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Unitediptates Department of m Agriculture Export Handbook Transportation for U.S. Agricultural Agriculture Handbool< No. 593 ;98i' Products 84ÍI032 ofi Export Handbook for U.§. Agricultural Products /^c By C. J. Nicholas, <.. ^-:- 'C

"• Agricultural economist, Research and Economic Analysis Research Branch, Office of Transportation (OT), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Washington, D.C. Preface Acknowledgment

This handbook provides the shipper of U.S. agricultural The idea for a U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) products with a brief but well-defined set of guidelines. export handbook originated with the Agricultural Topics discussed include general shipping information, Research Service (ARS), USDA. The author prepared product selection, packaging, storage, handling, load- much of the material when he was with ARS. He com- ing, and transport as well as the product disorders of pleted the handbook after his division became a part of which both exporters and foreign receivers of U.S. agri- the Office of Transportation, USDA. ARS provided most cultural products should be aware. of the information on specifications.

The practices recommended here all have been eval- uated in actual export test shipments. Most of the in- formation is based on research on actual export ship- ments to the markets designated and by the transport methods described.

The Authors can in no way guarantee the satisfactory arrival of any commodity even though packed and shipped according to these recommendations, because of the wide variety of problems that can occur with overseas shipments. They do believe that adherence to these recommended practices will increase substan- tially the percentage of good product arrivals and decrease losses during exporting.

Firm names are displayed in this publication solely for the purpose of providing specific information. Their use does not imply approval or disapproval of the firms or their products by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Revised March 1985 Contents

Page Section I: General infornnation 1 Specifications for exporting variety Introduction 1 meats and beef 70 Who should export 1 Specifications for exporting honeydew melons .... 71 Foreign competition and trade (trade barriers) 1 Specifications for exporting Florida oranges 73 Sources of information 2 Specifications for exporting winter pears 76 Freight forwarders 4 Specifications for exporting peppers 77 Marine insurance 5 Specifications for exporting poultry 78 Financial considerations 6 Specifications for exporting prunes 82 Export financing programs 7 Specifications for exporting radishes 83 Documentation 7 Specifications for exporting raisins 84 Transport methods and equipment 9 Specifications for exporting soybeans 87 Overseas warehousing and distribution 11 Specifications for exporting California Section II: Fruits and vegetables 12 strawberries 88 Quality and varietal suitability 12 Specifications for exporting sweet potatoes 89 Pretransit treatment 12 Specifications for exporting watermelons 91 Packaging 13 Appendixes 96 Size of packages 13 Appendix A.—State extension services 96 Choice of materials 13 Appendix B.—State organizations 98 Packaging, labeling, and markings 13 Appendix C—U.S. market development Assembling, filling, and closing 14 cooperators 99 Loading 14 Appendix D.—Sources of technical assistance ... 103 Pretransit vehicle check 15 Appendix E. —Phytosanitary certificate Transit environment 16 (PPQ Form 557, U.S. Department of Agriculture) .. 104 Temperature 16 Appendix F.—Sources of shipping information ... 105 Relative humidity and water loss 16 Appendix G.—Countries of the world with Modified or controlled atmospheres 17 scheduled steamship service (New York) 106 Compatibility in mixed loads 17 Appendix H.—Countries of the world with Loading patterns and cargo bracing 17 scheduled steamship service (New Orleans) 112 Transport vehicle refrigeration 23 Appendix I.—Countries of the world with Special shipping considerations 23 scheduled steamship service (Baltimore) 118 Section III: Export specifications Appendix J.—Countries of the world with (Transportation Improvement Program) 24 scheduled steamship service (Seattle) 138 Specifications for exporting almonds 24 Appendix K.—Shipper's export declaration Specifications for exporting apples 24 (Form 7525-V, U.S. Department of Commerce) 144 Specifications for exporting fresh green asparagus . 26 Appendix L.—inspection certificate Specifications for exporting Florida avocados 29 (Form FV-47, State of Washington Specifications for exporting dry edible beans 31 Department of Agriculture) 145 Specifications for exporting package and Appendix M. —Export certificate queen bees 32 (FormMP506, U.S. Department of Agriculture) ... 146 Specifications for exporting sleeved celery 34 Table 1.—Delivery schedules from Rotterdam, Specifications for exporting western The Netherlands, to selected points in Europe sweet cherries 35 by train and truck 147 Specifications for exporting sweet corn 40 Table 2. —Recommended storage temperature, Specifications for exporting leatherleaf ferns relative humidity, approximate shipping/storage in van containers 44 life, and freezing point for fresh vegetables Specifications for exporting mixed loads of and fruits 148 fruits and vegetables 47 Table 3.—Fruits and vegetables susceptible to Specifications for exporting Florida grapefruit 48 chilling injury when stored at moderately low Specifications for exporting Vinifera table grapes . . 56 but nonfreezing temperatures 150 Specifications for exporting Florida lemons 58 Table 4.—Compatibility tables 151 Specifications for exporting western iceberg lettuce to Europe 62 Specifications for exporting Florida "Tahiti" limes (seedless) 63 Specifications for exporting Florida Mangos 69

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Section I: General Information

Introduction because they have had available both the natural and technological resources required. This publication is intended to serve as a reference guide for exporters of U.S. agricultural products. Stan- However, price and quality often are not the determining dard operating procedures, major problenn areas, and factors in the competitive position of U.S. agricultural sources of up-to-date information and technical assis- products in the export trade. Agricultural policies of tance are included. Specific shipping recommendations some countries and restrictive trade practices of others are given for some commodities regularly exported. seriously limit the free flow of international trade. Although U.S. exports have been increasing, U.S. exports Who Should Export of certain commodities are still subject to constraints in a number of countries. The question of who should export and who should sell to domestic markets can be answered only by each The most important nontariff trade barrier in the Euro- individual based on his or her own particular require- pean Economic Community (EEC) countries is the vari- ments. There are no restrictions or requirements regard- able levy, a device for protecting domestic markets ing the size a business must be to qualify as an ex- from outside competition. It covers such commodities porter. The sales, documentation, and shipping are a as wheat, feed grains, rice, pork, poultry, eggs, cattle, little more complicated than for domestic businesses, beef, veal, dairy products, sugar, and olive oil. but with the information provided in this handbook and the assistance of an export forwarder, the entire opera- In addition, the EEC has many preferential trade agree- tion should be relatively simple. ments with a number of countries. The import duties on commodities from Turkey, Spain, Israel, Morocco, and a However, there is agreement among many successful number of other African countries are much lower than exporters on certain general parameters around which duties applicable on American commodities. The United an export sales effort can be developed. The export Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark joined the Common business should be entered as a regular part of normal Market on January 1, 1973, spreading the effects of business. "In-and-outers" rarely experience continued EEC's common agricultural policy to three-fourths of success in the export business. Like U.S. domestic Western Europe's population. In addition, Greece markets, foreign buyers are seeking dependable ship- became a member on January 1, 1981. pers who can provide a regular flow of product. Most foreign buyers are looking for U.S. firms that are willing The EEC's use of export subsidies is another trade to make a commitment to ship a given quantity and measure that has harmed U.S. agricultural exports. The quality of product over a specified time period. They EEC supports high internal prices for many grains and must plan their advertising and sales promotions far in for dairy and poultry products. The high domestic advance, often with little opportunity for alternate sup- prices are buffered from the competition of lower world plies. Therefore, it is essential to have built-in depend- prices by a tariff called a variable levy, which raises the ability from their suppliers. Most successful U.S. ex- prices of specific imported commodities to the level of porters commit themselves to ship a given amount of the supported domestic prices. In this way, domestic product, regardless of domestic market conditions and production is encouraged by high domestic prices and prices. Such a commitment is also advantageous in imports are effectively restricted. This situation often making advance arrangements for overseas transport leads to surplus production, which requires the prices service. to be subsidized in order to place the surplus in the world market. This practice cuts into the third country Sales to export markets often help stabilize U.S. markets of other leading agricultural exporters, such as markets by removing plentiful supplies in an orderly the United States. fashion. They provide a base for precommitted sales, and create added freight tonnage for domestic and Import licensing is a flexible form of trade restriction overseas carriers. Most important, export sales add to commonly used by Japan. Licenses are issued automa- foreign currency exchanges and help boost the U.S. tically on the import of some commodities, but are balance of payments with other nations. greatly restricted on other commodities for the purpose of limiting imports. Currently, restrictions are in effect Foreign Competition and Trade (Trade Barriers) on the imports of both fresh oranges and citrus juices.

American farmers are the most productive farmers in Japan also has a number of extremely severe quarantine the world and their comparative cost have been low barriers against horticultural and animal products, as well as maximum tolerances for many food additives. tions and contractors (appendix C) to develop overseas These regulations on food additives and preservatives markets for their respective products. This cooperation often work against greater U.S. sales of foodstuffs. involves a wide range of marketing and promotional activities aimed at potential customers overseas. Foreign competition and trade barriers are constantly subject to change. The Foreign Agricultural Service FAS also has assigned agricultural attaches or coun- (FAS), USDA, can provide current information and latest selors in all the major American embassies overseas. changes for developments. They serve as listening posts of American agriculture, representing U.S. agricultural interests abroad and pro- Sources of Information viding information on world trade and market develop- ment of agricultural products. Although numerous government and private organiza- tions have many sources of information available to the USDA has opened eight Agricultural Trade Offices, exporter, locating the appropriate office that can pro- under authority granted in the Agricultural Trade Act of vide the required information can be a frustrating prob- 1978, to aid America's agricultural export effort. lem. Listed below are the more important government Accordingly, these offices will be focal points for ex- and business organizations that can provide export port sales promotions and act as contact points for im- information: porters seeking to buy farm products from the United States. The offices are: • Foreign Agricultural Service of USDA Foreign Market Development Bahrain (Serving the Arabian Gulf) Agricultural Trade Officer Information in foreign market development is avail- American Embassy able from: Shaikh Isa Road P.O. Box 26431 Foreign Agricultural Service MANAMA, Bahrain U.S. Department of Agriculture Phone: 741-151 Room 5091, South Building Telex: 9398 USATO BN Washington, D.C. 20250 Phone: (202) 447-4761 Florida (Serving northern Caribbean and Central America) A feature of the Foreign Market Development program Agricultural Trade Officer of USDA is the Trade Opportunity Referral Service University Savings & Loan BIdg., Suite 305 (TORS). TORS is a computerized system that matches Coral Gables, FL 33134 overseas buyers and U.S. suppliers of agricultural prod- Phone:(305)350-5314 ucts. Several thousand importers and other traders from 50 countries and most U.S. States are listed in the Germany, Federal Republic of system. Additional information about TORS may be ob- Agricultural Trade Officer tained by writing: Gr. Theaterstrasse 42 D-2000 Export Trade Services Division HAMBURG 36, Germany Foreign Agricultural Service Phone:341-207 U.S. Department of Agriculture Room 5935, Administration Building Korea Washington, D.C. 20250 Agricultural Trade Officer American Embassy USDA's FAS also cooperates with the State Depart- 63, 1-Ka Eulchi-Ro ments of Agriculture and other States organizations in SEOUL, Korea export promotion. Furthermore, State departments of Phone: 722-601 agriculture are merging into regional groups to more effectively coordinate export promotions and their rela- Singapore (Serving Southeast Asia) tions with USDA. Forty-one States are now members of Agricultural Trade Officer five such groups and are listed in appendix B. Units 1501-1504 Liât Towers, SINGAPORE In connection with its market development program, Phone: 737-1233/734-1820 FAS cooperates with over 60 agricultural trade associa- Telex: RS 25706 TRIWHT United Kingdom plants and unmanufactured plant products offered Agricultural Trade Officer for export, and issues Phytosanitary Certificates on 47 Upper Grosvenor St., W. 1 those commodities that are believed to conform to London, ENGLAND the current plant health import regulations of receiv- Phone: 499-0024 ing countries. Phytosanitary certification is perform- ed at ports of embarkation and at various interior Poland (Serving Eastern Europe) locations. A Federal Phytosanitary Certificate, PPQ American Embassy Form 577 (see appendix E), is often required by the Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31 Plant Protection Service of the importing country for WARSAW, Poland plants and unprocessed plant products certifying Phone: 283-041 that they are apparently free from plant pests and diseases. NOTE: U.S. Phytosanitary Certificates are Venezuela (Serving northern South America and NOT issued on meat, poultry, or any animal southern Caribbean) byproduct. American Embassy Los Palos Grandes, Torre C, • The U.S. Department of Commerce, through its Piso 19, Centro Plaza, Bureau of Export Development, listed below, studies Avenida Francisco de Miranda problems and abstracts of international marketing and CARACAS, Venezuela conducts export promotional programs. Phone: (J011-58-2) 283-2599 Bureau of Export Development Nigeria U.S. Department of Commerce American Embassy Washington, D.C. 20230 2 Eleke Crescent Phone: (202) 377-5261 P.O. Box 554 The International Trade Administration of the U.S. Lagos, Nigeria Department of Commerce publishes "Business America," Tel. 681-412 a biweekly journal of international trade. A feature of this publication is a section devoted to worldwide busi- Peoples Republic of China ness opportunities and U.S. promotions abroad. Foreign Xiu Shui Dong Jie 2 Service officers in U.S. embassies and consulates Beijing around the world are continually developing specific Tel. 52-2033 commercial opportunities through which American companies can find buyers abroad. The International Tunisia, Tunis Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, American Embassy maintains 47 district offices around the country to 144 Avenue de la Liberte assist U.S. businesses involved in international trade. Tunis, Tunisia Consult your local telephone directory for this contact. • The Cooperative Extension Service of USDA works with the State Extension Services to develop and con- • Various independent government agencies also can duct extension programs for foreign trade. Listed in supply information on carriers' service, rates, and appendix A are the contacts who can provide informa- costs. They are: tion on agricultural exports and analyze opportunities for entering the export market. Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) Bureau of Traffic • The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of USDA 12th & Constitution Avenue NW maintains seven field stations (six domestic and one Washington, D.C. 20423 overseas) providing technical assistance to exporters Phone: (202) 655-4000 who have physical and quality problems with their prod- (U.S. inland surface transportation, rail and motor) ucts. The offices listed in appendix D are staffed by specialists in marketing, transportation, and packaging, Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) and by plant pathologists, horticulturists, and physiolo- Bureau of Ocean Commerce Regulation gists who conduct postharvest research. 1100 L Street NW Washington, D.C. 20513 • At the request of exporters, the Animal and Plant Phone: (202) 632-6878 Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of USDA inspects (Ocean carriers, American and foreign) Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) makes the necessary overseas communications, and 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW advises the shipper on overseas requirements of mark- Washington, D.C. 20428 ing and labeling. The forwarder operates on a fee basis Phone: (202)673-5017 paid by the exporter and often receives an additional (Air carriers, American and foreign) percentage of the freight charge from the common car- rier. The forwarder's fees vary and consist of an agreed- Office of Transportation upon amount, plus documentation charges. U.S. Departnnent of Agriculture Roonn 1405, Auditors BIdg. An export freight forwarder must be licensed by the 14th & Independence Avenue SW Federal Maritime Commission to handle ocean freight Washington, D.C. 20250 and by the International Air Transport Association Phone: (202) 447-3963 (lATA) to handle air freight.

• Small, medium, and large exporters often use export Large forwarders may offer exporters a consolidation management companies to market their products service, containerized either by ocean or air. In this abroad. An export management company offers domes- case the exporter's goods travel on a single bill of lad- tic producers a fast, efficient, and economical method ing, since they have been consolidated with those of of reaching foreign buyers. By combining the products several other exporters in the same vessel. In effect, of various producers into a joint marketing program, the exporter has now consigned his or her goods to the the high costs involved in maintaining export offices, forwarder whose own name now appears on the bill of experienced sales staffs, and independent advertising lading. The consignee becomes the customers' broker can be shared. The export management company under- on the importing side. takes the total marketing function and becomes in essence the "export department" for a group of com- Customs' brokers are forwarders who also act on plementary, noncompetitive companies. behalf of importers, provided they hold the necessary government licenses. Their functions are strictly to Although the freight forwarder makes all the necessary clear the goods through customs and have the items carrier arrangements, the shipper may want information delivered to the importer's warehouse. Importers may for planning or cost purposes. The carriers' traffic designate in their shipping instructions a particular departments are good sources of information on rates, customs' broker to whom the goods are to be first routes, and service. A great deal of carrier information shipped. on routes and services is available from the numerous sources listed in appendix F. In addition, the various Freight charges or costs account for a significant part port authorities issue directories of the shipping ser- of "through transport costs" and are often highly com- vices provided from their respective ports as shown in plex. Transport rates can be based on commodity type, appendixes G, H, I, and J. value per freight ton, weight as distinct from volume, weight or volume (whichever gives the best yield to the Freight Forwarders carrier), volume as distinct from weight, a percentage of the value of goods, or per-unit prices for unusual or The freight forwarder helps the shipper in the move- awkward loads. ment of export cargo. The freight forwarder is an expe- diter who oversees the handling of export cargo through It is to the ultimate advantage of the buyer and seller the port of embarkation. The forwarder acts on behalf alike that the through transport cost be studied as a of the exporter in arranging for the ocean or air trans- complete entity, rather than as a limited contractual port service. At the request of the shipper, the forwarder responsibility. The person who pays the transport makes the actual arrangements and provides the neces- charges must pay through charges, because goods sary services for expediting the shipment to its over- travel most cost effectively when they are shipped with seas destination. other goods moving via exactly the same routing.

The freight forwarder provides a number of other ser- Although transport modes and route relations are vices in addition to making arrangements for transpor- handled by the freight forwarder, knowledge of their tation. The forwarder takes care of all documentation more important factors can help the shipper in formu- needed to move the shipment from origin to destina- lating plans for production, harvesting, storage, selling, tion, making up and assembling the necessary docu- and shipping. mentation for submission to the bank in the exporter's name. The forwarder arranges for cargo insurance, Marine Insurance In addition, either the exporter or the importer must cover the goods with insurance. Coverage is generally One of the many services provided by the freight for- on the basis of 110 percent of the cargo insurance warder is marine insurance coverage. Marine insurance freight (c.i.f.) value as indicated on the exporter's is an important consideration for the overseas shipper invoice, if the exporter is carrying the insurance of agricultural products. Transport by sea to far-off charges. The exporter prepays the insurance mainly countries involves many natural and human-caused on c.i.f. shipments. disasters. Most shippers do not bother to learn the complexities of the insurance business, but simply ask Most exporters maintain an "open cargo policy," which their freight forwarder to arrange for sufficient provides a comprehensive and overall coverage on all coverage. shipments, eliminating any possible liability resulting from a general average situation where the vessel suffers damage or is destroyed. The shipper of record The kind of coverage required by each shipment varies then becomes automatically liable for the replacement with the commodity shipped and the particulars of the costs unless it is shown that the exporter shipped transit. Marine insurance is necessary because of the goods free on board (f.o.b.), factory or free along side limits placed on any carrier's liability regarding (f.a.s.), or f.o.b. vessel, with the change effective before damaged or destroyed merchandise in its possession. the vessel embarked on its voyage. Most letters of credit specify that marine insurance must be obtained and that a certificate of insurance There are two principal coverages available for general must be forwarded along with other required docu- merchandise (excluding wars, strikes, riots, and civil ments before the money can become available to the commotion insurance): shipper. 1. Marine Risks—Insures the shipper against most of Three of the most common coverages of marine in- the causes of loss for which the carrier cannot be surance are "free of particular average" (f.p.a.), "with held liable. Risks insured against are as follows: average" (w.a.), and All Risks Coverage. F.p.a. is the minimum coverage in general use covering total and a. Perils of the sea general average losses including partial, particular average losses if the ship is involved in a collision or b. Fire and explosion fire, or has been stranded or sunk. A w.a. policy pays for partial damage caused by sea perils if the damage c. Collision and stranding exceeds 3 percent of the value of the insured cargo. If the ship is involved in a major catastrophe, such as a d. Jettisons, assailing, thieves, and barratry collision, fire, or stranding, the minimum percentage requirement is waived and the insurance company pays e. Latent defects of the vessel for all of the damage. All Risks Coverage is the broad- est kind of standard coverage excluding damage caused f. Failures or errors in management of the vessel by war, strikes, and riots. g. General average and salvage charges. "General coverage" denotes a loss, damage, oi- expense that is incurred for the general benefit of the Marine risk insurance protects goods while on shore vessel, its freight, money, and cargo. A particular against the following: coverage is a partial loss or damage accidentally sus- tained by either cargo or vessel. a. Fire, lightning, sprinkler leakage, and explosion

Carriers do not normally provide automatic insurance b. Hail, flood, earthquake, and windstorm coverage to their shippers. However, carriers offering consolidated containerized services frequently offer a c. Landslide, volcanic eruptions, and avalanche group policy to exporters upon request. This benefits small or occasional exporters who may be unable to d. Subsidence of docks and stevedores. afford their own open cargo policy. The policy taken by these carriers covers the goods only while they are in 2. All Risks—Covers against risks of physical loss from the care, custody, and control of the carrier or the any external cause. Chilled, frozen, or otherwise carrier's agent, such as the pickup carrier. refrigerated cargo are not accepted for "all risks" in- surance and special contracts must be requested for requested by the exporter. The exporter's bank may or them. may not accede to the exporter's request. The confirmed irrevocable l/c gives the seller the greatest protection, Specialized insurance coverage is available, except for because it carries the commitment of three banks. the transport of refrigerated goods. Coverage is provided against deterioration losses caused by mechanical Unconfirmed irrevocable l/c's are not confirmed by a breakdown of the vessel or the refrigeration machinery, bank in the United States. Only the issuing (buyer's) on the condition that the breakdown has lasted 24 bank commits itself irrevocably to pay the seller's draft. hours or more. Only partial losses of refrigerated goods The value of an unconfirmed irrevocable l/c depends on are payable in event of sinking, stranding, fire, or colli- the credit standing of the foreign issuing bank. sion. Goods which are not in mechanically refrigerated containers may not be insured against deterioration, L/c's are used when the seller does not normally do however caused. business with the buyer in question. The l/c costs the importer a financing charge in addition to a bank service Financial Considerations fee. The exporter is similarly charged a special bank service fee. A large full-service bank with international offices or correspondents is of great value to exporters. Such a C.a.d.—cash against documents. U.S. confirming bank can assist the exporter in many financial matters houses acting as bankers for their overseas clients will and help minimize the risks of selling overseas. pay the exporters.

Most U.S. agricultural exports or sales are made for Open account—Open account terms are extended only cost or some short-term credit arrangement. The most to excellent credit risk customers residing in countries popular methods are as follows: that have no exchange restrictions. The exporter usually carries the financing on the basis of 90 to 120 days. Cash sa/es—Payment is made before goods are shipped This method is used only when the seller is dealing by the exporter. with a buyer he or she knows well.

Letter of Credit—The buyer requests his or her bank to Factoring—A factor is a large financial house or com- open a credit in favor of the exporter for an amount (in mercial bank that takes over the granting of credit and U.S. dollars) equal to the total value of the shipment. collection of receivables. The seller is paid on receipt The foreign bank instructs its U.S. correspondent bank of invoice or is made advances for facilitating produc- to notify the exporter that the letter of credit (l/c) has tion. Factoring permits are sold on open account direct been established and authorizes the U.S. bank to pay by the manufacturer to clients abroad without running the exporter if he or she has complied with all the financial risk. Costs run from 1 to 2 percent on average documentary requirements as stipulated in the letter of monthly balances outstanding plus interest at normal credit. Most letters of credit are irrevocable and con- rates if advances are made. firmed by a U.S. bank, which eliminates risk to exporters. Dollars will be available to the exporter when he or she Consignment s/iipments-These provide for deferred makes shipment provided that all the requirements of payments and indirectly involve financing. Such ship- the l/c have been met. ments are usually made under an agreement that no payment is due to the consignee. This means that the The terms of the l/c must be clear to both the buyer U.S. exporter is able to have goods readily available and the seller. Documents that are not properly pre- and on display in a non-U.S. market and yet the agent pared will cause delay in settlement. The paying bank need not pay for the goods until they are sold. Ship- will not honor a draft with documents which do not ments are limited to agents and to intercompany agree in all respects with the terms of the credit. L/c's branch shipments. are payable by drafts drawn on the U.S. correspondent of the buyer's bank by the U.S. exporter. The Documentary Draft—A draft is an unconditional order in writing signed by the exporter and addressed There are two types of letters of credit; the confirmed to the importer "ordering him to pay on presentation of irrevocable l/c and the unconfirmed irrevocable l/c. The the instrument or at some specified future date the confirmed l/c is issued by the buyer's bank abroad and amount of the draft." Drafts can be transferred from must be confirmed by the exporter's bank. The buyer's one party to another by simple endorsement. bank commitment is irrevocable. However, confirmation by the exporter's bank is discretionary. It must be Drafts are all ''sight drafts" in a generic sense. How- ever, sight drafts are generally understood to be bills of The CCC guarantee is a back-up guarantee, applicable exchange which are payable "at sight" of docunnents in case the foreign buyer's bank breaks its promise to by the importers at their banks. Tinne drafts are payable pay. The guarantee becomes effective only after the at a specified date after presentation of the draft and exporter has shipped a letter of credit. No coverage is docunnents by the bank to the importer. available for ocean freight under CCC's guarantee.

Drafts on foreign buyers are used when a letter of A U.S. exporter, private foreign buyer, or foreign govern- credit is not used. U.S. exporters usually agree to sell ment may submit requests directly to the Assistant to an overseas buyer on a draft basis—either sight General Sales Manager, Export Credits, Foreign Agri- drafts or time drafts. The buyers and seller enter into a cultural Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wash- basic agreement which provides that all sales be made ington, D.C. 20250. Requests may also be submitted on a sight basis or on a deferred payment basis (60, 90, through the U.S. Agricultural Counselor in the destina- or 120 days). The U.S. bank will forward the documents tion country. Requests should specify the foreign bank and draft to its corresponding bank nearest the buyer. that will issue the letter of credit and the quantity, With a "sight draft documents against payment" value, and estimated shipping period for the commodity. (s/dd/p), the buyer cannot claim title to the goods with- In cooperation with the Export-Import Bank, the Foreign out paying the draft. Credit Insurance Association (FCIA) insures exporters Financing Exports against the risk of nonpayment by foreign buyers for commercial or politicial reasons. FCIA insurance also Other than short-term financing that the exporter facilitates the financing of term credit sales, thus pro- depends on from a commercial bank, there is another viding U.S. exporters with support to meet competitive source of financial assistance for medium-term financ- terms of payment offered by other countries. Small ing. The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), located agricultural exporters with no previous exporting expe- at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. rience can use FCIA in entering new markets through 20250, provides such assistance for agricultural prod- protection of the receivables generated from those ucts by means of its Export Credit Guarantee Program overseas sales. They can, therefore, do more business (GSM-102). in proportion to their capital because their cost is minimized. The GSM-102 program operates in cases where credit is necessary to increase or maintain U.S. exports to a The Domestic International Sales Corporation (DISC) foreign market and where private financing institutions allow U.S. exporters to receive preferential tax treat- would be unwilling to provide financing without CCC's ments through the formation and operation of a domes- guarantee. In most cases, banks in the United States tic corporation qualifying as a DISC. This results in a provide financing making it possible for foreign buyers deferment and eventual savings of up to 50 percent of to purchase on credit terms up to 3 years. The cost of corporate income taxes. The DISC itself is treated as if financing is set by U.S. banks and the rate of interest it were a foreign-leased corporation and not subject to usually is a fraction above the U.S. prime rate or the U.S. Federal income tax. London Interbank Offer Rate (LIBOR). A 1978 amendment to the Export-Import Bank Act The technical details are worked out by the U.S. ex- directs the Export-Import Bank to emphasize assisting porter who contacts CCC to register the sale and pay new and small businesses to enter the agricultural the guarantee fee prior to shipments. Usually this fee is export market. The Bank is directed to develop in added to the price of the commodity. The foreign buyer cooperation with the Commodity Credit Corporation has to purchase the commodities and find a bank to and other government agencies an educational program issue a letter of credit. Most of the remaining technical to increase awareness of export opportunities among details covering the guarantee will be handled by the small agribusinesses and cooperatives. The Export- U.S. bank which receives this protection from CCC. The Import Bank is located at 811 Vermont Avenue N.W., transaction is similar to a normal commercial sale Washington, D.C. 20571. Telephone: (202) 566-8819. under a letter of credit. Documentation CCC will consider any agricultural commodity for which a case can be made that by extending guaranteed The exporter must determine the method of payment credit to foreign buyers the market for U.S. exports can before preparing the necessary documentation. Some be expanded. CCC considers all requests under the of the more common methods of payment were dis- GSM-102 program on case-by-case basis. cussed in the previous section under "Financial Con- 14. Letter of transmittal siderations." 15. Outward forward manifest Providing the necessary documentation for an export shipment of fresh fruits or vegetables can be very com- 16. Packing list plicated, and therefore is best handled by your freight forwarder, who is familiar with the various requirements. 17. Shipper's Export Declaration (Form 7525-V) Export documentation is developed in two categories, 18. Shipper's letter of instructions shipping and collection. Shipping documents are pre- pared by the shipper or the shipper's forwarder to move 19. Ocean bill of lading the shipment through customs, allowing it to be loaded abroad a carrier and shipped to the foreign destination. 20. Certificate of health or sanitary certificate. Collection documents are submitted to the customer or the customer's bank in order to receive payment. The current document for export control is the Export Declaration Form No. 7525-V (see appendix J), a U.S. The average international shipment involves 46 Department of Commerce form in which the exporter separate documents and the constant transfer of describes the goods by generic name along with their repetitive data from one document to another. Many value. The Export Declaration must indicate whether a countries have legalities that must be considered when special export license is required. The document is completing these forms. The freight forwarder, a lodged with U.S. Customs before the goods are shipped. specialist in this area, very often provides the neces- sary documentation. The exact form of documentation needed to export goods varies with each shipment and from country to Listed below are 20 documents most frequently used in country. Current and specific information is provided by the export of agricultural products. Some of the docu- the exporter's forwarder or the U.S. Department of Com- ments originate with the shipper, others are issued by merce District Office. the carrier, and some are provided by the bank issuing the l/c. The time sequence of the exporter's documentation is indicated below: 1. Buyer's purchase order 1. The Export Declaration and commercial invoices 2. Commercial invoice are prepared by the exporter. 3. Delivery receipts 2. The exporter sends the invoices, Export Declara- tion, draft, and l/c or other payment Instrument 4. Dock receipts to the freight forwarder. 5. Drafts 3. Freight forwarder assembles all the necessary documentations and submits them to the ex- 6. Exporter's purchase order porter's bank. 7. Forwarder's invoice 4. The exporter's bank forwards the documents to its overseas correspondent bank. 8. Freight (due) bill international 5. The correspondent bank contacts the importer to 9. Inland bill of lading claim the documents in accordance with the terms of the draft and l/c. 10. Inland freight invoice 6. Importer claims the documentation and pays the 11. Letter of credit amendment amount shown on the draft. 12. Letter of credit amendment application 7. Importer exchanges the bill of lading for the mer- chandise. 13. Letter of credit (Paying Book) export 8. Importer presents the invoices to customs and the provisions of this act, by direction of the President, pays the import duties. in order to forestall a possible shortage. A few months later these controls on soybeans were relaxed. 9. Importer's account in the exporter's bank is debited. Transport Methods and Equipment

The bill of lading is the most important document in Selection of the most cost-effective route for the inter- transport and serves as both a contract of carriage and national movement of a freight shipment from point of a receipt for cargo. The original claim bill of lading is origin to destination is the shipper's first decision, and proof that the cargo was accepted on board in apparent in many respects the most crucial. The transportation good condition. of U.S. agricultural perishables to their overseas cus- tomers generally requires the selection of the fastest The bill of lading, the insurance certificate, and the and most efficient mode of transport that will deliver sales invoice are the commercial set of documents the shipment overseas in the best possible condition at required to create a negotiable financial instrument. In the lowest possible cost. international business transactions, the seller generally presents these documents to a bank in accordance Transportation is the link between the farmer and the with the terms and conditions of an l/c. The primary consumer and technological developments in the document, the bill of lading, guarantees effective cargo transport and related fields have changed the service control during the in-transit phase between the seller capabilities and cost factors. Transport methods may and buyer, and it also guarantees to both bank and have been specified by the buyer, or may have been traders full protection of their financial interest while selected by a systematic approach in which the buyer's the cargo is in custody of a third party. The origin bill requirements, the terms of the sale, the speed of of lading gives the holder title to the cargo. delivery requirements, and the destination and possible routes available determine the routing. Export inspection certificates are required for certain agricultural products. Apples, pears, and emperor The development of the intermodal van container was grapes are the only fruits and vegetables requiring an an important breakthrough in transport technology for export certificate. Form FV-47 (Washington Export). overseas shipments of agricultural perishables. This (See appendix L.) was especially significant because the container was suitable for movement by rail, truck, water, and air. The A USDA grading inspection certificate is required on increased volume of fruit and vegetable export sales the export of apples, pears, and emperor grapes by the was due in part to the rise and prominent use of the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946. A number of States refrigerated van container, especially on overseas require a grading certificate in the export of certain shipments. commodities. For instance, Florida requires such a cer- tificate on the export of citrus, and New York requires a Due to competition from trucks and water carriers, the certificate for the export of apples, potatoes, and lettuce. railroads have had to change and adapt to this new concept of containerization. With the advent of the van An Export Certificate, Form MP 506 (see appendix M), container, there has been a dramatic increase in piggy- is required by USDA on all meat and poultry exports. A back loadings. After a slow start, the COFC or TOFC Phytosanitary Certificate, PPQ Form 577, previously (container or trailer on flatcar) service, commonly re- mentioned, is often required by the importing country ferred to as piggyback, has recently been growing rap- on horticultural plants or unprocessed plant products, idly. Last year over 2V2 million trailers or container certifying that they are free from disease and plant loads were involved in piggyback loadings, which re- pests. This is not a USDA requirement but is supplied quired over 1 million piggyback flatcar movements. by USDA as a service to exporters. These flatcars are mostly 25.908 m (85 ft) long and can carry two 12.192 m (40 ft) trailers or containers. The Export Administration Act authorizes the President to contract exports of U.S. commodities and technical Innovations introduced by the railroads in answer to data to all foreign destinations as necessary for three containerization have been the "land bridge" concept purposes: (1) National security, (2) foreign policy, and and, closely linked with it, the "unit train." The land (3) short supply. It is under this authority that the large bridge, in operation both eastbound and westbound, wheat shipments to Russia and China in 1973 were provides for the movement of van containers from Asia authorized and controlled. During the latter part of eastbound across the United States on container trains 1973, the export of soybeans was also included under to each coast ports for transport to Europe. The move- ment ¡s reversed on traffic originating in Europe and The savings to the shipper in using the van container destined for the Far East. are primarily in reduced packaging costs, insurance cost, product damages, documentation procedures, and The unit train concept is made up of dedicated equip- pilferage. The most important advantage to the shipper ment specifically designed for the particular commodity is that shipments are subject to much less risk of dam- and shuttled back and forth between origin and destin- age and pilferage when shipped by the van container. ation. Although the first unit trains were developed some time ago in hauling coal from the mine to the Another problem confronting the trucker in the long-dis- consumer, their number has recently been greatly in- tance movement of a van container is the road weight creased because such service has been adapted to the limitations applied by the various States. Sometimes movement of grain and is used by the "land bridge." this serves to restrict the movement of containerization and makes road transport less desirable for containeri- Both the piggyback and the unit train have reduced zation than rail or sea modes. Also, in Europe the high- transport costs by the shipper and greatly improved way weight limitations vary between countries, which service. The railroads, taking advantage of the economy creates problems in loading and routes to be taken to of scale, pass some of the savings realized on to the destination. shipper in the form of lower rates. The railroads realize economies in both of these concepts through very high Containerization is specialized into either a "box" or a utilization of locomotives, way cars, railcars, and con- "barge," depending on the traffic requirements. The tainers. The cost of these investment items, when barge has also been subjected to specialization in the expressed in dollars per unit of cargo, is relatively low form of "Lash"2 (lighter aboard ship) or "Seabee"^ because the equipment is so well utilized. system. The Lash system has three basic elements, the mothership, the lighters (barges), and a massive crane. From the trucker's point of view, the van container has The Seabee vessel is larger and is fitted to carry barges brought with it numerous problems. The lack of bal- in three decks loaded by a stern elevator. anced two-way traffic over the haul portion presents the problem of "deadheading," hauling the van con- Although the van container and containerization have tainer empty on the return portion of the journey. In developed dramatically, large amounts of agricultural addition, many of the containers offered to the trucker perishables are still being shipped overseas by the con- are not fully loaded by weight or capacity, which means ventional break-bulk method. The breakbulk system the carrier must transport the container for reduced derives its name from the method of stacking individual revenue. pieces of cargo in the ships' cargo holds. This method of shipping is characterized by numerous handlings, Much of the carriage of agricultural commodities loading and unloading boxes in cargo nets, and raising loaded in van containers is exempt from regulation by and lowering them into the ventilated or refrigerated the Interstate Commerce Commission when moving by ships' holds. Box and product damage is common and truck. The shipper negotiates with a motor carrier and pilferage is very prevalent. Many break-bulk cargoships they agree upon a rate for a particular time, movement, have intermediate stops, transit time is slower, and and volume. Because most of these arrangements for product protection fron unfavorable temperatures negotiated rates were made between small single-unit during times of transfer is not as good as with truckers, these transport costs were generally lower containerization. than the prevailing tariff rates. Some export shippers of agricultural products are using The van container has had its greatest impact on the break-bulk ships in charter more frequently because of ocean carriers, principally because it has produced tre- the difficulties in obtaining adequate shipping space on mendous savings to the carrier in the form of equip- scheduled liners. Chartering of small refrigerated ships ment utilization and labor savings. With labor handlings 2721.554 to 4535.923 metric tons (3,000 to 5,000 tons) on some shipments reduced from 10 to 2, and with for the exclusive use of one or more shippers has labor productivity increased in some cases more than fivefold, this greater efficiency and productivity has helped ocean carriers meet their great capital invest- ^The Lash concept involves a "mothership" which is designed to dis- ment needs and remain cost competitive with the other charge its barges via a massive shipboard gantry crane, independent of modes. By reducing port time and increasing the num- any shoreside facilities. ber of round trips a containership can make, the ocean ^The Seabee vessels are akin to the "ro-ro" (roll-on-rolloff) and are carrier uses this increased revenue to pay for the loaded and discharged by using a 1814.369-metric ton (2000-ton) lifting capacity submersible elevator. Three barge decks run horizontally along increased capital costs. the length of the vessel and provide over 5 km (3 mi) of deck space.

10 helped to avoid some of the problems of break-bulk through customs by providing all the necessary docu- shipping mentioned above while offering lower shipping mentation and provide for transportation to the re- ceiver's warehouse. Examples of European transit charges or cost. times are shown in table 1. Air cargo containers are designed to efficiently utilize the container space of the aircraft (Beoing 747, DC-10, When the terms of sale are on a consignment basis, and L-1011). The most common containers in use are the shipment is made to a foreign importer, broker, or the LD-3 with 4.3-m3 (153-ft3) capacity, and 1587-kg agent in the expectation that the goods will be sold (3,500-lb) maximum gross weight; the LD-7 has lO.I-m^ and payment made. Shipments made to overseas mar- (358-ft3) usable volume and 4627-kg (10,200-lb) maximum kets for market development purposes are often made on a consignment basis. Shipments on consignment gross weight. are also made during periods of fluctuating prices In air transportation, the transit time involved is so where the shipper hopes that market prices of the com- short and the dimensions of the cargo container are so modity will not drop by the time the shipment arrives. small that there are not as many problems with cargo Shipments made on a consignment basis are frequent- load patterns or bracing. The wide-bodied jets that carry freight often can divide their cargo area into com- ly warehoused in the "free trade zone" of the destina- partments for cargo and commodities with separate tion port until the shipment is sold by the foreign importer or until the market price drops to the point temperature requirements. where the shipment is cost competitive. Shipments One of the problems encountered in shipping perish- stored in a free trade zone are not subject to customs ables in air cargo containers is the delays in transit. duties, documentation requirements, or any other im- There are times when containers with perishable cargo port restrictions; however, this is not recommended must await the plane's arrival or departure. Many times for perishables. this waiting period is in a warehouse or on a loading dock without refrigeration. Delays at the transfer points Free trade zones have been established in most of the is one of the major problems encountered when ship- world ports. Their purpose is to stimulate and facilitate trade. The encourage the flow of trade through the port ping by air. and are an assistance to shippers, receivers, and car- A completely integrated air freight system can be ex- riers. These free trade zones vary in a number of re- tremely helpful to the shipper of agricultural perish- spects, but all permit entry of raw materials, compo- ables. Most of the air freight carriers serving overseas nents, and furnished goods of foreign origin. They also destinations have advanced design containers, unit load permit later re-exportation without payment of customs devices, and materials handling equipment. Routes duties or application to most other import control exist to most cities in the world with interline and in- requirements while awaiting sale or shipment to an- termodal capacity available for door-to-door service. other market.

Because air shipments generally involve a variety of Decisions concerning warehousing and distribution in products with different temperature requirements, it is the overseas markets should be made with the concur- advisable to precool the product to be shipped and rence of the overseas freight forwarder and the foreign insure that the product is adequately protected from importer because of differing material requirements rapid temperature changes by suitable packaging and and schedules for transport equipment. (See appendix insulated airline containers. When it is difficult to main- Table 1 as defined by Hinds and Bongers.^) tain the product at the desired transit temperatures, modifying the atmosphere in the package with nitrogen or carbon dioxide helps to retard spoilage.'^

Overseas Warehousing and Distribution

The terms of sale will determine the disposition of the shipment once it reaches the overseas port. If the ship- ment was sold and made on a c.i.f. (cargo, insurance, "^Harris, CM. and J.M. Harvey. Quality maintenance of California freight) basis, delivery is made directly to the con- strawberries exported to the Far Eastern markets, MRR-1053, signee. The overseas freight forwarder at the destina- USDA, 1976. tion port, acting as an agent for the receiver, will make ^Hinds, R.H. and A.J. Bongers. Highway and railroad equipment for all the necessary arrangements to clear the shipment transporting perishables in Europe, MRR-1061, USDA, 1977.

11 Section II: Fruits And Vegetables

Quality and Varietal Suitability treatments to prevent deterioration and maintain qual- ity. Most commodities require additional treatments The maximum transit life can be attained only by using prior to shipment to minimize loss of quality and high-quality commodities and transporting them to the reduce losses from disease. Some of the more impor- consumer as rapidly as possible. In general, quality tant treatments are: cannot be improved after harvest. Several factors which influence the postharvest quality are (1) maturity at 1. Precooling: For many commodities, the most impor- harvest, (2) ambient field temperature and humidity at tant of the pretransit treatments is the rapid removal of harvest in addition to adequate rain and unusually hot field heat from the product prior to loading. The prod- or cold weather, (3) mechanical injury, (4) time between uct temperature after precooling should be as close to harvest and cooling, (5) type and rate of cooling, the recommended transit temperature as possible. (6) sanitation of the packinghouse, and (7) use of Cooling of the product can be accomplished by storage brushes, dips, sprays, and fumigants. room cooling, hydrocooling, vacuum cooling, forced air precooling, or by contact with ice. The more rapidly the Fresh fruits and vegetables intended for extended field heat is removed after harvest, the quicker deterior- transit life should be as free as possible from skin ation and metabolic activity are reduced. The growth of breaks, mechanical injuries, bruises, and decay. These decay organisms is diminished and moisture loss is injuries: (1) provide an entrance for decay organism, curtailed. Successful precooling can be accomplished (2) increase moisture losses, (3) increase decay, and only by insuring that the product is accessible to the (4) detract from the appearance of the product. coolant. The design of the package, the type of mate- rial, and the method of packing the product In the pack- Maturity of the product at the time of harvest is directly age affect accessibility of the product to the coolant. related to transit and marketing life and quality of the product. For any given product there is a maturity best 2. Bactéricides and fungicides: As an added precau- suited for the expected domestic or export transit tion, chemical treatments are often applied to fruits period. Undermature products will not ripen or develop and vegetables to prevent infections and reduce the good quality, whereas an overmature product deterior- incidence of diseases. Most of the disease organisms ates quickly during its postharvest trip to the con- which attack fruits and vegetables are fairly weak path- sumer. With some commodities the maturity or time of ogens and require an injury or weak host in order to harvest influences the transit environmental cause damage. Therefore, the primary method of con- requirements. trol of these decay organisms must be proper handling techniques to prevent injury. Precaution: Only chemi- The variety (cultivar) of the fruit or vegetable will often cals that have been approved for the particular crop determine its ability to be sold only in a local market or (either by the Food and Drug Administration or a simi- marketed overseas. The variety of a specific crop may lar organization in the country to which your product also determine the shipping temperature. will be shipped) should be used. In some cases, chemi- cals that are allowed in the United States are not al- In some cases the varieties grown and shipped from lowed in other countries. One should be aware of these different parts of the country require different transit differences, and because these pesticide regulations environments. For instance, Valencia oranges grown in are constantly changing, you should check with FAS, Texas and Florida require a transit temperature of 0° C USDA, a State Department of Agriculture, or the over- (32° F), whereas Valencias from California and Arizona seas importer prior to shipment. require 4° to 7° C (40° to 44° F).^ 3. Waxing: Waxes are applied to certain fruits and The proper degree of maturity required for some prod- vegetables to reduce moisture loss (thereby reducing ucts will be discussed under individual commodity wilting and shriveling) and to increase sales appeal. It requirements. is imperative than an even coating of the wax at the right thickness be applied. A thin coating of wax gives Pretransit Treatments little protection against moisture loss, whereas a thick coating may lead to internal atmosphere of high CO2 This step in the export transport system is like a "pre- and low O2, resulting in off flavors and injury. Fungi- ventive maintenance" program; that is, you apply these cides are often combined with the wax in an effort to reduce decay and moisture loss.

"•lutz, J.M. and R.E. Hardenburg, The commercial storage of fruits, 4. Fumigation: Fumigants are applied to specific com- vegetables, and florist and nursery stocks. AH-66, 1977, p.22. modities to control disease and insects. Usually these

12 gaseous chemicals are applied to the commodity in (OECD). This organization was originally composed of special gas-tight rooms or vehicles prior to transit. You Western European countries, but now includes the must adhere to the prescribed procedures for the fumi- United States, Canada, Chile, Japan, and many other gation treatment to be effective and noninjurious to the countries. Their main objective is to standardize out- product. Fumigation regulations of the destination side length and width dimensions of packages for unit- country should be verified to determine whether fumi- ized handling or internationally standardized pallet gants used are cleared for use. bases. For example, the 1200- by 1000-mm (47-1/4 by 39-3/8-in) pallet base, which conforms very closely with 5. Hormone and other chemicals: Fruit is a living the 48- by 40-inch (1219- by 1016-mm) pallet base used tissue and extension of its storage life requires delay by most food chains in the United States, is also rec- of its senescence. For instance, in order to store ommended by the Unitization Committee of the United onions for long periods, field treatments of maleic Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association. Metric size hydrazide will reduce spouting during transit and stor- packages that should be considered for export are: age. Other preharvest and postharvest treatments with (outside base dimensions) 400 by 300 mm (15.75 by cytokinens, gibberellins, and other chemicals that give 11.81 in), 500 by 300 mm (19.69 by 11.81 in), 500 by hormonaltype reactions are being tried to reduce deter- 400 mm (19.69 by 15.75 in), 600 by 400 mm (23.62 by iorations. Fruits and vegetables are often exposed to 15.75 in), and 600 by 500 mm (23.62 by 19.69 in). other chemicals to change color, prevent physiological disorders, or to ripen the product. The use of ethylene Choice of materials to degreen citrus or ripen tomatoes has no significant Many materials are used in the manufacture of pack- effect on the composition of the commodity other than ages; however, for the selected commodities listed in to destroy the chlorophyll. Diphenylamine, ethoxyquin, this handbook, fiberboard, wooden, and veneer shipping and several other chemicals have been used to control containers are the most common type used in export scald development in certain apple cultivars during shipments of fresh fruit and vegetables. The most im- long-term storage. portant choice of selection of a package for export is its strength and its resistance to moisture. Many pack- 6. Irradiation and ozone: Exposure of fruits and vege- ages perform satisfactorily for domestic trips averaging tables to irradiation or ozone treatments to reduce 3 to 5 days in transit with overhead weight and 90 to 95 postharvest losses has not been commercially success- percent relative humidity, but experience has shown ful to date. Most fruits and vegetables will not tolerate that these same domestic-type shipping containers are the dosage required to control the disease. generally inadequate for export shipments that involve total time in transit of 10 to 45 days. Hence, the selec- Packaging tion of a package of maximum strength or the addition of inner packing materials such as crosswise dividers, Size of packages end panel inserts, or special corner posts to increase Many foreign receivers prefer smaller size packages compression strength, and the use of moisture-resis- than the ones used in the United States.^ They com- tant materials are fundamental requirements. plain that their retailers have limited display and stor- age space, and insist sales can be increased consider- Packaging , labeling, and markings ably with packages holding quantities that can be dis- In general, most U.S. brand names have little meaning posed of in a day or two. For example, shipping con- to overseas buyers. It is recommended that labels be in tainers with quantities exceeding 18 kg (40 lbs) are gen- the native language of the country receiving the prod- erally not preferred for many commodities, such as uct, and that the label denote in simple terminology peppers, endive, escarole, romaine, green beans, the common or generic name of the product, the size, lemons, tomatoes, and avocados; 5- to 7-kg (10-to 15-lb) count, metric weight, variety, etc. Packaging research- packages to eliminate repacking in smaller size units ers further recommend that pictorial illustrations of the would satisfy most overseas marketing demands. packed product be prominently placed on two sides of the shipping container. These illustrations would be In addition, U.S. exporters should consider using pack- understood by everyone, regardless of country, and age sizes that meet the size requirements of metric would facilitate product identification and handling at shipping containers, as recommended by the Organiza- all marketing levels. Most important, the total informa- tion for Economic Cooperation and Development tion should be kept to a minimum. In addition, marking on packages should comply with all foreign laws and regulations. If you use supplemental treatments to con- 2Risse, L and R. McDonald. Exporting produce to Europe—problems trol decay, lengthen storage life, etc., don't forget that and potentials. Produce Marketing Association, 1975 Yearbook, pp. 68-74. these supplemental treatments must have the approval

13 of the foreign government importing the product. In one In van containers: Most refrigerated conventional van case, a packinghouse worker who mistakenly marked containers are equipped with horizontal airflow refriger- shipping container covers with a fungicide treatment ation systems which depend on perimeter cooling and not previously approved, caused the entire load to be air-stacked cargo load patterns. The newer bottom confiscated and dumped by the foreign government on forced air-delivery refrigeration systems, whose design arrival. and performance criteria were originally developed by USDA, are specifically designed to meet the needs of Assemblying, filling, and closing fresh fruit and vegetable shippers and generally per- The proper assembling and the adequate closing of form better than conventional units. The most impor- packages are important factors in the delivery of tant design criteria for this system are (1) pressurized accepted products and the development of satisfied air circulation, (2) center of the load cooling, (3) refrig- receivers. In specific cases, poor practices, such as eration capacity modulation, (4) temperature control on staples protruding through the walls of fiberboard ship- the discharge air, and (5) forced air-exchange system.^ ping containers, have caused serious punctures and damage to the product. In addition, watermelons falling The bottom forced air-delivery system works best when through the bottoms of shipping containers upon the carton or fiberboard boxes have matching top and arrival and lids closed on overpacked wire-bound crates bottom vent holes. They should be tightly stiched in (which seriously cut into the product in the top layers) register alignment to provide passageways through have resulted in receivers' dissatisfaction with U.S. these matching holes for through-the-load air circula- exporters. Many foreign receivers object to excessively tion. If such cartons cannot be used, a chimney-type bulge-packed shipping containers, feeling that exces- loading pattern or other vertical channel must be pro- sive bulging increases product damage and weakens vided. Satisfactory performance of this unit depends the package. U.S. exporters should be able to solve upon through-the-cargo air circulation. most of these problems simply by making periodic inspections during packinghouse operations. Conventional refrigerated van containers require cargo loading patterns that provide lengthwise air channels To reduce transport costs, those parts of the product through the load, such as the modified bonded block not usable are discarded and only the edible portion is and other air-stacked patterns developed by USDA shipped. Removing wrapper leaves from lettuce and researchers.^ For all fresh fruit and vegetable ship- cauliflower, topping radishes and carrots, and trimming ments in conventional vans, it is advisable to use a and partly dehusking fresh sweet corn are successful header stack against the bulkhead at the front of the examples of obtaining favorable load densities by ship- van container. The purpose of the header stack is to ping only the edible product. provide maximum access to openings to all longi- tudinal air channels and to insure that the return air More uniform sizing within a given package, consistent will find its way quickly to the air return and satisfy weights and exact counts, improved grade standards, the thermostat control setting. Take care to prevent and the use of standard packs and shipping containers obstruction of the discharge air duct, thus insuring nationwide are other areas that concern foreign optimum airflow through the duct. Load the packages receivers. tightly, front to rear in the van containers, in the rec- ommended loading pattern. They should not be loosely Loading spaced, nor artificially forced to come out even with Recommendations for loading vary depending upon the the rear door of the van container. In van containers type, size, and shape of the package; its strength; the with loose loads, the first impact during transit will inside dimensions of the refrigerated space; and cause shifting of the load, disarranged packages, prod- whether packages are being loaded break-bulk in the uct damage, and blockage of the air circulation chan- holds of ships or in export van containers'. Probably the nels. Also avoid loading containers with excessive cross- most important factor in loading is the use of stacking wise spaces between packages. When a space does oc- patterns that will permit the pulp temperatures of the cur between the last stack and the rear door of the van commodity to be quickly reduced to optimum tempera- container, place an endgate between the rear face of ture level. The temperatures should be uniform through- the last stack and the rear door to fill this void. The out the load and maintained ±0.5^ C (±1° F) during the duration of the trip. The following loading recom- mendations are based on experimental export shipping tests conducted by USDA's transportation and packag- Hinds, R.H. Design and performance criteria for refrigerated van ing researchers. containers. Amer. Soc. of Agr. Engr., Chicago, III. 1978. "^Hinds, R.H. and A. Robertson. Better loading for trailer shipments of citrus. MRR-715, USDA, 1965.

