located right at the east of Jakarta. It is hard to determine the main characteristics of Bekasi, whether it is a coastal city, industrial city or agricultural city. Bekasi with its 23 disctricts spans assymetrically and is bordered by the city of Bekasi and the Jakarta Special District Capital Region on the west, the Sea of Java on the north and west, the Karawang regency on the east and the Bogor regency on its south. Its strategic location made Bekasi the main crossing from and to Jakarta. The development in the Bekasi region is closely connected with the development policy on the national level, or in this case the Five Years Development Plan (Rencana Pembangunan Lima 2 Limbah mengalir sampai jauh (this is a pun over the famous song of Bengawan Solo, where one of the lyrics is mentioning that the water of Bengawan Solo is flowing afar) 54 | P a g e INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN STUDIES ISSUE 4. 2017 Tahunan/Repelita). I am emphasizing the Repelita matter, because basically what happened in Bekasi, especially in the northern region of Bekasi at this moment, is the result of six Repelita that were decided during the time of the New Order, which has structurally and massively changed the face of Bekasi. At the beginning Bekasi was determined as one of the paddy granaries of Indonesia. During the time of Bekasi’s first Regent, Soekat Soebandi (1967-1973), the main policy stressed the development of agricultural infrastructure. In a historical context, this came as no surprise. The construction of Candrabagha and Gomati canals in the 5th century originally was aimed to the use of irrigation and prevention of flooding. This was in line with the Repelita I (1969-1974) that stressed the fulfillment of basic needs from the field of agriculture. This policy was further kept by Soekat Soebandi’s successor, Abdul Fattah (1973-1978 and 1978- 1983), at least until his first period of leadership. Figure 1. Kabupaten Bekasi (Alrasyid, 2006) The turning point of Bekasi’s outlook was in the second period of the Regent Abdul Fattah, when the policy of Repelita III emerged, which underlined the building of high employment industries for the interest of export. The regent of Bekasi then decreed a Regional Regulation of 2nd Level (Regency) of Bekasi No. 13/HK/PD/0212/79 (Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Dati II Bekasi No. 13/HK/PD/0212/79) which regulated the development in various sectors with the priority in the industrial sectors (Alrasyid 2006). Based on that regulation, there were some changes in the area usage, especially in the Southern part of Bekasi. With the development of various industries in the southern of Bekasi – it was not surprising Abdul Fattah was mentioned as the Father of Development in Bekasi. Areas such 55 | P a g e INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIAN STUDIES ISSUE 4. 2017 as Cibitung, South Tambun, North Tambun, West Cikarang, North Cikarang, South Cikarang, East Cikarang, and Central Cikarang (please see picture 1.), which originally were area of farming and plantation, were converted into residential and industrial zones. The acceleration of this conversion was further hastened with the beginning of development of Jakarta- Cikampek toll road in 1982 – which was opened officially in 1988 – which passes through Bekasi right from South Tambun, Cibitung and Cikarang. While Abdul Fattah only opened the gate for industry to enter Bekasi, it was Suko Martono (1983-1988 and 1988-1993) who rolled out the ‘red carpet’ to the investors.
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