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A Collection of New Studies Using Existing and Proposed Techniques and Instrumentation for Nondestructive Testing and Analysis of Concrete Materials and Structures

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A Collection of New Studies Using Existing and Proposed Techniques and Instrumentation for Nondestructive Testing and Analysis of Concrete Materials and Structures Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2008 A Collection of New Studies Using Existing and Proposed Techniques and Instrumentation for Nondestructive Testing and Analysis of Concrete Materials and Structures Shane D. Boone Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Civil Engineering Commons, and the Materials Science and Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Boone, Shane D., "A Collection of New Studies Using Existing and Proposed Techniques and Instrumentation for Nondestructive Testing and Analysis of Concrete Materials and Structures" (2008). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 125. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/125 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A COLLECTION OF NEW STUDIES USING EXISTING AND PROPOSED TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES by Shane D. Boone A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Civil and Environmental Engineering Approved: _________________________ _________________________ Paul J. Barr Marvin W. Halling Major Professor Committee Member _________________________ _________________________ James A. Bay Kevin C. Womack Committee Member Committee Member _________________________ _________________________ Thomas H. Fronk Byron R. Burnham Committee Member Dean of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2008 ii Copyright © Shane Boone 2008 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT A Collection of New Studies Using Existing and Proposed Techniques and Instrumentation for Nondestructive Testing and Analysis of Concrete Materials and Structures by Shane D. Boone, Doctor of Philosophy Utah State University, 2008 Major Professor: Dr. Paul J. Barr Department: Civil and Environmental Engineering A variety of studies were performed using existing and newly proposed techniques and instrumentation to further the understanding of nondestructive testing of concrete. A new combined stress wave propagation method was developed that combined the existing methods of the spectral analysis of surface waves, impact echo, and free-free resonant column experimental and analysis techniques. The method was used to determine the stiffness profile and location of embedded voids in a concrete tunnel lining modeled as a three layer concrete slab. A new equation was proposed that predicted the level of damage of concrete samples based on the functions of the change in first mode longitudinal frequency and the absorption of energy during cyclic loading to failure. During this study, new instrumentation was developed that aided in the dynamic stiffness measurements during the cyclic loading. A comparison of the static and dynamic Young’s modulus was performed. It was found that the ratio of these two iv moduli depend on a concrete’s strength and damping properties as well as the age of the specimen. A new equation was proposed using these three properties to determine the ratio of static to dynamic Young’s modulus. An experimental program was performed on samples of high performance self-consolidating concrete (HPSCC). The HPSCC exceeded expected values of strength and stiffness over that of regular high performance concrete. Finally, a comparison of prestress losses in prestressed bridge girders fabricated using the HPSCC was conducted. Prestress losses were measured and calculated using the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) LRFD 2004 and 2007 Specifications. It was determined that the AASHTO LRFD 2007 Specifications most accurately predict the measured prestress losses. (225 pages) v DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my wife, my family, my friends, and all others that supported me during these past three years. The appreciation I have for the motivation and confidence that has been bestowed upon me by these people is unimaginable. Shane D. Boone vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee members, Drs. Paul Barr, James Bay, Tom Fronk, Marv Halling, and Kevin Womack, for their support and insight throughout this process. I would also like to thank Y12 National Security Complex for the opportunity to perform this research. Specific thanks are due to Nick Antonas, Mitch Evans, and John Gertsen. Finally, I would like to thank UDOT, Eagle Precast, Encon Precast, and Legrand Johnson for the concrete samples on which the majority of this research was performed. Shane D. Boone vii CONTENTS Page COPYRIGHT ................................................................................................................. ii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................xii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION, OBJECTIVES, AND ORGANIZATION ........................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Objectives of the Research .......................................................................... 2 Report Organization .................................................................................... 4 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................. 7 Basic Wave Principles of Isotropic Elastic Media ......................................... 7 History of the Use of Stress Wave Propagation Techniques in Concrete ..... 10 Impact Techniques ..................................................................................... 12 The Impact Echo Method ........................................................................... 14 The Spectral Analysis of Surface Wave Method ......................................... 23 The Free-Free Resonant Column Method ................................................... 34 Stress Wave Propagation Combination Methods ......................................... 36 Damage Quantification ............................................................................... 38 A Comparison of Prestress Losses for Prestressed High Performance Concrete Bridge Girders ........................................................................... 40 Comparison Between Static and Dynamic Young’s Modulus ..................... 44 3. NONDESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF A CONCRETE TUNNEL MODEL USING A PROPOSED COMBINED STRESS WAVE PROPAGATION METHOD .................................................................................................... 51 Abstract ..................................................................................................... 51 viii Introduction ............................................................................................... 51 Concrete Tunnel Model ............................................................................. 54 Combined Stress Wave Propagation Method ............................................. 57 Free-Free Resonant Column Results .......................................................... 57 Field Testing ............................................................................................. 59 Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) Results ................................ 61 Impact Echo Results .................................................................................. 65 Direct P-wave Results ............................................................................... 70 Three Layer Cylinder ................................................................................ 71 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 74 4. HIGH PERFORMANCE SELF-CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE ................. 77 Abstract ..................................................................................................... 77 Introduction ............................................................................................... 77 Background ............................................................................................... 80 Material Testing Program .......................................................................... 83 Results ...................................................................................................... 83 Discussion of Results ................................................................................ 84 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 88 5. THE USE OF STRESS WAVE PROPAGATION TO QUANTIFY DAMAGE IN CONCRETE SPECIMENS ...................................................... 90 Abstract ..................................................................................................... 90 Introduction ..............................................................................................
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