14 gate will prevent load shifting and keep the packages ages with top or side bulges into reefer ships as when and loading pattern in alignment. loading them into the export van containers. For in- stance, grapefruit export containers designed and fab- All packages should be loaded on bottonns in an up- ricated from boardweight materials for stacking seven right position, except those containers packed with layers high have been observed stacked 12 and 15 layers a bulge. Wirebound and veneer shipping containers high in the holds of break-bulk ships. The arrival condi- packed with a top bulge should be loaded on their tion of the grapefruit packed in these shipping contain- sides so that the bulges face toward the air channels. ers stacked 12 and 15 layers high was seriously jeopar- For other shipping containers, such as baskets and dized. Although wooden dunnage strips are used exten- hampers packed with a top bulge, hold the height of sively between layers of packages to maintain align- the bulges to a minimum during packing as a means of ment, and in some cases to maintain air channels be- eliminating pressure damage caused by vertical over- tween rows of shipping containers, the value of their head weight of the shipping containers above. use is in doubt. The strips are often pressed into the fiberboard cartons, causing damage to the product and In refrigerated cargo ships: Frequently, shipping fresh blocking the air channels. Conversely, the use of perishables by conventional break-bulk methods in wooden dunnage is encouraged in areas where irregu- reefer ships is not as efficient as by van container, lar-shaped holds prevent desirable package stacking because the cargo may be handled 10 to 15 times. patterns. Exporters of fresh perishables should also Such handling is costly and often causes bruising be aware that during many ocean voyages, especially and other physical damage to the product. However, across the North Atlantic during winter months, rough because of the cost differences and a continued weather is frequently encountered so strong packages shortage of van container equipment and service, large and good dunnage are required. amounts of agricultural products still are shipped in refrigerated lockers of breakbulk ships. l\/lixed ioads: Whether in van containers or reefer ships, exercise caution in loading shipments that consist of Break-bulk charter ship rates are normally lower than more than one size or type of package, such as wooden scheduled liner rates. For instance, in 1984, rates for and fiberboard boxes. In these "mixed loads," it is im- van container shipments of citrus from Florida to Rot- portant to provide adequate protection to packages terdam, The Netherlands, were 13 percent higher than that might be physically damaged from adjacent stacks charter rates. of shipping containers. This can be solved by installing special bracing or dunnage to separate the packages. Chartering of small refrigerated ships in the 3,000- to Another problem resulting from mixed loads with boxes 4,000-ton class reefer ships for the exclusive use of one of different dimensions is developing a stable stacking or more shippers has avoided some of the problems of pattern, especially in van containers where air channels break-bulk shipping mentioned above, while offering are a necessity. In preparing mixed loads, recommended lower shipping charges. practices to observe, (such as product compatibility with atmospheres, temperatures, etc.) are discussed In break-bulk reefer ships, the direction of the cooled elsewhere in this handbook. air is usually from the floor to the ceiling. In export test shipments of fresh fruit and vegetables loaded in tight Pretransit Vehicle Check stacks (loaded without air channels), pulp temperatures were recorded throughout the shipments and found to The shipper has little responsibility in regard to the be uniform and satisfactory. These results were attribu- condition of the transport equipment offered by the car- ted to the efficient refrigeration system found on the rier. Normally, carriers service their equipment prior to particular ships and the air being forced through the each loading to insure having equipment in good oper- individual shipping containers. However, these results ating condition. Even so, in their own best interest, are not necessarily representative of other reefer ships shippers should make certain basic observation of the with alternative types of refrigeration systems. In reefer transport vehicle prior to loading. ships with horizontal airflow systems, it is recom- mended that bonded-block and airflow stacks devel- The shipper can use the following checklist as a guide oped by the USDA for use in van containers be modi- to help determine the suitability of the transport vehicle fied ana used. The cardinal factor in loading reefer for the export shipment: ships is to make the stacking pattern compatible with the ship's refrigerated airflow system. 1. Make certain the vehicle is the type requested from the carrier and includes any special equipment or capa- The same protective rules apply when loading pack- bilities necessary for your cargo. Example: Atmosphere

15 modification, built-in load bracing, reverse air flow, ven- Transit Environment tilation, etc. The prime considerations in this section are the regula- 2. The inside of the van should be clean and free of tion of temperature, relative humidity (rh), and modified odors. Trash or debris in the grooved floor can restrict or controlled atmosphere conditions for maintaining air flow and adversely affect tennperature maintenance. quality during transit. Odors in the vehicle from a previous cargo could be ab sorbed by your product and produce undesirable flavors. Temperature Refrigeration has long been recognized as the prime 3. Floor drains should be checked to make certain factor for maintaining quality. Proper use of recom- they are not clogged so defrost water or top ice runoff mended temperatures will retard (1) respiration and can be properly discharged. For frozen loads, the floor other metabolic activity, (2) aging due to ripening, drain openings under the vehicle should be equipped softening, texture, and color changes, (3) moisture with some type of retainers to prevent intake of warm losses, (4) spoilage due to invasion by bacteria, fungi, outside air while still providing a means for discharging and yeast, (5) undesirable growth, and (6) flavor defrost water. changes. Lists of storage requirements for a wide range of fruits and vegetables can be obtained from 4. Door gaskets and closing devices should be Lutz and Hardenburg (1977)^, and Ryall and Lipton checked to make certain they form and hold a tight (1972)6, and for many other products in the ASHRAE seal to prevent excessive heat transfer. A quick and Handbook (1978).^ easy method to check the entire van for general tight- ness is to place a person inside the vehicle, close the Unfortunately, exporting perishables demands more doors, and have him or her check for light leaks. than picking the right transport system and setting the thermostat at the recommended temperature. Obtaining 5. The mechanical refrigeration system is an impor- and maintaining the desired temperatures is affected tant item to check and, unfortunately, most difficult for by (1) the initial temperature of the commodity, (2) abil- an unqualified person. Some carriers prefer that ship- ity of the refrigeration equipment to remove heat from pers not tamper with the refrigeration unit. Many times, the commodity, (3) heat produced by the product, (4) air the driver is instructed to start the refrigeration unit for distribution, and (5) size of the load. The recommenda- the shipper and set the thermostat at the desired level. tions presented in appendix table 2 are the optimum temperature requirements for the commodity, and for If this is not done, you should start the refrigeration best results, temperatures should be maintained as unit in accordance with the manufacturer's instruc- close as possible to that level. However, the thermo- tions, which are usually found on the control panel. stat setting should be set slightly above the optimum Some units operate with power produced by a motor- to avoid freezing or chilling of the product. generator set. This generator can be part of the refriger- ation unit or mounted on the chassis away from the Some fruits and vegetables, mostly those of tropical refrigeration unit. In either case, starting the motor-gen- and subtropical origins, are susceptible to chilling erator only produces the electric current. injury even at nonfreezing temperatures. Examples of chilling injuries and a description of their symptoms Once the generator is running, the refrigeration unit are presented in appendix table 3. must then be activated. Set the thermostat at the desired temperature for the intended cargo, check Relative liumidity and water loss inside to make certain the blowers are operating, and Most fruits and vegetables contain between 85 and 90 with the doors closed, allow the unit to precool the percent water by weight. They continue to lose water vehicle. When the indicating thermometer shows the vapor after they are harvested by a process known as inside temperature equals the thermostat set point, "transpiration." Excessive loss of water from fresh pro- the refrigeration unit should begin to cycle on and off duce results in the product becoming wilted, shriveled, to maintain this temperature. tough, mushy, and lacking in flavor.

If the unit does not operate properly or does not cool the vehicle to the desired level, notify the carrier and do Lutz, J.M. and R.E. Hardenburg. The commercial storage of fruits, not load the cargo. Unless you have permission from vegetables, and florist and nursery stocks. USDA, AH-66, 1977. the carrier and a qualified refrigeration service person, ^Ryall, A.L. and W.J. Lipton. Handling, transport, and storage of fruits and vegetables. AVI Publishing Co., New York, N.Y., 1972. do not attempt to adjust the calibration, defrost, heat- ^ASHRAE Handbook. Amer. Soc. of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- ing, cooling, or other components of the unit. Conditioning Engr., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1978. Table 2, pp. 42.3-42.5.

16 Water losses can be reduced by (1) maintaining high Loading Patterns and Cargo Bracing relative humidity (90 to 95 percent), (2) lowering the temperature, (3) providing only enough air movement to Loading patterns and cargo bracing play an important remove the heat of respiration, (4) waxing with a water role in the successful transportation and delivery of impermeable coating, (5) packaging in various semiper- export shipments of fresh fruits and vegetables. meable bags or film wraps, and (6) maintaining the refrigeration coil only a few degrees lower than the Such commodities as spinach, string beans, and aspar- desired cargo temperatures. agus produce sizable amounts of heat through their own process of respiration. This heat must be removed When shipping by air freight, significant amounts of by the air circulation system. water can be lost due to air exchange and variation in air pressure in the cargo area of the plane. The greater Uniform temperature control and maximum utilization the variation in temperatures between circulating air of available refrigeration are highly dependent upon the and the evaporator coil, the greater the amount of mois- loading pattern and good air circulation throughout the ture removed. A 5° F differential between the coil and load. Circulating air from the refrigeration unit will fol- the product will generally provide adequate cooling low the path of least resistance. Generally, this is without removing excessive amounts of moisture. around the perimeter of the load through extruded aluminum floors and ribbed fiberglass walls. Often this Modified or controlled atmospheres leaves a large center section without proper refrigera- Modified or controlled atmospheres are only supple- tion. Conversely, in cases where the product is tightly ments to refrigeration, not replacements for refrigera- stacked against thinly insulated, smooth sidewalls, the tion. The primary method for maintaining quality is by product near the wall may gain more heat than the proper utilization of refrigeration. product in the center of the load.

Recent controlled atmosphere research has shown that A good loading pattern must provide a network of chan- (1) no single atmosphere will benefit more than a few nels to allow uniform air circulation throughout the commodities; (2) certain commodities may tolerate an load. It must also be sufficiently stable to remain intact atomsphere at only one temperature; (3) certain crops during transit to help prevent container failure or com- may tolerate modification of atmospheres for only a modity damage. The pattern should utilize the inherent limited time; (4) fruits and vegetables with a long strength of the package and at the same time, should storage life in air often do not derive benefits during be compact enough to allow the carrier a full payload. short transit periods; and (5) in some products such as In addition, it must be adaptable to slight variations in cherries and strawberries, a modified atmosphere saves the size of the vehicle and easy for workers to stack. by slowing activity of decayed organisms. Two of the most commonly used load patterns are the modified bonded-block (mbb) load and the pigeonhole Compatibility in mixed loads (ph) load patterns. Examples of acceptable loading pat- Often shippers or receivers want to transport more than terns are included in the Export Shipping Specifica- one commodity in a vehicle. The factors for determining tions for each commodity in section III. the compatibility of products are (1) temperature, (2) mod- ification of the atmosphere, (3) relative humidity, The mbb load pattern consists of cartons placed both (4) emission of volatiles that are harmful to other prod- lengthwise and crosswise in two interlocking stacks to ucts, (5) whether products produce or absorb objection- form one complete single block (figs. 1 and 2). Ten such able odors, and (6) difficulties in loading the sizes and blocks were placed in the 35-foot refrigerated vans shapes of shipping containers. Lipton and Harvey (1977)^ used in these tests. This pattern provided both vertical have prepared compatibility tables for about 85 com- and horizontal channels for air movement. modities. Some of this information is presented in appendix table 4. You can obtain additional information Continuity of the channels between cartons placed by contacting the Market Quality and Transportation lengthwise in the mbb load is essential to provide uni- Research Laboratory of USDA in Fresno, California, as form air circulation throughout the load. Crosswise car- listed in appendix D. tons in this pattern should be tightly stacked to provide load stability.

The mbb load shown in figure 2 is well suited to the dimensions of the carton and van shown. The cartons fit snugly crosswise in the van. Some cartons with ^Lipton, W.J. and J.M. Harvey. Compatibility of fruits and vegetables during transport In mixed loads. MRR-1070, USDA, 1977. larger or smaller dimensions will fit loosely, thus wast-

17 Figure 1.

Diagram of the modified bonded block (mbb) load pattern. Air circulated horizontally and vertically throughout the load.

Vent doors Blower closed On Bulkhead vents All vent doors closed closed

V^y>y^^.^^^^^.^y^^^J/^y^/JA^A^^/M r r feE±t¿e ¿äifzEä fe=ä fcEi fe^ 1 E±3 Ein 1^' Vä\^ 21 t^^^±tö i¿g^>y>¿¿¿g^y>y^^^^^ w/)///Mm/}^///)/A^///^^^^^^ï tiä itö Bulkhead wall

Figure 2.

Cross section of one of the modified bonded block (mbb) loads used in test shipments to Europe.

I m

nnnnnhnnnn h nnnnrinnnnn'nnnnrrr O o o o

rrrt CO

18 ing space. In such cases, it may be desirable to use satisfying the thermostat before the load is properly one continuous row along one wall. This row, ternned cooled. To provide stability, header or fill-in stacks "fill-in row," is not part of the spaced pattern. should either have car stripping (narrow, thin strips of wood) or fiber adhesive tape between layers reaching To assure that the cold discharge air reaches the rear from one side of the vehicle to the other. of the load, the top layer of the front half of the nnbb load should be stacked solid, that is, the vertical air Both of the above spaced load patterns generally pro- channels should be blocked. This is acconnplished by vide good air circulation in top air delivery conventional placing one additional carton in the lengthwise stack of refrigerated van containers. The choice of which load the top layer or each block of cartons. pattern to use must be based on the dimensions of the van and the package, because one of the loading pat- The header stack, as described in the discussion of the terns might fit into a specific van better than the other. ph load, can be used with the mbb load pattern to as- Some loading crews object to the mbb load pattern and sure adequate space for air return at the front of the in some instances, charge a premium for using it. Thus, vehicle. However, because of the numerous vertical air labor or economics, or both, may be an important con- spaces throughout the load that lead to the floor racks sideration in the choice of a load pattern. under the load, a header stack is not essential in the mbb load. If a header stack is used, these cartons must Some of the newest refrigerated van containers have be aligned with the lengthwise cartons in the mbb been designed specifically for fresh fruits and vege- pattern. tables with the so-called reverse flow or bottom air delivery circulation system. In these units the entire The pattern of the mbb load should be laid out along grooved floor becomes a plenum which directs the one side wall for the entire length of the van or trailer refrigerated air up and through the cargo. Packages before loading (fig. 3). If excessive space exists at the loaded in these vans should have matching top and rear after the last block is laid out, a fill-in stack can be bottom vent holes and be tightly stacked in register to added between any two complete blocks in the vehicle. allow circulating air to pass upward from one package This fill-in stack is the same as the header stack at the to another. This type unit is becoming very popular with front of the vehicle and is placed between any two ocean carriers because of the improved performance blocks to facilitate load length (fig. 4). This fill-in stack with fresh fruits and vegetables. should not be used at the very rear of the van as it would not be stable. Proper bracing of the cargo is essential to prevent load shifting in transit, which can result in physical damage The ph load pattern provides lengthwise channels in and disrupted air channels. In most cases, there is a alternate layers of the load for longitudinal air circula- void between the last stack of cargo and the rear doors tion from the rear to the front of the vehicle. Usually, of the vehicle. This space may range less than 2.5 cm all cartons are loaded lengthwise in a ph load (figs. 5 (1 in) up to the size of a package and must be filled and 6). However, when the carton width is one-half of with dunnage or a cargo brace to maintain the load in its length, the cartons in the spaced layers can be its original position. Some vehicles are equipped with placed crosswise, while those in the solid layers re- adjustable cargo braces at the rear door which can be main lengthwise. In the spaced layers, three cartons positioned tightly against the rear stack to prevent are placed crosswise, and the spaces between cartons shifting. When such devices are not available, a simple and walls and between cartons are equal. This pattern, wooden brace can be constructed to serve the same which was used in tests 3 and 4, is believed by some function. people in the industry to increase load stability as com- pared with the other ph pattern. In a ph load, the bot- For export shipments moving as break-bulk cargo in the tom layer should always be solid to properly support holds of conventional ships, the same considerations the overhead weight of the load. exist for loading patterns and cargo bracing. However, shippers have little control over how their cargo is A header stack (fig. 4) is essential with a ph load pat- handled aboard ship. The captain of the vessel is tern, unless the vehicle has built-in spacers on the front responsible for the cargo and decides how it is to be bulkhead to allow the returning air to pass down to the loaded and secured, based on the design of the ship air return. These spacers consist of several vertical and past experience. A ship's officer supervises the strips capped off at the top with a horizontal strip. If a cargo loading and instructs the stevedores regarding header stack is used, the top layer must be solid to the loading patterns and cargo bracing. In some cases, seal off the channels in the stack and prevent cold air the cargo is improperly loaded or held at undesirable from passing directly down from above the load and temperatures. In addition, it may be mixed with other

19 Figure 3.

Diagram of layout procedure along one wall of vehicle to determine if a fill-in stack is needed in the modified bonded block (mbb) load. Always begin the layout of an mbb pattern at the front of the vehicle with the first package lengthwise, the next two crosswise, next two lengthwise, and so forth. If a fill-in stack is needed, it can be placed between any two blocks, but should not be placed at the very rear of the load as it would not be stable.

Front of Trailer Bulkhead

Layers 2,4,6,8.

Bunker

Wire Mesh Opening

Rear of Trailer

20 Figure 4.

Header stack suitable for use in the modified bonded-block (mbb) load in figures 1 and 2 or the pigeonhole (ph) load in figures 4 and 5. Air space in the header stack must aline with those in the mbb or ph load. Note the wooden car stripping placed between layers for stability. This stack can also be used as a fill-in stack for spacing purposes between any two blocks in the MBB load.

Bulkhead

Layers 2,4,6,8,10,12. Blower

Bunker

Header Stack

Opening

Layers 1,3,5,7,9.11

21 Figure 5.

Diagram of pigeonhole (ph) load pattern. Air circulates horizontally from rear to front of load in alternate layers

Figure 6.

Cross section of one of the pigeonhole (ph) loads used in test shipments of U.S. oranges to Europe.

' ^"^ »T* I ' ■m^ I «rar haKtetOMBIIOT . ^«iMi«.Ojdinji.,,. I sufiittei-f.««!.»-'. I •.*«)«.'.Ham/.-. Sar+.i"

i" O o r~^ 1 c"

"í*«,-: I h^ I I Smka«tO<«i«« ir,'- c» *<#

22 noncompatible cargo during the voyage. Losses may 1. When export shipments move by railcar or highway occur as a result. Therefore, exporters should always truck from origin to a port and must be transferred to a advise the ship's agent in writing about the perishable van container for the ocean voyage, we recommend a nature of the cargo and any special requirements or commodity "condition inspection" at that time. If the restrictions that must be considered to insure its safe commodity has deteriorated during the domestic trip so transport. it is no longer suitable for export, the shipment should be diverted to a domestic market and not exported. Transport Vehicle Refrigeration 2. When an export shipment is transferred from one Installing proper load patterns or adequate bracing in vehicle to another en route, the carrier should be the transport vehicle depends on the design and per- instructed regarding the loading pattern and any spe- formance criteria of the refrigerated van container cial protective requirements of the cargo. In addition, used. the shipper should consult the carrier concerning the available loading space in the van container. Many van Load pattern and cargo bracing requirements are simi- containers have less available cargo space than con- lar for a ventilated (ambient air-cooled) van container ventional highway trucks because the refrigeration and a conventional van container. Forced air ventilated units are recessed into the cargo area. Loading deter- vans require that the same precautions be observed as minations should be made prior to origin loading to in a conventional van in regard to load patterns and guarantee an acceptable load size at the transfer point. cargo bracing: the pattern must allow adequate air cir- culation through the load; the cargo must be main- 3. In most countries import shipments of fresh fruits tained firmly in place during transit; and movement and and vegetables will not be cleared for entry without the shifting of boxes in transit must be kept to a minimum. Phytosanitary Certificate issued by USDA. In order to avoid delays at the receiving port, the certificate should The bottom air delivery refrigeration system for van accompany the shipment or be forwarded promptly via containers is the only system currently used which airmail to the receiver (appendix E). does not require special load patterns, but instead allows for a tightly stacked load in the container. 4. When shipping a new commodity to a regular cus- tomer or when opening a new market, the shipper The bottom air delivery system has a number of advan- should make certain the receiver is familiar with the tages over the conventional spaced loading systems commodity requirements during distribution and mer- mentioned above: (1) more rapid cooling, (2) better chandising. Special instructions regarding handling and temperature control, (3) increased load densities, shelflife or temperature and humidity requirements (4) greater load stability, (5) improved utilization of should be printed on the package. Remember that all vehicle cube, and (6) reduced transpoi^t and handling labeling should be in the local language. costs per unit of cargo. 5. One of the biggest assets for an exporter is a good Special Shipping Considerations freight forwarder. Many of the problems encountered by the shipper can be handled routinely by the forwarder. There are several special considerations for export The forwarder can advise on routing, scheduling, docu- shipments. Some of these items are not generally mentation, export licenses, labeling and many other known to a prospective exporter because they are not factors. encountered in domestic trade. The following items should be considered where applicable:

23 Section III: Export specifications (Transportation Improvement Program)

Specifications for Exporting Almonds stored at 7° C (45° F) or under, and in clean, odor-free Prepared by A. Yerington^ areas with relative humidity of under 75 percent. No special requirements for almonds in foil packets. All 1. Season. All areas of California: year-round. Season almonds have long shelf lives in excess of 6 months. for harvesting runs July through September. Storage is in large roonns and in either 1-ton bins or bulk at room 10. Suggested references: temperature. Food and Drug Technical Bulletin No. 1, U.S. Dept. of 2. Quality. Packaging is done under constant supervi- Health, Education, and Welfare, Food and Drug sion of Dried Fruit Association of California. Grades Administration. are regulated under USDA-AMS's Processed Products and Marketing Orders. Grades are determined by var- Standards for almond processing. Dried Fruit Associa- iety, color, rancidity, blemishes, decay, size, and insect tion of California. damage. Tolerances are established for the above defects and may vary year to year depending on size Specifications for Exporting Apples and quality of the crop. Prepared by CF. Pierson and J.B. Fountain^

3. Pretransit treatment. No treatments required except 1. Season. In the Pacific Northwest, overseas ship- fumigation to control possible insect infestations. ments are made from September through May-June. Recommended dosage is ôô-g/m^ (3-1/2-lb/1000 ft^) Exports to Canada run from September through July. methyl bromide for 24 hours. Nuts should be held below 7° C (45° F) if held for any length of time. Nuts 2. Quality. Size, count, and grade must meet U.S. are processed when needed (see item No. 1). Process- Standards for Grade, and also must meet U.S. Condi- ing may include blanching, roasting, dicing, or grinding. tions Standards for Export [see U.S. Standards for Grades of Apples (29 F.R. 10573) effective September 1, 4. Packaging. Most nuts are sold as shelled nuts and 1964, as amended October 1, 1966 (31 F.R. 11171), July many are blanched. Many are exported in 45.359-kg 25, 1972 (34 F.R. 14381), and March 18, 1976 (41 F.R. (100-lb) polypropylene sacks. Others are sold in foil 11312)]. pouches or cans. Most popular items are flavored blanched almonds sold in cans. 3. Pretransit treatment. Red Delicious apples- Exporters are urged to learn from their customers local 5. Pretransit vehicle check. Only requirements are that restrictions on the pesticides in their customers' coun- vehicle be free of insects and have no moisture tries, and modify treatments accordingly. Generally, the present. Red Delicious apples are drenched with a fungicide to prevent decay, and an anti-oxidant to control scald as 6. Transit environment. Shipments of canned almonds the fruit arrives at the warehouse. The fruit in bins is have no requirements except no moisture present to cooled to a core temperature of 0° C (32° F) during the cause rusting of cans. Sacks of almonds must be kept first 5 days of storage a 90 percent or higher relative free of insects and away from anything that gives off humidity. Fruit for controlled atomsphere (CA) storage strong odors. Packaged almonds must be also kept must be held for a minimum of 90 days in a licensed insect free and should be kept below 15° C (60° F). facility under specified conditions. Fruit for the early Canned almonds can be held up to a 27° C (80° F). market is packed immediately or taken from regular storage. On the packing line, fruit is dumped into a 7. Loading pattern and bracing. No special pattern. tank of water containing a fungistat or a fungicide. Consult local resources for specific use recommenda- 8. Vehicle routing. Due to long shelf life, no unusual tions. After the fruit has been washed and brushed, a requirements made. coating of either carnauba wax or food-grade shellac is applied to impart a lasting shine to the fruit. A second 9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. fungicide may be applied in the coating. Canned almonds must not be kept under high humidity due to rusting of cans. However, they can be kept at Golden Delicious apples—Golden Delicious apples may most any temperature. Sacked almonds should be be drenched with a fungicide as they arrive at the ware-

"•pesearch entomologist, Stored Products Insects Research, ARS, ""Research plant pathologist and agricultural economist, Tree Fruit USDA, Fresno, Calif. 93727. Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Wenatchee, WA 98801.

24 house, or the fungicide treatment may be delayed until transported. The unit should operate until the set presizing or packing. The same cooling schedule is point is reached and it begins to cycle within ±2° C used as with Red Delicious. Apples for the late market (±3° F) of the desired level (see Transit may be subjected to an atmosphere containing 12-15 environment). percent CO2 for 10 days to retain firmness, and held for a minimum of 90 days in controlled atmosphere c. After the cooling function is verified, the thermo- storage. The dumping operation described for Red Deli- stat set point should be raised 4° C (10° F) above the cious apples is used on Golden Delicious apples. If inside temperature for a few minutes to force the waxes are used, a fungicide may be added along with unit into the heating cycle. Operation indicator lights an anti-oxidant to control scald and decay. If waxes are in the refrigeration unit control panel and tempera- not used, the decay and scald control chemicals may ture rise inside the van should verify the heating be applied in a water spray on the packing line. operation.

The packed fruit should be cooled to 0° C (32° F) before d. The thermostat should be returned to desired it is loaded into the transit vehicle. transit temperature level and allowed to operate nor- mally for a few minutes. Next, the unit should be 4. Packaging. The shipping carton is important in placed in manual defrost and the operation indicator delivering quality products to the receiver. The lack of lights again observed. A defrost cycle normally takes mechanical equipment of unloading and storing fruit about 20 minutes, and when it is completed the unit necessitates the use of hand labor for these purposes, should be ready for loading. and a weak carton which may be further weakened by the condensation of moisture in hot humid climates e. If the power generator or any of the refrigeration can result in severe damage to the fruit. unit functions do not operate properly, the carrier should be contacted so adjustments or repairs can The apples should be packaged in fully telescoping, be made before the fruit is loaded. moisture-resistant corrugated fiberboard cartons. The minimum strength to be considered should be equival- 6. Transit environment. The recommended transit tem- ent to Railroad Container 6140 with a 31-15-31-kg perature of apples is 0° G (32° F) and 80-85 percent (69-33-69-lb) boardweight2 and a 1896-kPa (275-lb/in2) relative humidity. The thermostat setting should be bursting strength, and a cover section with a 19-15-19-kg based on the outcome of the pretransit vehicle check. (42-33-42-lb) boardweight and a 1379-kPa {200-lb/in2) To avoid the danger of freezing, the thermostats are bursting strength. Most apples for export are packed in often set at -l.r to r C (30° to 34° F). Before apples trays. Layer pads should be used between trays of Gol- are loaded, the transit vehicle should be preceded to den Delicious fruit, and top pads should be used to the desired transit temperature. The respiration rate of help immobilize the fruit during transit. A plastic strap apples is relatively low at temperatures below 2° C should be placed around the carton to hold the cover (35° F), so precautions need not be taken to prevent the firmly in place. buildup of CO2 if good air circulation exists.

5. Pretransit vehicle check. The suitability of the 7. Loading pattern. Load patterns vary by: (1) Type transport vehicle should be verified before loading. The and dimension of apple carton, such as tray-pack or vehicle should be clean, free of odors, have tight door cell-packs; (2) method of loading—hand-stacked, or seals, open floor drains, and all mechanical compo- unitized machine loading; and (3) chassis/axle configur- nents in good operating condition. Shippers should ation, inside dimensions of the transit vehicle, and load make the following minimum inspection on the refriger- restrictions. Regardless of load pattern, apples should ation system: never be stacked so high as to block air ducts, and some type of front and rear air bulkheads is essential a. The electric power generator should be started to allow proper air circulation in refrigerated loads. and its proper operation verified. 8. Vehicle routing. The shipment should be routed by b. The thermostat on the refrigeration unit should the fastest overland and ocean routes to keep transit be set at the temperature of the products to be time to a minimum. Transit time from shipping point to overseas receiving point may vary from 10 to 30 days, depending on the carrier and the destinations. Gener- ^Boardweight (basis weight) is the weight of the lower board or corru- ally, overland transit should be by truck to minimize gated medium expressed in terms of 1b/1,000 ft^. Adding these three transit time. numbers gives the minimum combined weight of the corrugated board.

25 9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. warming of the spears during packing must be mini- Apples tend to lose quality rather rapidly unless they mized. Packed asparagus must be kept refrigerated at are kept cool. On arrival at destination they should be 0° to 2° C (32° to 36° F) until it is shipped. kept under refrigeration during temporary storage and transit to retail outlets. Apples should be displayed in 4. Packaging. Asparagus for export overseas is refrigeration cases. Display supplies should be limited packed in the same type of boxes, usually the pyramid to the amount that can be sold in 2 to 3 days. Reserve type, as those used for domestic shipment. Full boxes supplies should be kept under refrigeration at tempera- hold about 14 kg (30 lb); "half" boxes hold about 7 kg tures not exceeding 1.5° to 4° C (35° to 40° F). (15 lb). No research has been done to determine wheth- er these boxes are optimal for overseas transport. 10. Suggested references: 5. Pretransit vehicle check. Surface transport—Since 1. The commercial storage of fruits, vegetables, asparagus is highly perishable, surface transport and florist and nursery stocks. AH-66, should be used only if the total transit period (shipping USDA, 1968. point to final destination) is 2 weeks or less.

2. Protecting perishable foods during transport by Use only modern van containers with large refrigeration motortruck. AH-105, USDA, 1970. coils that hold air temperatures within ±2° C (±3° F) of the thermostat set point. 3. Factors affecting transit temperatures in truck shipments of fresh produce. Perishable handling, Verify the suitability of the transport vehicle before transportation supplement No. 1, Univ. of CA, loading. The vehicle should be clean and free of odors, USDA, 1982. and should have tight door seals, open floor drains, and all mechanical components in good operating condi- Specifications for Exporting Fresh Green Asparagus tion. Shippers should make the following minimum Prepared by W. Lipton^ inspection on the refrigeration system:

1. Season. California: January to August, October to a. Start the electric power generator and verify its November; main season: February to June; Eastern U.S. proper operation. and Washington State: April to June; main season: May to June. b. Set the thermostat on the refrigeration unit at the desired transit temperature of the products to be 2. Quality. The asparagus should meet the U.S. No. 1 transported. The unit should operate until the set Grade Standard, except that the tolerance for decay point is reached and it begins to cycle within ±2° C should be 0 percent. Only stalks with tightly closed tips (±3° F) of the desired level. should be exported, because "feathered" tips decay readily. Three-fourths or more of each stalk should be c. After the cooling function is verified, raise the green; the white ends are inedible. Spears that are 178 thermostat set point about 6° C (10° F) above the mm (7 in) long should be no less than 13 mm (1/2 in) in inside temperature for a few minutes to force the diameter in the cut end. Bent or injured spears should unit into the heating cycle. Indicator lights on the not be exported. control panel of the refrigeration unit and a tempera- ture rise inside the van should verify that the heating 3. Pretransit treatment. When air temperatures are operation is in working order. above 21° G (70° F), the asparagus should be picked up from the field within 1/2 hour of harvest. The spears d. Return the thermostat to the desired transit tem- should be trimmed, sorted, and packed by usual proce- perature level and allow it to operate normally for a dures and promptly hydrocooled, either before or after few minutes. Next, place the unit on manual defrost packing. The hydrocooling water must be chlorinated and observe the operation indicator lights again. A and must be kept as near to 0° C (32° F), as feasible. defrost cycle normally takes about 20 minutes and Spears in the center of each box should be cooled to at when it is completed the unit should be ready for least 2° C (36° F). If cooling is done before packing, loading.

e. If the power generator or any functions of the refrigeration unit do not operate properly, contact ^Plant physiologist, Marl

26 Air transport—make sure that refrigeration unit of the during respiration. For domestic transport in truck trail- truck used to haul asparagus to the airport is operating ers, the boxes are stacked lengthwise, six across and properly (see Pretransit vehicle check for surface trans- six high. Load stabilization devices, such as strapping, port above). spacers, or braces, suitable for the boxes must be used to prevent shifting of the load. No research has been 6. Transit environment. Surface transport—Asparagus done to determine whether this method of loading is should be transported at 0° to 2° C (32° to 36° F) and optimal for overseas transport. at above 95 percent relative humidity. The thermostat setting should be 1° C (34° F) and the discharge air If the transport vehicle is not equipped with a load-se- should not vary more than ±2° C (±3° F). For transit curing device, construct a wooden gate to secure the periods of 2 weeks or more, 1 ° to 2° C (34° to 36° F) is load and take up the void space between the last stack preferable to avoid chilling injury, and thus the thermo- in the load and the rear doors of transport vehicle. Re- stat should be set at 2° C (35° F). The freezing point of fer to USDA's Agriculture Handbook No. 105, page 54, asparagus is +0.5° C (31° F). Cool the transport vehi- fig. 19, and page 75, fig. 34, for further loading details. cle to the desired transit temperature before loading. Wooden pallets set on end sometimes may be used in Controlled atmospheres are a useful adjunct to good lieu of constructing a load-securing gate. Caution: If transit temperatures. Carbon dioxide (CO2, levels of 7 wooden pallets are used, join them together with a percent) ±2 percent, retard yellowing, toughening, and wood strip to prevent them from falling out when a decay without causing injury. CO2 above 12 percent rear door is opened. must be avoided because such high concentrations can injure the spears. Slight modifications in the oxygen Air transport—No pattern can be given for individually level are not critical, but it should remain above 10 per- shipped boxes, because dimensions and shapes of air cent and must remain above 1 percent, or else the containers differ. However, careful handling during spears can be severely injured. In a tightly sealed loading and unloading is essential to prevent physical vehicle, normal respiration by the asparagus may pro- damage to the spears. Damage likely would be mini- vide sufficient CO2 for atmosphere modification. mized if the boxes were unitized on pallets or slip- sheets throughout their transport. Air transport—Ideally, temperatures during air transport should be the same as those for surface transport. 8. Vehicle routing. Route the shipment by the fastest However, since aircraft are not refrigerated, warming overland and ocean routes possible. If at all feasible, between origin and destination must be minimized. the same van container should be used from origin to Thus, refrigerated transport must be used from pack- destination. In air transport, avoid transfers or interme- inghouse to airport. At the origin airport or at any trans- diate stops when possible. fer point, the asparagus should be held under refrigera- tion until it is loaded; if that is not possible, shading it Total transit time (packinghouse to receiver) by surface from the sun is essential. should not exceed 2 weeks, and preferably, not 10 days. By air, the total transit period should not exceed For long transit periods to hot climates, such as the 48 hours, if temperature of the asparagus will exceed Middle East, using insulated containers may help to 10° C (50° F) during transit. If the asparagus will remain prevent excessive warming during transit or after below 10° C (50° F), a 60-hour transit period may be arrival. Use of "jelly-ice" in the insulated air container permissible. is advisable. The ice would have to absorb at least 23 kJ/kg (1000 btu/100 lb) each 24 hours to take care of 9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. the heat produced by asparagus at 2° C (36° F). The Asparagus, being highly perishable, must be used as bags of ice should be placed so that most of the sur- quickly as possible. It should be refrigerated at 5° C face of each bag is exposed to assure optimum heat (41° F) or below throughout marketing. To keep aspara- transfer. Occasional venting of the container may be gus crisp, sprinkle it with iced water or prepack it in necessary to avoid excessive atmosphere modification perforated plastic film bags. The bags should have due to respiratory production and use of CO2 and O2, about 15 holes, 6 mm (1/4 in) in diameter per 453 g (1 lb) respectively. of spears. If the asparagus sits on moisture pads, it must be kept cold, or it will grow and become unsight- 7. Loading pattern and bracing. Surface transport (see ly. Do not set the spears in water, because bacterial fig. 7)—Free passage of refrigerated air on the long growth will quickly foul the water. sides of boxes (whether wood or waxed fiberboard) is essential, because asparagus produces so much heat 10. Special considerations. DANGER!! IN VAN

27 Figure 7.

Typical method of bracing when exporting fresh green asparagus.

If there is a void space between the last stack and the rear door, brace the load to prevent shifting and damage. If the van is not equipped with a built-in mechanical load securing device, construct and install a wooden brace or gate similar to that below.

^

Use wider board to fill ^-^ space between load Nominal 1x4 in. and door. (approx. 19x89 mm)

^

Nominal 2x4 in. Í (approx. 38x89 mm)

28 CONTAINERS LOADED WITH ASPARAGUS, ATMOS- U.S. No. 1. The U.S. combination grade consists of a PHERES MAY DEVELOP THAT WILL NOT SUSTAIN combination of U.S. No. 1 and No. 2 avocados provided HUMAN LIFE BECAUSE OF THE VERY HIGH RESPIRA- that at least 60 percent, by count of the fruit in each TION RATE OF THIS COMMODITY. Open rear doors container, meet the requirements of the U.S. No. 1 and allow the van to aerate for 10 nninutes prior to un- grade. loading or crawling inside to check product temperature. 3. Pretransit treatment. During hot weather, give con- 11. Suggested references: sideration to precooling to 13° C (56° F) before loading,

Lipton, W.J. Post-harvest responses of asparagus 4. Paclcaging. spears to high carbon dioxide and low atmospheres. Proceedings Amer. Soc. Hort. Sei. 86:347-356, 1965. a. There are four approved containers or packages that are used for shipping avocados packed in one Lipton, W. J. Market quality of asparagus—effects of layer. Dimensions and weights are as follows: maturity of harvest and of high carbon dioxide atmos- pheres during simulated transit. MRR-817, USDA, 1968. Inside Dimensions Minimum Weiglit (Net) (1) 343 by 419 by 83 mm 5.669 kg Morris, L.L. and A.E. Watada. Elongation and bending (13-1/2 by 16-1/2 by 3-1/4 in) (12-1/2 lb) of asparagus spears. Calif. Agr. (11):15, 1960. (2) 343 by 419 by 95 mm 5.669 kg Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by (13-1/2 by 16-1/2 by 3-3/4 in) (12-1/2 lb) Motortruck. Agriculture Handbook 105, USDA, 1970. (3) 343 by 419 by 114 mm 5.669 kg Ryall, A.L. and W.J. Lipton. Handling, transportation (13-1/2 by 16-1/2 by 4-1/2 in) (12-1/2 lb) and storage of fruits and vegetables. Vol. 1, Vegetables and melons, 2nd Ed., p. 587, AVI Pub. Co., Inc., West- (4) 343 by 419 by 152 mm 5.669 kg port, Conn., 1979. (13-1/2 by 16-1/2 by 6 in) (12-1/2 lb)

United States standards for grades of fresh asparagus. Avodados packed in these containers must be FSQS, USDA, 1966. packed in one layer, only.

Specifications for Exporting Florida Avocados Tolerance for failure to meet specified weight in any Prepared by T. Hatten^ and P. Hale^ lot is 5 percent.

1. Season. Dade County (Miami), Florida: July through b. There are several approved containers that are January. used for shipping avocados packed in two layers, as follows: 2. Quality. Two varieties. Lula and Booth 8, account for about 50 percent of the production. Over 30 vari- (1) The inside dimensions of such containers will be eties account for the remainder. Consequently, the va- 343 mm by 419 mm (13-1/2 by 16-1/2 in) with a depth rietal situation can be confusing to those who are un- varying from 165 to 203 mm (6-1/2 to 8 in). familiar with it. Summer varieties are more difficult to handle than later varieties. (2) The net weight requirement for those containers is 11.339 kg (25 lb). Grades—U.S. No. 1 consists of avocados of similar var- ietal characteristics, which are mature but not overripe, Avocados packed in these containers must be packed well formed, clean, well colored, well trimmed, and free in two layers, unless individual avocados have a weight from decay and freezing injury, as well as free from of less than 396 g (14 oz). damage caused by bruises, cuts, of other means. U.S. No. 2 provides more liberal requirements for shape and Tolerance for failure to meet specified weight is 5 color. Fruit need only be free from serious damage by percent. several factors instead of free from all damage as in c. There are three approved containers that are ''Research leader and agricultural marketing specialist, U.S. Horticul- used for shipping avocados with varying sizes and tural Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Orlando, Fl. 32803. net weight requirements as follows:

29 (1) 289 by 406 by 279 mm (11-3/8 by 16 by 11 in) transported. The unit should operate until the set point Is reached and it begins to cycle within ±2° C (2) 279 by 425 by 254 mm (11 by 16-3/4 by 10 in) ( ± 3° F) of the desired level.

(3) 343 by 419 by 229 mm (13-1/2 by 16-1/2 by 9 In) c. After the cooling function Is verified, raise the thermostat set point 6° C (10° F) above the inside For unnamed varieties (seedlings), Booth 1, Fuchs, and temperature for a few minutes to force the unit into Trapp varieties that are packed In the above containers, the heating cycle. Operation indicator lights on the the net weight requirement is 14.514 kg (32 lb). For all refrigeration unit control panel and a temperature other varieties, the net weight requirement Is 15.422 kg rise Inside the van should verify the heating (34 lb). operation.

Tolerance for failure to meet specified weight In any lot d. Return the thermostat to desired transit temper- Is 10 percent, but no container In the lot may weigh 907 ature level and allow It to operate normally for a few g (2 lb) less than the weight specified. minutes. Next, place the unit in manual defrost and observe the operation Indicator lights again. A Each avocado in these containers must weight at least defrost cycle normally takes bout 20 minutes and 453 g (16 oz). Tolerance for failure to meet this speci- when It Is completed, the unit should be ready for fied weight in any lot is 10 percent. loading.

d. Master containers: e. If the power generator or any of the refrigeration unit functions do not operate properly, contact the (1) Individual packages within master containers may carrier so adjustments or repairs can be made prior not exceed 1.814 kg (4 lb). to loading.

(2) Markings or labels on individual packages must 6. Transit environment. Summer varieties (West Indian not conflict with the markings or labels on master types), which terminate In the fall with the 'Waldin,' containers. should be shipped at 13° C (55° F), but they cannot tol- erate this temperature longer than 2 weeks. Hardy var- e. Common names (the names by which the above ieties such as Booth 8 and Lula should be shipped at containers are commonly referred to): 4° C (40° F). Relative humidity should be 85 to 90 per- cent. A temperature of 10° C (50° F) Is safe for all varie- (1) Single-layer containers (5.669-kg (12-1/2-lb net ties except the summer ones. weight) are sometimes referred to as flats, lugs, or 8.809 liters (1/4 bu). 7. Loading pattern and bracing. The containers of avo- cados should be loaded lengthwise on bottoms with (2) Double-layer containers (11.339-kg 25-lb net weight full-length continuous air channels between containers requirement) are sometimes referred to as doubles, or and between the side walls, for unobstructed flow of air 17.619 liters (1/2 bu). through the load. For wooden containers, nail wooden strips crosswise on every fourth layer of each stack to (3) Containers with 14.514- and 15.422-kg (32- and Improve load stability. In loading fiberboard containers, 34-lb) net weight requirements are sometimes referred wooden strips are generally placed crosswise on layers to as bruce boxes, cartons, or 28.190 liters (4/5 bu). to stabilize the load. Open space must be left between the last stack and the rear door for air circulation. Pro- 5. Pretransit vehicle check. Verify the suitability of the vide crosswise bracing or specially constructed wooden transport vehicle before loading. The vehicle should be gates to prevent the load from shifting backward and clean, free of odors, have tight door seals, open floor blocking this space. drains, and all mechanical components in good operat- ing condition. Shippers should make the following mini- 8. Vehicle routing. Route the shipment by the fastest mum Inspection of the refrigeration system: overland and ocean routes possible to keep transit time to a minimum. Transit time from shipping point to over- a. Start the electric power generator and verify Its seas receiving point should not exceed 2 to 3 weeks. proper operation. Generally, overland transit should be by truck to mini- mize transit time. b. Set the thermostat on the refrigeration unit at the desired transit temperature for the product to be 9. Care of product during distribution and marketing.

30 The quality and shelf life of avocados are highly depen- vested and farm stored or delivered to one of the 100 dent upon refrigeration at or near 13° C (55° F) for the elevator operations. Although production for these summer varieties and 10° C (50° F) for most other varie- beans is seasonal, drying and storing operations are ties, and 85 to 90 percent relative humidity. On arrival such that shipments of Michigan dry beans continue at destination, avocados should be kept under refrigera- throughout the year. tion during temporary storage, and moved to retail out- lets as quickly as possible under refrigeration. A very 3. Quality. The Michigan standards for dry edible limited number of avocados should be displayed at one beans state that all graded beans shall be dry and well time, because their shelf life is very short. Reserve sup- screened, show evidence of being well processed and plies should be kept under refrigeration at tempera- graded, possess a clean natural odor, and be free from tures as near 10° C (50° F) as possible. highly objectionable foreign material. Only handpicked and numerical grades established by the Michigan De- 10. Suggested references: partment of Agriculture under regulation 523 can be exported. The Michigan Bean Shippers Association em- Hatten, T.T., P.L. Harding, W.F. Reeder, J.N. Yeatmran, ploys six dry bean inspectors, licensed by the State of and W.H. Krome. Fruit weights and corresponding dia- Michigan, to enforce these standards. meters for Florida avocados. AMS-515, USDA, 1963. 4. Pretransit treatments. Dry bean quality deteriorates Hatten, T.T., P.L. Harding, and W.F. Reeder. Seasonal with increases in relative humidity and temperature. To changes in Florida Avocados. Tech. Bui. 1310, obtain stable quality, dry beans should be stored at 75 USDA, 1964. percent relative humidity or less with temperatures of ^ 21° C (70° F) or lower. Mold growth can occur on beans Hatten, T.T., W.F. Reeder, and C.W. Campbell. Ripening stored at 21° C (70° F) or higher when the relative humi- and storage of Florida avocados. MRR-697, USDA, 1965. dity is greater than 75 percent.

Smoot, J.J., LG. Houck, and H.B. Johnson. Market dis- 5. Packaging. Dry beans for export should be packed eases of citrus and other subtropical fruit. AH-398, in the same type of bags (usually burlap polypropylene USDA, 1971. or paper) as those used for domestic shipments. Full bags hold 45.36 kg (100 lb). The burlap bags should be Specifications for Exporting Michigan Dry Edible Beans made of one piece material, 101.6 cm (40 in) wide, and Prepared by J.P. Anthony and R.C. IVIongelli^ weighing 280 gm (10.0 oz) per running yd. All seams should be securely stitched with colored cotton twine 1. Introduction. Seven classes of dry beans are pro- and double-lapped where cut edges of the material are duced in Michigan and account for nearly one-third of seamed. The completed bag should be a 53- by 91-cm U.S. annual bean production. These seven classes (21- by 36-in) flat tube. These specifications also apply include Navy, Cranberry, Dark Red Kidney, Light Red to the woven polypropylene bags. Kidney, Pinto, Black Turtle Soup, and Yellow Eye beans. Michigan produces about 85 percent of U.S. pro- Multiwall paper bags also are used with 45-kg (100-lb) duction of Navy beans. Total annual bean production is capacities and four plies or walls of the following about 360,000 tons (324,000,000 kg), with about one- strengths: third of that being colored beans. The primary export markets are Western Europe, notably the United King- Inner wall: 22.5-kg (50-lb) kraft ribbed paper. dom, for Navy beans; and Mexico, Italy, and South Intermediate wall: 22.5-kg (50-lb) extensible kraft paper. America for the colored beans. Intermediate wall: 22.5-kg (50-lb) kraft paper. Outer wall: 18.0-kg (40-lb) kraft paper. 2. Season. Planting is usually scheduled from late May to mid-June; and with a 90 to 120-day growing sea- Dry beans can be shipped in bulk in van containers son, harvesting of the earlier maturing varieties begins which are specifically designed for this movement. in late August and usually is completed in 6 to 8 These containers have weathertight hatches for top weeks. The size of Michigan farm operations and the loading and a sealable discharge slot across the bot- equipment utilized enable the entire crop to be har- tom front for unloading. A plastic liner that covers side walls and floors with an opening at the top should be used for bulk loads to protect the beans from contami- nation and condensation. "• Agricultural marketing specialists, Market Research and Develop- ment Division, Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA, Beltsville, Md. 20705. 6. Pretransit vehicle check. Virtually all of the dry

31 beans exported from Michigan are shipped in 610- by ment to the final receiver is accomplished by trucks or 244- by 244-cm (20- by 8- by 8-ft) van containers, wheth- a rail/truck combination. er in bags or bulk. Whether shipped by rail or van con- tainer, one of the nnain requirennents for the transport 10. Care of product during distribution and marketing. vehicle is cleanliness. The vehicle floor should be Dry beans should be kept clean and dry and in an envi- thoroughly swept and sidewalls should be cleaned. ronment of 75 percent relative humidity and 21° C Kraft paper should be used to cover the floor before (70° F) temperature or less but above freezing, and the bags of beans are loaded. should be kept away from odors that can be transferred to the beans. Increased moisture and tainting agents Odors and other tainting agents are easily transmitted to are the primary factors which result in quality deterior- dry beans and destroy their commercial value. De- ation of dry beans during export. tergent scrubbing, steam cleaning, and drying are required prior to use of any van containers displaying 11. Suggested references: grease or other volatile contaminants. The conveyance should be thoroughly checked for the presence of these Anthony, J. P., Jr., R. H. Hinds, and W. F. Goddard. A contaminants before loading begins. comparison of burlap and paper bags in exporting dry edible beans by van container. ARS-NE-10, USDA, 1973. 7. Transit environment. Temperature alone does not seem to be critical, but in conjunction with high rela- Anthony, J. P., Jr. A cost comparison of four container tive humidity it can prove detrimental. In monitored systems to export dry edible beans to the United King- test shipments, temperatures from as low as -ö** C dom. ARS-NE-31, USDA, 1973. (23.6° F) to as high as 45° C (113.2° F) in the same ship- ment had no adverse effects on the arrival condition as Anthony, J. P., Jr., R. H. Hinds, and R. C. Mongelli. A long as relative humidities remained at 75 percent or physical evaluation of the three principal methods of lower. Prolonged relative humidities in excess of 93 per- exporting dry edible beans by van container. ARS-NE-34, cent should be avoided because moisture content of USDA, 1973. the dried beans could increase to 21.3 percent or more, increasing the potential for mold growth. The best rela- Anthony, J. P., Jr., R. C. Mongelli, and W. G. Kindya. Dry tive humidity for storing and handling dry beans and cranberry beans—instrumentation and methodology for maintaining stable quality is 75 percent. containerized export shipments. Michigan Dry Bean Digest 5(3):4-5,7, 1981. Protection against aerial contaminants, such as smoke, spray, odors, and the like, should be provided during Christensen, C. M. and H. H. Kaufman. Grain storage— transport. A tight, dry, and secure transport environ- The role of fungi and in quality loss. Univ. of Minn. ment will insure good arrival conditions. Press, Minneapolis, Minn., 1969.

8. Loading pattern. Loading patterns vary so much Uebersax, M. A. and C. L. Bedford. Navy bean process- that it is impossible to define a specific pattern. No ing: Effect of storage and soaking methods on quality bracing or strapping should be necessary in properly of canned beans. Res. Rpt. 410—Agricultural Business, loaded van containers, because bagged beans will seat Mich. State Univ., 1980. themselves and minimize shifting. Specifications for Exporting Package and Queen Bees 9. Vehicle routing. Because dry beans do not require refrigeration or extensive air circulation, the fastest Prepared by B. H. Ashby^ and D. A. Knox^ route is not as important as the least-cost route. Michigan's primary export markets, Mexico and West- 1. Introduction. The export market for U.S. package ern Europe, each utilize different transport modes. The and queen bees has been growing rapidly in Canada, Mexican market is most efficiently served by rail Europe, and South America. Canada imports the largest shipments. number of package bees in the spring to replace or

A multimodal movement is usually involved in serving the Western European market. Trucks handle the van containers from the elevator to the Canadian border, "'Agricultural marketing specialist, Transportation and Packaging where they are transferred to railcars and carried to the Research Branch, OT , USDA, Beltsville, Md. 20705. port of debarkation. There they are loaded aboard ships ^Research entomologist, Bio-Environmental Bee Laboratory, ARS, that carry them to the port of embarkation. The move- USDA, Beltsville, Md. 20705.

32 strengthen colonies killed or weakened over the winter. 6. Pretransit checlc. Trucks or aircraft compartments Europeans are faced with parasitic mite infestations in carrying bees should be checked to assure that they their traditional Mediterranean supply areas. South are suitable for live animal cargo. Bees often are Annerican countries are importing U.S. bees to replace shipped in noninsulated or nonventilated or poorly colonies of the African strain. ventilated trucks and aircraft compartments. When bees are loaded in extreme heat or cold weather condi- 2. Season. The package and queen bee season starts tions, the cargo compartments should be preceded or primarily in the Southern States in March and moves preheated, whichever is appropriate. northward through June. A short second season occurs in September and October for the South American When a large volume (50 or more packages) of bees is markets. to be shipped in the belly compartment of aircraft, ex- treme precautions must be taken to prevent overheat- 3. Quality. The quality of the bees is usually judged by ing, as package bees produce about 48 kJ/hr/kg (100 certified health inspection and the age of the bees. Btu/hr/lb) of bees. When more than 300 packages of Buyers want young healthy worker bees which survive bees weighing 1 kg (2 lb) or more are shipped by air- transport better and establish stronger colonies than freight, every effort should be made to book space for older bees. A large number of dead bees on the floor of the bees on the main deck of an aircraft. the shipping cages usually indicates a high percentage of older bees or improper handling in transit. Be sure to check with potential carriers to make sure they will transport bees, and to find out what condi- Only the highest quality bees should be shipped to in- tions they may require. Also, be sure to have all docu- sure their arrival in good condition and to maintain mentation completed. Up to 400 packages may be pal- market integrity. letized on the standard air cargo pallets used on the main decks of jet freighters. For main deck loading, 4. Packaging. U.S. package bees are shipped primarily most airlines will require a safety screen of plastic or in wood/wirescreen cages packed with 1 to 1.5 kg (2 to nylon to cover the entire pallet load of bee cages to 3 lb) of worker bees, a can of sugar water for food, and assure protection of the crew and cargo handlers. a queen with attendants in a smaller wood/wirescreen cage. Two to five packages may be nailed together with 7. Health certification. Each individual importing wood strips for unit handling. Some airlines require country has its own health requirements. All export that lots of 27 cages be strapped on small pallet bases bees must be accompanied by a health certificate cer- for unit handling in the belly cargo compartments of tifying that they meet the health requirements of the the aircraft. destination country. Usually, the bee colonies from which package or queen bees are obtained are inspected Queen bees are shipped individually in small wood/ and certified by a State apiary inspector. Exporters wirescreen cages with five to eight attendants. Individ- should check to make sure they are meeting all require- ual cages may be mailed after affixing address and ments of the destination country. postage. Shipments of a few cages are mailed in perfo- rated envelopes. Up to 500 queen cages (known as bat- 8. Transit environment. The optimum shipping environ- teries) may be attached together with wood strips for ment for package bees is at 20° G (68° F) with a relative airmail or air freight shipment. humidity in the 50- to 80-percent range. A practical tem- perature range is recommended since it is impractical Airline carriers that are members of the International to maintain a stable temperature during distribution of Air Transport Association (lATA) require that bees be bees by common carrier services. The acceptable mini- shipped in approved containers. The standard U.S. mum and maximum shipping temperatures for package wood/wirescreen container is lATA approved. lATA also bees is 10° and 38° C (50° and 100° F), respectively. recommends that plastic mosquito netting, or some- thing similar, be placed around single or groups of con- Queen bees do not have the benefit of cluster for pro- tainers to retain the bees in case of container breakage. tection from cold temperatures; therefore, the minimum and maximum shipping temperatures for queen bees is 5. Pretransit treatment. Bees are highly perishable 16° and 41° G (60° and 105° F), respectively. from the time they are removed from their original col- onies; therefore, they should not be subjected to chill- The bees also require good ventilation and no exposure ing or overheating environments. They should be provided to direct sunlight while in transit. Should package bees good ventilation, but not subject to direct sunlight. Dark become overheated during distribution, spray them with lighting conditions are preferable.

33 a light water mist for evaporative cooling. However, There shall be (1) no visible decay at time of shipment take care not to drown the bees. and (2) no badly misshapen or damaged celery included in the shipment. 9. Special considerations. There is a considerable amount of documentation involved in export shipments, 3. Pretransit treatment. Postharvest treatments of and this documentation may vary with each country. fungicides or waxes are not normally applied to celery. Exporters should consult a copy of an export trade Vacuum-cool celery to desired transit temperature as manual (available in many libraries) for a listing of the rapidly as possible. Pulp temperatures should be 0° to import documentation required by each country. 2** C (32** to 36° F) at loading.

Inexperienced exporters should seek the services of an 4. Packaging. The celery shall be packaged in a experienced freight forwarding company. The freight moisture-resistant (either wax-coated or wax- forwarder can help with documentation problems and impregnated) corrugated fiberboard box equivalent to assist in determining expeditious routing and in obtain- Corrugated Container Institute celery box CCI-378 with ing foreign contacts to assure expeditious delivery of 31-15-31-kg (68-33-68-lb) boardweight^ and 1896-kPa the bees at destination. (275-lb/in2) bursting strength. The box should be con- structed with waterproof adhesives and the outside CAUTION: Certain countries' health regulations require dimensions shall be compatible with the standard aircraft to be sprayed with insecticides, and you should 1220-by 1016-mm (48- by 40-in) pallet. The box should consult the carrier before shipping the bees to assure have no bulge when filled and should not weigh more that they will not be sprayed. than 22.679 kg (50 lb). An experimental carton now be- ing used for 2580-mm (11-in) celery in rail shipments 10. Suggested references: from Florida measures 514 by 292 by 292 mm (20-1/4 by 11-1/2 by 11-1/2 in) and will hold a full count of celery Ashby, B. H., W. G. Kindya, D. A. Knox, and H. by size and weighs about 18 kg (40 lb). Shimanuki. Problems and Research on Transport of Package and Queen Bees. American Bee Journal, Vol. The celery should be washed, trimmed, and packaged 120, pp. 705-708, Oct., 1980. as rapidly as possible after harvest. After trimming to the desired length of approximately 279 mm (11 in), Export Trade Manual, Bureau of National Trade Affairs, place one stalk of celery in each bag. The bag or sleeve Inc., Washington, D.C. should fit the stalk of celery fairly well. The European market prefers small consumer units. Therefore, size 4 lATA. Live Animal Regulations. International Air Trans- celery with 48 stalks per box is more desirable. port Association, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 8th Ed., May, 1980. 5. Pretransit vehicle check. The shipper or shipper's agent must check the transport vehicle for cleanliness Specifications for Exporting Sleeved Celery and proper operation of the refrigeration or other me- chanical components before the vehicle is dispatched Prepared by L. Risse\ R. Hinds^, and W. Chace^ for loading. This also applies to the second vehicle if the celery is transferred to another van for the ocean 1. Season. Florida: November 1 to May 15; California: voyage. Specifically, the following items should be October 1 to August 15; Michigan: July 1 to October 30; checked: New York: July 15 to October 30; Ohio: July 1 to Oc- tober 30. a. Place the electrical generator unit and refrigera- tion system in operation and check all functions, in- 2. Quality. The shape, grade, and condition must be in cluding the heating and defrost mechanisms. accordance with the U.S. No. 1 standards. Exceptions: b. Set the thermostat at the desired transit temper- ature of 2° C (35° F) and allow the unit to operate ^Agricultural marketing specialist, U.S. Horticultural Research until the set point is reached. Once the set point is Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Orlando, Fl. 32803. reached, observe the unit through several on/off

^Agricultural marketing specialist, Transportation and Packaging Research Branch, OT, USDA, Beltsville, Md. 20705. "^Boardweight (basis weight) is the weight of the lower board or cor- ^Research horticulturist. Western Region, ARS, USDA, Oakland, Calif. rugated medium expressed in terms of lb/1000 ft^. Adding these three 94612. numbers gives the minimum combined weight of the corrugated board.

34 cycles in which the thermostat controls the unit agent to make certain the proper loading pattern and around the set point. If the indicating thernnometer bracing are used. When such a transfer occurs, a con- on the unit varies more than ±2° C (±3° F) from the dition inspection could also be made to determine set point, notify the carrier so an adjustment can be whether the product is still satisfactory for export. made before loading proceeds. 9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. c. Make sure all doors close tightly. The quality and shelf life of celery is dependent upon being maintained at a temperature near 0° C (32° F) d. Check the floor drains to make certain that they and at 90 to 95 percent relative humidity. On arrival at are not clogged with debris and are operable. destination, celery should be kept under refrigeration during storage and moved to retail outlets under refrig- e. Verify the cleanliness of the van before loading. eration. No more should be displayed than is expected to be sold within a few hours. Reserve supplies of cel- f. If any of the above items are not met, notify the ery must be kept under refrigeration. carrier or correct the item before loading the trans- port vehicle. 10. Suggested references:

6. Transit environment. The recommended transit Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by temperature for celery is 0° C (32° F) and 90 to 95 per- Motortruck. AH-105, USDA, 1970. cent relative humidity. The thermostat setting should be based on the outcome of the pretransit vehicle Specifications for Exporting Western Sweet Cherries check for produce requiring transit temperature near or at 0° to 3° C (32° to 38° F) to avoid freezing damage. Prepared by J. B. Fountain^ Before loading, the transport vehicle should be pre- cooled to desired transit temperature. 1. Season. The usual marketing dates are from May to July in California and from June to August for Oregon, 7. Loading pattern and bracing. (See fig. 8.) Use a Washington, Idaho, and Montana. The Northwest cherry header stack against the front bulkhead to provide a crop usually extends over a period of about 56 days. return opening for the air channels in the remainder of the load. Stack the celery boxes in the modified 2. Quality. Good quality in cherries is indicated by a bonded-block loading pattern. The modified bonded- bright fresh appearance, good color, and firmness. Im- block loading pattern allows sufficient channels for mature cherries are usually small, very acid, of poor cooled air to circulate throughout the load. When color, and lacking in juice. Overmature fruits are soft, loading is completed, properly secure the boxes to dull in appearance, and may be shriveled. maintain the stacking pattern and prevent cargo shift- ing in transit. If the transport vehicle is not equipped Grade requirements are established by individual with a load securing device, then construct a wooden States and Washington State by a cherry marketing gate to secure the load and take up the void space be- order. Most quality standards are similar, and in tween the load and rear doors of the transport vehicle. Washington both the U.S. No. 1 and Washington No. 1 Refer to USDA's Agriculture Handbook No. 105, page grades require no more than an average of 8 percent 75, fig. 34, for further loading details. Wooden pallets grade defects, 4 percent serious damage, and not more set on end may be used in lieu of constructing a load than one-half of 1 percent at point of inspection. securing gate. Caution: If wooden pallets are used, join them together with a wooden strip to prevent the right- Cherries intended for export should and usually do ex- hand one from falling out when the rear door is opened. ceed the minimum quality requirements for U.S. No. 1 grade. Only the highest quality fruit should be exported 8. Vehicle routing. Route the shipment by the fastest because of long transit times. Careful handling to pre- overland and ocean routes possible to keep transit time vent skin breaks and bruising, and proper maintenance to minimum. Transit time from shipping points to over- of temperatures are essential in maintaining quality. seas receiving point should not exceed 14 to 20 days. Generally, overland transit should be by truck to mini- 3. Pretransit treatment. Sweet cherries are very perish- mize transit time. able and deteriorate very rapidly at nonrefrigerated

If the shipment must be transferred from a highway truck to an ocean-going van container at the port of debarkation, the shipper should instruct his or her

35 temperatures. Prompt cooling after picking (such as uct heating or freezing. Any dirt or obstruction in the hydrocooling) is essential. Loss of moisture also af- grooves of the floor will restrict the circulation of the fects the fresh appearance of both the fruit and stem. refrigerated air. A postharvest application of a fungicide is used except for shipments to Japan. 6. Transit environment. The recommended transit tem- perature for sweet cheeries would not exceed 2.2° C Cherries should be preceded before shipment at a (36° F). Recommended storage temperatures for sweet temperature not to exceed 2.2° C (36° F). Cherries are cherries are -1.1 to -0.6° C (30° to 31° F). In com- hydrocooled before packing and should be kept cold bination with refrigeration, carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in after packing by refrigeration. Some packer/shippers low concentrations can reduce color change and decay. use forced air cooling of the packed and palletized Hold cherries in a cold room at the airport until shortly boxes before shipment. before they are loaded on the airplane. If a cold room is not available, keep the cherries in shade and as cool as Fumigation of cherries for the Japanese market is by possible. methyl bromide and is done before packing. Require- ments, specifications, and procedures are listed in the 7. Loading. Most cherry boxes are unitized on pallets. Northwest Fruit Exporters Manual, revised August 1, Space dimensions between boxes and the number of 1982. All cherries for Japan after fumigation and before layers may vary, but do not load so high that the air sealing must be secured against re-infestation by the delivery chute is blocked, and do not load all the way codling moth and cherry fruit fly. Fumigated fruit to the front wall or to the rear doors. Spacing between should be packed in materials for which it is recognized boxes is important for proper air circulation, and any that there is no possibility of infestation. Therefore, lengthwise aisle space between pallets should be filled new boxes or cartons, polyethylene liners, and other to force the air to circulate through the pallets. Air like packing materials are used. The poly bag must be water will take the easiest path. Any aisle space be- secure to avoid re-infestation. It is recommended that tween pallets will let the cold air short circuit the cargo wide tape be used to close the poly bag. The containers load. must be strapped or sealed and marked with approved stamps or seals. Inspections at the packinghouse are When loading is completed, secure the load with a done by the inspectors of the Animal and Plant Health load-secure device to prevent cargo shifting or con- Inspection Service (USDA) and the Japanese Govern- struct a wooden gate to take up the void space be- ment. Import inspections also are conducted at ports tween the load and the rear doors. of entry in Japan. 8. Vehicle routing. Route van containers by fastest 4. Packing. Western cherries are for the most part overland and direct ocean routes possible. Select air loosely packed into one-piece and two-piece corrugated freight schedules to provide the fastest service to boxes. In California these boxes hold 8.16 kg (18-lb). In destination. Consider airport delays enroute when the Northwest 5.44-kg (12-lb) and 9.07-kg (20-lb) contain- booking air freight. ers are packed. The 9.07-kg (20-lb) pack is used mainly for exports. The containers are palletized in packing- 9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. house and handled as a unit through the remaining Hold cherries and transport them under refrigeration steps of distribution. during terminal, wholesale, and retail operations. Retail displays should be kept under refrigeration. Careful Polyethylene film liners of 3.2 mm to 0.4 mm (0.125- to handling to prevent skin break is essential in control- 0.015-in) in thickness are used in the Northwest to keep ling decay. in moisture and extend shelf life. The use of film box lin- ers increases the time required to achieve recommended 10. Suggested references: temperatures before shipment. (See Transit environment.) Protecting perishable foods during transport by motor- 5. Pretransit vehicle check. Most cherries are shipped truck. AH-105, USDA, 1970. in refrigerated van containers by sea (ocean shipment) although some are shipped by air freight. Thorough pre- The commercial storage of fruits, vegetables, and florist cooling of the van container before loading so that the and nursery stocks. AH-66, USDA, 1968. inner surfaces (walls and floor) are cooled to the de- sired transit temperature is essential [2.2° C (36° F)]. Northwest fruit exporters manual, revised August 1, Check the van container for damaged walls, floors, 1982, 1005 Tieton Drive, Yakima, WA 98902. doors, and door seals as such damage can cause prod-

36 Figure 8.

How to stack the modified bonded-block when exporting sleeved celery.

1. First or header stack against bulkhead

Place cartons in top layer of first stack on bottoms or sides so as to form a tight layer.

Place 2 lath strips about 9 by 25 mm (3/8 by 1 in.) on the sec- ond and fourth layers for stability and to maintain air chan-. neis and row alinement during transit.

End View

2. Lay-off guide row along one wall

Top View first or header stack side of truck Hf

Note: Two lengthwise, then two crosswise, etc. Rear Front of of Truck Truck

If the boxes in the guide row do not use all available loading space, add a second header stack.

37 Figure 8.—Continued

3. After the header stack is in position, load the boxes against the header stack as follows:

First Stack

I -ayers 1, 3, 5 and 7 Layers 2, 4, 6 and 8

The first stack and all other odd-numbered stacks In the load should look like this.

Second Stack Layers 1 , 5 and 7 Layers 2, 4, 6 and 8

The second stack and all other even-numbered stacks in the load should look like this.

38 Figure 8.—Continued

4. Typical method of bracing.

If there is a void space between the last stack and the rear door, brace the load to prevent shifting and damage. If the van is not equipped with a built-in mechanical load securing device, construct and install a wooden brace or gate similar to that below.

^^ Use wider board to fi Nominal 1 x4 in. space between load (approx. 19x89 mm) and door.

Nominal 2x4 in. (approx. 38x89 mm)

39 Specifications for Exporting Fresh Sweet Corn 5. Pretransit vehicle checl<. Check the transport vehi- cle before loading to be sure that it is clean, that the Prepared by W. Chace\ R. Hinds^, and L. Risse^ floor grooves for air return are not blocked by debris, and that the refrigeration and other mechanical com- 1. Season. Year-round season. Florida season: Octo- ponents are in good operating condition. Check the ber through July 1. Northern season: July 1 through cycling of the refrigeration unit to establish the critical October 1. The Florida season has unseasonable thermostat setting in relation to performance of the weather which may interrupt the supply. refrigeration unit. This setting generally should be in the range of 2° to 3° C (35° to 38° F). During cycling, it 2. Quality. Trimmed and clipped—the size, count, and is suggested that the thermostat be set at 2° C (35° F), grade must be in accordance with U.S. No. 1 grade. The and if during the cooling cycle the temperature falls tolerance for grade must be in accordance with U.S. below -2° C (28° F), adjust the thermostat setting up- Standards for green corn except that there must be no ward to 2° or 3° C (36° or 37° F) and repeat cycling more than 0.5 percent decay. Trim the ears to within test. Generally, lower temperature settings cause freez- 13 mm (1/2 in) of the cob on the shank, and clip (cut at ing during transit. tassel end of ear) to 177 or 203 mm (7 or 8 in), depend- ing on the size of available corn. The corn must be fair- 6. Transit environment. The recommended transit ly well filled with plump and milky kernels and light temperature for fresh sweet corn is 0° C (32° F) and 90 yellow in color. Do not export fully mature corn. to 95 percent relative humidity. The thermostat setting should be based on the outcome of pretransit vehicle 3. Pretransit treatment. After trimming and/or clipping, check. For produce requiring transit temperature near treat the corn in a water bath containing 100 ppm of or at 0° C (32° F), the thermostat must often be set a chlorine for a minimum of 2 minutes. Immediately after few degrees higher to avoid freezing damage. Before packing, the corn must be hydro- or vacuum-precooled loading, precool the transport vehicle to desired transit to 2° to 3° 0 (35° to 38° F) and placed in storage or in temperature. The respiration rate of sweet corn is com- the transit vehicle immediately after precooling. It is paratively rapid at temperatures of 3° C (38° F) and also desirable to wet down the corn before vacuum cool- above. In the newer and relatively gas-tight van con- ing to insure proper moisture content. tainers, carbon dioxide (CO2) can build up rapidly; in- sure it is open and operational. If conventional vent 4. Packaging. Package the corn in a moisture-resistant doors are available, they should be opened during tran- corrugated fiberboard box equivalent to Corrugated sit for 2 hours per day, weather permitting. Container Institute corn box CCI-251 with 31-15-31-kg (68-33-68-lb) boardweight^ and 1896-kPa (275-lb/in2) 7. Loading pattern and bracing. (See fig. 9.) Use a bursting strength or an equivalent size wirebound crate. header stack against the front bulkhead to provide a The box must have a capacity of 60 ears. Before pack- return opening for the air channels in the remainder of ing the corn into the box, place a polyethylene liner the load. Stack the corn boxes in the modified bonded- with numerous holes or moisture retention pads in the block loading pattern. This pattern allows air to circu- bottom of the box to maintain desirable moisture. Place late throughout the load. When loading is completed, another in the top after packing. The moisture-retention the boxes must be properly secured to maintain the pads should be soaked in water containing approximate- stacking pattern and prevent cargo shifting in transit. ly 100 ppm of chlorine. The fiberboard box should be If the transport vehicle is not equipped with a load se- closed with "hot-melt" glue or staples. If staples are curing device, construct a wooden gate to secure the used, insure that during closing they do not puncture load and take up the void space between the load and the corn in the box. near doors of the transport vehicle. Refer to USDA's Agriculture Handbook No. 105, page 54, fig. 19, and page 75, fig. 34, for further loading details. Wooden ""Research horticulturist, Western Region, ARS, USDA, Oakland, Calif pallets set on end may be used in lieu of constructing a 94612. load securing gate. Caution: If wooden pallets are used, ^Agricultural marketing specialist, Transportation and Packaging join them together with a wood strip to prevent the Research Branch, OT, USDA, Beltsville, Md. 20705. righthand one from falling out when the rear door is opened. ^Agricultural marketing specialist, U.S. Horticultural Research Lab- oratory, ARS, USDA, Orlando, Fl. 32803. 8. Vehicle routing. Route the shipment by the fastest "^Boardweight (basis weight) is the weight of the lower board or cor- overland and ocean routes possible to keep transit time rugated medium expressed in terms of lb/1000 ft^. Adding these three to a minimum. Transit time from shipping point to over- numbers gives the minimum combined weight of the corrugated board. seas receiving point should not exceed 10 to 14 days.

40 Figure 9.

How to stack fresh sweet corn with a modified bonded-block loading pattern.

1. First or header stack against bulkhead

Place cartons in top layer of first stack on bottonns or sides so as to form a tight layer.

Place 2 lath strips about 9 by 25 mm (3/8*by 1 in.) on the sec- ond and fourth layers for stability and to maintain air chan- nels and row alinement during transit.

End View

2. Lay-off guide row along one wall

Top View first or header stack side of truck -It

Note: Two lengthwise, then two crosswise, etc. Front Rear of of Truck Truck

If the boxes in the guide row do not use all available loading space, add a second header stack.

41 Figure 9.—Continued

3. After the header stack is in position, load the boxes against the header stack as follows:

First Stack

Layers 1 ,3 5 and 7 Layers 2, 4, 6 and 8

The first stack and all other odd-numbered stacks in the load should look like this.

Second Stack Layers 1, 3, Sand 7 Layers 2, 4, 6 and 8

The second stack and all other even-numbered stacks in the load should look like this.

42 Figure 9.—Continued

4. Typical method of bracing.

If there is a void space between the last stack and the rear door, brace the load to prevent shifting and dannage. If the van is not equipped with a built-in mechanical load securing device, construct and install a wooden brace or gate similar to that below.

^-^ Use wider board to fill Nominal 1 x4 in. space between load (approx. 19x89 mm) and door.

Nominal 2x4 in. (approx. 38x89 mm)

43 Generally, overland transit should be by truck to mini- 2. Quality. There are no grades or standards for the mize transit time. commercial marketing of U.S.-produced leatherieaf fern in export countries. Ferns shipped to export markets 9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. should be free of injury, diseases, and pests. The fronds The quality and shelf life of sweet corn is highly depen- should be clean and free of soil and any debris. Each dent upon Its being maintained at a temperature near frond in a given bunch should be of uniform size and 0** C (32° F) and at 90 to 95 percent relative humidity. color and at the same relative stage of maturity. Most On arrival at destination, fresh sweet corn should be export markets utilize and prefer the large fronds that kept under refrigeration during temporary storage and are 457 to 533 mm (18 to 21 in), but some receivers do prepacking and moved to retail outlets as quickly as request and use smaller fronds. It is important that possible under refrigeration. The corn should be dis- shipper and receiver agree upon frond size and quality placed in refrigerated cases and if not prepackaged, before shipment. the corn should be kept moist by occasional sprinkling. No more should be displayed than is expected to be 3. Pretransit treatment. After harvesting, ferns should sold within a few hours. Keep reserve supplies of corn be moistened with water and preceded to between 1 ° under refrigeration because its quality will deteriorate and 4** C (33** and 40° F) as rapidly as possible. This rapidly, and after 24 to 48 hours at room temperature, it can best be accomplished by placing bulk lots of ferns will be unacceptable. into cold storage rooms for precooling before packag- ing. When fronds are dipped in a fungicide, this chem- 10. Special precautions: ical must have clearance for entry into the importing country. a. DANGER!! ATMOSPHERES MAY DEVELOP IN VAN CONTAINERS WHICH WILL NOT SUSTAIN 4. Pacl(aging. Ferns shall be packaged in moisture-re- HUMAN LIFE. CO2 levels as high as 20 percent have sistant, corrugated, fiberboard boxes, which may be been recorded in van container loads of sweet corn. either wax-dipped or wax-impregnated. The boxes Open rear doors and allow van to aerate for 10 min- should be sized according to the desired number of utes before unloading or crawling inside to check bunches (usually 25 fronds per bunch), and to allow for product temperatures. an acceptable stowage pattern in the van container. Overfilled boxes result in damage to the ferns, and the b. Label all parcel receipts, bills of lading, phyto- ensuing bulging causes severe misalinement of boxes sanitary certificates, and other documents with during stowage. Boxes should be lined on all sides with "sweet corn" or "fresh sweet." Any export docu- a perforated plastic liner completely enclosing the mentation labeled with "corn" may find the ship- ferns. Perforated film prevents excessive drying out ment subject to foreign feed grain or dry corn tariffs and allows improved cooling and gas exchange. and import regulations. The most common sizes of boxes currently used for ex- 11. Suggested references: port that can be stowed in an acceptable loading pat- tern are 762 by 533 by 305 mm, 113 kg (30 by 21 by 12 Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by in, 250 lb); 762 by 533 by 152 mm, 133 kg (30 by 21 by 6 Motortruck. AH—105, USDA, 1970. In, 250 lb); 685 by 381 by 381 mm, 91 kg (27 by 15 by 15 in, 200 lb); and 762 by 355 by 229 mm, 125 kg (30 by 14 Specifications for Exporting Leatherieaf Ferns in Van by 9 in, 275 lb). Containers 5. Pretransit vehicle check. The transport vehicle Prepared by W. IVIiller\ L. Rissen T. Moffit^, A. should be checked by the shipper or the shipper's Bongers\ and F. iVIarousky^ agent for cleanliness, proper refrigeration operation, and other mechanical operations before the vehicle is 1. Season. Florida supplies are available throughout dispatched for loading. This also applies to a second the year, but highest yields are harvested from March vehicle, if the ferns are transferred to another van for to November. the ocean voyage. Specifically, the following items should be checked: agricultural marketing specialist, agricultural research specialist, and research leader, European Marketing Research Center, ARS, USDA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. a. Place the electrical generator unit and refrigera- tion system in operation and check all functions, in- ^Agricultural marketing specialist and technician, U.S. Horticultural cluding the heating and defrost mechanisms. Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Orlando, Fl. 32803.

44 b. Set the thermostat at the desired transit tem- the selected stacking pattern permits in the van. With perature of 2° to 3° C (36" to 38° F), and allow the any stacking pattern, boxes should be alined squarely unit to operate until the set point is reached. Once one on top of the other. Proper alinement of boxes will the set point is reached, observe the unit through decrease the incidence of crushing, and will help pre- several on/off cycles in which the thermostat con- vent misalinement during transit which may cause block- trols the unit around the set point. If the indicating age to air channels. thermometer on the unit varies more than ±2" C (±3** F) from the set point, notify the carrier, so that For example, for box size 686 by 381 by 381 mm (27 by repairs and/or adjustments can be made before the 15 by 15 in), the bonded-block pattern is acceptable. loading proceeds. Following the placement of the header stack at the for- ward bulkhead, place a guide row along one side of the c. All doors must close tightly and maintain an van. Five boxes can be equally spaced across the adequate seal. lengthwise position, and three boxes should be placed across in the crosswise position. A bonded stack illus- d. Ducts must be installed properly. trates the placement of the lengthwise and crosswise boxes in alternating layers. When the bonded-block pat- e. Check the floor drains to make certain they are tern is used, it is usually best to fill the entire van with operable, and not clogged with debris. the same size box so as not to risk blocking the air passage. f. Verify the cleanliness of the van before loading. Boxes greater in length than 711 mm (28 in) should be g. If any of the above items are not met, notify the stowed with all boxes in a lengthwise position, with at carrier and/or correct the deficiencies before loading least two layers having air channels extending and the vehicle. alined from the front to the rear of the load. The layers chosen for the air channels will depend on box height. 6. Transit environment. During transit, the recom- For example, for size 762 by 533 by 305 mm (30 by 21 mended storage temperature for leatherleaf ferns is 0° by 12 in), which will stack seven layers high, air chan- to 4° C (32° to 40° F).3 The relative humidity should be nels should be in the third and fifth layers. When load- 90 percent. The thermostat setting of the transport ing a van with boxes differing in size placed length- vehicle should be based on the outcome of the pretran- wise, use only boxes of the same width. If the width of sit vehicle check. The thermostat generally must be set different boxes is the same but the length varies, place from 2° to 3° C (36° to 38° F) to avoid product freeze all the boxes of the same length together in the same damage. Ferns, and the transit vehicle, should be pre- area of the van. When boxes of same width, but varying coded to required shipping temperature before final in height, are loaded together, place the deepest boxes loading. in the lower layers. Take care to avoid blocking the air channels. 7. Loading pattern and bracing. (See fig. 10.) The most important factor in loading van containers is to use Bracing is a very simple, relatively inexpensive device stowage or stacking patterns that permit adequate air which, if needed, should be placed in every export load. circulation through the load. In this way, product Do not stack boxes beyond the "T" rails at the rear, but temperatures may equalize with the vehicle's refriger- if there is a void space between the rear vertical sur- ated air temperature as quickly as possible and permit face of load and the inside of the rear doors, use brac- fern temperatures to be uniformly maintained through- ing to keep the boxes at the rear from shifting back out the boxes in the load. In conventional van con- against the rear doors. Shifting may cause severe re- tainers, air channels should be provided lengthwise striction of air circulation around the perimeter of the through the load. This can be accomplished by either load, prevent air movement in the air channels, and stacking the boxes in a modified bonded-block pattern thus cause severe misalinement and crushing of the or by providing "pigeonhole" air-stack pattern. rear boxes.

The selection of the stacking pattern should depend 8. Vehicle routing. Route the vehicle by the fastest upon the box size relative to the inside dimensions of onland or ocean routes. No time limits are set. the van container and the total number of boxes that 9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. Cut ferns are highly perishable and must be handled properly during marketing. Proper handling assures that •^The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Florist and Nursery Stocks, AH-66, USDA, p. 57. the ferns will arrive in optimum condition and will have

45 Figure 10.

How to stack leatherleaf ferns in bonded-block loading pattern.

1. First or header stack against bulkhead

Place cartons in top layer of first stack on bottoms or sides -^——.—. ' I I ' ' _—_____«» so as to form a tight layer.

Rear View

2. Lay-off guide row along one wall

Top View First or header stack side of van =rli

Front Note: Two lengthwise, then two crosswise, etc. Rear of of Van Van

If the boxes in the guide row do not use all available loading space, a second header stack may be added.

46 a reasonable shelf life. Proper handling includes those that of shipping incompatible commodities in the same factors previously described. On arrival, ferns should be vehicle. The following three important factors should be kept in shipping containers and held under refrigeration considered when determining the environmental compat- during this temporary storage and distribution to whole- ibility of products: (1) The recommended transit tem- sale and retail markets. Maintain temperatures during perature, (2) whether the products emit volatiles, such this period at r to 4° C (33° to 40° F), and do not allow as ethylene gas, that may cause physiological break- fronds to dry out. down (that is, russet spotting of iceberg lettuce) to other products, and (3) whether the products give off or Two disorders prevalent during the marketing of leath- absorb objectionable odors. Table 4 Compatibility erleaf ferns are blackening of fronds and yellowing of Tables (Appendix) should be consulted to determine the fronds. Both of these disorders are related to improper compatibility of fresh fruit and vegetables before mak- temperature control. Blackening of fronds is a result of ing a mixed load shipment. A more detailed report on exposure to excessively low temperatures (that is, freeze shipping mixed loads is available from the authors of injury). As with other ornamental plant species, the this specification. fronds will be injured at temperatures below 0° C (32° F). Many ornamental plant species will not freeze 2. Season. Mixed loads are shipped the year around at 0° C (32° F) because of minerals and carbohydrates to certain markets. The mix of products will change ac- in the leaves. However, the water in bunches will freeze cording to the availability of the products in this country and cut or damage the surfaces of the fronds. For this and the demands of the buyer in the importing country. reason, it is important that the temperature not go be- low 1° C (33° F). Yellowing or chlorosis of fronds is 3. Quality. All commodities in a mixed load should caused by exposure to high temperatures for prolonged meet the requirements for U.S. Fancy or U.S. No. 1 periods during marketing or storage. Temperatures grade. If the shipment contains various commodities above 4° C (40° F) increase the rate of chlorophyll de- from throughout the country, the exporter should con- gradation and rapidly decrease fern quality. Ideal ship- sider having a second USDA inspection made just prior ping and marketing temperatures are 1° to 4° C (33° to to consolidating the load for final shipment. If not, the 40° F). Quality ferns harvested, stored, and marketed at exporter should check the quality and condition of all these temperatures should last 10 or more days in the commodities. If a particular commodity is not of suffi- consumer's home, where storage conditions may not cient quality to withstand further transit, storage, and be optimum. distribution on arrival, do not ship it; find a replacement.

10. Suggested references: 4. Pretransit treatment. For each commodity in a mixed load, check this handbook for the recommended Miller, W. R. and L. A. Risse. Recommendation for pretransit treatment. If you are a broker who buys prod- handling and shipping cut leatherleaf ferns for Euro- ucts from several shippers, on receipt of these fresh pean markets. Fla. Ornamental Growers Assoc. News- fruit and vegetables, store them at the optimum stor- letter 3:3-4, 1978. age temperature until loading. This will probably require at least two or three storage rooms at various tempera- Miller, W, R., L A. Risse, T. Moffitt, and A. Bongers. tures, that is, 3°, 7^ and 13° C (35^ 45^ and 55° F), Exporting leatherleaf fern to Europe in van containers. but do not store mixed products to be exported for MRR-1103, USDA, 1979. extended periods of time.

Specifications for Exporting Mixed Loads of Fresh Fruit 5. Paclcaging. For each commodity in a mixed load, and Vegetables in Van Containers check this handbook for the recommended packaging for export. When buying your supplies for export, be Prepared by L. A. Risse and W. R. Miller^ sure to request good protective packaging, and, if pos- sible, select products that are packed in wirebound 1. Introduction. Generally, it is not recommended to crates or fiberboard boxes (wax-treated) in preference ship mixed loads of fresh fruit and vegetables. How- to bagged products (i.e. cabbage, potatoes, onions, ever, many shipments of mixed loads are made to small etc.). receivers or countries requiring a mix of various fruit and vegetables. The major problem with mixed loads is 6. Pretransit vehicle check. Check the van container before loading to be sure that (1) it is clean, (2) the grooved floors and floor drains are free of debris, (3) it ^Agricultural marketing specialists, Horticultural Research Labora- has tight-fitting seals and doors, and (4) the vehicle is tory, ARS, USDA, Orlando, Fl. 32803. free of odors. The refrigeration unit and other mechani-

47 cal components of the system should be in good oper- transport vehicle in one or two middle layers in the ating condition. Set the thermostat of the refrigeration load. Load boxes and crates of the same size and unit at the desired transit temperature and allow the shape together to facilitate the air-stack pattern. Do unit to run through several cool-defrost cycles to deter- not block air discharge ducts at top of trailer or past mine if the unit is properly cycling on and off within the end of T-rails on the floor. Extreme care must be ±2° C (±3° F) of the set point. If unit is not operating exercised to keep the parallel channels open from rear properly, contact the carrier so that adjustments or to front of the van container by planning your load to repairs can be made before loading, or another vehicle keep various sizes of container together, particularly can be sent for loading. Precool the transport vehicle the height of containers within the lower and middle to the desired transit temperature before loading. layers (see fig. 11). After loading is completed, brace the load in the rear to prevent the shifting of boxes 7. Transit environment. Depending on your product causing possible damage to containers and product mixture, you will have to select a transit temperature and blocking of air circulation. which may not be the recommended transit tempera- ture of all the products. Different transit temperatures 9. Vehicle routing. Transport the shipment to the final may be required for various mixed loads and will de- destination by the fastest overland and ocean routes pend on the commodity mixture. A large group of com- possible to keep the total transit time to a minimum. modities require a temperature between 0** to 7° C (34° On arrival, unload the shipment rapidly and store the to 45° F), and a transit temperature of 4° C (40° F) may various commodities at their proper storage be selected. Another group of commodities may require temperature. temperatures between 7° to 13° C (45° to 55° F), and a transit temperature of 10° C (50° F) may be selected. 10. Care of product during distribution and marketing. (See table 4.) Since many commodities within a particular mixed shipment may be at temperatures slightly higher or Finally, there is a small group of commodities, such as lower than recommended or exposed to physiologically mature green tomatoes and subtropical fruit, that active gases, the shipment should be unloaded imme- requires a higher transit temperature of about 13° C diately on arrival and placed in the appropriate storage (55° F). In addition to temperature compatibility of com- environment required for each commodity. Since many modities, observance of physiologically active gases of the commodities within the shipment may be near given off by certain commodities, such as ethylene, the end for their shelf life, it is recommended that prod- must be considered in determining the mixture of com- ucts be moved through the distribution channel as rap- modities. Some commodities also are affected by low idly as possible. oxygen or high carbon dioxide concentrations. There- fore, care must be exercised when shipping mixed 11. Suggested references. loads by using a modified atmosphere. Adverse effects of mixing incompatible or marginally compatible com- Ashby, B.H. Protecting perishable foods during trans- modities is greater when the transit period is longer. port by motortruck. USDA, AH-105, 1970. Thus greater caution would have to be exercised for export shipments where transit times exceed 3 days. Lipton, W.J., and J.M. Harvey. Compatibility of fruits and vegetables during transport in mixed loads. USDA, 8. Loading pattern and bracing. It is extremely diffi- MRR-1070, 1977. cult to load mixed loads of fruit and vegetables due to various types and sizes of containers (crates, boxes, Lutz, J.M., and R.E. Hardenburg. The commercial stor- bags). The loading of a mixed load must be well age of fruits, vegetables, and florist and nursery stocks. planned to minimize loading time. Move commodities USDA, AH-66, 1977. from the storage area to the transport vehicle as quickly as possible to minimize the time products are Risse, L.A., W.R. Miller, and T. Moffitt. Shipping fresh exposed to ambient conditions. Place all bagged prod- fruits and vegetables in mixed loads to the Caribbean. ucts (onions, potatoes, carrots, etc.) together with the USDA, ARS, AAT-S-27, 1982. heaviest items on the bottom. Load the strongest boxes and crates and heaviest products in bottom layers (i.e. Specifications for Exporting Florida Grapefruit celery boxes or crates, apple boxes, etc.) and the weak- est boxes and crates and the lightest products in the Prepared by P. Hale and L. Risse^ top layers (fruit flats; mushrooms, leaf lettuce, etc.). Load commodities in an air-stack loading pattern, with ^Agricultural marketing specialist and research leader, U.S. Horticul- continuous parallel channels from rear to front of the tural Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Orlando, Fl. 32803.

48 Figure 11.

Suggested loading pattern for various-sized containers.

Parallel Air Channels Rear To Front

49 Figure 11 .—Continued

3. After the header stack is in position, load the boxes against the header stack as follows:

First Stack

Layers 1,3,5 Layers 2, 4

The first stack and all other odd-numbered stacks in the load should look like this.

Second Stack Layers 1,3,5 Layers 2, 4

The second stack and all other even-numbered stacks in the load should look like this.

50 Figure 11 .—Continued

4. Rear view of stacking pattern for box size 30 by 21 by 12 in (76.2 by 53.34 by 30.48 cm)

\

View of boxes with air channels in the third and fifth layers. Figure 11 .—Continued

5. Typical method of bracing.

If there is a void space between the last stack and the rear door, brace the load to prevent shifting and damage. If the van is not equipped with a built-in mechanical load securing device, construct and install a wooden brace or gate similar to that below.

Use wider board to fill ^^ space between load Nominal 1x4 in. and door. (approx. 19x89 mm)

Nominal 2x4 in. {approx. 38x89 mm)

52 1. Season. The shipping season recommended is from 3. Pretransit treatments. All fruits must be treated October 15 to April 15. These recommendations can with a recommended fungicide. The fungicide should only be approximated as the weather conditions during be applied in accordance with Federal and State laws. the growing season change from year to year. The time The use of fungicidal treatments for the control of of harvest has a definite effect on the problems that decay organisms must be approved by the importing may occur during transit. For instance, fruit harvested country. Some fungicides allowed for U.S. domestic during September, October, and November is extremely fruit are not allowed in many foreign markets. All coun- susceptible to low temperature injury (pitting), and fruit tries allow biphenyl pads as a fungicide treatment. For harvested in April and May is very susceptible to decay. maximum benefits, place one biphenyl pad over the bottom layer of fruit and one pad between the two Florida grapefruit harvested during October to January upper layers of fruit. When volume packing is used, is mature internally, while the rind color is still green. place pads just inside the top and bottom of the box. To remove the green rind color, this fruit is exposed to Before making export shipments, check with the re- ethylene gas at 29° C (85"' F) and 85 percent relative ceiver in the importing and/or consuming country as humidity for periods as long as 3 days. Unfortunately, to which fungicides are allowable and at what residue fruit exposed to long periods of degreening (September- tolerance level. European Economic Community (EEC) October) often develop excessive amounts of decay. regulations require that all boxes must be labeled "Pre- served with (name of fungicides) ." All fruit must be 2. Quality. The size and grade recommended for properly waxed and preceded to recommended transit export is in accordance with U.S. No. 1. Many com- temperature. (See section 8.) plaints from importers concern the variations in size and condition of fruit marked U.S. No. 1. For instance, Citrus fruits must be waxed to replace the natural wax the U.S. No. 1 grade standard specifies that not more removed in washing. Generally two types of waxes are than one-third of the surface in the aggregate may be available: a solvent-type wax and a water emulsion. affected by discoloration. If a carton contains some Since either type is acceptable if applied properly, no perfect fruit and some fruit that meets the minimum specific recommendation is required. Most container requirements, the general appearance of that package vans may have difficulty maintaining the recommended will be poor. A possible alternative may be to request relative humidity. Therefore, waxing is mandatory to U.S. No. 1 Bright, which has the same requirements as reduce shrinkage and weight loss during the transit U.S. No. 1 except that no fruit may have more than one- period. fifth of its surface in the aggregate affected by discol- oration. Although this grade is not often used, it does The value of refrigeration in maintaining quality, reduc- close the gap between the high and the low end of the ing decay, and extending shelf life has long been rec- grade and in some cases may help the importer ognized. It has also been substantiated that the refrig- improve its competitive position. erated van containers presently in use were not de- signed to cool full loads of warm fruit, so some method Marsh Seedless or Ruby Red varieties are recom- of precooling is desirable before shipment. Air precool- mended. Generally four varieties are available with the ing is recommended. You may place the fruit in refriger- Marsh and Ruby Red grapefruit, the main varieties pro- ated storage for 24 hours, or during certain times of the duced in Florida. year, the ambient night temperatures are low enough to cool the fruit. DO NOT HYDROCOOL FRUIT. Hydrocool- Marsh Seedless—white flesh. Although this variety is ing makes the fruit very turgid and easily injured in sub- called "seedless," it may have two to six seeds. sequent handling, resulting in more decay.

Ruby Red—reddish flesh. Early in the season the flesh 4. Packaging. The most common style of container is bright red, but by March and April red color has used for exporting Florida grapefruit is the 2-piece faded to a dull, light reddish color. single wall full telescope half slotted 4/5 bushel corrugated fiberboard box. The Florida Department of Thompson—pink flesh, two to six seeds, but sport from Citrus Identification No. for this container is DOC-11- Marsh with only limited production. XP. The minimum boardweights are 19-15-19 kg and 40.8-15-40.8 kg (90-33-90 lb) for the body. Inside Duncan—white flesh, high quality but very seedy, often contains 50 or more seeds, with limited production. ^Boardweight (basis weight) is the weight of the lower board or corru Seedless varieties may have from 5 to 15 seeds and gated medium expressed in terms of lb/1000 ft^. Adding these three still be classified as seedless. numbers gives the minimum combined weight of the corrugated board

53 dimensions of box are 43 nnnn by 270 mnn by 257 mm refrigeration or other mechanical components are in (17 in by 10-5/8 in by 10-1/8 in). Pack all fruit in good operating condition. compliance with the Florida State Regulations. Most refrigerated vans are equipped with grooved alum- Florida grapefruit can be apckaged in one of several inum floors to provide air circulation under the cargo. boxes authorized under State control. The strength of Any debris or trash left in these grooves will restrict the boxes and its ability to provide adequate protection this circulation and must be removed. for the fruit during transit are dependent upon its man- ufactured specifications. These specifications include Verify the cleanliness of each van before loading. Horti- such things as weight of the corrugated fiberboard ma- cultural cargoes are always susceptible to infection by terial, the glue used in construction, and the type of decay-producing organisms from previous loads of closure. similar products unless the vans are properly cleaned. In addition, fruits, vegetables, meats, dairy products, Although some of the lower cost boxes are not suitable and eggs readily absorb odors which may result in off for export shipments, there is no restriction on their flavors to the commodity or even make them unsalable. use. Shippers who use these inexpensive boxes for ex- Transport companies frequently use refrigerated vans port may save a few cents per box on their costs but to carry general cargo as a backhaul. Residues left in the resulting damage to the fruit seen at destination the van from such cargoes as chemicals can be a ser- usually far exceeds this small saving in box cost. ious odor problem.

Since the proper type of box, its specifications, and its Most carriers have a regular equipment operation ID number may not be known to the importer, you check-out program to insure that customers will be should supply the importer with the latest recommen- supplied refrigerated vans in good working conditions. dation from the packaging research staff. The importer However, there are occasions when scheduling, equip- can then use these recommendations in overall buying ment shortage, mechanical failure, and human factors specifications for citrus. Manufacturing specifications result in shippers receiving undesirable units from the for citrus boxes change frequently based on new re- carrier. It is not possible to determine from outward quirements, improvements in design, new materials, appearance if a refrigerated van container is in good and research results. Therefore, the recommendations operating condition, and the shipper should check the should be reviewed periodically to insure use of the following basic components: best possible box for export shipments. a. All doors should close tightly and lock with Recent research results show that overfilling of grape- proper gasket material to prevent heat transfer. The fruit boxes by the shipper was the source of much tightness of the van can be easily verified by placing bruised and misshapen fruit seen at destination. In someone inside the van with doors closed to check many cases, fruit extends 762 mm (3 in) above the for leaks of daylight. sides of the box at shipping time. When the lid is applied and the package placed in a stack, overhead b. Place the electric generator unit and refrigera- weight presses the fruit into misshapen units, often tion system in operation and check all functions. causing serious bruising. Importers should request the shipper to comply with the State of Florida, Depart- c. Set the thermostat at the desired level for the ment of Citrus. Official rules affecting the Florida commodity to be loaded and allow the unit to oper- Citrus Industry Chapter 20-39, entitled "Containers, ate until the set point is reached. Operation should Packs, Stamping, and Labeling of Fresh Fruit," which be continued long enough to ascertain that the con- states that all containers approved shall be well filled trols properly cycle the unit off and on around the but shall not exceed permissable bulge limits (i.e. for set point. During this operational test period before full telescope corrugated boxes maximum bulge shall loading, the van m\\ become properly precooled so not exceed 12.7 mm (1/2 in.) at any point). the cargo will not suffer ill effects from being placed in a hot van. Troy, Bliss, Super X, and double wall are other fiberboard box types approved for exporting Florida d. Check both the heating and defrost features of Grapefruit, but they must comply with the Florida the refrigeration unit to assure proper operation and regulations as outlined in Chapter 20-39. avoid cargo freeze damage should low ambient tem- peratures be experienced in transit. 5. Pretransit vehicle check. Check the transport vehicle before loading to be sure it is clean and the e. Check floor drains to make certain they are oper-

54 able and not clogged with debris, so defrost water The loading pattern must be sufficiently stable to re- from the refrigeration unit can be properly discharged main intact during transit and help prevent container outside. This will avoid the accumulation of water failure and commodity damage. The pattern must be and possible damage to the packages and fruit. arranged to utilize the maximum inherent strength of the boxes and, at the same time, compact enough to 6. Transit environment. The recommended transit tem- provide the carrier with a full payload. In addition, it peratures and relative humidity for Florida grapefruit must be adaptable to slight variations in the size of the are as follows: van and be easy for workers to stack.

Transit temperatures- -16° C (60° F) from October 15 When all the requirements for a loading pattern are to January 1; 10° C (50° F) combined, it is not easy to design one pattern to meet from Janaury 1 to April 15 all needs. Some patterns are compromises between practicality, economic demands, and physiological Relative humidity -85 to 90 percent requirements of the fruit. Observations on the arrival condition of hundreds of van loads of fruit in Europe Florida-grown Marsh and Ruby Red grapefruit picked have led to the above recommendation. before January can develop pitting even at 10° C (50° F). Decay is not generally a serious problem in Proper bracing of the cargo is essential to prevent load early harvested fruit that is exported at this shifting in transit, which in turn can result in physical temperature. damage and disrupted air channels. In most cases there is a void between the last stack of boxes in a The present van containers provide no means for intro- load and the rear doors of the van. This space may ducing fresh air during the transit period. With new, range from less than 25 mm (1 in) up to the size of one relatively gas-tight van containers, carbon dioxide and box. If this space is not filled with some type of dun- volatiles could build up to cause rind injury to the fruit nage, then a cargo brace must be used to secure the and increase decay. The authors suggest that the car- cargo in its original position to prevent shifting. rier provide some means of air exchange, such as: (1) periodically open vent doors, or (2) keep two or more of Some vans are equipped with adjustable metal cross the floor drainholes open, or (3) install an air exchange bars which can be positioned as required to secure the system. rear of the load. When these cross bars are not avail- able, you can make a simple wooden brace for only a 7. Loading pattern and cargo bracing. Stack and few dollars. Examples of such load bracing are shown brace all van shipments of grapefruit in an industry in USDA's Agriculture Handbook No. 105. proven method to provide air circulation channels and general stability to help prevent load shifting and physi- 8. Vehicle routing. If an export shipment must be re- cal damage. The authors recommend the "modified loaded from a railcar or highway truck into a van con- bonded-block" and the "6-7-6-7-6-7" loading patterns tainer at the port, or if there is a transit delay en route, plus the cargo braces as shown in USDA's Agriculture the authors recommend a condition inspection at last Handbook No. 105. U.S. port just before loading on the ocean vessel. This will help determine if the cargo was adversely affected The loading pattern used in stacking boxes of grape- by the delay or handling and whether or not it is still fruit in vans plays an important role in insuring that the suitable for export. product arrives in good condition. If time from shipping point until loaded on ocean ves- Uniform temperature control thoughout the entire load sel is more than 3 days, request a condition inspection. and maximum utilization of available refrigeration are highly dependent upon good circulation through air When reloading is planned, take care to assure that the channels provided by the stacking pattern. Flowing air amount of cargo from the inland vehicle can be prop- from the van's refrigeration unit will follow the path of erly stowed in the van container. The loading space in least resistance. Often this path leads around the peri- refrigerated van containers is normally 609 to 914 mm meter of the load, leaving a large center section of the (2 to 3 ft) shorter than the loading space in highway load without proper refrigeration. As a result, many trucks. The reason is that refrigeration units are re- importers have noted van shipments of fruit arriving cessed in the front of van containers but installed on with chill damage on the outer layers and overheating the exterior of highway units. This factor has caused problem in the center of the load. many losses due to loading beyond the capacity of the van container.

55 9. Care of product during distribution and marlteting. tral California in early November. The principal early Rough handling of highly perishable products Is one of season varieties are Thompson Seedless, Perlette, and the biggest sources of damage and loss. In some cases Cardinal; and the main late season varieties are Emper- Individual boxes are picked up and set down as many or, Ribler, and Calmería. The late varieties may be held as 20 times from the harvest field to final destination. in storage for 3 to 5 months, which extends the ship- Many times workers forget these products are alive and ping season to late March. can suffer severe damage when subjected to rough handling. The authors recommend that importers sur- 2. Quality. Table grapes for export to Europe, Green- vey the handling practices used on the products they land, and Japan must meet the requirements of the U.S. buy and take necessary action to correct rough handl- Fancy grade. Exports to other countries must meet the ing where it occurs. U.S. No. 1 grade. Preferably, all tolerances should be one-half of those specified for the particular grade, 10. Suggested references: except that the tolerance for decay and serious dam- age should be 0 percent. Chace, W.G., P.L Harding, J.J. Smoot, and R.H. Cub- bedge. Factors affecting the quality of grapefruit The federal phytosanitary certificate may require a exported from Florida. MRR-739, USDA, 1966. statement indicating that the fruit is free of certain disease and insect pests for shipments to some coun- Florida citrus industry rules, pursuant to Chapter 601, tries. Determine specific requirements from the local Florida statutes. Chapter 20-39.11, p. 6, 1980. (Available inspection service. on request from Florida Citrus Commission, P.O. Box 148, Lakeland, Fla. 33802.) Grapes that have been exposed to rainfall before har- vest and that may have high potential for loss from Hale, P.W., R.H. Hinds, Jr., and T. Moffitt. FIberboard decay should not be exported. When such fruit is sub- cartons for exporting grapefruit. ARS-S-21, USDA, 1973. jected to long transit periods during which it cannot be fumigated, serious losses can occur. Lutz, J.M. and R.E. Hardenburg. The commercial stor- age of fruits, vegetables, and florist and nursery stocks. 3. Pretransit treatment. Sulfur dioxide fumigation-— AH-66, USDA, 1977. Vinifera table grapes are fumigated with sulfur dioxide (SO2) immediately after packing to control decay and to Risse, L.A. and T.T. Hatten. Recommendations for suc- maintain the light-green color of the stems. The princi- cessful exporting of Florida grapefruit. Citrus Ind. Mag. pal fungi causing decay of grapes are Botrutis cinérea 56(2):19-20, 1975. Pers. ex Fr., Cladosporium herbarum Pers. and Alterna- ría sp. The fumigation kills spores of these molds that Smoot, J.J., L. G. Houck, and H.B. Johnson. Market may be present on the surface of the fruit, but does not diseases of citrus and other subtropical fruits. AH-398, control established infections that may have occurred USDA, 1971. in the vineyard prior to harvest. Such infections con- tinue to develop within individual berries, during stor- Smoot, J.J. and P.W. Hale. Evaluation of decay control age, but additional fumigation at regular Intervals treatments and shipping containers for export of grape- reduces the spread of decay from Infected to adjacent fruit to Japan. Proceedings Fla. State Hort. Soc. berries and prevents the formation of 'nests' of moldy 90:152-154, 1977. berries.

Winston, J.R. and R.H. Cubbedge. Export shipping tests Fumigation with sulfur dioxide is also beneficial to the to Europe with Florida citrus fruits. MRR-321, stems, causing them to bleach slightly and retain a USDA, 1959. light-green or amber color. Without fumigation, the stems darken, become unattractive, and may support Specifications for Exporting Vinifera Table Grapes growth of Blue Mold (Pénicillium sp.). By helping to maintain stem and pedicel condition, fumigation re- Prepared by J. Harvey^ duces the tendency of berries to shatter or drop from the cluster during shipment. 1. Season. The harvest of table grapes begins in south- ern California and Arizona In mid-May and ends in cen- Table grapes may be fumigated In storage, In the trans- port vehicle, or within Individual packages.

"•plant pathologist, Market Quality and Transportation Research, ARS, USDA, Fresno, Calif. 93727. Various combinations of these methods also may be

56 used. Table grapes that are to be stored, generally (22 or 23 lb), depending upon the growing area. Inside receive an initial 1 percent SO2 for 20 to 30 minutes. dimensions are 410 by 343 mm (16-1/8 by 13-1/2 in), and At the end of the fumigation treatment, the SO2 is re- the depth may vary from 152 to 171 mm (6 to 6-3/4 in). moved from the storage room either with an exhaust Smaller packages are generally used for table grapes, fan or by dissolution of the gas in the water or brine with individual clusters wrapped in tissue paper. spray used in the refrigeration system. Boxes for grapes are commonly constructed of wood, Table grapes are frequently fumigated in railcars, corrugated fiberboard, laminated kraft paper-wood ve- trucks, or van containers. Generally, the grapes have neer, or expanded polystyrene. The fiberboard boxes received an initial fumigation and are precooled before generally have not been used for grapes that are stored having loaded in the transport vehicle. Consequently, for lengthy periods, because of the high moisture con- the concentration of gas used in this fumigation usual- dition in storage. Newer fiberboard boxes have increased ly is equivalent to an interval gasing in storage, or 0.25 wet strength and are more resistant to damage. percent SO2 for 20 to 30 minutes. Uniform distribution of the gas in the transport vehicle is essential to pre- Practically all table grapes are palletized, mostly on vent overexposure (injury) of some parts of the load and 890- by 1070-mm (35- by 42-in) pallets or 1350- by underexposure (ineffective decay control) of other 1070-mm (53- by 42-in) pallets. A few shippers use parts. In mechanically refrigerated transport vehicles, metric-size boxes, 508 by 305 mm (20 by 12 in) pallet- the fans used to circulate refrigerated air should be run ized on 1194- by 991-mm (47- by 39-in) pallets. continuously during the fumigation. It is important to ventilate the vehicle by opening the doors at the end of 5. Pretransit vehicle check. Verify the suitability of the the fumigation period. transport vehicle before loading. The vehicle should be clean, free of odors, have tight door seals, open floor Various formulations of the S02-producing compounds drains, and all mechanical components in good operat- have been developed for in-package fumigation of table ing condition. Shippers should make the following mini- grapes. This technique is used primarily for shipments mum inspection of the refrigeration system: that may be enroute for 2 or 3 weeks or more, and that cannot be fumigated at intervals during transit. a. Start the electric power generator and verify its proper operation. Two-stage, solid-S02 release generators that contain sodium bisulfite between layers of polyethylene-coated b. Set the thermostat on the refrigeration unit at paper are widely used for export shipments. The gener- the desired transit temperature for the product to be ators may be used either in unvented boxes or in pallet- transported. The unit should operate until the set ized, vented boxes with a polyethylene pallet cover to point is reached and it begins to cycle within ±2° C retain the gas. If, during shipping or distribution, the (±3° F) of the desired level. grapes are exposed to high temperatures, the covers should be removed to prevent excessive buildup of SO2 c. After the cooling function is verified, raise the and injury to the fruit. Injury also may occur if grapes thermostat set point 6° C (10° F) above the inside packed with SO2 generators receive an additional fumi- temperature for a few minutes to force the unit into gation in the transport vehicle. the heating cycle. Operation indicator lights on the refrigeration unit control panel and a temperature When using SO2 gas, take caution to prevent injury to rise inside the van should verify the heating workers and equipment. The SO2 fumes are toxic to operation. humans and will corrode certain metals. d. Return the thermostat to the desired transit tem- Precooling—Table grapes should be thoroughly pre- perature and allow it to operate normally for a few cooled immediately after the initial fumigation and minutes. Next, place the unit on manual defrost and before loading them in the transport vehicle or plac- observe the operation indicator lights again. A ing them in cold storage. Most table grapes are pre- defrost cycle normally takes about 20 minutes and cooled in a forced-air system, in which refrigerated air when it is completed, the vehicle should be ready for is forced through the individual grape boxes or palle- loading. tized boxes. With this system, table grapes can be cooled to 2° C (35° F) in a few hours. e. If the power generator or any of the refrigeration unit functions do not operate properly, contact the 4. Packaging. Most packages for Vinifera table grapes carrier so adjustments or repairs can be made in California have a minimum weight of 10.0 to 10.5 kg before loading.

57 6. Transit environment. The optimum transit tempera- Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by ture for table grapes is 0° C (32*' F) and the desired Motortruck. AH-105, USDA, 1970. relative humidity is in the range of 90 to 95 percent. The thermostat setting should be based on the out- Specification for Exporting Florida Lemons come of the pretransit vehicle check. For fruit requiring a transit temperature at or near 0° C (32° F), the ther- Prepared by P. Hale\ L. Risse\ and L. Houck^ mostat must often be set a few degrees higher to avoid freezing damage. Before loading, precool the transport 1. Season. Fresh Florida lemons are normally mar- vehicle to desired transit temperature. keted from August 1 to November 1. The predominant variety is "Bearss." 7. Loading pattern and bracing. Practically all Vinifera table grapes are palletized for shipment. Strap the pal- 2. Quality. Ship only the highest quality, properly letized boxes both vertically and horizontally to main- cured lemons. They should be cured by holding them tain the integrity of the unit. Usually three vertical from 1 to 3 weeks at 95 percent relative humidity and straps and two horizontal straps are used. Place 16° G (60° F) until they are greenish yellow in color. cornerboards under the straps to protect the boxes and The shape, sizing, color, juice content, and quality grapes from damage (see fig. 12). and grade must be in accordance with U.S. No. 1. No decay should be present when the lemons are packed As the palletized units are loaded into the transport for shipment. vehicle, brace the units to prevent side shifting and to maintain a lengthwise channel along the centerline of 3. Pretransit treatment. All lemons should receive an the vehicle. approved wax application before they are packed in their shipping containers so that moisture loss during If the transport vehicle is not equipped with a load-se- transit will be minimized and consumer appeal will be curing device, construct a wooden gate to secure the enhanced. Apply postharvest fungicides on lemons. The load and take up the void space between the load and use of fungicidal treatments for the control of decay rear doors of transport vehicle. Refer to USDA's Agri- organisms must be approved by the country importing culture Handbook No. 105, page 41 and page 75, fig. 34, the lemons. Some fungicides allowed for U.S. domestic for further loading details. Wooden pallets set on end fruit have not been approved in many foreign markets. may be used in lieu of constructing a load securing All countries allow biphenyl pads as a fungicide treat- gate. Caution: If wooden pallets are used, join them ment. For maximum benefits, one biphenyl pad should together with a wood strip to prevent them from falling be placed over the bottom layer of fruit and on pad out when a rear door is opened. between the two upper layers of fruit. When volume packing is used, place pads just inside the top and bot- 8. Vehicle routing. Route the shipment by the fastest tom of the box. Before making export shipments, check overland and ocean routes possible to keep transit time with the receiver in the importing and/or consuming to a minimum. Transit time from shipping point to over- country as to which fungicides are allowable and at seas receiving point should not exceed 3 to 4 weeks. what residue tolerance level. Generally, overland transit should be by truck to mini- mize transit time. 4. Packaging. Successful export shipments require extra packaging. Pack lemons in full telescope, cor- 9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. rugated fiberboard shipping containers that are con- The quality and shelf life of table grapes are highly de- structed with minimum boardweights^ and bursting pendent upon refrigeration at or near 0° C (32° F) and strengths of 41-15-41 kg (90-33-90 lb) and 2413 kPa (350 90 to 95 percent relative humidity. On arrival at destina- Ib/in2) for the body, and 31-15-19 lb) (69-33-42 lb) and tion, grapes should be kept under refrigeration during 1896 kPa (275 Ib/in^) for the cover. The box should have temporary storage, and moved to retail outlets as quickly as possible under refrigeration. Only a limited supply of table grapes should be displayed at one time, ^Agricultural marketing specialists, U.S. Horticultural Research because the stems tend to dry out quickly and become Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Orlando, Fl. 32803. unattractive. Reserve supplies should be kept under refrigeration at temperatures as near 0° G (32° F) as ^Plant pathologist. Market Quality and Transportation Research, ARS, USDA, Fresno, Calif. 93727. possible. ^Boardweight (basis weight) is the weight of the lower board or cor- 10. Suggested references: rugated medium expressed in terms of lb/1000 ft^. Adding these three numbers gives the minimum combined weight of the corrugated board.

58 Figure 12. strapped pallet load of table grapes.

59 all flaps meeting body (AFM) so the maximum protection carrier so adjustments or repairs can be made will be provided to fruit in the bottom layer of the box. before loading. Use wet-strength corrugated fiberboard and waterproof adhesives throughout the body and cover of the shipp- 6. Transit environment. After the lemons are cured ing container. For adequate ventilation, provide at least and packed, they should be promptly pre-cooled to the two vent slots, 16 by 76 mm (5/8 by 3 in), in each side proper transit temperature. The recommended transit panel. All fruit should be packed in accordance with temperature for Florida "Bearss" lemons is 7° to 13° G the Florida State regulations and should not be over- (45** to 55° F), and the relative humidity should be main- filled. tained at 85 to 90 percent. Lemons that are fully yellow colored keep better at 7° to 10° G (45° to 50° F). Labeling of the shipping containers is also important. Labeling should be in the native language of the im- 7. Loading pattern and bracing. The most important porting country, but does not have to be, and should factor in loading is the use of stacking patterns that show in simple terminology the following information: will permit adequate air circulation through the load so (1) The common or generic name, (2) the size or count that product temperatures can be quickly reduced and packed, (3) the net weight, (4) the grade, and (5) the maintained. In shipments to Japan, adequate air cir- name and address of the packer and/or shipper. Only culation is necessary so that ethylene dibromide (EDB) the fungicides used must be stamped on the shipping fumigation can be used and removed after treatment so container. All lettering should be prominent, clear, and that fruit burn will be prevented. permanently located on the container, and all measure- ments should be in metric unit, whenever possible. In van containers, use the 6 x 5 modified bonded-block or '7-6-7-6-7-6-7" loading pattern (see fig. 13). Place a 5. Pretransit vehicle check. Verify the suitability of the header stack against the front bulkhead wall of the van transport vehicle before loading. The vehicle should be container. Load all shipping containers tightly from the clean, free of odors, have tight door seals, open floor front to the rear of the van. Shipping containers should drains, and all mechanical components in good operat- not protrude beyond the extruded flooring at the rear of ing condition. Shippers should make the following mini- the van container. If the van container is not equipped mum inspection on the refrigeration system: with a load-securing device, then construct a wooden gate to secure the load and take up any void space be- a. Start the electric power generator and verify its tween the load and the rear doors of the van container. proper operation. In loading break-bulk shipments, shipping containers b. Set the thermostat on the refrigeration unit at should not be loaded more than seven high, whether the desired transit temperature of the products to be palletized or nonpalletized. The shipping containers transported. The unit should operate until the set should be stacked in register (one directly on top of point is reached and it begins to cycle within 2° C another), where possible. If the shipment is palletized (3** F) of the desired level. and destined to countries not requiring fumigation, the shipping containers can be stacked solid on pallets. c. After the cooling function is verified, raise the However, if the shipment is palletized and then fumi- thermostat set point 6° C (10** F) above the inside gated, you may prefer a chimney stack for removal of temperature for a few minutes to force the unit into EDB. Do not use wooden strips between layers of ship- the heating cycle. Operation indicator lights on the ping containers. Be sure to adequately brace the load refrigeration unit control panel and a temperature in the ship's hold to avoid shifting. rise inside the van should verify the heating opera- tion. 8. Vehicle routing. Route the shipment by the fastest combination of overland and ocean routes possible to d. Return the thermostat to desired transit keep transit time to a minimum and maintain the quali- temperature level and allow it to operate normally ty and shelf life of lemons. for a few minutes. Next, place the unit in manual defrost and observe the operation indicator lights 9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. again. A defrost cycle normally takes about 20 The quality and shelf life of lemons are dependent minutes and when it is completed, the unit should upon their being maintained at a temperature of 7° to be ready for loading. 13° G (45° to 55° F), and at 85 to 90 percent relative humidity. Upon arrival, lemons do not require refrigera- e. If the power generator or any of the refrigeration tion. unit functions do not operate properly, contact the

60 Figure 13.

A modified bonded-block loading pattern for Florida lemons (6 x 5 or 7-6).

Top View 1 1 1 1 1 M starter stack I Starter stack | 1 1 1 1 1

^ odd layers ^^^^^ even layers „^ l^ 1,3,5,7. 2,4,6.

End View End View

I I i I I rrn K L ^ 7 r Air channels Vertical channels act as flues

IZfCl tzniir

61 10. Suggested reference: If the lettuce must be transferred to another van for ocean voyage, no more than 3 hours may elapse from Hale, P. W., L. G. Houck, and L A. Risse. Recommenda- time of unloading the first van to reloading the second. tions for exporting Florida lemons. Citrus and Veg. Mag. 39(7):38, 40, 42, 44, 1976. 4. Packaging. The lettuce must be closely trimmed, leaving one or two wrapper leaves and either placed In Specifications for Exporting Western Iceberg Lettuce to perforated polyethylene bags or wrapped in one of the Europe commercially used films for lettuce (Cryovac, Soft-gard, or Tryclte). The wrapped lettuce must be packed in a Prepared by J. Stewart\ R. Hinsch\ R. Hinds^, moisture-resistant, waxed, corrugated fiberboard carton A. Bongers^, and W. Chace^ equivalent to the Uniform Classification Committee container Number 7312 as published in Tariff 1-H, with 1. Season. Year-round. Southern California and Ari- 31-15-41-kg (69-33-90-lb) boardweight^ and 2068-kPa zona: November to May. Central California: April to (300-lb/ln2) bursting strength. However, the outside November. Supply may be temporarily Interrupted by length of the carton must be 546 mm (21-1/2 In), not winter freezes or extreme summer heat. 560 mm (22 In), as specified in the tariff. The carton must have a capacity of 24 prepackaged heads. The car- 2. Quality. Lettuce for export must meet the standards ton must be closed, by stapling the top flaps within 25 for U.S. No. 1 Grade, but with the following tolerances: mm (1 In) of the ends of the carton. Use not less than Not more than 4 percent of the heads may fall to meet six metal staples on each outer flap, three at each end, this grade, not more than 2 percent may have serious driven through the outer and inner flaps and clinched. damage, and there shall be a 0 percent tolerance for Take care to insure that the staples do not puncture decay, internal rib necrosis, and rusty brown discolora- the lettuce in the carton. tion. In addition, the lettuce must be closely trimmed and no more than 10 percent of the heads may be hard. 5. Pretransit vehicle check. The transport vehicle must These tolerances must be met at shipping point and at be checked by the carrier or the carrier's agent for point of embarkation. cleanliness and proper operation of the refrigeration or other mechanical components before the vehicle is A Federal Inspector must examine the lettuce at ship- dispatched for loading. This also applies to the second ping point and at the port of embarkation to determine vehicle, if the lettuce is transferred to another van for if the lettuce meets the above quality standards. (See the ocean voyage. "United States Standards for Grades of Lettuce," U.S. Dept. of Agr., Consumer and Marketing Service, a. Place the electrical generator unit and refrigera- Washington D.C., Effective June 16, 1970.) tion system in operation and check all functions, in- cluding the heating and defrost mechanisms. 3. Pretransit treatment. The time from harvest to pre- cooling must not exceed 7 hours. The harvested lettuce b. Set the thermostat at the desired transit must be placed under shade If ambient temperatures temperature 1 ° or 1.5° C (34° or 35° F) and allow the reach 27° C (80° F) before precoollng. The lettuce load unit to operate until the set point is reached. shall be vacuum cooled to an average temperature of 0° to 1° C (32° to 34° F) and immediately loaded Into a c. All doors must close tightly. refrigerated van or trailer, or placed In a cold room to maintain a pulp temperature of 0° to 2° C (32° to 36° F) d. Check the floor drains to make certain that they until a conveyance Is available for loading. However, no are not clogged with debris. more than 18 hours may elapse from harvest to loading and shipping In the conveyance. e. Verify the cleanliness of the van before loading.

6. Transit environment.The optimum temperature for lettuce is 0° C (32° F) about 0.3° C (1/2° F) above its ^Horticulturist and agricultural marketing specialist, Market Quality freezing point. The conveyance thermostat must be set and Transportation Research, ARS, USDA, Fresno, Calif. 93727. 1 ° or 2° C (2° or 3° F) above C° C (32° F) to avoid freez- ^Agricultural marketing specialist, Transportation and Packaging Research Branch, Office of Transportation, USDA, Beltsville, Md. 20705. ^Agricultural research specialist, European Marketing Research Center, ARS, USDA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. ^Boardweight (basis weight) is the weight of the lower board or cor- ^Research horticulturist, Western Region, ARS, USDA, Oakland, Calif. rugated medium expressed in terms of lb/1000 ft^. Adding these three 94612. numbers gives the minimum combined weight of the corrugated board.

62 ing damage to lettuce in parts of the load. Before load- 8. Vehicle routing. Route the shipment by the fastest ing at shipping point and at the point of embarkation, overland and ocean routes possible to keep transit time the transport vehicle (trailer or van) must be precooled to a minimum. Transit time from shipping points to to the thermostat setting of r or 1.5° C (34° or 35° F). overseas receiving point should not exceed 14 to 20 Transcontinental transport must be by truck to assure days. Generally, overland transit should be by truck rapid transit to the port of embarkation. to minimize transit time. No more than 18 hours may elapse from harvest to loading and shipping in the The average pulp temperature of the lettuce arriving on transport vehicle. the East Coast must be between 0° and 4° C (32 and 40° F). If the lettuce is frozen or the average pulp tem- If the shipment must be transferred from a highway perature is 5° C (41° F) or higher, do not export this truck to an ocean-going van container at the port of lettuce. debarkation, the shipper should instruct his or her agent to make certain the proper loading pattern and The shipper is responsible for the installation of a bracing are used. When such a transfer occurs, a con- 30-day Ryan recording thermometer on the ceiling at dition inspection could also be made to determine the duct openings of the trailer or van. If the load is whether the product is still satisfactory for export. transferred to another van at port of embarkation, the shipper is responsible for arranging the transfer of the 9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. Ryan to the same location in the new van. The quality and shelf life of lettuce is dependent upon its being maintained at a temperature near 1° C (34° F). 7. Loading pattern. The conventional, solid load pat- On arrival at destination, lettuce should be kept under tern, normally used in transcontinental shipments, is refrigeration during storage and moved to retail outlets acceptable for shipments that are to be transferred to under refrigeration. No more should be displayed than another van before loading onboard ship. At the time of are expected to be sold within a few hours. Reserve transfer to a shipboard van, use the modified bonded- supplies of lettuce must be kept under refrigeration. block loading pattern. (See fig. 14). For export ship- ments that are not to be transferred to another van 10. Suggested references: before shipment, use the modified bonded-block load pattern at shipping point. Stewart, J. K., A. Bongers, and R. H. Hinds, Jr. Spaced load patterns for improved temperature control in ex- Space dimensions between boxes and the number of port shipments of lettuce. MRR-1051, USDA, 1976. layers may vary. Cartons should never be stacked so high that they block the air ducts. Spacing between Hinsch, R. T., R. H. Hinds, Jr., and W. F. Goddard, Jr. cartons placed lengthwise in the load is of great im- Lettuce temperatures in a van container with a reverse portance because proper air distribution depends on airflow circulation system. MRR-1082, USDA, 1978. the interconnecting air spaces, both vertical and horizontal through the load. The top layer of the Specifications for Exporting Florida "Tahiti" Limes bonded-block load must be closed for the front three- (Seedless) quarters of the load. The top layer in the last one- quarter of the load must be open. Prepared by T. Hatten and P. Hale^

When loading of the bonded-block pattern is com- 1. Season. Year-round, with the peak June through pleted, brace and secure the cartons at the rear of the August. van to maintain the stacking pattern and prevent cargo shifting in transit. If the transport vehicle containing 2. Quality. For maturity, a minimum diameter require- the bonded-block pattern is not equipped with a load- ment of 44 mm (1-3/4 in), and a minimum juice content securing device, construct a wooden gate to secure the requirement of 42 percent by volume must be met. load and to provide a space at the rear of the load for Limes must grade at least U.S. Combination mixed air circulation (see fig. 14). color.

Although the bonded-block load pattern is more effi- 3. Pretransit treatment. During hot weather, consider cient in protecting the product, it often is not used precooling to lO'' C (50° F) before loading. because it is so difficult to install. There are other ac- ceptable load patterns, such as the chimney-stacked and the pigeonhole which, although not as good, are ""Research leader and agricultural marketing specialist, U.S. Horticul- more popular because they are simpler to install. tural Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Orlando, Fl. 32803.

63 Figure 14.

How to stack the modified bonded-block loading pattern for Western head lettuce. 1. First two header stacks against bulkhead (end view)

neeier unn

2. Lay-off guide row along one wall (top view) Side of Van it

Note: Two lengthwise, then two crosswise, etc. Front Rear of of Van Van Header Stacks

If the boxes in the guide row do not use all available loading space, a header stack nnay be added in the center of the van, but not as last stack.

After the two header stacks are in position the boxes should be loaded against the header stacks as follows:

First Block Front Front Layers 1, 3, and 5 Layers 2, 4, and 6

64 Figure 14.—Continued

The top layer in the first three-quarters of the load should be closed as tightly as possible.

The first block and all other odd nunnbered blocks in the front three-quarters of the load should look like this.

65 Figure 14.—Continued

The second block all all other even numbered blocks in the front three-quarters of the load should look like this.

66 Figure 14.—Continued

The first block and all other odd numbered blocks in the rear one-quarter o\ the load should look like this.

The top layer of the pattern should be open for the last one- quarter of the load.

The second block all all other even numbered blocks in the rear one-quarter of the load should look like this.

67 Figure 14.—Continued

5. Typical nnethod of bracing.

If there is a void space between the last stack and the rear door, brace the load to prevent shifting and damage. If the van is not equip- ped with a built-in mechanical load securing device, construct and install a wooden brace or gate similar to that below.

Use wider board to fi ^-^ Nominal 1 x4 in. space between load (approx. 19x89 mm) and door.

Nominal 2x4 in. (approx. 38x89 mm)

68 4. Packaging. There are seven regulated containers condition. Set the thermostat at 10° C (50° F) and allow that are used for shipping limes that are loose-packed. the unit to operate long enough to determine if the unit For each lot, 10 percent of the containers may be under is properly cycling on and off within ±2° C (±3° F) of the minimum or over the maximum weight, but must re- the 10° C (50° F) set point. main within 10 percent under or over. For each lot, 10 percent of the containers may fall to meet the minimum 6. Transit environment. Temperatures should be main- weight specified. tained at 9° to 10° C (48° to 50° F) with a relative hu- midity of 85 to 90 percent. Limes should keep for at Minimum Maximum least 6 weeks under these conditions. Lower tempera- we i g fit we i g tit tures result in chilling injury characterized by pitting Inside (net) (net) of the peel. Higher temperatures result In the peel chang- (1) 279 by 425 by 254 mm 17 kg 18 kg ing from green to yellow. (11 by 16-3/4 by 10 In) (38 lb) (40 lb) 7. Loading pattern and bracing. Load the containers (2) 280 by 406 by 279 mm 17 kg 18 kg lengthwise on bottoms, usually six and seven contain- (11-3/8 by 16 by 11 In) (38 lb) (40 lb) ers across the van container in alternate layers. Leave continuous lengthwise air channels between the rows (3) 343 by 419 by 229 mm 17 kg 18 kg in the layers with six containers. So that airflow in (13-1/2 by 16-1/2 by 9 In) (38 lb) (40 lb) the duct will not be restricted, do not load boxes to a height closer than 266 mm (10-1/2 in) from the celling (4) 289 by 406 by 152 mm 9 kg 10 kg of the van container. When space remains between the (11-3/8 by 16 by 6 in) (20 lb) (22 lb) last stack and the rear door of the van container, place an endgate against the rear face of the last stack in (5) 279 by 425 by 152 mm 9 kg 10 kg the load so that this void will be filled. The gate will (11 by 16-3/4 by 6 In) (20 lb) (22 lb) prevent load shifting and maintain the allnement of the boxes and the loading pattern. (6) 343 by 419 by 127 mm 9 kg 10 kg (13-1/2 by 16-1/2 by 5 In) (20 lb) (22 lb) 8. Vehicle routing. Route the shipment by the fastest combination of overland and ocean routes possible to (7) 305 by 244 by 127 mm 4.5 kg 5 kg keep transit time to a minimum and to maintain the (12 by 9-5/8 by 5 in) (10 lb) (12 lb) quality and shelf life of limes.

There are four different regulated master containers. 9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. These master containers are used for shipping con- The quality and shelf life of limes are dependent upon sumer packages. Each consumer package may not ex- their being maintained at a temperature of 9° to 10° C ceed 2 kg (4 lb). (48° to 50° F), and at 85 to 90 percent relative humidity. Upon arrival, limes should be placed in temporary stor- (1) 279 by 425 by 254 mm 14 kg 16.8 kg age or moved to retail outlets under refrigeration. At (11 by 16-3/5 by 10 In) (31 lb) (37 lb) retail level, limes do not require refrigeration, but remember that it might take as long as 3 or 4 weeks to (2) 289 by 406 by 279 mm) 14 kg 16.8 kg sell a single box of limes. Avoid exposure to ethylene, (11-3/8 by 16 by 11 in) (31 lb) (37 lb) which will accelerate the rind color change from green to yellow. (3) 289 by 406 by 152 mm 7 kg 8.4 kg (11-3/8 by 16 by 6 in) (15-1/2 lb) (18-1/2 lb) 10. Suggested reference:

(4) 279 by 425 by 152 mm 7 kg 8.4 kg Smoot, J. J., L G. Houck, and H. B. Johnson. Market (11 by 16-3/5 by 6 In) (15-1/2 lb) (18-1/2 lb) diseases of citrus and other subtropical fruit. AH-398, USDA, 1971. 5. Pretransit vehicle check. Check the transport vehi- cle before loading to be sure the grooved floors are Specifications for Exporting Florida Mangos clean and free of any debris or trash that would restrict air circulation. All doors should close tightly. Check Prepared by T. Hatton and P. Hale^ floor drains to make certain they are not clogged with debris. The refrigeration unit and other mechanical ""Research leader and agricultural marketing specialist, U.S. Horticul- components of the system should be in good operating tural Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Orlando, Fla. 32803.

69 1. Season. June through September. The authors do not recommend extended storage for mangos after arrival. Mangos should be moved quickly 2. Quality. Numerous varieties are grown to cover the through retail outlets, and if held in temporary storage, season. The two most important commercial varieties should be examined frequently for signs of decay, es- are Tommy Atkins,' an early and midseason variety, pecially authracnose. Soft fruit should be held at 'l° to and 'Keitt,' a late variety. Note: No official grade and 4° C (34° to 40° F) for rapid disposal. maturity standards have been established. 10. Suggested references: 3. Pretransit treatment. Consider precooling to 13° C (55° F) before loading. Hatten, T. T., W. F. Reeder, and C. W. Campbell. Ripen- ing and storage of Florida mangos. MRR-725, USDA, 4. Packaging. No official requirements exist. Most 1965. mangos from Florida are shipped in single-layer fiber- board cartons. Inside dimensions of one prominent car- Smoot, J. J., L. G. Houck, and H. B. Johnson. Market ton are 317 by 368 by 101 mm (12-1/2 by 14-1/2 by 4 in). diseases of citrus and other subtropical fruits. AH-398, USDA, 1971. 5. Pretransit vehicle check. Check the transport vehi- cle before loading to be sure the grooved floors are clean and free of any debris or trash that would restrict air circulation. All doors should close tightly, and floor Specifications for Exporting Variety Meats and Beef drains should be checked to make certain they are not clogged with debris. The refrigeration unit and other Prepared by K. E. Hoke^ mechanical components of the system should be in good operating condition. Set the thermostat at 12° C 1. Season. Year-round season. (53° F) and allow the unit to operate long enough to determine if the unit is properly cycling on and off 2. Quality. within ±2° C (±3° F) of the 12° C (53° F) set point. a. Variety Meats: High-quality animal byproducts 6. Transit environment. Temperatures should be main- such as hearts, livers, kidneys, and tongues are tained at 13° C (55° F) with a relative humidity of 85 to shipped from a variety of packinghouses located 90 percent. Sound, mature-green mangos should keep throughout the United States. Specifications for for at least 2 weeks at this temperature. Under no cir- quality, cutting, and trimming and packaging are cumstances should temperatures below 10° C (50° F) usually developed through mutual agreement be- be used, because chilling injury usually results. tween the supplier and the consignee. A purchas- ing guide for variety meats (1) provides a system 7. Loading pattern and bracing. Load the lower four of standard nomenclature and provides minimum layers in direct vertical alinement five across, and specifications for variety meats. thereafter load the containers alternately two rows at a time of six and five across for load stability. Leave b. Beef: Boneless and semiboneless high-quality continuous lengthwise air channels between the rows beef cuts prepared as specified in either the "Uni- in the layers with five rows. When a space does occur form Retail Meat Identity Standards" (2) or the "Meat between the last stack and the rear door of the van Buyer's Guide to Standardized Meat Cuts" (3) pro- container, place an endgate against the rear face of vide the basic information for developing specifica- the last stack in the load, to fill this void. The gate will tions for beef to be exported. A USDA quality grade prevent load shift, reducing physical damage to the can be specified by the purchaser. load, and will prevent blocking the air channels. Since most meat products are exported in the frozen 8. Vehicle routing. The approximate limit for succes- state, the handling practices and procedures spec- sful handling and transit of mangos from harvest to ar- ified in "Guidelines for Chilling, Freezing, and rival at overseas markets is about 2 to 3 weeks. Conse- Packaging Meat Carcasses and Meat Byproducts" quently, the use of transport vehicles and schedules to (4) should be followed to assure the maintenance keep the marketing time to a minimum is essential to of product wholesomeness. maintaining the quality and shelf life of Florida mangos.

"• Agricultural marketing specialist, Transportation and Packaging 9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. Research Branch, Office of Transportation, USDA, Beltsville, Md. 20705.

70 3. Packaging. Meat cuts and variety meats should be product specifications (such as grade, weight, trim- thoroughly chilled and vacuum packaged or placed in ming, and color), quotas, subsidies from foreign ex- individual plastic bags before being placed into the porters, expiration dates, product handling, labeling shipping container. If bulk packaging of meat cuts and and packaging specifications, religious slaughter re- variety meats is used, a poly liner is recommended for quirements, residues of feed hormones in the tissues, the inside of the shipping container. The exterior of the and the use of metric weights and measures. boxes should be free of blood or other soiling agents to assure acceptance and reflect sanitary handling and 7. Suggested references: shipping environments during delivery to the foreign market. "Guidelines for Packaging Frozen Edible Offal (1) United States Meat Export Federation. Variety for Export" (5) and "Guidelines for Chilling, Freezing, meats from the U.S.A. A Purchasing Guide. Denver, and Packaging Meat Carcasses and Meat Byproducts" Colo., 1979. (4) list practices and procedures to follow to assure adequate packaging of variety meats and meat (2) National Livestock and Meat Board. Uniform retail products. meat identity standards. Chicago, III., 1973.

Label requirements and product dating vary, depending (3) National Association of Meat Purveyors. Meat on the country to which meat is being exported. Guide- Buyer's Guide to Standardized Meat Cuts. Chicago, III., lines on meat labeling are contained in section 22 of 1969. the "Manual of Inspection Procedures" (6) for the guid- ance of U.S. exporters. For example, the "Manual of In- (4) Guidelines for chilling, freezing, shipping, and spection Procedures" (6) will inform the shipper if prod- packaging meat carcasses and meat byproducts. uct weight must be in metric units and the type of in- AH-412, USDA, 1973. formation that is required in the label. (5) Turczyn, M. T. Guidelines for packaging frozen edi- 4. Transit environment. ble offal for export. MRR-1115, USDA, 1980.

a. Chilled meat products should be maintained at (6) Manual of inspection procedures. Section 22. FSIS, an internal temperature of -2.2° C (28° F) ±1° C USDA, Wash., D.C. (±1.8° F). Exporters should assure that all chilled meat products are stored and transported in refrig- Specifications for Exporting Honeydew Melons erated environments that are adequate to maintain the quality and condition of the meat products dur- Prepared by W. Lipton^ ing export distribution. 1. Season. California and Arizona: June to November. b. Frozen meat products and variety meats should Texas: May to June. be maintained at a temperature of -23° C (-10° F) or lower during the entire export storage and trans- 2. Quality. Honeydew melons should meet the U.S. port time to the foreign market. Should transloading No. 1 Grade standard, except that all tolerances should be required at a port, commercial cold-storage facil- be one-half of those given in the standards and that the ities should be used for this transfer. tolerance for serious damage or decay should be 0 per- cent. Freedom from cuts, punctures, or bruises is crit- 5. Documentation. Required documentation for export ical, because affected areas deteriorate rapidly. meat products are partially listed in section 22 of the "Manual of Meat Inspection Procedures." (6) Other Melons for overseas shipment must be carefully graded shipping documentation requirements are constantly for maturity; immature melons will never become edi- changing and are usually prepared by freight forward- ble, but melons that are too mature initially will be ers, shippers, receivers, and transport carriers. Product overripe and mushy on arrival. Ideally, Honeydew mel- insurance and delivery schedules should be completed ons should be in maturity class 1.5 (fully mature; sur- in conjunction with the transporting company. face definitely white but with little wax; blossom-end hard to slightly springy; no aroma at room temperature). 6. Trade barriers. The export of U.S. meat products Melons of maturity class 1 (fruit well-filled out and has had a slight volume increase even though there has been an increase in the number of trade barriers con- fronting the U.S. meat industry. A few of the meat ex- ■"Plant physiologist, Market Quality and Transportation Research, port trade barriers are as follows: Health regulations. ARS, USDA, Fresno, Calif. 93727.

71 rounded; surface white, tinged with light green; sur- set vent slots of the same size are on the bottom. face may be covered with fine fuzz of hairs) may be These vents are essential when the melons are shipped shipped, but must be treated with ethylene prior to in transport with vertical air circulation. The boxes, shipment (see Pretransit treatment). Melons of maturity depending on style, can be closed with glue or staples. class 2 (surface white and slightly waxy; small area of If stapled, take care to prevent the staples from punctur- blossom-end springy; slight aroma at blossom-end at ing the melons during clos- ing of the box. The same room temperature) are too ripe for transit periods that type of boxes are used for domestic and export exceed 10 days. Maturity and size of melon are not re- shipments. lated. Demand determines the sizes shipped, but sizes in a given box should be reasonably uniform. The max- 5. Pretransit vehicle check. Verify the suitability of imum difference between the largest and smallest mel- the transport vehicle before loading. The vehicle should on should not exceed 453 g (1 lb). be clean, free of odors, have tight door seals, open floor drains, and all mechanical components must be Soluble solids content of the melons must be no less in good operating condition. Shippers should make the than 10 percent, and preferably 12 percent or higher, following minimum inspection of the refrigeration regardless of maturity class. system:

3. Pretransit treatment. Honeydew melons usually are a. Start the electric power generator and verify its washed prior to being sorted. Use of chlorine in the proper operation. wash water is advisable. b. Set the thermostat on the refrigeration unit at Precooling of Honeydew melons to about 16° C (60° F) the desired transit temperature. The unit should op- is advisable if they will be in transit 2 weeks or longer. erate until the set point is reached and it begins to For melons gassed with ethylene, precooling must cycle within ±2° C (±3° F) of the desired level. follow the ethylene treatment. c. After the cooling function is verified, raise the Ethylene treatment before shipment is essential for thermostat set point about 6° C (10° F) above the melons of maturity class 1; if not treated, many may inside temperature for a few minutes to force the never become edible. The treatment consists of expos- unit into the heating cycle. Indicator lights on the ing the melons to about 200 to 1,000 parts per million control panel of the refrigeration unit and a temper- (ppm) ethylene (0.02 to 0.1 percent ethylene in air) for ature rise inside the van should verify that the heat- about 18 hours. ETHYLENE CAN EXPLODE AT CON- ers are functioning. CENTRATIONS OF 3 PERCENT (30,000 ppm) OB HIGHER. ETHYLENE TREATMENTS SHOULD BE PER- d. Return the thermostat to the desired tempera- FORMED ONLY BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL The ture level and allow it to operate normally for a few melons should be treated at 16° to 24° C (60° to 75° F), minutes. Next, place the unit on manual defrost and to be most effective. Ethylene treatment of melons observe the operation indicator lights again. A defrost below 16° C (60° F) is ineffective. Cold melons must be cycle normally takes about 20 minutes and when it warmed to 16° C (60° F) before the treatment is started. is completed, the unit should be ready for loading. Ethylene treatment can be performed in a tight storage room or in a transit vehicle; if the latter, it should be e. If the power generator or any of the refrigeration vented for about 10 minutes, with fans running, after unit functions do not operate properly, contact the completion of the treatment, to prevent excessive ripen- carrier so adjustments or repairs can be made prior ing of the melons during transit. to loading.

4. Packaging. Melons for export or for domestic use 6. Transit environment. The optimum transit temper- are packed in Bliss-style corrugated fiberboard boxes ature depends on the maturity of the melons, prior with a space between the flaps about 190 mm (7-1/2 treatment with ethylene, and duration of transit. Since in.). The bursting strength of the box is 1896 kPa (275 precise sorting for maturity now is impossible, any Ib/in^). Equivalent fully telescoping boxes also are used. shipment would likely include some melons of maturity Separate the melons by a double-faced corrugated classes 1 and 1.5 (see item 2, Quality, on previous fiberboard star divider that provides for four to eight page). Pulp temperatures of 3° to 6° C (38° to 42° F) melons per box. The dividers should be vented with reached within 2 days after completion of the ethylene holes near their top and bottom edges to permit treatment, likely would be satisfactory. To minimize ri- crosswise ventilation. Handholes 25 by 89 mm (1 by pening of melons of initial maturity 1.5 that have been 3-1/2 in) are on opposite sides and two diagonally off- treated with ethylene, 3° to 5° C (37° to 41° F) is per-

72 missible if the transit period exceeds 10 days. To pre- rapidly as possible, within 1 to 2 days. If ripening of vent chilling injury, Honeydew melons must not be held maturity class 2 or riper melons is to be slowed, they or shipped below 5" C (41 ° F) unless they were treated should be refrigerated at 2° to 5** C (36° to 41° F). If with ethylene before being shipped. Development of most of the melons are at ripeness stage 1.5 or 2 on chilling injury is less likely in melons that have been arrival, marketing can be extended to 4 to 6 days by treated with ethylene than in untreated fruit. Temper- holding the melons between 10° to 16° C (50° to 60° F). atures above 7° C (45° F) favor ripening and develop- If temperatures exceed 15° C (60° F), they should be marketed within 2 to 4 days. If the melons show sub- ment of decay. stantial incipient decay on arrival, they must be mar- Do not ship under controlled atmosphere. Chilling in- keted immediately. jury tends to be aggravated at low oxygen (6 percent or lower) or high carbon dioxide (2.5 percent or higher) 10. Suggested references: levels. Such concentrations also include an undesirable darkening of the surface. Kasmire, R. F., H. K. Pratt, and F. Chacon. Honeydew melon maturity and ripening guide. Univ. Calif. Agr. Ext. 7. Loading pattern and bracing. Determine whether Serv., MA-26, 1970. the vehicle has horizontal or vertical air circulation. For horizontal air delivery a stable airstack pattern must be Lipton, W. J. Chilling injury of 'honeydew' muskmelons: used to assure uniformity of temperatures (fig. 15). symptoms and relation to degree of ripeness at har- vest. Hort. Sei. 13:45-46, 1978. If the load is unitized, a lengthwise gap at least 50 mm (2 in.) wide should be left between the two rows to per- Lipton, W. J. and Y. Aharoni. Chilling injury and ripen- mit adequate air distribution. ing of 'honeydew' muskmelons stored at 2.5° or 5° C after ethylene treatment at 20° C. Journal Amer. Soc. For vehicles with bottom-air delivery, a solid load must Hort. Sei. 104:327-330, 1979. be used to prevent air from bypassing the containers. A given row can be loaded lengthwise or crosswise to Pratt, H. K., J. D. GoeschI, and F. W. Martin. Fruit achieve a tight fit. If a small gap remains, alternate growth and development, ripening, and the role of boxes in the row against one wall can be staggered to ethylene in the 'honeydew' muskmelon. Journal Amer. prevent a continuous top to bottom channel that would Soc. Hort. Sei. 102:203-210, 1977. permit air to bypass the boxes. In unitized loads, the gap can be covered with paper placed on the floor. Ryall, A. L. and W. J. Lipton. Handling, transportation, and storage of fruits and vegetables. Vol. 1, Vegetables If the transport vehicle is not equipped with a load se- and melons, 2nd Ed., p. 587, AVI Pub. Co., Inc., West- curing device, construct a wooden gate to secure the port, Conn., 1979. load and take up the void space between the load and rear doors of the transport vehicle (fig. 16). Refer to United States standards for grades of honeydew and USDA's Agriculture Handbook No. 105, page 54, fig. 19 honey-ball melons. USDA, Consumer and Marketing and page 75, fig. 34 for further loading details. Wooden Service, Washington, D.C., 1967. pallets set on end may be used in lieu of constructing a load securing gate. Caution: If wooden pallets are used, Specifications for Exporting Florida Oranges join them together with a wood strip to prevent them from falling out when a rear door is opened. Prepared by T. Hatten and P. Hale^

8. Vehicle routing. Route the shipment by the fastest 1. Season. October through June, with early, midsea- overland and/or ocean routes possible to keep transit son, and late varieties grown to cover this period. The time to a minimum. Transit time from shipping point to most important Florida varieties are 'Hamlin' (early- overseas receiving point should not exceed 3 weeks. October to January), 'Pineapple' (midseason—January and February), and 'Valencia' (late—February to July). 9. Care of product during distribution and marl^eting. Valencia oranges account for over 50 percent of the If many of the melons are eating-ripe (maturity class 3; orange crop. surface white to creamy white and waxy; entire blossom- end springy under moderate pressure; characteristic aroma emitted from all parts of melon at room tempera- ture) on arrival, they must be handled carefully to pre- "•Research leader and agricultural marketing specialist, U.S. Hor- vent serious bruising. Marketing should proceed as ticultural Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Orlando, Fl. 32803.

73 Figure 15.

Honeydew melons loaded in air-stack pattern. (From MRR-1071, C. Harris and R. Hinds, 1977.)

Figure 16.

Wooden brace to stabilize load at the rear of vehicle.

74 2. Quality. U.S. Fancy consists of oranges of similar 7. Loading pattern and bracing. Although many ship- varietal characteristics which are well-colored, firm, pers export oranges unitized on slipsheets in van con- well-fornned, mature, and of smooth texture, and which tainers with satisfactory results, the authors recom- are free from bruises, cuts, decay, pitting, and other mend use of the bonded-block or the 7-6-7-6-7 airflow forms of physical or biological damage. Florida oranges, pattern, which leaves continuous lengthwise channels however, are frequently russetted, which has no effect throughout the load to permit cool air to reach each on flavor. Early oranges are sometimes dyed on the container. The boxes should not be stacked more than outer peel to improve appearance. This coloring does seven layers high. Proper bracing of the load is essen- not affect edible quality. Individual fruits so colored are tial to prevent shifting of the cargo in transit. In most stamped "color added." cases, a cargo brace or gate should be installed be- tween the last stack of cartons in a load and the rear In addition to U.S. Fancy grade, other grades for Flor- door of the van to fill any existing void space. ida oranges are U.S. 1 bright, U.S. 1, U.S. 1 golden, U.S. 1 bronze, U.S. 1 russet, U.S. 2 bright, U.S. 2, U.S. 2 rus- In the refrigerated holds of break-bulk ships, stack the set, and U.S. 3. boxes in direct vertical alinement (one box directly on top of the other), not more than seven layers high, in a 3. Pretransit treatment. During hot weather, consider tight stack. precooling below 4° C (40° F) before loading. Shippers of ranges should be aware of the approved fungicides 8. Vehicle routing. Route oranges by the fastest com- and tolerances for the country to which the fruit is be- bination of overland and ocean routes possible to keep ing exported. transit time to a minimum and maintain fruit quality.

4. Packaging. Place-pack oranges in full-telescope, 9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. corrugated fiberboard shipping containers with minimum Hold Florida Valencia oranges near 0° C (32° F) in tem- boardweights^ and bursting strengths of 40.8-15-40.8-kg porary storage after arrival at destination. Examine fre- (90-33-90-lb) for the body, and 19-15-19-kg (42-33-42-lb) quently to ascertain their quality, but after removal for the cover. Use waterproof adhesives throughout the from storage, they should be marketed quickly. (It body and cover of the shipping container. For ventila- should be noted that California and Arizona oranges tion, use at least two 16- by 76-mm (5/8-by 3-in) vent generally are more susceptible to ring disorders than slots in each side panel. All fruit should be packed in Florida oranges and, therefore, have different tempera- accordance with the Florida State regulations and should ture requirements.) meet the requirements of "well-filled," which states the maximum bulge must not exceed 13 mm (1/2 in) at any 10. Suggested references: point. Hale, P. W., R. H. Hinds, Jr., and T. Moffitt. Fiberboard 5. Pretransit vehicle check. Check the transport vehi- cartons for exporting grapefruit. USDA, ARS-S-21, 1973. cle before loading to be sure the grooved floors are clean and free of any debris or trash that would restrict Lutz, J. M. and R. E. Hardenburg. The commercial stor- air circulation. All doors should close tightly, and floor age of fruits, vegetables, and florist and nursery stocks. drains should be checked to make certain they are not USDA, AH-66, 1977. clogged with debris. The refrigeration unit and other mechanical components of the system should be in Norman, S., L Rygg, and D. C. Fouse. Biphenyl good operating condition. Set the thermostat at 2° C residues in oranges; effect of biphenyl dosage and pad (36° F), and allow the unit to operate long enough to placement. USDA, ARS-51-26, 1968. determine if the unit is properly cycling on and off within ±2° C (±3° F) of the 2° C (36° F) set point. Smoot, J. J., L. G. Houck, and H. B. Johnson. Market diseases of citrus and other subtropical fruit. USDA, 6. Transit environment. Temperature should be main- AH-398, 1971. tained around 1° C (34° F), with a relative humidity of 85 to 90 percent. Oranges, especially Valencia, will Winston, J. R. and R. H. Cubbedge. Export shipping keep for 8 to 12 weeks. tests to Europe with Florida citrus fruits. USDA, MRR-321, 1959.

^Boardweight (basis weight) is the weight of the lower board or cor- rugated medium expressed in terms of lb/1,000 ft^. Adding these three numbers gives the minimum combined weight of the corrugated board.

75 Specifications for Exporting Winter Pears destination. A carton equivalent to Railroad Container 6104 is recommended. The bottom section should con- Prepared by C. F. Pierson and J. B. Fountain^ sist of 41-15-41-kg (90-33-90-lb) boardwelght^ with a min- imum bursting strength of 2413-kPa (350-lb/in2). The cor- 1. Season. In the Pacific Northwest, overseas ship- rugated center sheet should be impregnated with a par- ments are made from September through April. Exports affin wax or wax blend to a minimum of 41 kPa (6 Ib/in^) to Canada may run through March. of a board. The top section should consist of 2068 kPa (300 Ib/in^). The corrugated center sheet should be im- 2. Quality. Size, count, and grade must meet U.S. pregnated with a paraffin type wax or wax blend to a standards for grade. [See U.S. Standards for Winter minimum of 41 kPa (6 Ib/in^) of board. A top pad should Pears (20 F.R. 5752) effective September 10, 1955]. be used to immobilize the fruit during the transit, and a plastic strap placed around the carton to hold the cover 3. Pretransit treatment. Exporters are cautioned to de- firmly in place. termine restrictions on pesticides in their customers' countries and modify treatments accordingly. The fruit 5. Pretransit vehicle check. The suitability of the in bins is cooled to a core temperature of -1.1° C transport vehicle should be verified before loading. The (30'' F) during the first 5 days of storage at 90- to vehicle should be clean, free of odors, have tight door 94-percent relative humidity. Fruit for the late market seals, open floor drains, and all mechanical components should be held in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. in good operating condition. Shippers should make the Consult your local resources for specific O2 and CO2 following minimum inspection on the refrigeration level recommendations. The fruit for the early market is system. immediately packed from regular storage. On the pack- ing line, pears are dumped in a tank of water contain- a. The electric power generator should be started ing a fungistat or fungicide and sufficient soda ash, and its proper operation verified. sodium sulfate, or sodium silicate to float the fruit. A light coating containing either carnauba wax or food- b. The thermostat on the refrigeration unit should grade shellac may be applied to impart a lasting shine be set at the temperature of the products to be to the fruit. In some cases a fungicide may be added to transported. The unit should be operated until the the coating to control decay, and an oxidant to control set point is reached and it begins to cycle within scald. If wax coatings are not applied, water suspen- ± 2° C ( ± 3° F) of the desired level. (See Transit sions of fungicides and scald inhibitors are sprayed on environment.) the fruit. The fruit is individually wrapped in paper con- taining copper carbonate to prevent the spread of fun- c. After the cooling function is verified, the set gus diseases in the cartons. If a scald inhibitor is not point should be raised 6° C (10° F) above the inside used on the packing line, it may be incorporated into temperature for a few minutes to force the unit into the wrappers. The fruit is packed in a corrugated carton the heating cycle. Operation indicator lights on the containing a polyethylene box liner perforated with refrigeration unit control panel and a temperature twelve 308-mm (1/8-in) holes to prevent the accumula- rise inside the van should verify the heating opera- tion of CO2 during storage and transit. tion.

The packed fruit should be preceded to a core temper- d. The thermostat should be returned to desired ature of - 1.1 Mo 0° C (30° to 32° F) before loading into transit temperature level and allowed to operate nor- the transit vehicle. mally for a few minutes. Next, the unit should be placed in manual defrost and the operation indicator 4. Packaging. The wrapped pears are packed in fully lights again observed. A defrost cycle normally takes telescoping fiberboard cartons containing a polyethy- about 20 minutes and when it is completed the unit lene box liner perforated with twelve 308-mm (1/8-in) should be ready for unloading. holes. A strong carton is essential because of the hand labor used in unloading and distributing the fruit at e. If the power generator or any of the refrigeration unit functions do not operate properly, the carrier should be contacted so adjustments or repairs can "•Research plant pathologist and agricultural economist, Tree Fruit be made before loading. Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Wenatchee, WA 98801.

^Boardweight (basis weight) is the weight of the lower board or corru- 6. Transit environment. The recommended transit gated nriedium expressed in terms of ib/1,000 ft^. Adding these three temperature for winter pears is 0° C (32° F) and 90- to numbers gives the minimum combined weight of the corrugated board. 95-percent relative humidity. The thermostat setting

76 should be based on the outcome of the pretransit vehi- Specifications for Exporting Peppers cle check. For produce requiring transit temperature at or near 0° C (32** F), the thermostat must often be set a Prepared by L. Rlsse\ W. Miller^, T. Moffltt\ and few degrees higher to avoid freezing damage. However, P. de Wlldt^ because pears respond unfavorably to temperatures in the 1.5" to 4** C (35° to 40° F) range, the shipper should 1. Season. Florida: November 1 through July 1; Cali- insist on a transit temperature of 0° C (32° F). Before fornia: May 1 through December 30; Texas: June 1 loading, the transit vehicle should be preceded to the through January 30. The Florida season for peppers is desired transit temperature. sometimes subjected to winter freezes which may Inter- rupt the supply for a period of 4 weeks. 7. Load pattern. Load patterns vary by (1) type and dimension of pear box such as place-pack or tight-fill in 2. Quality. The size, shape, count, and grade must be cartons, tray-pack in cartons, and place-pack in wooden in accordance with U.S. Fancy and U.S. No. 1 in the boxes; (2) method of loading—hand-stacked, or unitized U.S. Grades and Standards for peppers. Peppers should machine loading; and (3) chassis/axle configuration, in- be packed for export. European receivers require uni- side dimensions of transit vehicle, and load restric- formly size peppers in boxes. The major varieties are tions. Regardless of load pattern, never stack so high 'California Wonder' and 'Early Cal Wonder.' as to block air ducts, and some type of front and rear air bulkheads are essential to allow proper air circula- Recent research has shown that peppers from first and tion in refrigerated loads. second harvests maintain their quality better than peppers from later harvests. Peppers harvested after 8. Vehicle routing. The shipment shall be routed by rains or low ambient temperatures below 4** C (40'' F) the fastest overland and ocean routes possible to keep should not be exported. The postharvest incidence of transit time to a minimum. Transit time from shipping decay increases when the above conditions are pre- point to overseas receiving point should not exceed 30 valent. Export only fully matured green peppers; im- days. Generally, overland transit should be by truck to mature peppers have a greater rate of deterioration minimize transit time. than mature peppers.

9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. 3. Pretransit treatment. Generally, peppers should not Since winter pears do not soften at 0° C (32° F), they be waxed. Postharvest fungicide treatments are not are hard and green on arrival at the overseas receiving normally applied to peppers. Some packers do wash point. Therefore, the fruit should undergo a period of peppers and other packers only dry brush them. If ripening at 17° to 18° C (62° to 65° F) until softened to washed, peppers should be thoroughly dried before a pressure test of 4 to 4.5 kg (9 to 10 lb) by use of a they are packed. Warm water is more effective in re- Magness-Taylor pressure tester with a 8-mm (5/16-in) ducing decay than cold water. Chlorine is not usually plunger. Pears with a 2- to 3-kg (5- to 6-lb) pressure used during washing; however, it has been shown to be reading can be delivered to the retailers without injury. an effective postharvest treatment. Peppers held in The pears should be displayed in refrigerated cases. chlorine (300 ppm) solutions at 53° C (128° F) for 1-1/2 Display supplies should not exceed the amount that minutes or 58° C (136° F) for one-half minute develop can be sold in 2 to 3 days. Reserve supplies of pears less decay than unwashed peppers. At all stages of should be kept under refrigeration at 0° C (32° F). harvesting, handling, and packing, peppers should be treated with care to avoid skin breaks and bruising. In- 10. Suggested references: jured peppers are more susceptible to decay. Immedi- ately after packing, peppers should be precooled to The commercial storage of fruits, vegetables, and 7° C (45° F); lower temperatures may result in chill florist and nursery stocks. AH-66, USDA, 1968. injury.

Protecting perishable foods during transport by motor- 4. Packaging. Peppers are generally jumble-packed in truck. AH-105, USDA, 1970. moisture-resistant (either wax-coated or wax-impreg-

Commercial handling and storage practices for winter pears. SR-550, Agr. Exp. Sta., DSU, CorvalMs, Ore., 1979. "• Agricultural marketing specialist and technician, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Orlando, Fl. 32803.

Factors affecting transit temperatures in truck ship- ^Agricultural marketing specialist and agricultural research specialist, ments of fresh produce. Perishable handling, transport- European Marketing Research Center, ARS, USDA, Rotterdam, The ation supplement No. 1, Univ. of CA, USDA, 1982. Netherlands.

77 nated), corrugated f iberboard boxes. The regular slotted jected to temperatures below 7° G (45° F) develop symp- fiberboard box shall be constructed of 1896-kPa toms of chilling injury and temperatures above 10° G (275-lb/in2) bursting strength, corrugated fiberboard. (50° F) encourage decay. Precool the transport vehicle These boxes contain 35 or 39 liters (1- or 1-1/9-bu) equiv- to the desired transit temperature before loading. alent, or about 13 kg (28 lb) of peppers. However, many foreign market receivers prefer a smaller box 18 or 22 7. Loading pattern and bracing. Stack the boxes of liters (1/2- or 5/8-bu) equivalent containing about 6 kg peppers in an air-stack pattern when loaded in van con- (13.2 lb) of peppers. These boxes are constructed as tainers (fig. 17). Use a header stack against the front either regular slotted or full-telescope boxes. Construct bulkhead to provide an opening for the air channels in full-telescope boxes with moisture-resistant corrugated the remainder of the load. Stack the remainder of the fiberboard and with a minimum bursting strength of load in an air-stack loading pattern with parallel air 1379-kPa (200-lb/in2) top and bottom. Do not overpack channels. This pattern allows air to circulate from the peppers in the boxes. If the top of the box is stapled, rear through the load to front of the van container. be sure that the staples will not cause injury to the When loading is complete, properly secure the boxes to peppers. maintain the stacking pattern and prevent cargo shift- ing. If the transport vehicle is not equipped with a load- 5. Pretransit vehicle check. Verify the suitability of the securing device, construct a wooden gate to secure the transport vehicle before loading. The vehicle should be load and take up the void space between the load and clean, free of odors, have tight door seals, open floor rear doors of the transport vehicle. drains, and all mechanical components in good operat- ing condition. Shippers should make the following mini- 8. Vehicle routing. Transport the shipment to final mum inspection of the refrigeration system: destination by the fastest overland and ocean routes possible to keep transit time to a minimum. Generally, a. Start the electric power generator and verify its overland transit should be by truck. proper operation. 9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. b. Set the thermostat on the refrigeration unit at The quality and shelf life of peppers after arrival is the desired transit temperature of the product. Op- dependent on proper temperature maintenance. On ar- erate the unit until the set point is reached and it rival, keep peppers under refrigeration at 7° G (45° F) begins to cycle within ±2° C (±3° F) of the desired and 90 to 95 percent relative humidity during temporary level. storage. Move peppers to retail outlets as quickly as possible under refrigeration. The peppers should be dis- c. After verifying the cooling function, raise the played in refrigerated cases. thermostat set point 6° C (10° F) above the tempera- ture inside the vehicle for a few minutes to force the 10. Suggested reference: unit into the heating cycle. Operation indicator lights on the refrigeration unit control panel and a temper- Risse, L. A. and R. H. Hinds, Jr. Feasibility of exporting ature rise inside the van should verify the heating watermelons to England. USDA, ARS 52-71, 1972. operation. Specifications for Exporting Poultry d. Return the thermostat to desired transit temper- ature level and allow it to operate normally for a few Prepared by C. J. Nicholas^ minutes. Next, place the unit on manual defrost, and observe the operation indicator lights again. A de- 1. Season. Year-round. frost cycle normally takes about 20 minutes, and when it is completed, the unit should be ready for 2. Quality. Maintaining the quality of the poultry from loading. the time it leaves the processor's port until it arrives at the overseas receiver is of great importance. Improved e. If the power generator or any of the refrigeration agricultural technology has enabled European poultry unit functions do not operate properly, contact the producers to become more efficient and provide quality carrier so that adjustments or repairs can be made and price competition. Furthermore, their proximity to before loading. the markets and fewer handlings and reduced transport

6. Transit environment. The recommended transit tem- perature and relative humidity for peppers are 7° C ''Economist, Transportation and Packaging Research Branch, OT, (45° F) and 90 to 95 percent, respectively. Peppers sub- USDA, Beltsville, Md. 20705.

78 Figure 17.

How to stack peppers in parallel air channel loading pattern.

1. First or header stack against front bulkhead or 0.035- or 0.039-m3 (-|. or l-i/9-bu) boxes should look like this. Top-layer boxes should be tight.

Blower Duct

2. All other stacks for 0.035- or 0.039-m^ (1- or 1-1/9-bu) boxes should look like this.

79 Figure 17.—Continued

3. First or header stack against front bulkhead for 0.0175- or 0.022-m3 (1/2- or 5/8-bu) boxes should look like this. Top-layer boxes should be tight.

Blower Duct

-

4. All other stacks for 0.0175- or 0.022-m3 (i/2- or 5/8-bu) boxes should look like this.

80 Figure 17.—Continued

5- Typical nnethod of bracing.

If there is a void space between the last stack and the rear door, brace the load to prevent shifting and dannage. If the van is not equipped with a built-in mechanical and load- securing device, construct and install a wood- en brace or gate similar to that below.

^-^ Use wider board to fill Nominal 1 x4 in. space between load (approx. 19x89 mm) and door

Nominal 2x4 in. , (approx. 38x89 mm)

81 schedules in moving their products to the buyers also lem. Very often, frozen poultry is temporarily stored in mean less risk of physical damage. When the move- covered pier areas at high outside air temperatures ment is in Europe, there is less exposure of the while waiting to be loaded aboard ship. products to unfavorable environmental conditions in transit, as compared with transoceanic shipments of The desired air temperatures in van containers are U.S. poultry products. easily maintained from the time the frozen poultry products are loaded in the van container at the Quality maintenance during export assures that USDA processor's port until they are unloaded overseas. Grade A poultry is shipped and that the poultry re- ceived overseas is also USDA Grade A. Grade A poultry 5. Documentation. Documentation requirements are must be free of any marks and bruises. Furthermore, if generally a serious obstacle in moving frozen poultry to the poultry is frozen, it should remain in this condition overseas markets. Most of the shipping documents re- from the time it leaves the processor's plant until it quired are prepared by freight forwarders; the remain- arrives overseas at the receiver's warehouse. In addi- der are prepared by the shippers, receivers, and car- tion, the quality of the poultry is in jeopardy in direct riers. In addition to the documentation, the necessary relation to the number of times it is handled in transit. insurance coverage for pilferage, shortage, or physical If poultry is shipped overseas in refrigerated lockers of damage to the cargo also is arranged for by the for- break-bulk ships, and loading and unloading are accom- warder. Documentation is costly and time consuming, plished in either individual boxes or pallet loads, ex- and the shipment can be consumated only if everything perience has shown that pilferage is prevalent and box is in order. and product damage are widespread. Shipping the prod- uct overseas in van containers reduces the number of 6. Trade barriers. The export market for U.S. poultry individual handlings from 10 to 2, thus reducing the continues to grow despite numerous trade barriers. In possibility of pilferage and box and product damage. the European Economic Community, the barriers take the form of health regulations and numerous levies, 3. Packaging. It is important that both the inner and quotas, and subsidies. The Middle East, which currently outer package be adequate to help maintain the prod- is the number one market for whole chickens, has strin- uct shipped in the condition it was in when it left the gent specifications calling for lightweights, whiteskin processor's plant. Corrugated fiberboard is often used chickens, frozen with giblets, production/expiration in shipments of frozen poultry products. Most of the dates, Arabic language, metric systems, religious cer- boxes are of the 275-lb test board. All of the boxes for tificates. Embassy approval, and special labeling. whole chickens and whole turkeys and most of the boxes for chicken and turkey parts are of the full-tele- 7. Suggested reference: scope type. Nicholas, C. J. and P. L. Breakiron. Intermodal transport When shipments are made in reefer lockers of break- of frozen poultry products to overseas markets—a com- bulk ships, container strapping helps to discourage parison of physical performance and cost of van con- pilferage of the contents during handling when the tainer and break-bulk systems. USDA, MRR-1025, 1974. shipment is transferred from one mode of transport to another. However, when shipments are by van contain- Specifications for Exporting Prunes ers, strapping is not considered necessary and pil- ferage is at a minimum. The need for container stencil- Prepared by A. Yerington^ ing is also greatly reduced when van containers are used. Container stenciling is a necessity when the 1. Season. Sacramento and Santa Clara Valleys, shipments are made up of many lots consigned to var- California: year-round. Harvesting occurs July and ious receivers shipped in reefer lockers of break-bulk August. The prunes are immediately dehydrated to 16 ships. to 20 percent moisture and stored at ambient temper- atures in Vi to 1-ton bins. During processing a mold in- 4. Product protection. Frozen poultry products hibitor (sorbic acid) is added; the moisture increases to shipped overseas in reefer lockers are commingled in 20 or 30 percent. Some prunes are pitted, and all are in- the ship's refrigerated hold with various products with spected and packaged. different temperature requirements. As a result, the air temperatures in the hold do not often meet the require- ments of the frozen poultry stowed there. In addition, the exposure of poultry products in the break-bulk ship- ^Research entomologist. Stored Products Insects Research, ARS, ments at transfer points also presents a serious prob- USDA, Fresno, Calif. 93727.

82 2. Quality. High quality is a result of maintaining a 1. Season. Year-round. California: year-round. Florida thorough inspection service by the Dried Fruit Associa- harvest season: early October through May. (This sea- tion of California. Requirements are established under son may be interrupted by winter freezes, but supply the Prune Marketing Order. These include standards for should continue after 3 or 4 weeks.) Ohio: June through blemishes, color, sugar, maturity, mold and decay, grit October. and sand. Insects or insect fragments. 2. Quality. The radishes must meet or exceed the re- 3. Pretransit treatment. None, except some fumigation quirements of U.S. No. 1 grade in the U.S. standards is done. Fumigation is by methyl bromide, 16 to 24 g/m^ and grades for radishes. The radish tops (leaves and (1 to 1-1/2 lb/1000 ft^) for 24 hours, or aluminum phos- stems) should be cut off, topped as closely to the root phide at 1 tablet per 3 m^) for 5 days. Prunes are stored as possible to prevent sprouting during transit; under in 1- or 1-1/2-ton bins and usually kept at ambient no circumstances should the cut be into the radish temperatures. Processing (adding moisture by steam) root. While the standards allow 1 percent, there should and pitting are done at time of packaging, and they are be no decay of radishes at the time of shipment. shipped immediately. After packaging they should be kept at temperatures under 7° C (45** F) and Rh of 60 3. Pretransit treatment. Postharvest fungicide percent. treatments or waxes are not normally applied to radishes. Radishes are normally washed. The wash 4. Packaging. Packaging ranges from 45-kg (100-lb) water should contain 100 ppm chlorine. Radishes are polypropylene sacks to 453-g and 907-g (1- and 2-lb) generally hydrocooled to at least 4** C (40° F) before plastic bags and 340-g (12-oz) PE coated cartons or they are packaged and stored at 0° to 2° C (32° to cans. Cartons are heat-sealed or sealed with hot melted 36° F) until they are loaded. glue. Overwraps of various types also are used. 4. Packaging. Radishes are generally prepacked into 5. Pretransit vehicle check. Examine trucks or rallcars consumer-size, 170- or 453-g (6-oz or 1-lb), polyethylene- for insect infestations and either fumigate or reject film bags. Thirty 170-g (6-oz) bags or fourteen 453-g them if insects are found. (1-lb) bags are packed per corrugated fiberboard box. The radish bags should be packed in a moisture-resis- 6. Transit environment. No excessive heat. tant (either wax-coated or wax-impregnated), corrugated fiberboard box. The box must be constructed of 1896-kPa 7. Loading pattern and bracing. None. (275-lb/in2) bursting strength, corrugated fiberboard. Radishes can also be packed loose in 18-kg (40-lb), 8. Vehicle routing. Most direct route. polyethylene-film bags for repacking in foreign markets.

9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. 5. Pretransit vehicle check. Verify the suitability of the Maximum shelf life is 6 months. Prunes have optimum transport vehicle before loading. The vehicle should be storage temperatures of 7° C (45° F), and 60 percent clean, free of odors, have tight door seals, open floor relative humidity. Higher temperatures will cause drains, and all mechanical components in good operat- moisture loss or sugaring. ing condition. Shippers should make the following mini- mum inspection on the refrigeration system: 10. Suggested reference: a. Start the electric power generator and verify its Quality standards for prunes. Dried Fruit Association of proper operation. Calif., P.O. Box 270-A, Santa Clara, Calif. 95052. b. Set the thermostat on the refrigeration unit at Specifications for Exporting Radishes the desired transit temperature. The unit should operate until the set point is reached and it begins Prepared by L. Risse\ W. Miller^ T. Moffitt\ and to cycle within ±2° C (±3° F) of the desired level. A. Bongers^ c. After verifying cooling function, raise the thermo- stat set point 6° C (10° F) above the inside tempera- ture for a few minutes to force the unit into the heat- "•Agricultural marketing specialist and technician, U.S. Horticultural ing cycle. Operation indicator lights on the refrigera- Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Orlando, Fl. 32803. tion unit control panel and temperature rise inside ^Agricultural marketing specialist and agricultural research the van should verify the heating operation. specialist, European Marketing Research Center, ARS, USDA, Rotter- dam, the Netherlands.

83 d. Return the thermostat to desired transit tem- 0° C (32° F) and 90 to 95 percent, respectively. Hold perature level and allow it to operate normally for a radishes at 0° C (32° F) during temporary storage after few minutes. Next, place the unit in manual defrost arrival and move to retail outlets as quickly as possible and observe the operation indicator light again. A under refrigeration. The radishes should be displayed in defrost cycle normally takes about 20 minutes, and refrigerated cases. when it is completed, the unit should be ready for loading. 10. Suggested reference:

e. If the power generator or any of the refrigeration Biales, A. Evaluation of alternative ways of shipping unit functions do not operate properly, contact the loose, round, red radishes to European markets in carrier so that adjustments or repairs can be made selected shipping containers. USDA, ARS 52-60, 1971. prior to loading. Specifications for Exporting Raisins 6. Transit environment. The recommended transit tem- perature and relative humidity for radishes are 0° C Prepared by A. Yerington^ (32* F) and 90 to 95 percent, respectively. Base thermo- stat setting of the refrigeration unit on the van contain- 1. Season. Shipped year-round from San Joaquín ers on the outcome of the pretransit vehicle check. For Valley. Raisins are picked, sun dried, or dipped during produce requiring transit temperature at or near 0° C August and September. After harvest they are run over (32° F), the thermostat setting on van containers most shakers to remove dirt. They are stored either in tight often has to be set a few degrees higher to avoid freez- fumigators or in paper covered stacks. When needed, ing damage r to 2° C (34** to 36° F). Before loading, they are removed from storage and run over a shaker precool the transport vehicle to the desired transit where large stems and any foreign debris are removed. temperature. In break-bulk shipments, the thermostat Then they are vacuum cleaned which removes any light can be set at 0° to 1° C (32° to 34° F). raisins. They are then washed, run through another shaker, capped, stemmed, inspected and packaged. 7. Loading pattern and bracing. The boxes of radishes should be stacked in the modified bonded-block 2. Quality. The quality of raisins is maintained by con- loading pattern when loaded in van containers (fig. 18). tinuous inspection by USDA, Processed Products Stan- Use a header stack against the front bulkhead to pro- dardization and Inspection Branch, and by standards vide a return opening for the air channels in the re- established under the Raisin Marketing Order No. 89. mainder of the load. Stack the remainder of the load in The standards are varied and run into detail in regard the modified bonded-block loading pattern allowing the to stems, capstems, seeds, maturity, color, sugar fer- air to circulate throughout the load. When loading is mentation, grit and sand, mold, and insects or insect completed, secure the boxes properly to maintain the parts. The Raisin Advisory Board makes recommenda- stacking pattern and prevent cargo shifting in transit. If tions on standards for that year. Standards are lengthy the transport vehicle is not equipped with a load- and run over 20 pages in the instruction book. Raisins securing device, construct a wooden gate to secure the do not have grades except large and midgets, but there load and take up the void space between the load and are tolerances established for all the standards listed rear doors of the transport vehicle. above.

If the boxes of radishes are loaded in a break-bulk ship, 3. Pretransit treatment. Raisins are usually fumigated the boxes should be loaded in register in a tight-stack, after packaging. Fumigation is by methyl bromide, 16 but not more than 12 boxes high. If the radishes are to 24 g/m3 (l to 1-1/2 lb/1000 ft^) for 24 hours, or alum- properly preceded, the boxes can be palletized in a inum phosphide at 1 tablet per 3 m^ (i tablet per 1000 solid-stack pattern on the pallets. Secure the palletized ft^) for 5 days. (See item 1, Season, above). units properly to avoid their shifting on the pallets. 4. Packaging. Numerous containers are used, such as 8. Vehicle routing. Route the vehicle by the fastest the new recloseable cartons. These include: 13.6-kg. overland and ocean routes possible to minimize transit (30-lb) bulk pack in corrugated fiber containers with a time. Generally, this means overland transit should be polyethylene (PE) liner, cartons ranging from 14 to 850 by truck. g (V2 to 30 oz) with a 25 micrometer (1 mil) PE coating.

9. Care of product during distribution and mariceting. The quality and shelf life of radishes is dependent on ""Research entomologist, Stored Products Insects Research, ARS, the temperature and relative humidity being held at USDA, Fresno, Calif. 93727.

84 Figure 18.

How to stack the modified bonded-block loading pattern for radishes.

1. First or header stack against front bulkhead should look like this. Top-layer boxes should be tight.

Blower Duct

2. Arrangement of boxes in the open-top bonded-block loading pattern.

Bulkhead

Layers 2,4,6,8,10,12. Blower

Bunker Header Stack

Opening

Layers 1,3,5,7,9,11

85 Figure 18.—Continued

3. Typical method of bracing.

If there is a void space between the last stack and the rear door, brace the load to prevent shifting and damage. If the van is not equipped with a built-in mechanical load- se- curing device, construct and install a wooden brace or gate similar to that below.

Use wider board to fill ^-^ Nominal 1 x4 in. space between load (approx. 19x89 mm) and door.

Nominal 2x4 in. (approx. 38x89 mm)

86 cartons with numerous types of overwraps, and various Poor storage conditions have a lot to do with the high types of filnn bags fronn 453 to 1814 g (1 to 4 lb). Car- rate of deterioration. Deterioration is minimal in cold, tons are either heat-sealed, or hot- or cold-melt sealed. dry areas; more marked in hot, dry ones; high in cool Cases are sealed with various types of glues. and damp conditions; and very high in hot, damp climates. 5. Pretransit vehicle check. Check vehicles for insect infestation and reject or fumigate them if insects are The principal biological agents of deterioration during found. storage are insects, mites, fungi, and rodents. High temperatures and humidity encourage mold formation 6. Transit environment. Recommended transit tem- and provide conditions for rapid growth of insect popu- perature to maintain the best quality and ambient tem- lation. While insect pests are a greater problem in peratures usually prevail is 7** C (45° F), and relative seasons where the relative humidity is high, tempera- humidity, 60 percent. However, these requirements are ture is the overriding factor that influences insect mul- not usually demanded. tiplication. If there is insect infestation, even at tem- peratures of about 0° C (32° F), the rate of multiplica- 7. Loading pattern and bracing. None. tion is such that a monthly compound increase of 50 times the present number is statistically possible. 8. Vehicle routing. Route vehicle by fastest and most Thus, 50 insects at harvest could multiply to become economical overland or ocean routes. more than 312 million after 4 months.

9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. Control measures, in addition to insecticides, depend Keep product near 7° C (45° F) in storage and near the first on storage hygiene. Check and clean storage bins relative humidity of 60 percent. This temperature and or containers as carefully as possible. Check old stored humidity is not required on store shelves. Shelf life is beans and, if necessary, clean to control existing infes- 6 months. tation. Beans also can be infested from the field, and control must include a regular system of inspection 10. Suggested reference: Grading Manual. USDA, and deterrence to maintain storage hygiene and take Fruit and Vegetable Quality Division, Processed Pro- control measure where infestation is observed. Even ducts Branch, Fresno, Calif. 93721. if storage conditions are favorable initially, they can change during the period of storage. Temperature Specifications for Exporting Soybeans changes of the grain, induced by sunshine, prevail- ing winds, and seasonal changes, cause temperature Prepared by C. J. Nicholas^ differences in the grain mass.

1. Season. Although the growing season of soybeans 4. Handling. Handle soybeans with care enroute from is seasonal, shipments of U.S. soybeans to overseas the farm to the local elevator, to the terminal elevator, markets continue throughout the year, with unusual ac- and to the export elevator, because they are very sus- tivity during late fall, late spring, and early summer. ceptible to damage in the form of stress cracks or splits. Soybeans are handled from 15 to 20 times from 2. Quality. Maintenance of soybean quality must the time the beans are harvested until they reach the begin on the farm during the growing season and es- consumer. The various handling operations include pecially during harvest. Latest methods and equipment, equipment such as screw conveyors, vertical bucket such as the row-crop head and flexible platforms, have elevators, drop spouts, and grain throwers. helped to dramatically reduce harvesting losses from 10 to 3 percent. The increasing use of on-the-farm stor- Minimizing impact damage, wherever possible, is age also calls for attention to quality deterioration due therefore indispensable. The increasing use of bucket to insects, molds, moisture, heating, unusual respira- elevators or marine legs and "dead boxes" at the end tions, and microorganisms. of the spout are improved handling methods of equip- ment developed to minimize damage. Stress cracks or 3. Storage. Generally speaking, soybeans can be breaking of the seed coat and cotyledon initiates an ox- stored safely below 5° C (41° F) and below 11.5 per- idation process which causes deterioration and raises cent moisture content. the neutral oil loss. This oil loss represents a sizable amount, roughly $1 per ton of soybeans shipped.

'Economist, Transportation and Packaging Research Branch, OT, 5. Marketing. The marketing of soybeans is much USDA, Beltsville, Md. 20705. more complicated than for many other agricultural

87 products. This is because not only soybeans but also Nicholas, C. J. and M. E. Whitten. Transportation and soybean oil and meal have a future market. Because handling factors In relation to quality in exporting soy- soybeans are harvested over a relatively short period of beans. USDA, MRR-1109, 1980. time in the fall of the year, the initial soybean mar- keting period is a highly seasonal activity, with the Specifications for Exporting California Strawberries result that beans are gathered and placed in storage for use over the entire year. Depending on circum- Prepared by C. Harris and J. Harvey^ stances, the grower may hold the beans in storage, either on the farm or in private storage space, or sell 1. Season. The strawberry season starts in February them for cash. in southern California and slowly moves northward to growing areas along the central coast during the spring In order to alleviate the risk involved in such holdings, months. The season ends, usually in November, at the a future market gradually developed for soybeans, start of the rainy season. meal, and oil. In this way, if the future price, at some point several weeks or months ahead, is more attrac- 2. Quality. The size and quality must be in accordance tive to the farmer than the cash price at the time of har- with U.S. No. 1 grade. This grade consists of strawber- vest, a future sale can be made. Due to the increased ries of one variety or similar varietal characteristics price variation since 1973, producers have become with the calyx attached, which are firm, not overripe or aware of the potentially large returns from better mar- undeveloped, and which are free of mold or decay and keting strategies. These are dependent on supply and free from damage caused by dirt, moisture, foreign mat- demand information, in an attempt to more accurately ter, disease, insects, or by mechanical or other means. forecast future prices. Another strategy available to Not more than 10 percent of strawberries in any lot producers is forward pricing, which is any method used may fail to meet requirements of this grade. Not more to establish a price prior to delivery either by cash con- than one-half of this tolerance, or 5 percent, will be al- tracting or hedging via the future. lowed for defects causing serious damage, including not more than two-fifths of this latter amount, or 2 per- 6. Transport. As energy has become more scarce and cent, for strawberries affected by decay. expensive, transport charges for moving soybeans from the farm to the final consumer have increased greatly. In actual practice strawberries intended for export The importance of rail in the movement of soybeans should and usually do exceed the minimum quality re- has declined due to rail abandonments and a general quirements for U.S. No. 1 grade. Only the highest quali- decline in rail service. This slack has been taken up by ty fruit should be exported to ensure good arrivals after truck transport, with more movements to the terminal relatively long transit times. or river elevators by truck. However, the introduction of grain unit-train rates to the New Orleans or Gulf area 3. Pretransit treatment. Precool strawberries by will increase rail movements due to the rate advantage forced-air to 0.5° to 1.5° C (33° to 35° F) as soon after by rail. Although most shipments from the Midwest harvest as possible and maintain this temperature be- reach the export elevators in the New Orleans or Gulf fore shipment. Haul berries that are to be transported area by barge, transportation rates determine the des- by air to the airport in refrigerated trucks and hold tination and mode of transport. The location of the them in a cold room while awaiting the aircraft. shipper is also an important factor in the choice of transport mode and final destination. The authors recommend a modified atmosphere treat- ment (15 to 20 percent CO2), which retards berry decay 7. Suggested references: and ripening, for export of strawberries. A plastic film is sealed around the pallet loads of fruit and CO2 gas is Hill, L, M. Paulsen, and M. Early. Corn quality: Changes introduced into the resulting air-tight bag. during export. Spec. Pub. No. 58, Agr. Expt. Sta., Univ. of III., Urbana-Champaign, III., 1979. 4. Packaging. California strawberries are picked di- rectly into the flats used to market the fruit. Each of Nicholas, C. J. and M. E. Whitten. Analysis of soybean these flats holds 6.5 liters or 5.4 kg (12 pt or 12 lb) of shipments at U.S. origin and overseas destination. berries. The flats are palletized in the field and are USDA, MRR-1090, 1978. handled as a unit through ail steps in marketing.

Nicholas, C. J. Analysis of selected shipments of U.S. and other soybeans received in Japan, 1972-76. USDA, "•plant physiologist and plant pathologist, Market Quality and ARS-NE-92, 1978. Transportation Research, ARS, USDA, Fresno, Calif. 93727.

88 After cooling, cover the pallets of fruits with a fiber- tribution to retail markets. If held at either wholesale or board sleeve and top cover to provide physical protec- retail level for more than a few hours, berries should be tion and to mininnize tennperature change during transit. refrigerated at 0° to 2° C (32° to 35° F). Export Handbook for U.S. Agri. Products, Galley-101 USDA: 358-M PO 277, H8 9/11x20V2rr, Disk 83-36 10. Special considerations. Strawberries are extremely perishable and highly dependent on low temperature to prolong shelf life. Therefore, strawberries should be marketed and consumed as quickly as possible to avoid 5. Pretransit vehicle check. All strawberries exported losses due to decay and overripe fruit. to overseas nnarkets are shipped by air freight. After delivery by refrigerated truck to the airport, the pallets 11. Suggested reference: of fruit are placed in cargo containers or on nnaster pallets that are designed to fit the aircraft. Harris, C. M. and J. M. Harvey. Quality maintenance of California Strawberries exported to the Far Eastern 6. Transit environment. The optimum temperature for markets. MRR-1053, USDA, 1976. quality maintenance of strawberries is 0** C (32° F) and the relative humidity should be in the 90 to 95 percent Specifications for Exporting Sweetpotatoes range. Prepared by W. R. Miller\ W. G. Kindya^ and L. A. Hold strawberries in a cold room at the airport until Risse^ shortly before loading on the plane. If a cold room is not available, keep the berries in the shade in an area 1. Season. Sweetpotatoes are grown commercially that is as cool as possible. Transit temperatures in the throughout the United States. The largest producing load compartments of most jet aircraft are into the 13° States based on 1982 acreage are North Carolina, Loui- to 16° C (55° to 60° F) range, since ambient tempera- siana, California, Texas, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, ture may be well above the optimum for strawberries Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, South Carolina, and New after the fruit is unloaded from the refrigerated truck at Jersey. Harvest dates will vary slightly depending on the airport. Proper packaging and modified atmosphere geographic location, but cured supplies are generally treatment are of primary importance as adjuncts to re- available from the end of October until storage sup- frigeration in prolonging shelf life during long export plies are depleted. Some geographic areas produce shipments. mainly for processing; others produce principally for the fresh market. 7. Loading patterns and bracing. Strawberry flats are palletized in the field using a 2 by 3 pattern. Flats are 2. Quality. Condition of roots at harvest is influenced interlocking and should be in alignment from bottom to significantly by climatic conditions prior to harvest. top. Two or three fitted fiberboard tie sheets should be Quality of roots at time of shipping depends on both placed between layers of fruit near the middle and top harvest quality and proper curing. Export shippers must position to further stabilize the pallet load. Avoid re- select only varieties known to maintain good quality stacking flats after palletization, if possible, to mini- during long-term storage. Roots selected for export mize mechanical damage to the fruit. must be of the highest quality, U.S. No. 1. They must be properly cured, free of soil, cuts, decay, sprouting, 8. Vehicle routing. Points of debarkation for air and with scars well healed. Roots within a shipment shipments of California strawberries are the Los should be of uniform size and consistent in size with Angeles and San Francisco International Airports. the specific market demands. Communicate with your Strawberries should be delivered to these airports receiver prior to shipment as to size requirements. by refrigerated truck in order to maintain proper tem- peratures as long as possible. Select air freight schedules to provide the fastest service to the des- tination market. Transit time from shipping point to ""Agricultural marketing specialists, Horticultural Research overseas receiving point should not exceed 48 hours. Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Orlando, Fla. 32803.

9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. ^Agricultural marketing specialist, Transportation and Packaging Hold strawberries in a cold room at the destination air- Research Branch, OT, USDA, Beltsville, Md. 20705. port if they are not picked up within a short time after arrival. Transport them in a refrigerated truck from the airport to the wholesale warehouse and also during dis-

89 3. Pretransit treatment. Roots harvested following ex- 7. Loading and stacking pattern. If the transport cessively wet soil conditions, exposure to chilling tenn- vehicle is handloaded (nonpalletized), a "pigeon hole" peratures [(less than 10** C (SO** F)], or subjected to a (parallel airflow) stacking pattern should be used. Air delay of 2 or nnore days between harvest and initiation channels should run through the load (lengthwise front of curing should not be exported. Curing must be ini- to rear to allow for the nonrestricted flow of air to the tiated innmediately following harvest by holding roots at return side of the refrigeration system. The two bottom 29" C (85° F) (85 to 90 percent RH) for 4 to 7 days. After and two top layers of boxes should be placed tightly curing, roots should be stored at 13° to 16° C (55°-60° F) against each other to prevent short circulation of the (85 to 90 percent RH) in a well-ventilated storage area. air flow. To facilitate airflow through the air channels When roots are removed from storage for packaging, of the load, the boxes in the first stack at the forward they are usually washed, graded, and sized. A bac- bulkhead should be arranged into a "header stack," as téricide and/or fungicide may be applied, and roots may shown in the specifications for export of peppers. The be waxed or left unwaxed. Applications of decay con- last (rear) stack of boxes should extend to the end of trol treatments during final handling at the packing- the "T" rail flooring. If a void space remains between house will vary, and depend on factors such as varietal the rear of the load and the inside surface of the rear resistance to disease problems associated with a par- door, use bracing to prevent load misalignment. ticular growing area. Local experts should be consulted so that the most effective treatments for decay control 8. Vehicle routing. Keep both inland and ocean transit are used for a particular production area. Care should time to a minimum. Check schedules for the most di- be taken to eliminate bruising during handling at grad- rect route, and avoid delays at transhipping points. ing and packaging. Washed roots must be dried or free of surface water prior to boxing. 9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. The quality and shelf life of sweetpotatoes after arrival 4. Packaging. Sweetpotatoes for export, especially to depend on maintenance of proper storage conditions. the Western European market, should be jumble-packed On arrival, keep sweetpotatoes under refrigeration at in l-IVa-bushel, two-piece, full-telescope corrugated fib- 13° C (55° F) and 85-95 percent RH during temporary erboard boxes. The export box should measure 40 by 30 storage, and then move them through the marketing cm (15-3/4 by 11-13/16 in) (outside dimensions), with a channel as rapidly as possible. 20 cm (7-7/8 in) depth, and contain a net weight of 10 kg (22 lb). The top and bottom of the box should be con- 10. Suggested references: structed of double-wall corrugated fiberboard rated by the Mullen test at 2413 kPa (350 Ib/in^) with ventilation Lutz, J.M. and R.E. Hardenburg. The commercial stor- slots on all sides. If staples are used in box assembly, age of fruits, vegetables, and florist and nursery stocks. they must be placed to avoid causing injury to roots. AH-66, USDA, 1977. Boxes must not be overfilled during packing. Miller, W.R., CF. Melvin, and F.J. Marousky. Progress 5. Pretransit vehicle check. The vehicle should be report and export handling made by the North Carolina clean, free of odors, have tight-fitting door seals, and yam industry. J. Food Distrib. Res., pp. 23-28, have drains free of debris. All mechanical and electrical June 1983. components must be in good operating order. Air ex- change vents should be open to allow proper ventila- Steinbauer, CE. and L.J. Kushman. Sweetpotato culture tion and fresh air exchange. Set the thermostat at the and diseases. AH-388, USDA, June 1971. desired setting and run the refrigeration system through at least two cool-defrost cycles. Discharge air Wright, W.R., J. Kaufman, and R.E. Hardenburg. Fungi- temperature should be within ±2° C (±3° F) of the cidal treatments and shipping practices for controlling thermostat setting. If the refrigeration unit does not decay of sweetpotatoes during marketing. MRR-698, function properly, the vehicle should be returned for USDA, July 1965. repairs and/or calibration prior to loading.

6. Transit temperatures. The recommended storage/ transit temperatures for most sweetpotato cultivars range from 13°-16° C (55°-60° F) (85-90 percent RH). The storage environment must be well-ventilated. Tem- peratures below 10° C (50° F) will cause chilling injury and above 16° C (60° F) may induce sprouting and/or pithiness, and increase the incidence of decay.

90 Specifications for Exporting Watermelons melons. Do not harvest melons for export after a pro- longed rainy period. Cool melons to transit tempera- Prepared by W. Chace^, R. Hinds^, L. Risse^, and tures 10° to 16° C (50° to 60° F) as rapidly as possible. T. Hatten^ 4. Paclcaging. Pack the watermelons in a double-wall 1. Season. Florida: April 15 to July 1; Georgia: June 15 corrugated fiberboard box with a minimum 1896-kPa to August 15; South Carolina: July 1 to August 15; (275-lb/in2) bursting strength. The total weight of the Indiana: July 1 to August 15; Texas: June 1 to Septem- box should not exceed 23 to 27 kg (50 to 60 lb). This ber 1. box should have outside dimensions of approximately 508 by 406 mm (20 by 16 in) in order to obtain neces- 2. Quality. The watermelons must meet the require- sary payload in transport vehicle and to fit the preferred ments of the U.S. No. 1 grade in the U.S. Standards for 1219- by 1016-mm (48- by 40-in) pallet. A box (approx- Watermelons (7 CFR Section 51.1970 -51.1981) except imate outside dimensions of 609 by 508 mm (24 by 20 that in lieu of the tolerances provided in the grade, the in)) larger than the 23- to 27-kg (50- to 60-lb) box may following tolerances by count shall apply: only be used with the importer's permission. The box must be constructed with waterproof adhesives and Not more than ten percent of watermelons in any lot should have moisture-resistant protective coatings on may fail to meet the requirements of the grade. Not the interior of the box. Place double-faced, single-wall more than five percent of these melons may be im- corrugated liners the same depth as the box between mature, overripe, or damaged by sunburn, hail, hollow- the melons. The depth of the box should be in accordance heart or whiteheart, or be seriously damaged by other with the size of the melons. When the box is filled, the means. box should not have any top or side bulge. The count and weight of the melons in each box must be recorded No part of these tolerances will be allowed for melons on the outside of the box. that are affected by visible decay, anthracnose or sun- scald, or that are badly misshapen. If the boxes of watermelons are to be palletized, the boxes must fit the base dimensions of the pallet with- Individual packages in any lot may contain not more out any overhang. Secure the boxes of melons to the pal- than one melon which does not meet the requirements, let by adequate strapping, banding, or glue, in order to provided that the averages for the entire lot are within prevent shifting. If strapping or banding is used, place the tolerances specified. a minimum of two straps or bands around the pallet, one at about the third layer and one next to the top lay- All loads subject to a long domestic trip to the port of er. If gluing is used, place a square piece of fiberboard embarkation or delay enroute should have a condition referred to as a "gluing patch" between the third and inspection before departure. If the product quality has fourth layers and between the next to the top and top deteriorated or if its temperature is not satisfactory, layer of the palletized unit. Apply glue to both sides of then it should be diverted for domestic sale. In addi- the patch so as to connect all boxes to the two layers tion, any shipments which must be transferred from a (see fig. 19). domestic truck to a sea-going van should be inspected at the time of transfer and have the proper loading pat- Other methods of shipping melons, such as pallet bins, tern and bracing used in the van. should be used only on an experimental basis in coop- eration with the importer, until such methods have Varieties from Florida and other States are Japanese proved successful. Hybrid, Crimson Sweet, Charleston Gray, and Jubilee. 5. Pretransit vehicle checlc. The transport vehicle must 3. Pretransit treatment. Postharvest treatments of be checked by the shipper or shipper's agent for clean- fungicides or waxes are not normally applied to water- liness and proper operation of the refrigeration or other mechanical components prior to the time the vehicle is dispatched for loading. This also applies to the second vehicle if the watermelons are transferred to another ^Research horticulturist, Western Region, ARS, USDA, Oakland, Calif. van for the ocean voyage. Specifically, the following 94612. items should be checked: ^Agricultural marketing specialist. Transportation and Packaging Research Branch, OT, USDA, Beltsville, Md. 20705. a. Place the electrical generator unit and refrigera- tion system in operation and check all functions, "^Agricultural, marketing specialist and research leader, U.S. Hor- ticultural Research Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Orlando, Fl. 32803. including the heating and defrost mechanisms.

91 Figure 19.

Diagrams for export watermelon specifications

1. How to glue palletized shipments

Use a 200- to 300-mm (8- to 12-in) square rectangular piece of fiberboard as a glue patch between the third and fourth and seventh and eighth layers on the pallet to help prevent load shifting. Apply glue to both sides of glue patch to connect all boxes in the two adjacent layers.

2. How to stack watermelon boxes measuring 508 by 406 mm (20 by 16 in).

Cross-sectional view of loading pattern for watermelons in van containers. The last three or four stacks should be stepped down so that last stack is about four boxes high. This pattern is for the watermelon box measuring 508 by 406 mm (20 by 16 in) outside ^^ dimensions.

_ Void 'space

Void _ ^ space

0

< < < ■<

92 Figure 19.—Continued

3. How to stack watermelon boxes measuring 609 by 508 mm (24 by 20 in).

Cross-sectional view of loading pattern for watermelons in van containers. The last three or four stacks should be stepped down so that last stack is only four boxes high. This pattern is for the watermelon box ""-^^ measuring 609 by 508 mm (24 by 20 in) outside dimensions. ^ Void space Void _ ^ space"

0) c c c0 c c c CO n CO nCO Ü Ü Ü < < <

4. How to load palletized shipments of watermelons.

Cut divider to approximately 203 mm (8 in) and roll around wood strip, and place under next to top layer in each stack. Also place a wood chuck approximately 203 mm (8 in) in length between pallets on floor. Rolled fiberboard divider around wooden strip / L

g m 1 fil WM i d a K 8 in Wood chuck, 2- by 4-in lumber.

93 Figure 19.—Continued

5. Typical method of bracing.

If there is a void space between the last stack and the rear door, brace the load to prevent shifting and dannage. If the van is not equipped with a built-in mechanical load- securing device, construct and install a wooden brace or gate similar to that below.

Use wider board to fi ^-^ space between load Nominal 1x4 in. and door. (approx. 19x89 mm)

Nominal 2x4 in. (approx. 38x89 mm)

94 b. Set the thermostat at the desired transit temper- between each pair of pallets on the floor. Secure the ature of 10" to 16" C (50° to 60" F), and allow the space between the boxes on the pallets by rolling sev- unit to operate until the set point is reached. Once eral dividers into tight rolls and inserting the rolled the set point is reached, observe the unit through divider into a wood strip for placement between the several on/off cycles in which the thermostat con- two stacks of pallets. (See fig. 19.) trols the unit around the set point. If the indicating thermometer on the unit varies more than ±2" C When loading is completed, properly secure the load to (±3" F) from the set point, notify the carrier so an maintain the stacking and prevent cargo shifting in adjustment can be made before loading. transit. If the transport vehicle is not equipped with a load-securing device, construct a wooden gate to c. All doors must close tight. secure the load and take up the void space between the load and rear doors of transport vehicle. The brace d. Check the floor drains to make certain that they should be tight against the load and in contact with are not clogged with debris and are operable. each box and tight against the rear door. Refer to USDA's Agriculture Handbook No. 105, page 75, fig. 34, e. Verify the cleanliness of the van before loading. for further loading details. Wooden pallets set on end may be used in lieu of constructing a load-securing f. If any of the above items are not met, notify the gate. Caution: If wooden pallets are used, join them carrier of the item to be corrected before loading the together with a wood strip to prevent the right-hand pal- transport vehicle. let from falling out when the rear door is opened.

6. Transit environment. The recommended transit tem- 8. Vehicle routing. Transit time from shipping point to perature for watermelons is 10" to 16" C (50" to 60" F) overseas receiving point should not exceed 14 to 17 and 80 to 85 percent relative humidity. The authors sug- days. The shipment may be routed by either rail or gest that watermelons which are slightly immature be truck on the overland route; however, truck is preferred shipped at temperatures near 16" C (60" F), and more because of time. mature melons be shipped at temperatures near 10" C (50" F). Shipping or storing temperatures of 4" to 7" C 9. Care of product during distribution and marketing. (40" to 45" F) and lower cause melons to develop chil- On arrival at destination, keep watermelons under ling injury or pitting which results in loss of flavor and refrigeration if they are placed in temporary storage. red flesh color. Since U.S.-grown watermelons are large, they probably will be sliced at retail level for sale. Sliced melons 7. Loading pattern and bracing. (See fig. 19.) When should be covered by film, and if possible, kept under loading nonpalletized shipments, stack the boxes refrigeration. The quality and shelf life of watermelons lengthwise in the transport vehicle tightly against each are dependent upon maturity; the more mature the sidewall with air spaces or channels between each of melon, the shorter the shelf life. Melons should be the rows. Alternate the top two layers tightly against stored or displayed at temperatures of 10" to 16" C the sidewalls leaving an air space or channel against (50" to 60" F). the opposite sidewall. The height of the last three or four stacks should be stepped down by one layer so 10. Suggested references: that the last stack is about four boxes high. Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by In palletized shipments, place the pallets against each Motortruck. AH-105, USDA, 1970. sidewall leaving an airspace or channel down the cen- ter of the transport vehicle. Brace the space between Risse, L.A. and R.H. Hinds, Jr. Feasibility of exporting the pallets to maintain pallet and box alignment. Brace watermelons to England. ARS 52-71, USDA, 1972. the space between the pallets by using wood chucks

95 Appendix A

state extension services'' Maine E.S. Micka The following are key contacts in the Cooperative University of Maine Extension Service of the State Universities who can Orono, ME 04473 direct you to sources of information on food and agri- Tel: (207)581-2145 cultural exports and help analyze opportunities for get- Maryland ting into the export market: John Crothers University of Maryland Alabama Georgia Extension Service A.R. Cavender Robert 8. Glover College Park, MD 20742 Auburn University University of Georgia Tel: (301)454-4319 Auburn, AL 36830 Athens, GA 30601 Massachusetts Tel: (205) 826-4962 Tel: (404)542-1861 T.W. Leed Alaska Hawaii University of James W. Matthews Steve M. Doue Massachusetts University of Alaska University of Hawaii Amherst, MA 01002 Fairbanks, AK 99701 Honolulu, HI 96822 Tel: (413)545-2494 Tel: (907) 479-7246 Tel: (808) 948-7787 Michigan Arizona Idaho Jake Farris C. Curtis Cable Richard Schermerhorn Michigan State University University of Arizona Department of Agricul- East Lansing, Ml 48824 Tucson, AZ 85721 tural Economics Tel: (517)355-2318 Tel: (602) 884-1005 Idaho State University Minnesota Arkansas Moscow, ID 83843 Willis E. Anthony A.W. Woodard Tel: (208) 885-6558 University of Minnesota P.O. Box 391 Illinois St. Paul, MN 55101 Little Rock, AR 72203 Harold D. Guither Tel: (612) 373-1093 Tel: (501) 376-6301 University of Illinois Mississippi California Urbana, IL 61801 David Trammel Jerome B. Siebert Tel: (217) 333-1807 Cooperative Extension University of California Indiana Service 377 University Hall W.S. Farris Mississippi State Berkeley, CA 94720 Purdue University University Tel: (415)642-3235 West Lafayette, IN 47907 Mississippi State, MS Colorado Tel: (317)493-2221 39762 William P. Spencer Iowa Tel: (601)325-2080 Colorado State University Roger Ginder Missouri Fort Collins, CO 80523 Iowa State University C.L. Cramer Tel: (303) 491-6276 Ames, IA 50010 University of Missouri Connecticut Tel: (515) 294-7318 Columbia, MO 65201 Don G. Stitts Kansas Tel: (314) 882-2831 University of Connecticut Fred D. Sobering Montana Storrs, CT 06268 Kansas State University Charles H. Rust Tel: (203) 486-2739 Manhattan, KS 66506 Montana State University Delaware Tel: (913)532-5820 Bozeman, MT 59715 W.T. McAllister Kentucky Tel: (406) 994-3451 University of Delaware Robert W. Rudd Nebraska Newark, DE 19711 University of Kentucky Allen C. Wellman Tel: (302) 738-2511 Lexington, KY 40506 University of Nebraska Florida Tel: (606)'258-5762 Lincoln, NE 68503 Charles D. Covey Louisiana Tel: (402) 472-3401 University of Florida L.E. Johnson Nevada Gainesville, FL 32611 Louisiana State Edmond R. Barmettler Tel: (904) 392-1854 University University of Nevada Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Reno, NV 89507 Tel: (504)388-2145 Tel: (702)784-6611 "•Export directory, Foreign Agricultural Service, FAS M-201, USDA, Washington, D.O., Sept. 1982, pp. 86-90.

96 Appendix A—Continued

New Hampshire Pennsylvania West Virginia Nicholas Engalichev J.W. Malone, Jr. William E. Kidd, Jr. University of New Pennsylvania State Extension Service Hannpshire University West Virginia University Durham, NH 03824 University Park, PA 16802 Morgantown, WV 26506 Tel: (603)862-1702 Tel: (814)865-5461 Tel: (304)293-4411 New Jersey Rhode Island Wisconsin Frederick A. Perkins William H. Wallace Richard H. Vilstrup Rutger—The State University of Rhode University of Wisconsin University Island Madison, Wl 53706 New Brunswick, NJ 08903 Kingston, Rl 02881 Tel: (608)262-2713 Tel: (201) 932-9171 Tel: (401) 792-2472 Wyoming New Mexico South Carolina Andrew Vanvig John Early Jerold F. Pittman University of Wyoming New Mexico State Clemson University Box 3354, University University Clemson, SO 29631 Station Las Cruces, NM 88003 Tel: (803) 656-3461 Laramie, WY 82070 Tel: (505) 646-1541 South Dakota Tel: (307) 766-3253 New Yori< J.E. Thompson Puerto Rico Olan D. Forker South Dakota State Luis A. Polanco Cornell University University University of Puerto Rico Ithaca, NY 14876 Brookings, SD 57006 Rio Piedras, PR 00928 Tel: (607) 256-4576 Tel: (614)422-6446 Tel: (809) 765-8000 Nortli Carolina Tennessee Virgin Islands T. E. Nichols Charles M. Farmer Darhshan S. Padda North Carolina State University of Tennessee Virgin Islands Extension University P.O. Box 1071 Service Raleigh, NC 27607 Knoxville, TN 37901 Kingshill Tel: (919)737-2885 Tel: (615)974-7112 P.O. Box 166 North Dakota Texas St. Croix, VI 00850 Hugh J. McDonald Roland Smith Tel: (809) 773-0246 North Dakota State Texas A&M University University College Station, TX 77843 Fargo, ND 58102 Tel: (713)845-1871 Tel: (701) 237-7393 Utah Ohio Morris H. Taylor John W. Sharp Utah State University Ohio State University Logan, UT 84321 2120 Fyffe Rd. Tel: (801)750-2305 Columbus, OH 43210 Vermont Tel: (605) 688-4141 Fred C. Webster Oklahoma University of Vermont R.E. (Gus) Page Burlington, VT 05401 Oklahoma State Tel: (802)656-3131 University Virginia Stillwater, OK 74074 W.R. Luckham Tel: (405)372-6211, Virginia Polytechnic ext. 7517 Institute Oregon Blacksburg, VA 24061 James Cornelius Tel: (703)961-5265 Oregon State University Washington Corvallis, OR 97331 A.H. Harrington Tel: (503) 754-2942 Washington State University Pullman, WA 99163 Tel: (509) 335-2511

97 Appendix B

State organizations'"

Eastern U.S. Agricultural and Food Export Council, Inc. Southern United States Trade Association (SUSTA) (EUSAFEC) An association of 15 Southern State Departments of An organization of the 10 Northeast State Depart- Agriculture and related organizations formed to pro- ments of Agriculture formed to develop cooperative mote food and other agricultural exports from its programs to increase the exports of food and other member States. The member States are: Alabama, agricultural products. The member States are: Con- Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, necticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, New Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and Rhode Island, and Vermont. West Virginia.

2 World Trade Center, Suite 5082 International Trade Mart, Suite 338 New York, NY 10047 2 Canal Street Tel: (212) 432-0020 Tel: (504) 568-5986 Telex: 584319 SUSTA NLN Edmund Paige, Executive Director New Orleans, LA 70130

Mid-American International Agri-Trade Council (MIAT- Raymond Lozano, Executive Director CO) National Association of State Departments of An export council of the 12 Midwest State Depart- Agriculture (NASDA) ments of Agriculture formed to coordinate and ex- pand activities for food and agricultural products. A nonprofit, nonpartisan organization comprised of The member States are: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kan- the 50 State departments of agriculture and those sas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North from the Trust Territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. American Samoa, and the Virgin Islands. The members of this organization are the commis- 300 West Washington Street, Suite 1001 sioners, secretaries, and directors of the depart- Chicago, IL 60606 ments of agriculture in the states and four trust ter- Tel: (312)368-4448 ritories. TWX: 910-221-5686 1616 H Street, NW., Room 710 LaVerne E. Brabant, Executive Director Washington, D.C. 20006 Tel: (202) 628-1566

J. B. Grant, Executive Secretary

^Export Directory, FAS-M-201, Sept. 1982, pp. 48-65; and Foreign Agriculture, April 1984, p. 16; FAS, USDA, Washington, D.C.

98 Appendix C

U.S. Market Development Cooperators (July 1980)

These are associations and trade groups with continu- Northwest Horticultural Rice Council for Market ing agreements with the Foreign Agricultural Service Council Development for overseas market development projects. 1002 Larson Building P.O. Box 740123 P.O. Box 570 3917 Richmond Avenue Cotton: California Cling Peach Yakima, WA 98907 Houston, TX 77274 Cotton Council Interna- Advisory Board Chris Schlect, Presi- Bill J. Goldsmith, tional P.O. Box 7111 dent Executive Vice Suite 700, Executive San Francisco, CA Tel: (509)453-3193 President BIdg. 94120 Tel: (713)270-6699 Washington, D.C. 20005 Richard L. Peterson, Papaya Administrative David C. Hull, Ex- General Manager Committee U.S. Feed Grains Coun- ecutive Director Tel: (415)541-0100 Liberty Bank BIdg., cil Tel: (202) 833-2947 929 Queen St. 1575 Eye Street, NW, California Raisin Advi- Honolulu, HI 96814 Suite 1000 International Institute sory Board Robert A. Souza, Washington, D.C. 20005 for Cotton^ P.O. Box 5335 Manager Darwin E. Stolte, Solar BIdg. Fresno, CA 93755 Tel: (808) 533-3841 President 1000 16th St. N.W. Clyde Nef, Manager Tel: (202) 789-0789 Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel: (209) 224-7010 Western Growers Asso- Tel: (202) 223-5876 USA Dry Pea and Len- ciation Florida Department of tile Council, Inc. P.O. Box 2130 Dairy and Poultry: Citrus Stateline Office Newport Beach, CA Dairy Society Interna- 1115 East Memorial 92663 P.O. Box 8566 tional Boulevard Moscow, ID 83843 Michael J. Stuart 3008 McKinley Street, P.O. Box 148 Tim Welsh, Marketing Tel: (714)641-5000 NW Lakeland, FL 33802 Director Washington, D.C. 20015 W. Bernard Lester, Grain and Feed: Tel: (208) 882-3023 George W. Weigold, Executive Director Michigan Bean Shippers Managing Director Tel: (813)682-0171 Association U.S. Wheat Associates, Tel: (202) 363-3359 Inc. 2435 Midland Road National Potato Promo- P.O. Box 6008 1575 Eye Street, NW, tion Board Saginaw, Ml 48608 Suite 200 1385 South Colorado John A. McGill, Jr., Washington, D.C. 20005 Blvd., No. 512 Executive Vice Winston B. Wilson, Denver, CO 80222 President President Robert L. Mercer, Ex- Tel: (517)790-3010 Tel: (202)789-2110 ecutive Vice Presi- dent Millers' National Fed- Livestock and Livestock Tel: (303) 758-7783 eration Products: 600 Maryland Avenue, American Angus Asso- North American Blue- SW, Suite 305 ciation berry Council Washington, D.C. 20024 3201 Frederick Boule- P.O. Box 166 Roy M. Henwood, vard Marmora, NJ 08223 St. Joseph, MO 64501 President P. Holbein, Près. Richard L Spader, Tel: (202) 484-2200 California Avocado Tel: (609) 399-1559 Executive Vice Commission Protein Grain Products President 17620 Fitch, 2nd Floor International Tel: (816) 233-3101 Irvine, CA 92714 6707 Old Dominion Ronald Hughes, Drive, Suite 240 American Brahman V. President McLean, VA 22101 Breeders Association Tel: (714)540-8180 Robert D. Fondahn, 1313 La Concha Lane President Houston, TX 77054 Tel: (703)821-3717 Wendell Schronk, Ex- ^A world organization for cotton research and promotion of which the ecutive Secretary United States is a member. Tel: (713) 795-4444

99 Appendix C—Continued

American Hereford Emba Mink Breeders Tanners' Council of Burley and Dark Leaf Association Association America, Inc. Tobacco Export Asso- 715 Hereford Drive 6214 Washington 2501 M Street, NW ciation, Inc. Kansas City, MO 64101 Avenue Washington, D.C. 20037 1100 17th Street, NW, Bud Snidow, Assis- P.O. Box 941 E. D. Talmadge, Suite 306 tant Secretary Racine, Wl 53406 President Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel: (816) 842-3757 Rita M. Johnson, Tel: (202) 785-9400 Frank B. Snodgrass, Coordinator Vice President and American International Tel: (414) 886-9800 U.S. Meat Export Managing Director Charleáis Association Federation Tel: (202) 296-6820 1610 Old Spanish Trail Holstein-Friesian Asso- 3333 Quebec Street, Houston, TX 77054 ciation of America Suite 7200 Leaf Tobacco Exporters Bob Scarth, Director, 1 South Main Street Stapleton Plaza Association, Inc. Breed Improve- Brattleboro, VT 05301 Denver, CO 80207 Suite 114 Koger Execu- ments Zane Akins, Execu- Alan R. Middaugh, tive Center Tel: (713) 797-9211 tive Secretary President 3716 National Drive Tel: (802) 254-4551 Tel: (303) 399-7151 Raleigh, NO 27612 American Polled Here- Hugh C. Kiger, Ex- ford Association International Brangus Oilseeds and Products: ecutive Vice Presi- 4700 East 63rd Street Breeders' Associa- American Soybean dent Kansas City, MO 64130 tion, Inc. Association Tel: (919)782-5151 Travis D. Rich, Ex- 9500 Tioga Drive P.O. Box 27300 ecutive Secretary San Antonio, TX 78230 St. Louis, MO 63141 Tobacco Associates, Tel: (816) 331-7731 Jerry Morrow, Execu- Kenneth L. Bader, Inc. tive Secretary Chief Executive 1101 17th Street, NW, American Quarter Horse Tel: (512) 696-8231 Officer Suite 912 Association Tel: (314)432-1600 Washington, D.C. 20036 2736 West Tenth Street Mohair Council of America C. N. (Kirk) Wayne, P.O. Box 200 P.O. Box 5337 National Peanut Council Jr., President Amarillo, TX 79168 San Angelo, TX 76902 1000 16th Street, NW, Tel: (202)659-1160 R. Blackwell, Ex- Fred R. Campbell, Ex- Suite 700 ecutive Secretary ecutive Director Washington, D.C. 20036 Other: Tel: (806)376-4811 Tel: (915) 655-3161 Jeanette Anderson National Forest Prod- Tel: (202) 775-0450 ucts Association Beefmaster Breeders National Association of 1619 Massachusetts Universal Animal Breeders National Sunflower Avenue, NW GPM Tower South, Suite 401 Bernadette Street, Association Washington, D.C. 2003e 350 P.O. Box 1033 1501 North 12th Street John V. Ward, Direc- 800 NW, Loop 410 Columbia, MO 65205 Bismarck, ND 58505 tor, International San Antonio, TX 78216 William M. Durfey, Larry Kleingärtner, Trade Gene Kuykendall, Ex- Executive Vice Executive Director Tel: (202)797-5817 ecutive Vice Presi- President Tel: (701)224-3019 dent Tel: (314) 445-4406 American Catfish Mar- Tel: (512) 341-1277 Tobacco and Seeds: keting Association National Renderers American Seed Trade P.O. Box 89 Brown Swiss Cattle Association, Inc. Association Belzoni, MS 39038 Breeders Association, 2250 East Devon Avenue 1030 15th Street, NW, Henry Williams, Inc. Des Plaines, IL 60018 Suite 964 President P.O. Box 1038 Dean A. Specht, Washington, D.C. 20005 Tel: (601)247-3050 Beloit, Wl 53511 President H. T. Loden, Ex- George Opperman, Tel: (312) 827-8151 ecutive Vice Presi- Secretary-Treasurer dent Santa Gertrudis Tel: (608) 365-4474 Tel: (202) 223-4080 Breeders International P.O. Box 1257 Kingsville, TX 78363 Forest Pickett, Office Manager Tel: (512) 592-9357

100 Appendix C—Continued

Contractors Under Market Developnnent Export Incentive Programs (Septennber 1982)

Almadén Vineyards, Inc. Carnation International East Side Winery Mirassou Sales Company 1530 Blossom Hill Road 5045 Wilshire Boulevard P.O. Box 440 3000 Aborn Road San Jose, California 95118 Los Angeles, California Lodi, California 95240 San Jose, California 95121 Ronald A. Haase, 90036 Ernest C. Haas, Ex- Burke Baker, Export Marketing Coordinator Robert W. Smith, Assis- ecutive President Manager Phone: (408)269-1312 tant Vice President Phone: (209) 369-4768 Phone: (408) 274-4000 (wine) Phone: (213)931-1911 (wine) (wine) (wine) American Foods Interna- Franciscan Vineyards North Pacific Canners and tional Dalgety Foods, Inc. P.O Box 407 Packers, Inc. (NORPAC) 6801 Lake Worth Road, P.O. Box 151 Rutherford, California 5200 S.E. McLoughlin Florida 33463 Snohomisch, Washington 94573 Boulevard Roger G. Hoffman, Vice 98290 Peter Carisetti, Vice Portland, Oregon 97202 President Carl Schulmeister, Sales President Alan Baker, International Phone: (305) 968-4455 Manager Phone:(707)963-7111 Sales Manager (green peppers) Phone:(206)568-4161 (wine) Phone: (503) 234-7241 (frozen corn and peas) (processed vegetables) Bud Antle, Inc. E. & J. Gallo Winery P.O. Box 1759 D. De Franco and Sons, P.O. Box 1130 Nowaco Salinas, California 93902 Inc. Modesto, California 95353 965 Mission Street, A. J. Navaroli, Vice 1000 Lawrence Street Paul Thorpe, Director of Suite 650 President Los Angeles, California Compliance San Francisco, California Transportation 90024 Phone:(209)521-3391 94103 Phone: (408) 422-8871 Victor R. De Franco, (wine) Barry Lynes, President (fresh vegetables) President Phone:(415)981-3353 Phone:(213)627-8575 Giumarra Vineyards (processed vegetables) Beringer Los Hermanos (walnuts) P.O. Box 1969 Lambert Marketing Com- Bakersfield, California Numano International, Inc. pany Delicate Vineyards 95070 2050 South Long Beach P.O. Box 656 Pacific Wines International John Giumarra, Jr., Vice Avenue West Sacramento, 311 California Street, President Los Angeles, California California 95691 Suite 700 Phone: (805) 366-5511 90058 T. G. Farris, Vice San Francisco, California (wine) Take Numano, Director President 94104 Phone:(213)746-7434 Phone: (916)371-2288 Walter G. Vornbrack, Green Giant Company (wine) (wine) President (See the Pillsbury Company) Phone: (415)982-2359 Lambert Marketing Com- Ocean Spray Cranberries, California Almond Growers (wine) pany (See Beringer/Los Inc. Exchange Hermanos) Water Street Plymouth, Massachusetts P.O. Box 1768 Del Monte Corporation Sacramento, California One Market Plaza Paul Masson Vineyards 02360 Horst Class, Director of 93217 P.O. Box 3575 P.O. Box 97 Steve Easter, Vice San Francisco, California Saratoga, California 95070 Marketing, International President, Member and 94119 Robert Roos, Director, Phone: (617)747-1000 Government Relations Charles B. Grisanti, International Marketing (cranberries) Phone: (916)422-0771 Manager, International Phone: (408) 257-7800, (almonds) Marketing ext. 4220 Phone: (415)422-5193 (wine) (canned corn)

101 Appendix C—Continued

Perelli-Minetti Winery Rogers Walla Walla, Inc. Sun World, Inc. California Wine Associa- P.O. Box 998 5544 California Avenue, tion Walla Walla, Washington Suite 280 San Francisco, California 99362 Bakersfield, California 94107 William A. Albee, 93309 John A. Remick, Direc- General Sales Manager Robert Nies, Vice Presi- tor, Export Sales Phone: (509) 525-8390 dent Phone: (415)546-7320 (canned corn) Phone: (805) 833-6460 (wine) (citrus) San Benito Vineyards The Pillsbury Consumer 251 Hillcrest Road Texasweet Citrus Foods Export Group Hollister, California 95024 Exchange Pillsbury Connpany M.S. Dr. Rodney Ballard, P.O. Box 793 #1670 President U.S. Expressway 83 at Pillsbury Center Phone: (408) 637-3992 Mayberry Minneapolis, Minnesota (grapefruit) Mission, Texas 78572 55402 J. W. Holford, President Jerry P. Bury, General Seald-Sweet Growers, Inc. Phone: (512) 585-8231 Manager, Export P.O. Box 2349 (grapefruit, fresh juice) Phone: (612) Tampa, Florida 33601 330-5062 Donald Lins, Executive Texasweet Citrus, Inc. Vice President and P.O. Box 1187 (Green Giant canned and General Manager La Feria, Texas 78559 frozen corn, frozen peas) Phone: (813)223-7441 Heind Brasch, President (grapefruit) Phone:(512)797-2121 Pioneer Growers (grapefruit) Cooperative Sebastiani Vineyards P.O. Box 460 Boles and Company, Inc. Turgeon & Lohr Winery Belle Glade, Florida 33430 1153 Chess Drive 1000 Lenzen Avenue Robert S. Wigley, Ex- Foster City, California San Jose, California 95126 ecutive Vice President 94404 Sharon Turnoy, Phone: (305) Kay Krueger, Vice Presi- Marketing Administrator 996-5211 dent Phone: (408) 288-5057 (celery) Phone:(415)574-9240 (wine) (wine) Puregold, Inc. Mike Yurosek & Son 307 Brookside Avenue Sun-Diamond Growers of P.O. Box 475 P.O. Box 40 California Lament, California 93241 Redlands, California 92373 1320 El Capitán M. David Yurosek, Jannes W. Neu, Presi- Danville, California 94583 Secretary/Treasurer dent Michael Cassidy, Phone: (805) 845-3764 Phone: (714) Manager of International (fresh vegetables) 793-0400 Sales and Marketing (citrus) Phone: (415)838-2500 Wente Brothers (walnuts, prunes) 5564 Tesia Road Rio Del Mar Foods, Inc. Livermore, California 94550 160 Sansome Street Sunkist Growers, Inc. Eric P. Wente, President San Francisco, California 14130 Riverside Drive Phone:(415)447-3603 94104 Box 7888/Valley Annex (wine) Harry Bonn, President Van Nuys, California 91409 Phone: (415) William K. Quarles, Vice 421-6902 President, Government (ainnonds) Affairs Phone:(213)986-4800 (citrus)

102 Appendix D

Sources of Technical Assistance, U.S. Department of Agriculture Office of Transportation, Market Quality & Trans- Eastern Market Pathology portation Research Laboratory USDA Laboratory Agricultural Research Room 1405 Auditors BIdg. Agricultural Research Service 14th & Independence Ave., Service U.S. Department of SW U.S. Departnnent of Agricul- Agriculture Washington, D.C. 20250 ture Cook College Tel: (202) 447-3963 P.O. 60x8143 Food Science Department Fresno, CA 93747 Rutgers University Transportation & Pack- Tel: (209) 487-5334 P.O. Box 231 aging Research Branch, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 OT, USDA Fruit Research Laboratory Tel: (201)932-9881 Room 210, BIdg. 006, Agricultural Research BARC-West Service Potato Handling Research Beltsville, MD 20705 U.S. Department of Center Tel: (301)344-2815 Agriculture Agricultural Research 1104 N. Western Avenue Service Horticultural Crops Quality Wenatchee, WA 98801 U.S. Department of Laboratory Tel: (509) 663-2657 Agriculture Agricultural Research Greenhouse Service Transportation & Market- University of Maine U.S. Department of ing Quality Research Orono, ME 04473 Agriculture Agricultural Research Tel: (207)581-2216 Room 113, BIdg. 002, Service BARC-West U.S. Department of European Marketing Beltsville, MD 20705 Agriculture Research Center Tel: (301)344-3128 P.O. Box ED Agricultural Research College Station, TX 77840 Service Marketing Research Tel: (713) 846-8821 U.S. Department of Branch Agriculture Market Research and U.S. Horticultural Research 38 Marconistraat Development Division Laboratory Rotterdam, The Nether- Agricultural Marketing Agricultural Research lands Service Service Tel: 011-3110-76-5538 Room 116, BIdg. 307, U.S. Department of Telex: 26649 - USARS NL BARC-East Agriculture Beltsville, MD 20705 2120 Camden Road Tel: (301)344-2810 Orlando, FL 32803 Tel: (305) 898-6791

103 Appendix E

Phytosanitary Certificate

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH INSPECTION SERVICE PLANT PROTECTION AND QUARANTINE PROGRAMS

Date and No. PHYTOSANITARY CERTIFICATE

Date Inspected

This is to certify that the plants, parts of plants or plant products described below or representative samples of them were thorouKhly examined on the date shown above by an authorized representative of the Agricultural Quarantine Inspection Program. Animal and Plant Health Inspec- tion Service. United SUtes Depprtment of Agriculture, and were found, to Ihe best of his knowledge, to be substantially free from injurious dis- eases and pests; and that the consignment is believed to conform to the current phytosanitary regulations of the importing country both as stated in the additional declaration hereon and otherwise.

FUMIGATION OR DISINFECTION TREATMENT

Duration of exposure and temperature:

Chemical and concentratioiv

ADDITIONAL DECLARATION

DESCRIPTION OF THE CONSIGNMENT

Name and address of the exporter:

Name and address of the consignee:

Quantity and name of produce and botanical name:

Number and description of packages:

Distinguishing marks:

Origin:

Means of conveyance: Po'n

cmÜTcaU.'' '^^" ^""'*' ^ '*" ^"'''"^ ^"^"^^ Department of Agriculture or to any officer or representative of the Department with respect to thi.

PPQ FORM 577 REPLACES AQI FORM 377, APR. 1972, WHICH MAY BE USED DEC. 1972 SHIPF'ER'S ORIGINAL

104 Appendix F

Sources of Shipping Information

Information and Member- Port of New York Steam- Shipping Digest Cargo Air Tariff ship Directory ship Service Directory Budd Publications (International rules, pro- The Animal Air Trans- (published by The Port 107 South Tyson Avenue cedures, regulations, portation Association of New York Authority, Floral Park, NJ 11001 and rates) Testing Marine Service P.O. Box 7627 6180 SW 56th Court Worldwide fronn New American Import & Amsterdam International Davie, FL 33314 York) Export Bulletin Airport World Trade Center Budd Publications The Netherlands Exporters Handbook (1976) (Trade and tariff re- One Wall Street 107 South Tyson Avenue New York, NY 10048 Floral Park, NJ 11001 Official Motor Carrier quirements) Directory Dried Fruit Association of Port of New Orleans Exporters Encyclopedia (Service, equipment, California Service Directory World Marketing Guide tariffs for U.S. motor Fresno, CA (published by The Board Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. carriers) of Commissioners of 99 Church Street 1025 W. Congress Parkway the Port of New New York, NY 10007 Chicago, IL 60607 Orleans, Testing Marine Service Worldwide from International Marketing The Official Railway Guide New Orleans) Guide North American Freight 2600 International Trade Continental Europe Service Edition Mart Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. (Listing freight Two Canal Street 99 Church Street schedules, junctions, P.O. Box 60046 New York, NY 10007 connections, New Orleans, LA 70160 TOFC/COFC for U.S. World Marketing News- railroads) (These service directories letter National Railway Publica- are issued by most Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. tion Co. major ports, such as 99 Church Street 424 West 33d Street Norfolk, Los Angeles, New York, NY 10007 New York, NY 10001 Houston, Seattle, and San Francisco) Cargo Loss Prevention The Official Intermodal Recommendations Equipment Register International Air Cargo International Insurance (Listing of containers, Tariff Monitor trailers, chassis, and (issued jointly by 150 West 28th Street barges in intermodal American Airlines, Fly- New York, NY 10001 service) ing Tigers, Air France, Intermodal Publishing Alitalia, BA (British Air- The Journal of Commerce Company ways), Lufthansa, (Daily Marine 424 West 33d Street Swissair, Iberia, and Newspaper—listing car- New York, NY 10001 Japan Air Lines) riers & service worldwide) International Livestock Shipping Digest 99 Wall Street Transportation Directory 25 Broadway New York, NY 10005 (May 1979) New York, NY 10004 Office of Transportation Custom House Guide U.S. Department of Container News (Customs, shipping, Agriculture 461 Eighth Avenue commerce regulations, 14th & Independence Ave., New York, NY 10001 and tariff schedules for SW the exporter) Washington, D.C. 20250 Official Airline Guide 134 North 13th Street 2000 Clearwater Drive Philadelphia, PA 19107 Oakbrook, IL 60512

105 Appendix G

Countries of the World with Scheduled Steamship Service to the Port of New York^

ALGERIA BANGLADESH BURMA COLOMBIA (Algiers) (Chaina, Chittagong) (Rangoon) (Bahia Pórtete, Constellation Line Bangladesh Shipping Corp. YS Line Barranquilla, Hellenic Lines Buenaventura, ANGOLA SCI Line CAMEROON Cartagena, Santa Marta, (Cabinda, Lobito, Luanda, Scindia Steam Navigation (Douala) Turbo) Soyo) Co., Ltd. African Liner Service Delta Line Hessa Waterman Steamship Barber West Africa Line Grancolombiana (New Jeco Shipping Line Corp. Farrell Lines York), Inc. Medafrica Line Hessa Nigeria America Line BARBADOS Jeco Shipping Line CONGO REPUBLIC Torm West Africa Line (Bridgetown) Medafrica Line (Brazzaville, Pointe Noire) Usafrica Line Box Caribbean Lines Nigeria America Line African Liner Service Nedlloyd Lines Nigerian Star Line Hessa ARGENTINA Pan Atlantic Lines Torm West Africa Line Jeco Shipping Line (Buenos Aires) Usafrica Line Torm West Africa Line A Bottacchi S.A. De BELGIUM West Africa Navigation Usafrica Line Navegación (Antwerp, Ghent) West Africa Navigation ELMA American Coastal Line CANARY ISLANDS Holland Pan-American Line Atlantic Container Line (Las Palmas, Tenerife) COSTA RICA Ivaran Lines Contract Marine Carriers Farrell Lines (Puerto Limon, Puntarenas) Lineas Marítimas Dart Containerline Sea-Land Service Concorde Nopal Line Paraguayas Hapag-Lloyd Zim Container Service Sea-Land Service Moore McCormack Lines Polish Ocean Lines Sea-Land Service CHILE CYPRUS AUSTRALIA United States Lines (Antofagasta, Arica, (Limassol) (Adelaide, Brisbane, Chanaral, Coquimbo, Constellation Line Burnie, Launceston, BENIN, REPUBLIC OF Iquique, San Antonio, Farrell Lines Melbourne, Port Alma, (Cotonou) San Vicente, Hellenic Lines Port Kembia, Sydney) Medafrica Line Talcahuano, Tocopilla, Italian Line ABC Containerline Nigeria America Line Valparaiso) Jugolinija ACT/PACE Line Nigerian Star Line CCNI DFDS Nordana Line Atlanttrafik Express Usafrica Line Chilean Line, Inc. Zim American Israeli Service Delta Line Shipping Co. Columbus Line BERMUDA Marítima Andina S.A. Zim Container Service Zim Container Service (Hamilton) Bermuda Container Line CHINA, PEOPLE'S DENMARK BAHAMAS Lloyd Bermuda Line REPUBLIC OF (Aarhus, Copenhagen, (Freeport, Nassau) (Hsingkong, Tsingtao, Odense) Pan Atlantic Lines BRAZIL Shanghai) Atlantic Container Line Sea-Land Service (Bahia [Salvador], Belem China Ocean Shipping Co. Dart Containerline [Para], Fortaleza, llheus, "K" Line Hapag-Lloyd BAHRAIN Macapa, Manaus, Natal, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd. Polish Ocean Lines (Bahrain) Paranagua, Porto Alegre, NYK Line Sea-Land Service Barber Blue Sea Recife (Pernambuco], United States Lines United States Lines Hellenic Lines Rio De Janeiro, Rio YS Line Hoegh Ugland Auto Liners Grande Do Sul, Santos, Zim Container Service DJIBOUTI REPUBLIC Maersk Line Vitoria) (Djibouti) Nedlloyd Line ELMA CMA United Arab Shipping Co. Frota Amazónica S.A. Waterman Steamship Holland Pan-American Line Corp. Ivaran Lines C.N. Lloyd Brasileiro Moore McCormack Lines Netumar Lines ^Vla Port of New York-New Jersey 35(7): 23-26, July 1983.

106 Appendix G—Continued

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC FRANCE—Atlantic Coast INDIA GERMANY (Bremen, Bremerhaven, (Boca Chica, Rio Haina, (Bordeaux, Le Havre) (Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Cuxhaven, Hamburg) t Santo Donningo) Atlantic Container Line Kandia, Madras, American Coastal Line Box Caribbean Lines Dart Containerline Tuticorin) Atlantic Container Line Concorde Nopal Line Hapag-Lloyd Costa Line Contract Marine Carriers Delta Line Polish Ocean Lines Hellenic Lines Dart Containerline Navieras De Puerto Rico Sea-Land Service Maersk Lines Hapag-Lloyd Sea-Land Service Trans Freight Lines, Inc. SCI Line Zim Container Service United States Lines Scindia Steam Navigation Polish Ocean Lines Co., Ltd. Sea-Land Service Trans Freight Lines, Inc. ECUADOR HAITI Sea-Land Service United States Lines (Guayaquil, Manta, (Port-au-Prince) Waterman Steamship Esmeraldas) Box Caribbean Lines Corp. GHANA Delta Line Concorde Nopal Line Ecuadorian Line Navieras De Puerto Rico INDONESIA (Takoradi, Tema) Marítima Andina S.A. Sea-Land Service (Belawan Deli, Djakarta, Barber West Africa Line Farrell Lines Transnave Dumai, Jakarta, Padang, HAWAII Palembang, Panjang, Jeco Shipping Line Nigeria America Line EGYPT (Hilo, Honolulu, Port Allen) Semarang, Surabaya) (Alexandria, Port Said, Port United States Lines Barber Blue Sea Nigerian Star Line Torm West Africa Line Suez) P.T. Djakarta Lloyd Usafrica Line CMA HONDURAS Hoegh Lines West Africa Navigation Constellation Line (Puerto Cortes, San Pedro Maersk Line Costa Line Sula) Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd. Egyptian National Line Concorde Nopal Line Neptune Orient Lines GREECE (Iraklion, Patras, Piraeus, Farrell Lines Mexican Line OOCL - Seapac Service Salonika, Thessalonica, Hellenic Lines Sea-Land Service P.T. Trikora Lloyd Volso) Italian Line Waterman Steamship CMA Jugolinija HONG KONG Corp. Constellation Line Nefertiti Line (Hong Kong) DFDS Nordana Line Barber Blue Sea IRAQ Costa Line Farrell Lines Prudential Lines Evergreen Line (Baghdad, Basrah, Umm Waterman Steamship Japan Line Qasr) Hellenic Lines DFDS Nordana Line Corp. "K" Line Nedlloyd Lines Zim American Israeli KS Line DFDS Nordana Line Prudential Lines Sea-Land Service Shipping Co. Maersk Line United Arab Shipping Co. Zim Container Service Zim Container Service Maritime Co. of the Philippines FRANCE—Mediterranean GUAM EL SALVADOR Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd. Coast (Acajutia, Cutuco, San NYK Line (Fos, Marseilles) (Guam) United States Lines Salvador) Neptune Orient Lines Italian Line Concorde Nopal Line OOCL - Seapac Service DFDS Nordana Line GUATEMALA Sea-Land Service United States Lines Sea-Land Service Waterman Steamship Zim Container Service (Puerto Barrios, Santo Tomas De Castilla) ETHIOPIA Corp. Concorde Nopal Line (Assab) Yang Ming Line GABON Zim Container Service YS Line (Libreville [Owendo]; Port Mexican Line Zim Container Service Gentil) Sea-Land Service FINLAND Box Caribbean Lines GUINEA, REPUBLIC OF (Helsinki, Turku) ICELAND Hessa (Conakry) Atlantic Container Line (Reykjavik) Jeco Shipping Line Farrell Lines Dart Containerline Hafskip Ltd. Torm West Africa Line Hapag-Lloyd Iceland Steamship Co. Polish Ocean Lines GAMBIA Sea-Land Service (Banjul) United States Lines Nigerian Star Line

107 Appendix G—Continued

GUYANA JAMAICA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA (Georgetown) (Kingston) (Inchon, Pusan) (Buchanan, Monrovia) Nedlloyd Lines Box Caribbean Lines P.T. Djakarta Lloyd African Liner Service Pan Atlantic Lines Concorde Nopal Line Evergreen Line Barber West Africa Line Sea-Land Service Japan Line Farrell Lines IRELAND, REPUBLIC OF Zim Container Service "K" Line Jeco Shipping Line (Cork, Dublin) KS Line Hessa Atlantic Container Line JAPAN Maersk Line Medafrica Line Dart Containerline (Kobe, Moji, Nagoya, Naha, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd. Nigeria America Line Hapag-Lloyd Osaka, Shimizu, Tokyo, NYK Line Nigerian Star Line Sea-Land Service Yokkaichi, Yokohama) National Shipping Co. of Torm West Africa Line United States Lines Evergreen Line Saudi Arabia Usafrica Line Japan Line Neptune Orient Lines West Africa Navigation ISRAEL "K" Line OOCL - Seapac Service (Ashdod, Eliat, Haifa) KS Line United States Lines LIBYA Parrel I Lines Maersk Line Waterman Steamship (Benghazi, Tripoli) Prudential Lines Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd. Corp. CMA Zinn American Israeli NYK Line Yang Ming Line Constellation Line Shipping Co. National Shipping Co. of YS Line Costa Line Zim Container Service Saudi Arabia Zim Container Service DFDS Nordana Line Neptune Orient Lines ITALY OOCL - Seapac Service KUWAIT MADAGASCAR (Catania, Genoa, Leghorn, United States Lines (Kuwait) (Toamasina) Livorno, Milan, Naples, Waterman Steamship Barber Blue Sea Moore McCormack Lines Palermo, Savona, Corp. Hellenic Lines Trieste, Venice) Yang Ming Line Hoegh Ugland Auto Liners MALAYSIA Atlantic Container Line YS Line Jugolinija (Penang, Port Kelang) Costa Line Zim Container Service Maersk Line Barber Blue Sea Dart Containerline Nedlloyd Lines Hoegh Lines Farrell Lines JORDAN Pakistan National Shipping Japan Line Hapag-Lloyd (Aqaba) Corp. "K" Line Italian Line CMA United Arab Shipping Co. Maersk Line Jugolinija Nedlloyd Lines Waterman Steamship Neptune Orient Lines DFDS Nordana Line Saudi National Lines Corp. OOCL - Seapac Service Prudential Lines United Arab Shipping Co. Waterman Steamship Sea-Land Service Waterman Steamship LEBANON Corp. Transatlántica Spanish Corp. (Beirut, Tripoli) Line CMA MALTA United States Lines KENYA Constellation Line (Valletta) Zim Container Service (Mombasa) Costa Line Sea-Land Service Armada/GLTL Line Farrell Lines IVORY COAST Moore McCormack Lines Hellenic Lines MAURITANIA (Abidjan) Zim Container Service Italian Line (Nouadhi Bou) African Line Service Jugolinija Torm West Africa Line Barber West Africa Line DFDS Nordana Line Farrell Lines Prudential Lines MEXICO Hessa (Coatzacoalcos, Progreso, Jeco Shipping Line LEEWARD ISLANDS Tampico, Vera Cruz) Medafrica Line (Antigua, Montserrat, Mexican Line Nigeria America Line Nevis, St. Kitts, St. Nigerian Star Line Maarten) Torm West Africa Line Nedlloyd Lines Usafrica Line Pan Atlantic Lines West Africa Navigation

108 Appendix G—Continued

MOROCCO NIGERIA PARAGUAY PORTUGAL (Casablanca, Tangier) (Apapa, Calabar, Lagos, (Asuncion) (Leixoes, Lisbon, Oporto) Dart Containerline CMA Port Harcourt, Warri) Flumar Paraguaya Line, Constellation Line African Liner Service S.A. Portuguese Line Costa Line Barber West Africa Line Holland Pan-American Line Sea-Land Service Transatlántica Spanish Line Egyptian National Line Farrell Lines Ivaran Lines Farrell Lines Hessa Lineas Marítimas United States Lines Jeco Shipping Line Paraguayas Zim Container Service MOZAMBIQUE Medafrica Line Moore McCormack Lines (Beira, Maputo, Nacala) Nigeria America Line PUERTO RICO Moore McCormack Lines Nigerian Star Line PERU (San Juan) Torm West Africa Line (Callao, Mo, Matarani, Navieras De Puerto Rico NETHERLANDS Usafrica Line Talara) Sea-Land Service (Annsterdam, Rotterdam) CCNI Annerican Coastal Line NORWAY Chilean Line, Inc. QATAR Atlantic Container Line (Bergen, Drammen, Oslo, Compañía Peruana De (Doha) Contract Marine Carriers Stavanger) Vapores Barber Blue Sea Dart Containerline Atlantic Container Line Delta Line Hoegh Ugland Auto Liners Hapag-Lloyd Dart Containerline Marítima Andina S.A. Maersk Line Polish Ocean Lines Hapag-Lloyd Naviera Neptuno S.A. Sea-Land Service Sea-Land Service Polish Ocean Lines Transnave United Arab Shipping Co. Trans Freight Lines, Inc. Sea-Land Service Waterman Steamship United States Lines United States Lines PHILIPPINES Corp. (Bislig, Bugo, Butuan, NETHERLANDS ANTILLES OMAN Cagayan De Oro, Cebú, ROMANIA (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao) (Muscat, Muttrah) Davao, Legaspi, Manila, (Constanza) Concorde Nopal Line Barber Blue Sea Mariveles, Masao, Prudential Lines Nedlloyd Lines Hellenic Lines Polloc, San Fernando, Sea-Land Service Sea-Land Service Maersk Line Sangi, Subie Bay) Zim Container Service Nedlloyd Lines Barber Blue Sea NEW ZEALAND Sea-Land Service Evergreen Line SAUDI ARABIA (Auckland, Dunedin, United Arab Shipping Co. "K" Line (Dammam, Jeddah, Jubail, Lyttelton, Napier, KS Line Ras-AI-Mishab, Riyadh, Timaru, Wellington) PAKISTAN Maersk Line Yanbu) ABC Containerline (Karachi) Maritime Co. of the Barber Blue Sea ACT/PACE Line Bangladesh Shipping Philippines CMA Atlanttrafik Express Corp. Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd. P.T. Djakarta Lloyd Service Costa Line NYK Line Hellenic Lines Columbus Line Hellenic Lines Neptune Orient Lines Hoegh Lines Maersk Line OOCL - Seapac Service Hoegh Ugland Auto Liners NICARAGUA Pakistan National Shipping Waterman Steamship Italian Line (Corinto, Managua) Corp. Corp. Jugolinija Concorde Nopal Line Waterman Steamship YS Line Maersk Line Sea-Land Service Corp. Zim Container Service National Shipping Co. of Saudi Arabia PANAMA POLAND Nedlloyd Lines (Balboa, Colon, Cristobal, (Gdynia) Pakistan National Shipping Panama) Atlantic Container Line Corp. Chilean Line, Inc. Polish Ocean Lines Saudi National Lines Concorde Nopal Line Sea-Land Service Sea-Land Service Delta Line United States Lines United Arab Shipping Co. Ecuadorian Line Waterman Steamship Sea-Land Service Corp. Transnave United States Lines Zim Container Service

109 Appendix G—Continued

SENEGAL SPAIN SYRIA TOGO (Dakar) (Algeciras, Alicante, (Latakia, Tartous) (Lome) African Liner Service Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, CMA Barber West Africa Line Barber West Africa Line Malaga, Palnna de Constellation Line Farrell Lines Farrell Lines Majorca, Pasajes, Rota, Hellenic Lines Jeco Shipping Line Hessa Valencia) Italian Line Nigeria America Line Jeco Shipping Line Costa Line Jugolinija Torm West Africa Line Nigeria Annerica Line Dart Containerline DFDS Nordana Line Torm West Africa Line Farrell Lines Turkish Cargo Lines TRINIDAD Usafrica Line Hapag-Lloyd (Port of Spain) Italian Line TAIWAN Box Caribbean Lines SIERRA LEONE DFDS Nordana Line (Kaohsiung, Keelung, Concorde Nopal Line (Freetown) Portuguese Line Taipei) Navieras De Puerto Rico Barber West Africa Line Sea-Land Service Barber Blue Sea Nedlloyd Lines Farrell Lines Transatlántica Spanish P.T. Djakarta Lloyd Pan Atlantic Lines Jeco Shipping Line Line Evergreen Line Sea-Land Service Nigeria America Line United States Lines Japan Line Nigerian Star Line Zinn Container Service ''K" Line TUNISIA KS Line (Sousse, Tunis) SINGAPORE SRI LANKA Maersk Line Constellation Line (Singapore) (Colombo) Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd. Egyptian National Line Barber Blue Sea Barber Blue Sea NYK Line Farrell Lines P.T. Djakarta Lloyd Hoegh Lines National Shipping Co. Evergreen Line SCI Line of Saudi Arabia TURKEY Hoegh Lines Scindia Steam Navigation Neptune Orient Lines (Bandirma, Derince, Eregli, Japan Line Co., Ltd. OOCL - Seapac Service Iskenderun, Istanbul, "K" Line United States Lines United States Lines Izmir, Mersin) KS Line Waterman Steamship Waterman Steamship CMA Maersk Line Corp. Corp. Constellation Line Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd. Yang Ming Line Hellenic Lines Neptune Orient Lines SUDAN YS Line DFDS Nordana Line OOCL - Seapac Service (Port Sudan) Zim Container Service Prudential Lines P.T. Trikora Lloyd CMA Turkish Cargo Lines Zim Container Service Saudi National Lines TANZANIA Zim Container Service Waterman Steamship (Dar-es-Salaam, Mtwara, SOMALI DEM. REPUBLIC Corp. Tanga) UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (Chisimayo, Mogadiscio) Armada/GLTL Line (Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Jebel Moore McCormack Lines SURINAM Moore McCormack Lines AM, Sharjah) (Paramaribo) Zim Container Service Barber Blue Sea SOUTH AFRICA Nedlloyd Lines P.T. Djakarta Lloyd (Capetown, Durban, East Pan Atlantic Lines THAILAND Hellenic Lines London, Port Elizabeth) (Bangkok) Hoegh Ugland Auto Liners Arnnada/GLTL Line SWEDEN Barber Blue Sea Jugolinija Bank Line Africa Service (Gothenburg, Helsingborg, P.T. Djakarta Lloyd Maersk Line Moore McCornnack Lines Malmo, Norrkoping, Evergreen Line National Shipping Co. of South African Marine Corp. Stockholm) "K" Line Saudi Arabia Zinn Container Service Atlantic Container Line Maersk Line Nedlloyd Lines Dart Containerline Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd. Pakistan National Shipping SOUTH WEST AFRICA Hapag-Lloyd Neptune Orient Lines Corp. (Walvis Bay) Polish Ocean Lines OOCL - Seapac Service Sea-Land Service Moore McCornnack Lines Sea-Land Service United Arab Shipping South African Marine Corp. United States Lines Company Waterman Steamship Corp.

110 Appendix G—Continued

UNITED KINGDOM YUGOSLAVIA (Belfast, Bristol, Felix- (Bar, Koper, Rijeka, Split) stowe, Garston, Farrell Lines Glasgow, Grangennouth, Jugoiinija Greenock, Liverpool, Sea-Land Service London, Manchester, Zim Container Service Newcastle, South- ampton) ZAIRE American Coastal Line (Boma, Matadi) Atlantic Container Line African Liner Service Contract Marine Carriers Farrell Lines Dart Containerline Hessa Hapag-Lloyd Jeco Shipping Line Polish Ocean Lines Medafrica Line Sea-Land Service Nigeria America Line Trans Freight Lines, Inc. Nigerian Star Line United States Lines Usafrica Line West Africa Navigation URUGUAY (Motevideo) A. Bottacchi S.A. De Navegación ELMA Holland Pan-American Line Ivaran Lines Lineas Marítimas Paraguayas Moore McCormack Lines

VENEZUELA (Guanta, La Guaira, Maracaibo, Matanzas, Palua, Puerto Cabello, Puerto Ordaz) Delta Line Venezuelan Line

VIRGIN ISLANDS (St. Croix, St. Thomas) Navieras De Puerto Rico Sea-Land Service

WINDWARD ISLANDS (Dominica, Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Vincent) Pan Atlantic Lines

YEMEN ARAB REPUBLIC (Hodeida) CMA Costa Line

111 Appendix H

Countries of the World with Scheduled Steamship Service to the Port of New Orleans'"

AFRICA MADAGASCAR Majunga-Lykest ANGOLA Tamatare-Lykest Cabinda-Deltat, Usafrica, JECO, Angonave Lobito-Usafrica, HESSA, ALS, Angonave MAURITIUS Luanda-Usafrica, HESSA, Angonave Port Lewis-Lykest Macombee-Angonaye Soyo-Deltat, JECO MOZAMBIQUE Beira-Lykest, Hellenic BENIN P.R. IVIaputo-Lykest Cotonou-Deltat, NAWAL NIGERIA CAMEROON REPUBLIC Calabar-JECO, HESSA Douala-Deitat, NAWAL, Torm, Barber West Africa, Lagos Apapa-Deltaf, JECO, Medafrica, NAWAL, HESSA, W. Africa Nav., Usafrica Torm, HESSA, Barber West Africa, Usafrica, ALS Port Harcourt-Deltat, JECO, Medafrica, NAWAL, ALS CANARY ISLANDS Warri-Deltat, JECO, Medafrica, Usafrica, NAWAL, Las Palmas-Polocean, Spanish, TMS, Delta Torm, HESSA, ALS Tenerife-Polocean, Spanich, TMS, Delta Sapele-NAWAL

CONGO REPUBLIC SENEGAL Pointe Noire-Deltat, NAWAL, HESSA, JECO Dakar-Deltat, NAWAL, Usafrica, Barber West Africa, JECO, Medafrica, HESSA DJIBOUTI Djibouti-Hellenic, Watermanf SIERRA LEONE Freetown-Deltat, NAWAL, Barber West Africa, ETHIOPIA Medafrica, HESSA, JECO, USAfrica Assab-Watermant, Central Gulff SOMALIA GABON Barbera-Hellenic Owendo-NAWAL, JECO IVIogadisco-Lykest, Central Gulf, Hellenic Port Gentil-Deltat, HESSA, ALS, JECO, DELTAt, GHANA SOUTH AFRICA Tal(oradi-Deltat, NAWAL, Usafrica, HESSA Cape Town-Bank Africa, Lykest, Safmarine, Armada, Tema-Deltat, JECO, NAWAL, Medafrica, Barber West Proodos Africa, Usafrica, W. Africa Nav., HESSA, ALS Durban-Bank Africa, Lykesf, Safmarine, Armada, Proodos, Hellenic, Zim GUINEA East London-Lykest, Safmarine, Armada, Hellenic Conal

"•Port of New Orleans, 1983-84 Annual Directory, pp. 108-110. i-denotes American flag service.

112 Appendix H—Continued

ZAIRE PUERTO RICO Matedi-Deltat, NAWAL, Usafrica, Medafrica, JECO, Mayaguez-PRMSAt W. Africa Nav., HESSA Ponce-PRMSAt San Juan-PRMSAt, Sea-Landt

AUSTRALIA TRINDAD Port of Spain-Sea-Landt, PRMSA, Surinam Brisbane-Bank & Savill, Colunnbus, ACT/PACE Freemantle-Bank & Savill U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS Melbourne-Bank & Savill, Columbus, ACT/PACE Sydney-Bank & Savill, Colunnbus, ACT/PACE ST. CROIX Christiansted-PRMSAt, Sea-Landt

NEW ZEALAND ST. THOMAS Chariotte Amalie-PRMSAt, Sea-Landt Auckland-Bank & Savill, Columbus, ACT/PACE Dunedin-Columbus, Bank & Savill Lyttleton-Bank & Savill CENTRAL AMERICA Port Chalmers-Columbus, Bank & Savill, ACT/PACE Wellington-Bank & Savill, Columbus, ACT/PACE BELIZE Belize-Pan Atlantic, Central Marine

CARIBBEAN COSTA RICA Puerto-Limon-CCT, Central Marine, Sea-Landt, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Antilles Transport, Concord/NOPAL, Namucar Santo Domingo-Alcoa, PRMSAt, Sea-Landf, Puntarenas-CCT, Sea-Landt Surinam, Antilles Transport EL SALVADOR HAITI Acajutia-CCT, Sea-Landt Port-au-Prince-PRMSAt, Sea-Landf, Surinam La Union-CCT San Salvador-Sea-Landt, COT JAMAICA Kingston-Alcoa, Sea-Landt, Concorde/Nopal, Delta, GUATEMALA Antilles Transport Santo Tomas de Castillo-CCT, Central Marine, Deltat, Pan Atlantic, Sea-Landt, Namucar, LEEWARD & WINDWARD ISLAND Concorde/Nopal Antigua-PRMSAt Dominica-PRMSAt HONDURAS Grand Cayman-Antilles Transport Puerto Cortes-CCT, Central Marine, Deltat, Pan Grenada-Antilles Transport Atlantic, Sea-Landt, Namucar, Concorde/Nopal Guadeloupe-Antilles Transport, PRMSA Martinique-Antilles Transport, PRMSA MEXICO St. Barths-PRMSAt Tampico-Surinam St. Kitts-PRMSAt Puerto Morales-Pan Atlantic St. Lucia-PRMSAt, Antilles Transport St. Maartens-PRMSAt NICARAGUA St. Vincent-PRMSAt, Antilles Transport Corinto-Lykest, Sea-Landt, CCT, Namucar Managua-CCT, Sea-Landt, Namucar NETHERLANDS ANTILLES

CURACAO Willemstad-Antilles Transport, Sea-Land

113 Appendix H—Continued

PANAMA SWEDEN Balboa-Chilean, Lykest, Sea-Landt, Antilles Gothenburg-Atlanticargo, Sea-Landt, Hapag Lloyd, Transport Gulf Europe Express, Lykest, A.B.C. Colon-CCT, Sea-Land Heisinborg-Sea-Landt, Atlanticargo, Lykest Cristobal-Chilean, Lykesf, Sea-Landt, Transnave, Malmo-Sea-Landt, Lykest, A.B.C. Antilles Transport, Navicon Norkoping-Sea-Landt, Lykest Las Minas-CCT, Concorde/Nopal Stockholm-Atlanticargo, Sea-Landt, Lykest, A.B.C.

EUROPE (North) U.S.S.R. Leningrad-Scan Pacific

BELGIUM Antwerp-A.B.C, Atlanticargo, Lykest, Forest, UNITED KINGDOM & IRELAND Polocean, Sea-Landt, Hapag Lloyd, Gulf Europe Express, Mat, Atlantic LASH Zeebrugge-A.B.C, Atlanticargo ENGLAND Fellxstowe-Atlanticargo, Sea-Landt, Hapag Lloyd, DENMARK Mat, Gulf Europe Express, Lykest, TFL, A.B.C. Copenhagen-Atlanticargo, Sea-Landt, Lykest, A.B.C. Liverpool-Atlanticargo, Mat, Sea-Landt, Lykest Aarhus-Atlanticargo, Sea-Landt, Lykest, A.B.C. London-Atlanticargo, Forest, Lykest, Hapag Lloyd, Mat, Gulf Europe Express, Sea-Landt FINLAND Manchester-Mat, Atlanticargo, Lykest Heisinki-Atlanticargo, Sea-Landt, Lykest, A.B.C. Southampton-A.B.C, Lykest Tilbury-A.B.C. FRANCE Bordeaux-Sea-Landt, Lykest IRELAND LeHavre-Gulf Europe Express, Hapag Lloyd, Lykes/ Dublin-Sea-Landt, Lykest, A.B.C. Seabeet, Sea-Landt, TFL, A.B.C, Atlanticargo NORTHERN IRELAND GERMANY Belfast-Sea-Landt, Lykest, A.B.C. Bremerhaven-Atlanticargo, Forest, Lykest, Sea- Landt, TFL SCOTLAND Bremen-A.B.C, Atlanticargo, Sea-Landt, Hapag Aberdeen-Atlanticargo, Hapag Lloyd, Mat, Lykest, Lloyd, Gulf Europe Express, Lykest, Mat, Forest, A.B.C. Atlantic LASH Clydeport-Atlanticargo Hamburg-A.B.C, Atlanticargo, Sea-Landt, Hapag Dundee-Atlanticargo Lloyd, Gulf Europe Express, Lykest, Mat, Forest Glasgow-Atlanticargo, Hapag Lloyd, Mat, Lykest, A.B.C. NETHERLANDS Grangemouth-Atlanticargo, Sea-Landt, Lykest, Amsterdam-Sea-Landt, Hapag Lloyd, Forest, Lykest A.B.C. Rotterdam-A.B.C, Atlanticargo, Forest, Gulf Europe Greenoch-A.B.C, Gulf Europe Express, Hapag Lloyd, Express, Hapag Lloyd, Lykest, Sea-Landt, TFL, Lykest Atlantic LASH, Mat Leith-Atlanticargo Montrose-Atlanticargo NORWAY Bergen-Sea-Landt, Lykest Osio-Atlanticargo, Sea-Landt, Lykest, A.B.C. FAR EAST

POLAND Gdynla-Polocean, Sea-Landt, Lykest, Atlanticargo HONG KONG Hong Kong-Barber Blue Sea, Lykest, Watermant

114 Appendix H—Continued

JAPAN SRI LANKA Kobe-"K", Lykest, Daiichi, Shin Wa, Star, NSCSA, Colombo-Hellenic, Watermant, Bangladesh, Scindia, Toko Hoegh, S.C.I., Barber Blue Sea Nagoya-"K", Daiichi, Shin Wa, Lykest, Star, NSCSA, Toko SOUTHEAST ASIA Osaka-"K", Star, Daiichi, Shin Wa, Toko Tokyo-"K", Daiichi, Shin Wa, NSCSA INDONESIA Yokkaichi-"K", Daiichi, Shin Wa Balikapan-Djakarta Lloyd Yokohama-"K", Lykest, Star, Daiichi, Shin Wa, Belawan Dell-Djakarta Lloyd, Hoegh NSCSA Djakarta-Barber Blue Sea,Djakarta Lloyd, Lykest, Trikora Lloyd, Watermant, Hoegh KOREA Dumai-Barber Blue Sea, Djakarta Lloyd Inchon-Waternnant, Lykest, K.S. Pandang-Djakarta Lloyd, Hoegh Pusan-Lykest, Watermant, K.S., NSCSA Palembang-Djakarta Lloyd, Hoegh, Lykest Semarang-Djakarta Lloyd, Lykest PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Surabaya-Djakarta Lloyd, Lykest, Trikora Lloyd, Shanghai-Lykest, P.R.C. Watermant, Hoegh Whampoa-Lykest MALAYSIA PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC Labuan-Barber Blue Sea Butuan-Mar. Co. Phils. Penang-Barber Blue Sea, Hoegh Cagayan de Oro-Mar. Co. Phils. Port Kelang-Barber Blue Sea, Djakarta Lloyd Cebu-Galleon, Mar. Co. Phils., Waterman Davao-Galleon, Mar. Co. Phils., Waterman SINGAPORE Manila-Barber Blue Sea, Lykest, Mar. Co. Phils., Singapore-Barber Blue Sea, Djakarta Lloyd, Hoegh, Watermant Lykest, Trikora Lloyd Masao-Mar. Co. Phils. San Fernando-Mar. Co. Phils. THAILAND Bangkok-Barber Blue Sea, Djakarta Lloyd TAIWAN Kaohslung-Lykest, Watermant, Djakarta Lloyd MEDITERRANEAN —BLACK SEA Keelung-Barber Blue Sea, Lykest, Watermant, NSCSA ALGERIA Alglers-CNAN, Costa, No. Africa Nav. Annaba-CNAN SOUTH ASIA Arzew-CNAN Oran-CNAN Skikda-CNAN BANGLADESH Chaina-Bangladesh, Scindia, Hellenic, Waterman CYPRUS Chittagong-Bangladesh, Watermant, Scindia, S.C.I., Limassol-Hellenic, Zim, Merzario Hellenic EGYPT INDIA Alexandria-Hellenic, Lykest, TMS, Torm, Zim, Costa, Bombay-Hellenic, S.C.I., Scidia, Sea-Landt, Pharaonic, No. Africa Nav., Merzario, Jugolinija, Watermant, Merzario Waterman Calcutta-S.C.I., Scindia, Watermant, Hellenic, Port Said-Lykest, Torm, Pharaonic, Waterman Sea-Land Port Suez-Watermant Cochin-S.C.I., Sea-Landt, Hellenic, Scindia Madras-S.C.I., Scindia, Watermant, Hellenic FRANCE Marseliies-Costa, Sea-Landt, Merzario PAKISTAN Karachi-Bangladesh, Hellenic, Watermant, Pakistan, Merzario

115 Appendix H—Continued

GREECE SYRIA Piraeus-Hellenic, Sea-Landf, Koctug, Merzario Lattakia-Hellenic, Turkish, Merzario Saloniita-Heilenic, Merzario Tartous-Lykesf

ISRAEL TUNISIA Ashdod-Lykest, Zinn Sfax-TMS, No. Africa Nav., Lykesf Halfa-Lykest, Zim Tunis-Torm, TMS, Lykesf, Costa, No. Africa Nav. ITALY Catania-Sea-Landt TURKEY Genoa-Costa, Lykest, Sea-Landf, Spanish, Merzario, Iskenderun-Koctug, Turkish, TMS, Lykesf Hellenic Izmir-Turkish, Hellenic, Koctug, TMS Leghorn-Costa, Jugolinija, Jugooceanija, Lykest, Istanbul-Koctug, Turkish Sea-Landf, Spanish, Koctug, Merzario, Maersk, IVIersin-Hellenic Hellenic Naples-Jugolinija, Jugooceanija, Sea-Landf, Costa, YUGOSLAVIA Merzario Bar-Jugooceanija Palermo-Sea-Landf Rijeka-Jugolinija, Jugooceanija Savona-Costa, Jugolonija, Jugooceanija, Koctug Venice-Jugooceanija PERSIAN/ARABIAN GULF and RED SEA

LEBANON BAHRAIN Beirut-Hellenic, Tornn, TMS, Turkish, Koctug, Bahrain-Barber Blue Sea, Hellenic, Maersk, Nedlloyd, Merzario, Jugolinija UASC, Merzario, Waterman, Djakarta Lloyd

LIBYA JORDAN Tripoii-Costa, TMS, Merzario Aqaba-Centrai Gulf, Hellenic, Saudi Nati., Benghazi-Costa, TMS, Merzario Watermanf, Merzario, Nedlloyd

MALTA KUWAIT Vaietta-Torm, Sea-Landf, Merzario Kuwait-Barber Blue Sea, Hellenic, Maersk, Nedlloyd, UASC, Salen, Merzario, Sea-Land, Pakistan MOROCCO Casabianca-Costa, Lykesf, TMS, No. African Nav., OMAN Hellenic, Merzario Port Qaboos-USAC, Hellenic, Barber Blue Sea, Nedlloyd RUMANIA Muscat-Maersk, UASC, Waterman Constanzia-Zim, Hellenic QATAR PORTUGAL Doha-Barber Blue Sea, Sea-Landf, Maersk, Djakarta Lisbon-Sea-Landf, Spanish Lloyd Oporto-Sea-Landf SAUDI ARABIA SPAIN Damman-Barber Blue Sea, Hellenic, Nedlloyd, Algeciras-Sea-Landf, Spanish Sea-Landf, UASC, Watermanf, NSCSA, Maersk, Alicante-Sea-Landf, Spanish Salen, Djakarta Lloyd, Merzario, Pakistan Barcelona-Sea-Landf, Spanish, Costa, Merzario Ginzan-Central Gulf, Hellenic Biiboa-Sea-Landf, Lykesf, Spanish, Forest, Atlantic Jeddah-Barber Blue Sea, Central Gulf, Hellenic, LASH Maersk, Nedlloyd, Saudi Nati., Sea-Landf, UASC, Cadiz-Sea-Landf, Spanish, Costa Watermanf, NSCSA, S.C.I., Salen, Djakarta Lloyd, Valencia-Sea-Landf, Spanish, Merzario, Maersk Merzario, Hoegh, Pakistan iVIajorca-Sea-Landf, Spanish Jubail-Hellenic, NSCSA, Maersk, Djakarta Lloyd Yanbu-Central Gulf, Hellenic, NSCSA, Watermanf Ras al Mahlb-Maersk, Salen, NSCSA, Waterman

116 Appendix H—Continued

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES GUYANA Abu Dhabi-Barber Blue Sea, Nedlloyd, Maersk, Georgetown-Antilles Transport Waternnan, Djakarta Lloyd, Sea-Landt, Hellenic, UASC PERU Dubai-Barber Blue Sea, Hellenic, Maersk, Nedlloyd, Callao-Chilean, Lykest, Peruvian, Transnave, Naviera Sea-Landt, UASC, NSCSA, Djakarta Lloyd, Neptuno, Span-Chile, Ennpresa Merzario, Waternnan Mo-Peruvian Sliarja-Hellenic, Barber Blue Sea, Djakarta Lloyd Iquitos-Peruvian Amazon Matarani-Chilean, Lykest, Peruvian, Naviera Neptuno YEMEN Paita-Naviera Neptuno Hodeidah-Waternnan, Central Gulf, Merzario, Hellenic Pisco-Naviera Neptuno Talara-Peruvian, Naviera Neptuno SOUTH AMERICA SURINAM ARGENTINA Paramaribo-Alcoa, Surinam Buenos Alres-A. Bottachi, Argentine (ELMA), Deltat, Ivaran, Maruba SRL, Mexican, Lloyd Bras. URUGUAY Montevideo-A. Bottachi, Deltat, Ivaran, Mexican BRAZIL Belem-Frota Annazonica, Mexican VENEZUELA Manaus-Frota Amazonica, Peruvian Annazon Guanta-Deltat, Venezuelan Munguba-Frota Annazonica La Guaira-Venezuelan Paranagua-Deltat, Nacional, Ivaran, Lloyd Bras. Maracalbo-Deltat, Venezuelan Rio de Janeiro-A. Bottachi, Deltat, Lloyd Bras., Puerto Cabello-Deltat, Venezuelan Mexican, Nacional, Ivaran Rio Grande-Deltat Salvador-Deltat, Lloyd Bras., Nacional, Mexican Santos-A. Bottachi, Deltat, Lloyd Bras., Nacional, Ivaran, Mexican Santana-Frota Annazonica

CHILE Antofagasta-Chilean, Lykest Arica-Chilean, Empresa Chanaral-Chilean Coquimbo-Chilean Iquique-Chilean San Antonio-Chilean San Vincente-Chilean Talcahuano-Chilean Tocopilla-Chilean Valparaiso-Chilean, Lykest, Empresa, Peruvian

COLOMBIA Baranquilla-Grancolombiana, Lykest Buenaventura-Grancolombiana, Lykest Cartagena-Grancolombiana, Lykest Santa Marta-Grancolombiana, Lykest

ECUADOR Esmeraldas-Transnave, Lykest Guayaquill-Lykest, Navicon, Transnave, Valmar Manta-Transnave ■f—denotes American flag service

117 Appendix I

Countries of the World with Scheduled Steamship Service to the Port of Baltimore^

Abbreviations

The flags of shipping lines appearing in this publica- Symbols tion are as follows: A — Autos Am American Iv Ivory Coast B — Barge service Ar Argentine Ja Japanese B/B — Break-Bulk As Austrian Ko Korean C — Containerized service Be Belgian Ku Kuwaiti CDT — Cargo determines terminal Bh Bangladesh Li Liberian R — Refrigerated space Br British Me Mexican Ro — Roll-on Roll-off * Bz Brazilian Ni Nicaraguan — Various foreign flag vessels used Ch Chilean No Norwegian S.TJ. — Subject to inducement Cg Congolese Pa Panamanian Co Colombian Ph Polish Loading Terminals Cy Cyprus Pi Philippine CS — Clinton Street Cs Chinese Pk Pakistani D — Dundalk Marine Terminal Da Danish Po Portuguese LPN — Locust Point North Du Dutch Pv Peruvian LPS — Locust Point South EC Ecuadorian Py Paraguayan RMT — Rukert Marine Terminal Eg Egyptian Ru Russian SG — Sea Girt Fi Finnish Sa South African WM — Western Maryland Railway Fr French sg Singapore Ge German Si Saudi Arabian Gh Ghana Sp Spanish Shippers should confirm arrival and department Gr Greek Ss Swiss date directly with the steamship agent. Gu Guatemalan Sw Swedish la Indonesian Th Thailand Information in this book is subject to change Ih Irish Tu Turkish without notice. In Indian Ur Uruguayan Iq Iraqi Ve Venezuelan SPECIAL NOTICE Ir Iranian Ys Yugoslavian Please refer to page 45 through 50 for alphabeti- Is Israeli Zr Zaire cal listing of steamship lines, agents and It Italian operators.

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo

AARHUS Denmark ABIDJAN ivory Coast (W.A.) * Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R * African Liner Service D monthly C-B/B Dart Container Line D weekly C Ge America-Africa Line Ltd. LPN evy 3 wks C-B/B-R Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Sw Barber West Africa Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-R-RO Ph Polish Ocean Lines D weekly C-B/B-RO-R Gh Black Star Line WM S.T.I. B/B Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Am Farrell Lines D evy 3 wks C-B/B-R Sg Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Gr Hessa Lines WM S.T.I. C-B/B-R Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R * Medafrica Line D monthly C-B/B Nigeria America Line, Ltd. D monthly C-B/B ABADAN Iran Nigerian Star Line D S.T.I. C-B/B Du Nedlloyd Line bi-weekly C-B/B-R-RO Da Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Po Usafrica Line D monthly B/B-R West Africa Navigation LPN monthly C-B/B-R ""Baltimore Shipping Services, Maryland Port Administration, Ys Yogoslav Line D bi-weekly C Trade Development Offices, Baltimore, IVId., pp. 8-29, 32-43, Winter 1983-84.

118 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo

ABU DHABI United Arab Emirates ANNABA Algeria monthly B/B No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO-R C.N.A.N. Hoegh-Ugland Auto Liners D bi-weekly A-RO Da Maersk Line D bi-weekly C-B/B-R ANTIGUA Leeward Islands bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Du Nedlloyd Line D bi-weekly C-B/B-R-RO Concorde/Nopal Lines Pk Pakistan National Shipping Corp. LPN monthly C-B/B ANTOFAGASTA Chile D bi-weekly C-B/B-R-RO Ku United Arab Shipping Co. LPS bi-weekly B/B-R Ch CCNI LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Ann Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B-B/B Ch Chilean Line D weekly C-B/B Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C Am Delta Line

ACAJUTLA El Salvador ANTWERP Belgium monthly C-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Be ABC Containerline LPS Am American Coastal Line D bi-weekly C-R Dart Container Line D weekly C ADABIYA Egypt weekly C-R Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B-B/B Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D Ph Polish Ocean Lines weekly C-R Scandinavian Continental ADELAIDE Australia bi-weekly B/B-R Atlanttraflk Express Service LPS monthly C-B/B-R Line LPN weekly C-R Ge Columbus Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C OOCL/Seapac Service D weekly C Sg Trans-Freight Lines D Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Wallenius Line D bi-weekly A-RO ADEN South Yemen FR French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO APAPA Nigeria (W.A.) (See Lagos) ALEXANDRIA Egypt AQABA Jordan CMA D bi-weekly C No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS S.T.I. C-B/B-RO Gr Constellation Line LPN monthly C-B/B-R CMA D bi-weekly C It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Central Gulf Lines LPN monthly B/B Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C Am Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO It French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Eg MISR Shipping Co. LPN monthly C-B/B-RO Fr Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM bi-weekly B/B Eg Nefertite Line D monthly B/B It Red Sea Navigation Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO-R Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-RO Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B-B/B North Africa Navigation LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am Am Prudential Lines, Inc. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B In Shipping Corporation of ARICA Chile Ch CCNI D bi-weekly C-B/B-R-RO India D monthly C-B/B-R Ch Chilean Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C Am Delta Line D weekly C-B/B Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Is Zim Israel Navigation, Ltd. D evy 3 wks C-B/B ARUBA Netherlands Antilles Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG bi-weekly C-R ALGECIRAS Spain Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R ARZEW Algeria C.N.A.N. D monthly B/B ALICANTE Spain Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R ASHDOD Israel Sp Transatlántica Spanish Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C-R Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Am Prudential Lines LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Is Zim Israel Navigation Co., Inc. D evy 3 wks C-B/B AMSTERDAM Netherlands Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO ASSAB Ethiopia Dart Container Line D weekly C Am Central Gulf Lines LPN monthly B/B Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Ph Polish Ocean Lines D weekly C Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B-B/B Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R

119 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo

ASUNCION Paraguay BANGKOK Thailand Ar Empresa Lineas Maritinnas No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS weekly C-B/B-R-RO Argentinas (E.L.M.A.) LPN 3-nnonthly C-B/B Pa Evergreen Line D 3-monthly C Py Flumar Paraguaya Line Ko Korea Shipping Corp. D weekly C S.A. LPN S.T.I. C-B/B Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R No Ivaran Lines LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Sg Neptune Orient Lines D weekly C-R Am Moore-McCormack Lines D weekly B/B OOCL/Seapac Service D weekly C Am Waterman Line WM S.T.I. C-B/B-R AUCKLAND New Zealand Cs Yangming Marine Line D weekly C * ACT-PACE Line D bi-weekly C-B/B * Atlanttrafik Express Service1 LPS monthly C-B/B-R BANJUL Gambia (West Africa) Ge Columbus Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am Farrell Lines evy 3 wks C-B/B-R Ja Japan Line D weekly C BARBADOS West Indies AZORES ISLAND Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Am Farrell Lines D S.T.I. C-B/B Po Portuguese Line C.T.M. LPN bi-weekly C-B/B BARCELONA Spain It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO BAGHDAD Iraq Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C-R No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS weekly C-B/B-RO It Italian Line * D weekly C-B/B-RO CMA D bi-weekly C Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-RO It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Sp Transatlántica Spanish Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-RO Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Ku United Arab Shipping Co. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B BARRANQUILLA Colombia BAHIA Brazil (See Salvador) Am Delta Line D weekly C-B/B Co Grancolombiana, Ltda. LPS 3-monthly C-B/B-R BAHREIN Bahrein Island No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO-R BASRAH Iraq Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM bi-weekly B/B CMA D bi-weekly C Hoegh-Ugland Auto Liners D bi-weekly A-RO Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM monthly B/B Du Nedlloyd Line D bi-weekly C-B/B-R-RO Ku United Arab Shipping Co. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Da Maersk Line D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Ku United Arab Shipping Co. LPS bi-weekly B/B-R BEIRA Mozambique (E.A.) Am Moore-McCormack Lines bi-weekly C-R-B/B BALBOA Canal Zone Ch Chilean Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO BEIRUT Lebanon Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO CMA D bi-weekly C Am Delta Line D weekly C-B/B Gr Constellation Line LPN monthly C-B/B-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Ec Transnave D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C-R Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM bi-weekly B/B BALIK PAPAN Indonesia DA Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Am Prudential Lines, Inc. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R It Red Sea Navigation Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO-R la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPS monthly C Sp Transatlántica Spanish la P.T. Trikora Lloyd Lines LPN S.T.I. C-B/B-R Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C

BELAWAN DELI Indonesia No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B No Hoegh Lines LPN monthly B/B Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPS monthly C la P.T. Trikora Lloyd Lines LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R

120 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo

BELEM Brazil BORDEAUX France Bz Frota Amazónica SA LPN monthly B/B * Altantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO Am Moore-McCormack Lines D S.T.I. C-R-B/B Dart Container Line D weekly C Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R BELFAST Ireland Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Be ABC Containerline LPS monthly C-R Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Atlantic Containter Line D weekly C-RO Dart Container Line D weekly C BREGA Libya Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-RO Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R BREMEN Germany Be ABC Containerline LPS monthly C-R BENGHAZI Libya Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO It Costa Line LPN 3-monthly C-B/B-RO Dart Container Line D weekly C Gr Constellation Line LPN monthly C-B/B-R Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Ph Polish Ocean Lines D weekly C-R Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-RO Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R North Africa Navigation LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R

BERBERA Somalia BREMERHAVEN Germany Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Am American Coastal Line D weekly C-R Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO BILBAO Spain Dart Container Line D weekly C Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Dart Container Line D weekly C Ph Polish Ocean Lines D weekly C-R-B/B-RO Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Po Portuguese Line C.T.M. LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Sg Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Scandinavian Continental Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Line LPN bi-weekly B/B-R Wallenius Line D bi-weekly A-RO Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Sg Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C BRISBANE Australia Sp Transatlantica/Spanlsh LPS bi-weekly C-B/B ACT-PACE Line D bi-weekly C-B/B Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Atlanttraf ik Express Service LPS monthly C-B/B-R Ge Columbus Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R BISSAU Portuguese West Africa OOCL/Seapac Service D weekly C Po Portuguese Line C.T.M. LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Po Usafrica Line D monthly B/B-R BUCHANAN Liberia (W.A.) BOCA CHICA Dominican Republicc Am Farrell Lines D evy 3 wks C-B/B-R Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO DA Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am Navieras de Puerto Rico D weekly RO-R

BOMBAY India It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. LPS monthly RO DA Maersk Line D bi-weekly C-B/B-R In Sclndia Steam Navigation Co., Ltd. D monthly B/B-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG bi-weekly C-R In Shipping Corporation of India D monthly C-B/B-R Ku United Arab Shipping Co. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B-B/B

121 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo

BUENAVENTURA Colombia CANTON Peoples Republic of China Ann Delta Line D weekly C Am Waterman Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B Co Grancolomblana, Ltda. LPS 3-monthly C-B/B-R CAPE TOWN ReDublic of South Africa 1 BUENOS AIRES Argentina Armada/GLTL Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Ar BottacchI Line LPN bi-weekiy C-B/B Br Bank Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Ar Empresa Lineas Marítimas Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM bi-weekly B/B Argentinas (E.L.M.A.) LPN 3-monthly C-B/B Am Moore-McCormack Lines D bi-weekly C-R-B/B No Ivaran Lines LPS bi-weekIy C-B/B-R PMC Line D monthly C-B/B Am Moore-McCormack Lines D weekly C-R-B/B Sa South African Marine Corp. LPS weekly C-B/B-R BUSAN Korea (See Pusan) Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Is Zim Israel Navigation, Ltd . D evy 3 wks C-B/B CABEDELLO Brazil Am Moore-McCormack Lines D S.T.I. C-R-B/B CAPE VERDE ISLANDS Po Portuguese Line C.T.M. LPN bi-weekly C-B/B CABINDA Angola (W.A.) African Liner Service D monthly C-B/B CARTAGENA Colombia Am Farrell Lines D evy 3 wks C-B/B-R Am Delta Line D weekly C-B/B Medafrica Line D monthly C-B/B Co Grancolomblana, Ltda. LPS 3-monthly C-B/B-R Nigeria America Line, Ltd. D monthly C-B/B Da Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R CASABLANCA Morocco Po Usafrica Line D monthly B/B-R CMA D bi-weekly C Gr Constellation Line LPN monthly C-B/B-R CADIZ Spain It Costa Line LPN 3-monthly C-B/B-RO Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C-R Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C It Italian Line D weekly C-B/B-RO Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Po Portuguese Line C.T.M. LPN bi-weekly C-B/B North Africa Navigation LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly B/B Sp Transatlántica Spanish Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B CATANIA Sicily, Italy Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R CAGLIARI Italy Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C-R CEBU Philippine Islands Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R NO Barber Blue Sea Line LPS weekly C-B/B Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R CALABAR Nigeria (W.A.) Pi Maritime Company of Sw Barber West Africa Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B the Philippines WM monthly C-R Am Farrell Lines D evy 3 wks C-B/B-R CHALNA Bangladesh CALCUTTA India Bh Bangladesh Shipping Bh Bangladesh Shipping Corp. D monthly C-B/B Corp. D monthly C-B/B Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly B-B/B Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM monthly B/B In Scindia Steam Navigation CHANARAL Chile Co., Ltd. D monthly B/B-R Ch Chilean Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO In Shipping Corporation of India D monthly C-B/B-R CHITTAGONG Bangladesh Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B Bh Bangladesh Shipping Corp. D monthly C-B/B CALLAO Peru Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM monthly B/B Ch Chilean Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R In Scindia Steam Navigation Am Delta Line D weekly C-B/B Co., Ltd. D monthly B/B-R Ch Empresa Naviera Santa LPN S.T.I. C-B/B In Shipping Corporation of Ec Marítima Andina S.A. WM monthly C-B/B India D monthly C-B/B-R Pv Naviera Neptune S.A. LPN evy 3 wks B/B Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B-B/B Pv Peruvian State Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Ec Transnave D bi-weekly C-B/B-R

122 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo

COCHIN India CRISTOBAL Canal Zone Bh Bangladesh Shipping Ch Chilean Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Corp. D monthly C-B/B Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO In Scindia Steam Navigation Am Delta Line D weekly C-B/B Co., Ltd. D monthly B/B-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG bi-weekly C-R Ec Transnave D bi-weekly C-B/B-R In Shipping Corporation of Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R India D monthly C-B/B-R Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B-B/B CUMANA Venezuela COLOMBO Sri Lanka Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM monthly B/B CURACAO Netherlands Antilles In Scindia Steam Navigation Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Co., Ltd. D monthly B/B-R Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B-B/B DAKAR Senegal (W.A.) African Liner Service D monthly C-B/B COLON Panama Sw Barber West Africa Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-R-RO Ch Chilean Line LPS bi-weekly B/B-R Gh Black Star Line WM S.T.I. B/B Am Delta Line D weekly C-B/B Am Farrell Lines D evy 3 wks C-B/B-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Nigerian Star Line D S.T.I. C-B/B Ec Transnave D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Da Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Po Usafrica Line D monthly R-B/B CONAKRY Republic Guinea (W.A.) West Africa Navigation LPN monthly C-B/B-R African Liner Service D monthly C-B/B Ge America-Africa Line Ltd. LPN evy 3 wks C-B/B-R DAMMAM Saudi Arabia Am Farrell Lines D evy 3 wks C-B/B-R No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R-RO Da Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM bi-weekly B/B Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. LPS monthly RO CONSTANZA Rumania Hoegh-Ugland Auto Liners D bi-weekly A-RO Am Prudential Lines, Inc. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Da Maersk Line D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Si The National Shipping Is Zim Israel Navigation, Ltd. D evy 3 wks C-B/B Company of Saudi Arabia LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Du Nedlloyd Lines D evy 3 wks C-B/B-R-RO COPENHAGEN Denmark Pk Pakistan National Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO Shipping Corp. LPN monthly C-B/B Dart Container Line D weekly C la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPS monthly C Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Sw Salen Shipping Co. LPN bi-weekly B/B Ph Polish Ocean Lines D weekly C-B/B-RO-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Transamerican Steamship Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Corp. LPN evy 10 dys C-B/B Ku United Arab Shipping Co. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R COQUIMBO Chile Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-R-B/B Ch Chilean Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C

COTONOU Benin (W.A.) DARES-SALAAM Republic of Tanzania (E.A.) African Liner Service D monthly C-B/B Armada/GLTL Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Am Farrell Lines D evy 3 wks C-B/B-R Am Moore-McCormack Lines D bi-weekly C-R-B/B Medafrica Line D monthly C-B/B Is Zim Israel Navigation, Ltd. D evy 3 wks C-B/B Nigeria American Line, Ltd. D monthly C-B/B Nigerian Star Line D S.T.I. C-B/B DAVAO Philippines Da Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS monthly C-B/B Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R Pi Maritime Company of the Philippines WM monthly C-R

DERINCE Turkey Tu Turkish Cargo Lines LPS monthly B/B

123 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo

DJIBOUTI Republic of Djibouti DUMAI Indonesia CMA D bi-weekly C No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS monthly C-B/B Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPS monthly C Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM bi-weekly B/B la P.T. Trikora Lloyd Lines LPN S.T.I. C-B/B-R Am Waterman-lsthnnian Line WM bi-weekly C-B-B/B DUNKIRK France DOHA Qatar Be ABC Containerline LPS monthly C-R No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R-RC Hoegh-Ugland Auto Liners D bi-weekly A-RO DURBAN Republic of South Africa Da Maersk Line D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Armada/GLTL Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Du Nedlloyd Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-R-RC Br Bank Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SO weekly C-R Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM bi-weekly B/B Ku United Arab Shipping Co. LPS bi-weekly B/B-R Am Moore-McCormack Lines D bi-weekly C-R-B/B Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B PMC Line D monthly C-B/B Sa South African Marine Corp. LPS weekly C-B/B-R DOMINICA Leeward Islands Sg Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Is Zim Israel Navigation, Ltd. D evy 3 wks C-B/B DOUALA Cameroons (W.A.) Ge America-Africa Line Ltd. LPN evy 3 wks C-B/B-R EAST LONDON Republic of South Africa Sw Barber West Africa Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-R-RO Armada/GLTL Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Gh Black Star Line WM S.T.I. B/B Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM bi-weekly B/B Am Farrell Lines D evy 3 wks C-B/B-R Am Moore-McCormack Lines D bi-weekly C-R-B/B Gr Hessa Lines WM S.T.I. C-B/B-R Sa South African Marine Corp. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Medafrica Line D monthly C-B/B Sg Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Nigeria America Line, Ltd D monthly C-B/B Nigerian Star Line D S.T.I. C-B/B EL DJAZAIR (Algiers) Algeria Da Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Gr Constellation Line LPN monthly C-B/B-R Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C It Costa Line LPN 3-monthly C-B/B-RO West Africa Navigation LPN monthly C-B/B-R C.N.A.N. D monthly B/B Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO North Africa Navigation LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R DUBAI United Arab Emirates Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly B/B No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C-R-B/B-RO Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM bi-weekly B/B EREGLI Turkey Hoegh-Ugland Auto Liners D bi-weekly A-RO Am Prudential Lines, Inc. LPS S.T.I, C-B Da Maersk Line . D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Tu Turkish Cargo Lines LPS monthly B/B Si The National Shipping Company of Saudi Arabia LPS monthly C-B/B-RO ESMERALDAS Ecuador Du Nedlloyd Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-R-RO Ec Transnave bi-weekly C-B/B-R Pk Pakistan National Shipping Corp. LPN monthly C-B/B FELIXSTOWE England la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPS monthly C Be ABC Containerline LPS monthly C-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Am American Coastal Line D weekly C-R Ku United Arab Shipping Co. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Atlantic Container Line D weekly C Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B Dart Container Line D weekly C Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Scandinavian Continental DUBLIN Eire Line LPN bi-weekly B/B-R Be ABC Containerline LPS monthly C-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO Sg Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Dart Container Line D weekly C Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R FORTALEZA Brazil Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Am Moore-McCormack Lines D S.T.I. C-R-B/B Bz Netumar Line D 3-monthly C-R

124 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo

FOB France GOTHENBURG Sweden Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R • Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C * Dart Container Line D weekly C Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R FREDERIKSHAVN Denmark * Scandinavian Continental Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Line LPN bi-weekly R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R FREETOWN Sierra Leone (W.A.) sg Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C * African Liner Service D monthly C-B/B Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Ge America-Africa Line Ltd. LPN evy 3 wks C-B/B-R * Wallenius Line D bi-weekly A-RO Sw Barber West Africa Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-R-RO Am Farrell Lines D evy 3 wks C-B/B-R GRANGEMOUTH Scotland * Nigerian Star Line D S.T.I, C-B/B Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Da Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R

FREMANTLE Australia GREENOCK Scotland Atlanttrafik Express Service LPS monthly C-B/B-R * Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R Ge Columbus Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R * Dart Container Line D weekly C Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R FUNCHAL Madeira Island Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C-R Po Portuguese Line C.T.M. LPN bi-weekly C-B/B GRENADA West Indies Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO GDYNIA Poland Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO GUADELOUPE French West Indies Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Ph Polish Ocean Line D weekly C-R-B/B-RO Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R GUAM Mariana Islands Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R

GENOA Italy GUANTA Venezuela Be ABC Containerline LPS monthly C-R * Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO CMA D bi-weekly C Am Delta Line D weekly C-B/B It Costa Line LPN 3-monthly C-B/B-RO Ve Venezuelan Line LPS weekly C-B/B-R Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C-R Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO GUATEMALA CITY Guatemala It Italian Line D weekly C-B/B-RO * Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-RO Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C Sp Transatlántica Spanish Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B GUAYAQUIL Ecuador Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C Ch Chilean Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Am Delta Line D weekly C-B/B EC Marítima Andina S.A. WM S.T.I. C-B/B GIJON Spain EC Transnave D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Sp Transatlántica Spanish Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B HAIFA Israel Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C-R GLASGOW Scotland Am Prudential Lines, Inc. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Be ABC Containerline LPS monthly C-R Is Zim Israel Navigation Dart Container Line D weekly C Co., Inc. D evy 3 wks C-B/B Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R

125 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo

HAMBURG Germany HONOLULU Hawaii Be ABC Containerline LPS monthly C-R Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R * Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO * Dart Container Line D weekly C HSINKANG Peoples Republic of China Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Ja "K" Line D weekly C Ph Polish Ocean Lines D weekly * C-R Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R Scandinavian Continental Ja N.Y.K. Line D weekly C Line LPN bi-weekly B/B-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R ILO Peru Sg Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Pv Peruvian State Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R ILOILO Philippines HANKO Finland * No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Scandinavian Continental Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R Line LPN bi-weekly B/B-R Pi Maritime Company of the Philippines WM monthly C-R HELSINGBORG Sweden * Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO INCHON Korea • Dart Container Line D weekly C Pa Evergreen Line D 3-monthly C Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Ja Japan Line D weekly C Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Ko K.S. Line Corporation LPN monthly B/B Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Ko Korea Shipping Corp. D weekly C Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R HELSINKI Finland Ja N.Y.K. Line D weekly C Be ABC Containerline LPS monthly C-R Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R * Atlantic Container Line D bi-weekly * C-R-RO Am Waterman Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B Dart Container Line D weekly C Ja Yamashita-Shinnihon Line D weekly C Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line) D weekly C-R Cs Yangming Marine Line D weekly C Ru Scan Pacific Line D monthly C Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C * Scandinavian Continental Line LPN bi-weekly B/B-R IQUIQUE Chile Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Ch CCNI D bi-weekly C-B/B-R-RO Sg Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Ch Chilean Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Am Delta Line D weekly C

HODEIDAH Yemen IQUITOS Peru * CMA D bi-weekly C Bz Frota Amazónica SA LPS monthly B/B Am Central Gulf Lines LPN monthly B/B Am Moore-McCormack Lines D S.T.I. B/B It Coasta Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO ISKENDERUN Turkey It Red Sea Navigation Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO-R It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C HONG KONG Am Prudential Lines LPS bi-weekly C-B/B No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS weekly C-R-B/B-RO Tu Turkish Cargo Lines LPS monthly B/B Pa Evergreen Line D 3-monthly C Ja Japan Line D weekly C ISTANBUL Turkey Ja "K" Line D weekly C Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C Ko Korea Shipping Corp. D weekly C Am Prudential Lines, Inc. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R Tu Turkish Cargo Lines LPS monthly B/B Ja Mitsui O.S.K. Line D weekly C Ja N.Y.K. Line D weekly C IZMIR Turkey Sg Neptune Orient Lines D weekly C-R Da Nordana Line * LPS evy 3 wks C OOCL/Seapac Service D weekly C Am Prudential Lines, Inc. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Tu Turkish Cargo Lines LPS monthly B/B Am Waterman Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B Ja Yamashita-Shinnihon Line D weekly C Cs Yangming Marine Line D weekly C Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C

126 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo

JAKARTA Indonesia KAOHSIUNG Taiwan No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS weekly C-B/B-R-RO No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS weekly C-B/B-RO-R No Hoegh Lines LPN monthly B/B Pa Evergreen Line D 3-monthly C Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R Ja Japan Line D weekly C Sg Neptune Orient Lines D weekly C-R Ja "K" Line D weekly C la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPS monthly C Ko Korea Shipping Corp. D weekly C la P.T. Trikora Lloyd Lines LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R Am Waterman Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B Ja N.Y.K. Line D weekly C Sg Neptune Orient Lines D weekly C-R JEBEL All United Arab Emirates OOCL/Seapac Service D weekly C Si The National Shipping la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPS monthly C Companyof Saudi Arabia LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Am Waterman Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B Ja Yamashita-Shinnihon Line D weekly C JEDDAH Saudi Arabia Cs Yangming Marine Line D weekly C No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS weekly C-R-B/B-RC Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C CMA D bi-weekly C Am Central Gulf Lines LPN monthly B/B KARACHI Pakistan Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Bh Bangladesh Shipping Corp. D monthly C-B/B Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM bi-weekly B/B It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. LPS monthly RO Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM monthly B/B No Hoegh Lines LPN monthly C-B/B Hellenic Lines, Ltd. LPS monthly RO Hoegh-Ugland Auto Liners D bi-weekly A-RO Gr Da Maersk Line D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Da Maersk Line D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Pk Pakistan National Si The National Shipping Shipping Corp. LPN monthly C-B/B Companyof Saudi Arabia LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B-B/B Du Nedlloyd Lines bi-weekly C-B/B-R-RC Pk Pakistan National KEELUNG Taiwan Shipping Corp. LPN monthly C-B/B No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS weekly C-B/B-R-RO la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPS monthly C Pa Evergreen Line D 3-monthly C It Red Sea Navigation Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO-F Ja Japan Line D weekly C Sw Salen Shipping Co. LPN bi-weekly B/B Ja "K" Line D weekly C Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Ko Korea Shipping Corp. D weekly C In Shipping Corporation of Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R India monthly C-B/B-R D weekly C Transamerican Steamship Ja N.Y.K. Line Si The National Shipping Co. Corp. LPN evy 10 dys C-B/B of Saudi Arabia LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Ku United Arab Shipping Co. LPS bi-weekly C-R Sg Neptune Orient Lines D weekly C-R Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B OOCL/Seapac Service D weekly C Ys Yugoslav Line D monthly C la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPS monthly C Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R JUBAIL Saudi Arabia Am Waterman Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO-F Ja Yamashita-Shinnihon Line D weekly C Hoegh-Ugland Auto Liners D bi-weekly A-RO Cs Yangming Marine Line D weekly C Da Maersk Line D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys i C Si The National Shipping Co. of Saudi Arabia LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Pk Pakistan National KHORRAMSHAHR Iran Shipping Corp. LPN monthly C-B/B Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM bi-weekly B/B la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPS monthly C Du Nedlloyd Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-R-RO Ku United Arab Shipping Co. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B KINGSTON Jamaica C-B/B-RO KANDLA India Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B Bz Frota Amazónica SA LPN monthly B/B Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C

127 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo

KOBE Japan LA GUAIRA Venezuela Pa Evergreen Line D 3-monthly C * Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Ja Japan Line D weekly C Am Delta Line D weekly C-B/B Ja Japanese Space Charter Ve Venezuelan Line LPS weekly C-B/B-R Service D weekly C Ko K.S. Line Corporation LPN monthly B/B LA ROMANA Dominican Repub lie Ja "K" Line D weekly C Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Ko Korea Shipping Corp. D weekly C Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R LAS MINAS Panama * Ja Mitsui O.S.K. Line D weekly C Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Ja N.Y.K. Line D weekly C Si The National Shipping Co, LAS PALMAS Canary Islands of Saudi Arabia LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C Sg Neptune Orient Lines D weekly * C-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R OOCL/Seapac Service D weekly C Sg Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Sp Transatlántica Spanish Am Waterman Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Ja Yamashita-Shinnihon Line D weekly C Cs Yangming Marine Line D weekly C LATAKIA Syria * Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys> C CMA D bi-weekly C Gr Constellation Line LPN monthly C-B/B-R KÖPER Yugoslavia It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly c Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Ys Yogoslav Line D bi-weekly c Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C * North Africa Navigation LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R KUWAIT Kuwait Am Prudential Lines, Inc. LPS bi-weekly C-B No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R-RO Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM bi-weekly B/B Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. LPS monthly RO LE HAVRE France * Be ABC Containerline Hoegh-Ugland Auto Liners D bi-weekly A-RO * LPS monthly C-R Da Maersk Line D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO Du Nedlloyd Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-R-RO * Dart Container Line D weekly C Pk Pakistan National Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Shipping Corp. LPN monthly C-B/B Ph Polish Ocean Lines D weekly C-R Ku United Arab Shipping Co. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B Sg Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C * C-R Wallenius Line D bi-weekly A-RO LABUAN Malaysia LEGHORN Italy No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS monthly C-B/B Be ABC Containerline LPS monthly C-R Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R * CMA D bi-weekly C It Costa Line LPN 3-monthly C-B/B-RO LAGOS Nigeria (W.A.) Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C-R African Liner Service D monthly C-B/B It Italian Line D weekly C-B/B-RO Ge America-Africa Line Ltd. LPN evy 3 wks C-B/B-R Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-RO Sw Barber West Africa Line Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Ltd. LPN evy 3 wks C-B/B-R-RO Sp Transatlántica Spanish Gh Black Star Line, Ltd. WM S.T.I. B/B Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C Am Farrell Lines D evy 3 wks C-B/B-R Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Gr Hessa Lines * WM S.T.I. C-B/B-R Medafrica Line D monthly C-B/B LEIXOES Portugal * Nigeria America Line D monthly Be ABC Containerline LPS monthly C-R * C-B/B * Nigerian Star Line D S.T.I. C-B/B CMA D bi-weekly C Da Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R * Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Po Portuguese Line C.T.M. LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Sp Transatlántica Spanish Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B

128 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo

LENINGRAD U.S.S.R. LONDON England Ru San Pacific Line monthly G Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO Dart Container Line D weekly C LIBREVILLE Gabon (W.A.) Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Trans-Freight Lines D weekly Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R

LIMASSOL Cyprus LUANDA Angola (W.A.) It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Medafrica Line D monthly C-B/B Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C * Nigeria America Line, Ltd. D monthly C-B/B Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Da Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-RO Po Usafrica Line D monthly R-B/B Ys Yugoslav Lines D bi-weekly C Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Is Zim Israel Navigation, Ltd. D evy 3 wks C-B/B LYTTLETON New Zealand Ge Columbus Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R LIRGUEN Chile Pv Peruvian State Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B MACARA Brazil Bz Frota Amazónica SA LPN monthly B/B LISBON Portugal Bz Netumar Line D 3-monthly C-R Be ABC Containerline LPS monthly C-R Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO MACEIO Brazil CMA D bi-weekly C Am Moore-McCormack Lines ST.I. C-B/B Dart Container Line D weekly C Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R MADRAS India Po Portuguese Line C.T.M. LPN bi-weekly C-B/B In Shipping Corporation of Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R India D monthly C-B/B-R sg Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B-B/B Sp Transatlántica Spanish Line 4.PS bi-weekly C-B/B MAJORCA ISLAND Spain Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Sp Transatlántica Spanish Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B LIVERPOOL England Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO MALMO Sweden * Dart Container Line D weekly C Be ABC Containerline LPS monthly C-R Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R * Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R * Wallenius Line D bi-weekly A-RO Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R

LOBITO Angola (W.A.) MANAUS Brazil African Liner Service D monthly C-B/B Bz Frota Amazónica SA LPN monthly B/B Da Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am Moore-McCormack Lines D S.T.I. B/B Po Usafrica Line D monthly R-B/B MANCHESTER England LOME Togo (W.A.) Dart Container Line D weekly C * African Liner Service CDT monthly C-B/B Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Ge America-Africa Line Ltd. LPN evy 3 wks C-B/B-R Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Sw Barber West Africa Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-RO Am Farrell Lines D evy 3 wks C-B/B MANGALORE India Medafrica Line D monthly C-B/B Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B Nigeria America Line, Ltd. D monthly C-B/B Nigerian Star Line D S.T.I. C-B/B Da Torm West Africa Line LPS monthly B/B Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C

129 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo

MANILA Philippines MATARANI Peru No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS weekly C-B/B-R-RO Ch Chilean Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Pa Evergreen Line D 3-monthly C Am Delta Line D weekly C Ja "K" Line D weekly C Ch Empresa Naviera Santa LPN S.T.I. C-B/B Ko Korea Shipping Corp. D weekly C Pv Naviera Neptuno S.A. LPN evy 3 wks B/B Da Maersi< Line D weekly C-B/B-R Pv Peruvian State Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Pi Maritime Connpany of the Philippines WM monthly C-R MAYAGUEZ Puerto Rico Ja N.Y.K. Line D weekly C Am Navieras de Puerto Rico D weekly RO-R Sg Neptune Orient Lines D weekly C-R OOCL/Seapac Service D weekly C MELBOURNE Australia Pi Philippine Micronesia & ACT-PACE Line D bi-weekly C-B/B Orient Navigation Co. D monthly C Atlanttrafik Express Service LPS monthly C-B/B-R Am Waterman Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B Ge Columbus Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Cs Yangming Marine Line D weekly C OOCL/Seapac Service D weekly C Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C

MANTA Ecuador MERSIN Turkey Ec Transnave WM bi-weekly C-B/B-R CMA D bi-weekly C It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO MAPUTO (Lourenco Marques) Mozambique Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Am Moore-McCormack Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C Sa South African Marine Corp. LPS weekly C-B/B-R Tu Turkish Cargo Lines LPS monthly B/B

MARACAIBO Venezuela MISURATA Libya Concorde/Nopal Line D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-RO Am Delta Line D weekly C-B/B Ve Venezuelan Line LPS weekly C-B/B-R MOGADISCIO Somalia It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO MARSEILLES France Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO CMA D bi-weekly C Am Moore-McCormack Lines D S.T.I. B/B Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO It Italian Line D weekly C-B/B-RO MOJI Japan Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-RO Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C MOMBASA Kenya (E.A.) MARITINIQUE French West Indies Armada/GLTL Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM bi-weekly B/B Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Am Moore-McCormack Lines D bi-weekly C-R PMC Line D monthly C-B/B MASAO Philippines Sa South African Marine Corp. LPS weekly C-B/B-R Pi Maritime Company of the Is Zim Israel Navigation, Ltd. D evy 3 wks C-B/B Philippines WM monthly C-R MONROVIA Liberia (W.A.) MATADI Republic du Zaire (W.A.) * African Liner Service D monthly C-B/B * African Liner Service D monthly C-B/B Ge America-Africa Line Ltd. LPN evy 3 wks C-B/B-R Ge America-Africa Line Ltd. LPN evy 3 wks C-B/B-R Sw Barber West Africa Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-R-RO Am Farrell Lines D evy 3 wks C-B/B-R Gh Black Star Line, Ltd. WM S.T.I. B/B Gr Hessa Lines WM S.T.I. C-B/B-R Am Farrell Lines D evy 3 wks C-B/B-RO * Medafrica Line D monthly C-B/B * Medafrica Line D monthly C-B/B Nigeria America Line, Ltd. D monthly C-B/B Nigeria America Line, Ltd. D monthly C-B/B * Nigerian Star Line D S.T.I. C-B/B Nigerian Star Line D S.T.I. C-B/B Da Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R * Da Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Po Usafrica Line D monthly R-B/B Po Usafrica Line D monthly R-B/B Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C West Africa Navigation LPN monthly C-B/B-R MATANZAS Venezuela Ve Venezuelan Line LPS weekly C-B/B-R

130 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo

MONTEVIDEO Uruguay NATAL Brazil Ar Bottacchi Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Am Moore-McCormack Lines S.T.I. C-B/B Ar Empresa Lineas Maritimas Argentinas (E.LM.A.) LPN S.T.I. C-B/B NITEROL Brazil Py Flumar Paraguaya Line S.A. LPN S.T.I. C-B/B Am Moore-McCormack Lines D S.T.I. C-B/B-R No Ivaran Lines LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am Moore-McCormack Lines D weekly C-B/B-R NORRKOEPING Sweden Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO MONTSERRAT Leeward islands Dart Container Line D weekly C Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R MTWARA Tanzania Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Armada/GLTL Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B NOUADHIBOU Mauritania MUSCAT Oman African Liner Service D monthly C-B/B No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS monthly C-B/B-R-RO Hoegh-Ugland Auto Liners D bi-weekly A-RO ODENSE Denmark Da Maersk Line D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Ku United Arab Shipping Co. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B OLBIA Italy Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R MUTTRAH Oman No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS monthly C-B/B-R-RO OPORTO Portugal No Hoegh Lines LPN monthly C-B/B * CMA D bi-weekly C * Dart Container Line D weekly C NACALA Mozambique Am Moore-McCormack Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-R OSAKA Japan Pa Evergreen Line D 3-monthly C NAGOYA Japan Ja Japan Line D weekly C Pa Evergreen Line D 3-monthly C Ja Japanese Space Charter Ja Japan Line D weekly C Service D weekly C Ja Japanese Space Charter Ja "K" Line D weekly C Service D weekly C Ko Korea Shipping Corp. D weekly C Ja "K" Line D weekly C Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R Ko Korea Shipping Corp. D weekly C Ja Mitsui O.S.K. Line D weekly C Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R Ja N.Y.K. Line D weekly C Mitsui O.S.K. Line D weekly C Sg Neptune Orient Lines D weekly C-R Ja * Ja N.Y.K. Line D weekly C OOCL/Seapac Service D weekly C Si The National Shipping Co. Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R of Saudi Arabia LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Ja Yamashita-Shinnihon Line D weekly C OOCL/Seapac Service D weekly C Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Ja Yamashita-Shinnihon Line D weekly C OSLO Norway Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Be ABC Containerline LPS monthly C-R * Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-R-RO NAPLES Italy Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R It Costa Line LPN 3-monthly C-B/B-RO Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C-R Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R It Italian Line D weekly C-B/B-RO Am Prudential Lines LPS bi-weekly C-B/B OWEN DO Gabon (W.A.) Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R * African Liner Service D monthly C-B/B Sp Transatlántica Spanish Sw Barber West Africa Line LPS evy 3 wks C Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B * West Africa Navigation LPN monthly C-B/B-R Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C

NASSAU Bahamas Concorde/Nopal Lines bi-weekly C-B/B-RO

131 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo

PADANG Indonesia PENANG Malaysia No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R-RO No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS weekly C-B/B-RO-R No Hoegh Lines LPN monthly B/B No Hoegh Lines LPN monthly B/B la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPS monthly C Ja Japan Line D weekly C la P.T. Trikora Lloyd Lines LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R la P.T. Trikora Lloyd Lines LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R PAITA Peru Pv Naviera Neptuno S.A. LPN evy 3 wks B/B PIRAEUS Greece Pv Peruvian State Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B CMA D bi-weekly C Gr Constellation Line LPN monthly C-B/B-R PALEMBANG Indonesia It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C-R No Hoegh Lines LPN monthly B/B Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM bi-weekly B/B la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPS monthly C Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. LPS monthly RO la P.T. Trikora Lloyd Lines LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-RO Am Prudential Lines, Inc. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B PALERMO Italy Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Ann Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Is Zim Israel Navigation, Ltd. D evy 3 wks C-B/B PALUA Venezuela Ve Venezuela Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R POINT LISAS Trinidad Am Navieras de Puerto Rico D weekly RO-R PANAMA CITY Panama The Shipping Corp. of Oh Chilean Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Trinidad & Tobago, Ltd. D evy 12 dys C Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Anri Delta Line D weekly C-B/B POINT NOIRE Congo (W.A.) Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C African Liner Service D monthly C-B/B Ec Transnave D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Sw Barber West Africa Line LPS evy 3 wks C Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Da Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C PANDJANG Indonesia No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B PONCE Puerto Rico No Hoegh Lines LPN monthly B/B Am Navieras de Puerto Rico D weekly RO-R Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPS monthly C PONTA DELGADA Azores la P.T. Trikora Lloyd Lines LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Po Portuguese Line C.T.M. LPN bi-weekly C-B/B PARADIP India Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B-B/B PORSGRUNN Norway Scandinavian Continental PARANAGUA Brazil Line LPN bi-weekly B/B-R Py Flumar Paraguaya Line, S.A. LPN S.T.I. C-B/B PORT-AU-PRINCE Haiti No Ivaran Lines LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Bz Lloyd Brasileiro D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am Navieras de Puerto Rico D weekly RO-R Am Moore-McCormack Lines D bi-weekly C-R-B/B Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Bz Netumar Line D 3-monthly C-R PORT CHALMERS New Zealand PARNAHYBA Brazil Ge Columbus Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am Moore-McCormack Lines D S.T.I C-R-B/B Ja Japan Line D weekly C

PASAJES Spain PORT OF SPAIN Trinidad (West Indies) Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Sp Transatlántica Spanish Bz Frota Amazónica SA LPN monthly B/B Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Am Navieras de Puerto Rico D weekly RO-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R

132 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo

PORT ELIZABETH Republic of South Africa PORTO ALEGRE Brazil Armada/GLTL Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Bz Lloyd Brasileiro D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Br Bank Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Am Moore-McCormack Lines D monthly B/B Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM bi-weekly B/B Bz Netumar Line D 3-monthly C-R Ann Moore-McCormack Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Sa South African Marine PRESTON England Corp. LPS weekly C-B/B-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C PUERTO CABELLO Venezuela PORT GENTIL Gabon (W.A.) * Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO African Liner Service D monthly C-B/B Am Delta Line D weekly C-B/B Ge America-Africa Line Ltd. LPN evy 3 wks C-B/B-R Ve Venezuelan Line LPS weekly C-B/B-R Da Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C PUERTO CORTES Honduras Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO D monthly C-B/B PORT HARCOURT Nigeria (W.A.) Me Mexican Line weekly C African Liner Service D monthly C-B/B Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG Ge America-Africa Line Ltd. LPN evy 3 wks C-B/B-R PUERTO LIMON Costa Rica Sw Barber West Africa Line LPS evy 3 wks C Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Am Farrell Lines D evy 3 wks C-B/B-R SG weekly C-R Medafrica Line D monthly C-B/B Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. Nigeria America Line, Ltd. D monthly C-B/B PUERTO PLATA Dominican Republiciblic Nigerian Star Line D S.T.I. C-B/B Am Navieras de Puerto Rico D weekly RO-R Da Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R SG weekly C-R Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C PUNTARENAS Costa Rica Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R PORT KELANG Malaysia No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS weekly C-B/B-RO-R PUSAN Korea Pa Evergreen Line D 3-monthly C Pa Evergreen Line D 3-monthly C No Hoegh Lines LPN monthly B/B Ja Japan Line D weekly C Ja Japan Line D weekly C Ko K.S. Line Corporation LPN monthly B/B Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R Ja "K" Line D weekly C Sg Neptune Orient Lines D weekly C-R Ko Korea Shipping Corp. D weekly C la P.T. Trikora Lloyd Lines LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R Am Waterman Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B Ja Mitsui O.S.K. Line D weekly C Si The National Shipping Co. PORT LOUIS Mauritius LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Am Moore-McCormack Lines D bi-weekly B/B of Saudi Arabia Sg Neptune Orient Lines D weekly C-R D weekly C PORT SAID Egypt Ja N.Y.K. Line la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPS monthly C It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO OOCL/Seapac Service D weekly C Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Eg MISR Shipping Co. LPN monthly C-B/B-RO Am Waterman Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C Cs Yangming Marine Line D weekly C Am Prudential Lines, Inc. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C In Shipping Corporation of India monthly C-B/B-R RANGOON Burma monthly B/B PORT SUDAN Sudan Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM weekly C CMA D bi-weekly C Ja Yamashita-Shinnihon Line D Am Central Gulf Lines LPN monthly B/B It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO RAS AL MISHAB Saudi Arabia Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM bi-weekly B/B Si The National Shipping Co. Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B of Saudi Arabia LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Ku United Arab Shipping Co. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R bi-weekly C-B/B-B PORTIMAO Portugal Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM Po Portuguese Line C.T.M. LPN bi-weekly C-B/B

133 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo

RECIFE Brazil ST. THOMAS Virgin Islands Am Moore-McCormack Lines D S.T.I. C-B/B-R Am Navieras de Puerto Rico D weekly RO-R Bz Netumar Line D 3-monthly C-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R

RIJEKA Yugoslavia ST. VINCENT West Indies Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C SALAVERRY Peru RIO DE JANEIRO Brazil Pv Peruvian State Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Ar Bottacchi Line LPN S.T.I. C-B/B Ar Empresa Lineas SALVADOR (Bahia) Brazil Marítimas Argentinas No Ivaran Lines LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R (E.LM.A.) LPN 3-monthly C-B/B Bz Lloyd Brasileiro D monthly C-B/B-R No Ivaran Lines LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am Moore-McCormack Lines D S.T.I. C-R-B/B Bz Lloyd Brasileiro D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Bz Netumar Line D 3-monthly C-R Bz Lloyd Brasileiro D monthly C-B/B-R Am Moore-McCormack Lines D weekly C-B/B-R SAN ANTONIO Chile Bz Netumar Line D 3-monthly C-R Ch CCNI D bi-weekly C-B/B-R-RO Ch Chilean Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO RIO GRANDE DO SUL Brazil No Ivaran Lines LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R SAN FERNANDO Philippines Bz Lloyd Brasileiro D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Pi Maritime Company of the Am Moore-McCormack Lines D monthly B/B-R Philippines WM monthly C-R Bz Netumar Line D 3-monthly C-R SAN JOSE Costa Rica RIO HAINA Dominican Republic Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Am Delta Line D bi-weekly C-B/B Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C

ROTTERDAM Netherlands SAN JUAN Puerto Rico Be ABC Containerline LPS monthly C-R Am Navieras de Puerto Rico D weekly RO-R Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-RO-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C Dart Container Line D weekly C Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R SAN PEDRO Ivory Coast Ph Polish Ocean Lines D weekly C-B/B-RO-R Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Scandinavian Continent Line LPN bi-weekly B/B-R SAN PEDRO SULA Honduras Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C Sg Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R SAN SALVADOR EÍ Salvador Wallenius Line D bi-weekly A-RO Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R

SAIPAN Mariana Islands SAN VINCENTE Chile Am United States Lines, Inc. weekly C-R Pv Peruvian State Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B

ST. CROIX Virgin Islands SANTA MARTA Colombia Am Navieras de Puerto Rico D weekly RO-R Am Delta Line D weekly C-B/B Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Co Grancolombiana, Ltda. LPS monthly C-B/B-R

ST. JOHN N.B. Canada SANTANDER Spain No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Sp Transatlántica Spanish Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B ST. KITTS Leeward Islands Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO SANTAREM Brazil Bz Frota Amazónica SA LPN monthly B/B ST. LUCIA Windward Islands Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO

ST. MAARTEN Netherlands Antilles Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO

134 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag

SANTO DOMINGO Dominican Republic SINGAPORE Singapore LPS weekly C-B/B-RO-R Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO No Barber Blue Sea Line D 3-monthly C bi-weekly C-B/B Pa Evergreen Line Am Delta Line D LPN monthly B/B Am Navieras de Puerto Rico D weekly RO-R No Hoegh Lines D weekly C Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Ja Japan Line Ko Korea Shipping Corp. D weekly C Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R Sg Neptune Orient Lines D weekly C-R SANTOS Brazil D weekly C Ar Bottacchi Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Ja N.Y.K. Line OOCL/Seapac Service D weekly C Ar Empresa Lineas LPS monthly C Marítimas Argentinas la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R (E.LM.A.) LPN 3-monthly C-B/B la P.T. Trikora Lloyd Lines Am Waterman Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B No Ivaran Lines LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Cs Yangming Marine Line D weekly C Bz Lloyd Brasileiro D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys, C Bz Lloyd Brasileiro D monthly C-B/B-R Am Moore-McCormack Lines D weekly C-R Bz Netumar Line D 3-monthly C-R SKIKDA Algeria C.N.A.N. D monthly B/B LPS monthly C-B/B-RO SANTO TOMAS DE CASTILLO Guatemala Fr French Line Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly. C-B/B-RO Me Mexican Line D monthly C-B/B SOUTHAMPTON England Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-RO-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Dart Container Line D weekly C Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R SAO LUIZ Brazil D weekly C-R Am Moore-McCormack Lines S.T.I. C-B/B-R Am United States Lines, Inc. Wallenius Line D bi-weekly A-RO SAO TOME Sao Tome Island Po Portuguese Line C.T.M. LPN bi-weekly C-B/B SOYO Angola (W.A.) Africa Liner Service D monthly C-B/B Medafrica Line D monthly C-B/B SEMARANG Indonesia Nigeria America Line, Ltd. D monthly C-B/B No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R STOCKHOLM Sweden la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPS monthly C Be ABC Containerline LPS monthly C-R la P.T. Trikora Lloyd Lines LPN S.T.I. C-B/B-R Atlantic Container Lines D weekly C-RO-R Dart Container Line D weekly C SFAX Tunisia Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container LineÍ D weekly C-R North Africa Navigation LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Sg Trans-Freight Lines D weekly C SHANGHAI Peoples Republic of China Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS weekly C-B/B-RO Ja "K" Line D weekly C SUPE Peru Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R Pv Peruvian State Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Ja N.Y.K. Line D weekly C Am Waterman Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B SURABAYA Indonesia bi-weekly C-B/B SHARJAH United Arab Emirates No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS monthly B/B No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C No Hoegh Lines LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. LPS monthly RO Da Maersk Line D monthly Ku United Arab Shipping Co. LPS bi-weekly C-B/B la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPS c - la P.T. Trikora Lloyd Lines LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B SHIMIZU Japan Am Waterman Line Pa Evergreen Line D 3-monthly C Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R SYDNEY Australia ACT-PACE Line D bi-weekly C-B/B Ja N.Y.K. Line D weekly C Atlanttraf ik Express Service LPS monthly C-B/B-R Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Ge Columbus Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R OOCL/Seapac Service D weekly C Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C

135 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo TAICHUNG Taiwan TENERIFFE Canary Islands Is Zim Container Service LPS evy 10 dys C Sw Barber West Africa Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-R-RO Am Farrell Lines D TAKORADI Ghana (W.A.) bi-weekly C Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG Gh Black Star Line, Ltd. weekly C-R WM S.T.I. B/B Sg Trans-Freight Lines D Anri Farrell Lines weekly C D evy 3 wks C-B/B-R Sp Transatlántica Spanish Po Usafrica Line D monthly B/B-R Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B TALARA Peru THESSALONIKI Greece Pv Peruvian State Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Gr Constellation Line LPN monthly C-B/B-R Am Farrell Lines TALCAHUANO Chile D bi-weekly C Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM bi-weekly B/B Ch Chilean Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO TOCOPILLA Chile TAMATAVE Malagasy Republic Ch Chilean Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Am Moore-McCormack Lines D S.T.I. C-B/B TOKYO Japan TAMPICO Mexico Pa Evergreen Line D 3-monthly C Me Mexican Line monthly C-B/B Ja Japan Line D weekly C Ja Japanese Space Charter TANGA Republic of Tanzania (E.A.) Service D weekly C Am Moore-McCormack Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Ja "K" Line D weekly C Ko Korea Shipping Corp. D weekly C TANGIER Morocco Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Ja Mitsui O.S.K. Line D weekly C Ys Yugoslav Line D monthly B/B Sg Neptune Orient Lines D weekly C-R Ja N.Y.K. Line D weekly C TARRAGONA Spain OOCL/Seapac Service D weekly C Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Sp Transatlántica Spanish Ja Yamashita-Shinnihon Line D weekly Line C LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C

TARTOUS Syria TRIESTE Italy CMA D bi-weekly C Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C-R It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C

TEGUCIGALPA Honduras TRIPOLI Libya Concorde/Nopal Lines D bi-weekly C-B/B-RO CMA D bi-weekly C Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C It Costa Line LPN 3-monthly C-B/B-RO Gr Constellation Line LPN monthly C-B/B-R TEMA Ghana (W.A.) Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO African Liner Service D monthly C-B/B Gr Hellenic Lines, Ltd. WM monthly B/B Ge America-Africa Line Ltd. LPN evy 3 wks C-B/B-R Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-RO Sw Barber West Africa Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-R-RO North Africa Navigation LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R Gh Black Star Line, Ltd. WM S.T.I. B/B Am Farrell Lines D evy 3 wks C-B/B-R TSINGTAO Peoples Republic of China Medafrica Line D monthly C-B/B No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS weekly C-B/B-RO Nigeria America Line, Ltd. D monthly C-B/B Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R Nigerian Star Line D S.T.I. C-B/B Ja N.Y.K. Line D weekly C Da Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Po Usafrica Line D monthly B/B-R TUNIS Tunisia West Africa Navigation LPN monthly C-B/B-R Gr Constellation Line LPN monthly C-B/B-R Ys Yugoslav Line D bi-weekly C It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Am Farrell Lines D bi-weekly C Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO North Africa Navigation LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R

136 Appendix I—Continued

SHIPPING SERVICES SHIPPING SERVICES Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag Carrier Term Frequency Cargo Flag

TURBO Colombia WALVIS BAY South West Africa B/B Co Grancolombiana, Ltda. LPS monthly C-B/B-R Am Moore-McCormack Lines D S.T.I. Sa South-African Marine Corp. LPS weekly C-B/B-R UJUNG PANDANG Indonesia No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B WARRI Nigeria (W.A.) C-B/B Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R African Liner Service D monthly C-B/B la P.T. Djakarta Lloyd LPS nnonthly C Sw Barber West Africa Line LPS evy 3 wks B/B la P.T. Trikora Lloyd Lines LPN S.T.I. C-B/B-R Gh Black Star Line WM S.T.I. Am Farrell Lines D evy 3 wks C-B/B-R C-B/B-R UMM QASR Iraq Gr Hessa Lines WM S.T.I. C-B/B Da Maersk Line D bi-weekly C-B/B-R Medafrica Line D monthly Nigeria America Line, Ltd. D monthly C-B/B C-B/B-R VALENCIA Spain Da Torm West Africa Line LPS bi-weekly It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO WELLINGTON New Zealand Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO ACT-PACE Line D bi-weekly C-B/B It Italian Line D weekly C-B/B-RO Atlanttrafik Express Service LPS monthly C-B/B-R Da Nordana Line LPS evy 3 wks C-B/B-RO Ge Columbus Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-R Am Sea-Land Service, 1 nc. SG weekly C-R Ja Japan Line D weekly C Sp Transatlántica Spa nish Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B WHAMPOA Peoples Republic of China Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys C No Barber Blue Sea Line LPS weekly C-B/B-RO Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R VALETTA Malta It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO North Africa Navigation LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-R YENBU Saudi Arabia D bi-weekly C Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R CMA Si The National Shipping Co. LPS monthly C-B/B-RO VALPARAISO Chile of Saudi Arabia LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO-R Ch CCNI D bi-weekly C-B/B-R-RO It Red Sea Navigation Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Ch Chilean Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Ku United Arab Shipping Co. Am Waterman-Isthmian Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B-B Am Delta Line D weekly C-B/B S.T.I. C-B/B Ch Empresa Naviera Santa LPN YOKOHAMA Japan S.T.I. C-B/B Ec Marítima Andina S.A. WM Pa Evergreen Line D 3-monthly C LPN bi-weekly C-B/B Pv Peruvian State Line Ja Japan Line D weekly C Ja Japanese Space Charter VASTERAS Sweden Service D weekly C Scandinavian Continental Ko K.S. Line Corporation LPN monthly B/B LPN bi-weekly B/B-R Line Ja "K" Line D weekly C Ko Korea Shipping Corp. D weekly C VENICE Italy Da Maersk Line D weekly C-B/B-R D bi-weekly C-R Am Farrell Lines Ja Mitsui O.S.K. Line D weekly C D evy 10 dys C Is Zim Container Service Si The National Shipping Co. of Saudi Arabia LPS monthly C-B/B-RO VERA CRUZ Mexico Sg Neptune Orient Lines D weekly C-R D monthly C-B/B Me Mexican Line Ja N.Y.K. Line D weekly C OOCL/Seapac Service D weekly C VIGO Spain Am United States Lines, Inc. D weekly C-R Sp Transatlántica Spanish Am Waterman Line WM bi-weekly C-B/B Line LPS bi-weekly C-B/B Ja Yamashita-Shinnihon Line D weekly C Cs Yangming Marine Line D weekly C VITORIA Brazil Is Zim Container Service D evy 10 dys Î C Bz Lloyd Brasileiro D monthly C-B/B-R Am Moore-McCormack Lines D S.T.I. C-B/B-R ZANZIBAR Republic of Tanzania (E.A.) Bz Netumar Line D 3-monthly C-R Am Moore-McCormack Lines D S.T.I. B/B

WAHRAN (Oran) Algeria ZEEBRUGGE Belgium C.N.A.N. D monthly B/B Atlantic Container Line D weekly C-RO-R It Costa Line LPN bi-weekly C-B/B-RO Ge Hapag-Lloyd Container Line D weekly C-R Fr French Line LPS monthly C-B/B-RO Am Sea-Land Service, Inc. SG weekly C-R

137 Appendix J

Port of Seattle Outbound Steamship Rotation^

This schedule outlines sailings from the Port of Seattle to these areas of the world: Europe, Mediterranean Sea B ack Sea; Central and South America; Asia; Australia and New Zealand; Africa; Middle East; Indian Subcontinent- Alaska and Hawaii. '

Europe • Mediterranean Sea • Blacl( Sea

Shipping Companies Frequency Rotation/Calling Ports U.S. (West Coast only) Foreign d'Amico Line Monthly Vancouver B.C., Portland,/ Valencia, Barcelona, Fos-Sur-Mer/ Williams Dimond SEATTLE, Oakland, Los Marseilles, Genoa, Leghorn, Naples, 206-622-8568 Angeles Trieste/Venice Hapag-Lloyd Euro-Pacific Every 12 Hawaii, SEATTLE, Van- Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Le- Hapag-Lloyd Agencies days couver B.C., Oakland, Long Havre, Felixstowe, London, Liver- 206-623-1464 Beach pool, Greenock, Hamburg, Helsinki, Copenhagen, Gothenburg, Bremer- haven, Bremen Italian Lines Monthly Vancouver B.C., SEATTLE, Barcelona, Fos-Sur-Mer/Marseilles, Interocean Steamship Portland, Oakland, Long Genoa/Savona, Naples, Leghorn, 206-682-9820 Beach Valencia, Cadiz Johnson ScanStar Weekly Hawaii, Portland, SEATTLE, LeHavre, Felixstowe/London, Liver- General Steamship Vancouver, Richmond/San pool/Glasgow, Zeebrugge/Antwerp, 206-382-4400 Francisco, Los Angeles Rotterdam/Amsterdam, Gothenburg, Hamburg/Bremen Pacific Europe Express Every 12 Hawaii, SEATTLE, Vancou- Amsterdam/Rotterdam, Antwerp, Le- Kerr Steamship Company, Inc. days ver B.C., Portland, Oakland Havre, Flexistowe, London, Liver- 206-628-6700 Long Beach pool, Greenock, Hamburg, Helsinki, Gothenburg, Copenhagen, Bremen, Bremerhaven United Yugoslav Lines 2 Ships/ SEATTLE/Tacoma, Van- Barcelona/Valencia, Savona/Genoa, Trans American Month couver B.C., San Fran- Livorno, Naples, Trieste, Koper, 206-682-5710 cisco/Los Angeles Piraeus Westwood Shipping Lines Every 21 Vancouver B.C., SEATTLE, Antwerp/Rotterdam, Copenhagen/ Westwood Shipping Agencies days Oakland/San Francisco, Aarhus, Oslo/Gothenburg, Milan, 206-623-0313 Long Beach/Los Angeles Bilbao/Leixoes Lisbon, LeHavre, Tilbury/London, Glasgow, Bremen, Hamburg, LaPallice/Le Verdón Central and South America

Shipping Companies Frequency Rotation/Calling Ports U.S. (West Coast only) Foreign Barber Blue Sea Monthly Vancouver B.C., SEATTLE, Panama, La Guaira, Pt. Cabello, Dodwell of Washington Portland, San Francisco, Maracaibo 206-587-0675 Los Angeles Pacific Europe Express- Every 12 SEATTLE, Vancouver B.C., Acajutia, Guatemala, Corinto, Central America days Oakland, Long Beach Caldera C.R. Kerr Steamship Company, Inc. 206-628-6700

V.o. Box 1209, Seattle, Wash. 98111, December 1983.

138 Appendix J—Continued

Port of Seattle Outbound Steamship Rotation^—Continued

Central and South America (cont.)

Shipping Connpanies Frequency Rotation/Calling Ports U.S. (West Coast only) Foreign Manzanillo, Acajutia, Caldera C.R., Delta Line 2 Ships/ Vancouver B.C., SEATTLE/ Buenaventura, Balboa, Cartagena, 206-682-0090 Month Tacoma, Portland, Long- view, San Francisco, Los Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, La Angeles Guaira, Rio De Janeiro, Santos, Buenos Aires, Guayaquil/Manta Callao, Matarani, Antofagasta, Valparaiso Guayaquil, Callao, Valparaiso, ELMA Monthly Portland, SEATTLE, Van- Transpacific Transportation couver B.C., Oakland, Los Buenos Aires 206-624-7393 Angeles Guatemala, Acajutia, Caldera C.R., Grancolumbiana Every 15 Vancouver B.C., B.C. Out- Buenaventura, Manta, Ecuador, Beaufort Navigation days ports, SEATTLE/Tacoma, 206-623-4930 San Francisco, Los Angeles Guayaquil Guatemala, Acajutia, Corinto, Hapag-Lloyd Every 12 SEATTLE, Vancouver B.C., Caldera C.R. Central Annerica days Oakland, Long Beach Hapag-Lloyd Agencies 206-623-1464 Rio de Janiero, Santos Lloyd-Brasileiro Monthly Los Angeles, San Francis- Kerr Steamship Company, Inc. co, SEATTLE 206-628-6700 Johnson ScanStar-Mexico Service Every 15 Portland, SEATTLE, Van- Lázaro Cárdenas General Steamship days couver B.C., Richmond/San 206-382-4400 Francisco, Los Angeles Afrira _ Shipping Companies Frequency Rotation/Calling Ports U.S. (West Coast only) Foreign Dakar, Freetown, Monrovia, Abidjan, EAC Lines Weekly Portland, SEATTLE, Van- Lagos/Apapa, Douala, Tema, Lome EAC Steamship Agencies couver B.C., Richmond/San 206-682-9080 Francisco, Los Angeles Asia Shipping Companies Frequency Rotation/Calling Ports U.S. (West Coast only) Foreign

American President Lines Weekly SEATTLE, San Pedro, Oak- Yokohama/Tokyo, Kobe/Osaka, land, SEATTLE, (Double Nagoya, Busan/lncheon, Kaohsiung, 206-292-4646 call at Seattle fortnightly) Keelung, Hong Kong, Manila, Singa- pore, Jakarta, Pt. Kelang, Bangkok, Penang, Surabaya, Colombo, Cochin, Dubai, Doha/Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Damman/Riyadh, Muscat, Bombay, Karachi Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Bulk/Breakbulk Monthly SEATTLE/Tacoma, Los Indonesia, Singapore, Bangladesh, Container Service Angeles, Oakland India, Karachi, Sudan

139 Appendix J—Continued

Port of Seattle Outbound Steannship Rotation^—Continued

Asia (cont.)

Shipping Companies Frequency Rotation/Calling Ports U.S. (West Coast only) Foreign Hanjin Container Lines 3 Ships/ Vancouver B.C., SEATTLE, Incheon, Keelung, Busan, Kobe, 206-447-9422 Month Long Beach, Oakland Yokohama Hapag-Lloyd Transpacific Weekly Long Beach/Los Angeles, Tokyo, Kobe, Busan, Hong Kong, Hapag-Lloyd Agencies Oakland, SEATTLE Kaohsiung/Keelung, Manila, 206-623-1464 Singapore, Bangkok, Pt. Kelang/ Penang Japan Line 6 Ships/ SEATTLE, Vancouver B.C., Hong Kong, Keelung, Kaohsiung, Japan Line (USA) Ltd. Month Portland Singapore, Pt. Kelang, Penang, 206-292-2671 Manila, Kobe, Nagoya, Tokyo/Yokohama Jeuro Transpacific Every 3 SEATTLE Yokohama, Nagoya, Kobe Container Service Weeks Green Ocean Agencies 206-623-5394 'K" Line 6 Ships/ SEATTLE, Vancouver B.C., Kobe/Osaka, Nagoya, Shimizu, "K" Line-Kerr Corporation Month Poi'tland Tokyo/Yokohama, Busan, Keelung, 206-628-6700 Kaohsiung, Hong Kong, Manila, Shanghai 'K" Line 10 Days SEATTLE, Long Beach Keelung, Kaohsiung, Hong Kong, Express Container Service Busan "K" Line-Kerr Corporation 206-628-6700 Korea Marine Transport 2 Ships/ Los Angeles, Oakland, Busan Korea Direct Express Month SEATTLE Matson Agencies 206-223-2456

Char Chjng Weekly Long Beach/Oakland/Seattle Yokohama/Osaka/Busan/Keelung/ 206-682-7363 Hong Kong/Kaohsiung K Line Weekly Long Beach, Oakland, Yokohama, Osaka, Kobe, Busan, Korea Shipping America Inc. SEATTLE, Vancouver B.C. Hong Kong, Kaohsiung/Keelung, 206-625-1960 Singapore, Manila Mitsui O.S.K. Line 6 Ships/ SEATTLE, Vancouver B.C., Kobe, Nagoya, Shimizu, Yokohama, Williams Dimond Month Portland Tokyo, Hsingkang, Tsingtao 206-622-8568

K Line 2 Ships/ SEATTLE, Vancouver B.C., Kobe,Nagoya, Yokohama, Busan, Matson Agencies Month Portland Keelung, Kaohsiung, Hong Kong 206-223-2456 K Line 2 Ships/ Los Angeles, Oakland, Busan Sea Direct Express Month SEATTLE Matson Agencies 206-223-2456

Neptune Orient Line Weekly Long Beach, Oakland, Yokohama/Tokyo, Kobe/Osaka, Interocean Steamship SEATTLE, Vancouver B.C. Busan, Hong Kong, Kaohsiung, 206-682-9820 Singapore/Pt. Kelang,Manila, Jakar- ta, Bangkok

140 Appendix J—Continued

Asia (cont.)

Shipping Companies Frequency Rotation/Calling Ports U.S. (West Coast only) Foreign OOCL Orient Seas Weekly Long Beach, Oakland, Yokohama/Tokyo, Kobe/Osaka, Container Lines SEATTLE, Vancouver B.C. Busan, Hong Kong, Kaohsiung/Kee- Seapac Services, Inc. lung, Manila, Singapore, Bangkok, 624-8914 Jakarta/Surabaya, Australia K Line Monthly Los Angeles, San Francis- Kaohsiung, Bombay, Cochin, Norton Lilly & Co. co, Puget Sound, Vancou- Madras, Calcutta, Chittagong 206-623-0930 ver B.C., Portland India Line Monthly Long Beach, Oakland, Co- Singapore, Bombay, Madras, Calcut- General Steamship lumbia River, Puget Sound, ta, Chittagong 206-382-4400 British Columbia Sea-Land Services Weekly SEATTLE, Oakland Yokohama/Tokyo, Kobe/Osaka, Kaoh- 206-938-6200 siung/Keelung, Hong Kong, Naha, Busan, Incheon, Manila, Cebu, Singapore, Bangkok Iowa Line Co. 6 Ships/ SEATTLE, Vancouver B.C., Kobe, Nagoya, Yokohama, Tokyo, Olympic Steamship Co. Month Portland Manila, Busan, Hong Kong, Taiwan 206-622-4520 Iowa Line 2 Ships/ Los Angeles, Oakland, Busan Korea Direct Express Month SEATTLE Olympic Steamship Co. 206-625-9960 Westwood Shipping Lines 2 Ships/ Portland, BC Outports, Yokohama/Tokyo, Japanese Outports Westwood Shipping ^Agencies Month SEATTLE Osaka, Busan, Kobe, Yokohama 206-623-0313 xxLine 6 Ships/ SEATTLE, Vancouver B.C., Kobe, Nagoya, Yokohama/Tokyo, International Shipping Month Portland Busan, Keelung, Kaohsiung, Hong 206-623-5511 Kong, Rangoon, Manila Middle East American President Lines Weekly SEATTLE, San Pedro, Yokohama/Tokyo, Kobe/Osaka, 206-292-4646 Oakland, SEATTLE (Double Nagoya, Busan/lncheon, Kaohsiung, call at Seattle fortnightly) Keelung, Hong Kong, Manila, Singapore, Jakarta, Pt.Kelang, Bangkok, Penang, Surabaya, Colom- bo, Cochin, Dubai, Doha/Sharjah/Abu Dhabi, Dammam/Riyadh, Muscat, Bombay, Karachi, (Relay via Dubai)

141 Appendix J—Continued

Port of Seattle Outbound Steamship Rotation^—Continued

Indian Subcontinent

Shipping Companies Frequency Rotation/Calling Ports U.S. (West Coast Only) Foreign American President Lines Weekly SEATTLE, San Pedro, Oak- Yokohama/Tokyo, Kobe/Osaka, 206-292-4646 land, SEATTLE, (Double Nagoya, Busan/lncheon, Kaohsiung, call at Seattle fortnightly) Keelung, Hong Kong, Manila, Singa- pore, Jakarta, Pt. Kelang, Bangkok, Penang, Surabaya, Colombo, Cochin, Dubai, Doha/Sharjah, Abu Dhabi, Dammam/Riyadh, Muscat, Bombay, Karachi. (Relay via Dubai) Buik/Breakbulk Monthly SEATTLE/Tacoma, Los Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Container Service Angeles, Oakland Indonesia, Bangladesh, India, Karachi, Sudan SCI Line Monthly Los Angeles, San Francis- Kaohsiung, Bombay, Cochin, Norton Lilly & Co. co, Puget Sound, Van- Madras, Calcutta, Chittagong 206-623-0930 couver B.C., Portland Scindia Line Monthly Long Beach, Oakland, Co- Singapore, Bombay, Madras, Calcut- General Steamship lumbia River, Puget Sound, ta, Chittagong 206-382-4400 British Columbia Y.S. Line 6 Ships/ SEATTLE, Vancouver B.C., Kobe, Nagoya, Yokohama/Tokyo, International Shipping Month Portland Busan, Keelung, Kaohsiung, Hong 206-623-5511 Kong, Rangoon, Manila Australia • New Zealand

Shipping Companies Frequency Rotation/Calling Ports U.S. (West Coast only) Foreign OOCL Orient Overseas Weekly Long Beach, Oakland, Yokohama/Tokyo, Kobe/Osaka, Container Lines SEATTLE, Vancouver B.C. Busan, Hong Kong, Kaohsiung/Kee- Seapac Services, Inc. lung, Manila, Singapore, Bangkok, 206-624-8914 Jakarta/Surabaya, Australia American President Lines Every 2 SEATTLE, San Pedro Sydney,Melbourne, Brisbane, (Relay 206-292-4646 Weeks via Yokohama) Monthly SEATTLE, San Pedro Auckland, Napier, Mt. Maunganue (Tauranga), Timaru, Christchurch, Duneden, Wellington, (Relay via Kobe) Japan Line 6 Ships/ SEATTLE, Vancouver B.C., Kobe, Nagoya, Tokyo/Yokohama, Japan Line (USA) Ltd. Month Portland Hong Kong, Keelung, Kaohsiung, 206-682-2671 Singapore, Pt. Kelang, Penang, Manila, Auckland, Wellington, Port Chalmers, (Relay via Nagoya) Hawaii

Shipping Companies Frequency Rotation/Calling Ports U.S. (West Coast only) Foreign Hawaiian Marine Lines 2 Ships/ Oakland, SEATTLE, Honolulu 206-583-8100 Month Portland Matson Navigation 2 Ships/ SEATTLE, Portland Honolulu 206-223-2456 Month

142 Appendix J—Continued

Alaska Shipping Connpanles Frequency Rotation/Calling Ports U.S. (West Coast only) Foreign Alaska Hydrotrain Weekly SEATTLE Whittler—Serving Anchorage, Fair- 206-583-8100 banks, and other points on the Alaska Rail Belt Alaska Marine Highway System Weekly SEATTLE Ketchlkan, Wrangell, Petersburg, 206-623-1970 Juneau, Haines, Skagway, SItka Alaska Marine Line Every SEATTLE Juneau, Bethel, Dllllngham, (formerly SE Barge Line) other Kotzebue, Nome 206-763-4244 week Boyer Alaska Barge Lines, Inc. Weekly SEATTLE Ketchlkan 206-763-8575 Bimonthly SEATTLE Wrangell, Metlakatia Coastal Alaska Lines Monthly SEATTLE Anchorage 206-282-2300 Foss Alaska Line Weekly SEATTLE SItka, Adak, Dutch Harbor and Aleu- 206-281-3900 tian Islands

Cordova, Valdez, Kodlak

Ketchlkan, Wrangell, Petersburg, Juneau, Haines, Skagway Northland Services Monthly SEATTLE Cordova, Anchorage, Homer, Kenal, 206-485-9502 Kodlak Island Seasonal SEATTLE Dllllngham, Naknek, Bethel, Yukon River, Nome, Kotzebue Pacific Alaska Line Seasonal SEATTLE Dllllngham, Bethel, Nome, Kotzebue 206-583-8100 Pacific Western Lines Every 2 SEATTLE Anchorage 206-762-2960 Weeks Samson Tug & Barge, Inc. Every 3 SEATTLE SItka, Wrangell and various logging 206-789-3420 Weeks ports, Valdez, Cordova, Kodlak Island Sea-Land Service Three SEATTLE Anchorage, Fairbanks, Kenal, Kodlak 206-938-6365 Weekly Island, Dutch Harbor Western Pioneer Monthly SEATTLE Kodlak Island, Aleutian Islands 206-789-1930 Marketing Offices Seattle: P.O. Box 1209, Seattle, WA 98111; (206) 382-3265 Chicago: Gene L T. McCormack, Regional Manager, 10046 S. Western Avenue, Chicago, IL 60643; (312)238-8101 New York area: Stephen G. Sasala, Regional Manager, One Exchange Place, Room 306, Jersey City, New Jersey 07302; (201) 451-2322 Spokane: Phillip A. Notton, Regional Manager, Old National Bank Building, Spokane, WA 99201; (509)747-4440 Hong Kong: Pedro Lobo, Regional Manager, Trust Tower Suite 15, c/o 68 Johnston Road, Hong Kong, (Phone) 5-200636-7 Tokyo: HIsashI Imal, Regional Manager, 505 Fuji BIdg., MarunouchI 3-chrome, Chlyoda-Ku, C.P.O. 696, Tokyo, Japan; (Phone) 3-214-5578

143 Appendix K

Shipper's export declaration

FORM NO. U.$. DIPARTMf NT OF COJMMERCE - tUREAU OF THE CENSUS - ITA, BUREAU OF EAST- WEST TRADE Form Approved: Q.M.B. No. 4I-R0397 l^^Z SHIPPER'S EXPORT DECLARATION CONFIDENTIAL - For use solely for official purposes authorized by the Secretary of Commerce. Use for unauthorized purposes is not permitted (Title 15 C.F.R. OF SHIPMENTS FROM THE UNITED STATES section 30.91; Title 13 U.S.C. section 301, as amended. Export Shipments Are Subject To Inspection By U.S. Customs Service and/or The Office of Export Control PL.96-275). READ CAREFULLY THE INSTRUCTIONS ON BACK TO AVOID DELAY AT SHIPPING POINT Aofheni n (y^hen required)

Daclorations Should be Typew r Prepared in Ink

DO NOT USE THIS AREA COUNTRY (For Custom use only)

File No. (For Cu

1. FROM (U.S. port of export) 2. METHOD OF TRANSPORTATION (Check one)

□ VESSEL r/nc/./erry; ^AIR Q OTHER rSpec/ïy; _

2o. EXPORTING CARRIER (Il vessel, give name of ship, flag and pier number. If air, g.

3. EXPORTER (Principal or seller - licensee) ADDRESS C/Vumber, street, place, State)

4. AGENT OF EXPORTER (Forwarding agent) ADDRESS (Number, street, place. State)

5. ULTIMATE CONSIGNEE ADDRESS CP/ace, country)

6. INTERMEDIATE CONSIGNEE ADDRESS (Place, country)

7. FOREIGN PORT OF UNLOADING (For vesseJ and air shipments only) 8. PLACE AND COUNTRY OF ULTIMATE DESTINATION (Not place of transshipment)

VALUE AT US PORT NUMBERS AND KIND OF PACKAGES, DESCRIPTION OF SHIPPING (Gross; OF EXPORT COMMODITIES, EXPORT LICENSE NUMBER WEIGHT IN POUNDS« SCHEDULE B (Selling price or coat if OR GENERAL LICENSE SYMBOL COMMODITY NO. MARKS AND NOS. (REQUIRED FOR >-û. NET QUANTITY not sold, including (Describe commodities in sufficient detail to permit VESSEL AND IL : (Include Commodity SCHEDULE B UNITS inland freight, insur- verification of the Schedule B commodity numbers assigned. AIR SHIPMENTS Gtc Control List italicized (State unit) ance and other chargea Do not use general terms. ONLY) digit, when required) to U.S. port of export) (Nearest whole dollar; r omit cents figures) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

VALIDATED LICENSE NO. OR GENERAL LICENSE SYMBOL

16. BILL OF LADING OR AIR WAYBILL NUMBER 17. DATE OF EXPORTATION (Not required for shipments by veaael)

18. THE UNDERSIGNED HEREBY AUTHORIZES_ TO ACT AS FORWARDING AGENT FOR EXPORT CONTROL AND CUSTOMS PURPOSES. (Name and address — Number, street, place, State)

► 19. I CERTIFY THAT ALL STATEMENTS MADE AND ALL INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS EXPORT DECLARATION ARE TRUE AND CORRECT I AM AWARE OF THE PENALTIES PROVIDED FOR FALSE REPRESENTATION. (See paragraphs I (c) and (e) on reverse side.) '^w^Rt OF THE PENALTIES

SIGNATURE. (Duly authorized officer or employee of exporter or named forwarding agent) (Name of corporati or firm, and capacity of signer, < export manager, etc.)

► Declaration should be made by duly authorized officer or employee of exporter o of forwarding agent imed by exporter. DO NOT USE THIS ARE/ • If shipping weight is not available for each Schedule B item listed In column (13) Included in one or more packages, insert the approximate gross weight for each Schedule B Item. The total of these estimated weights should equal the actual weight of the entire package or packages. ^Designate foreign merchandise (reexports) with an "F" and exports of domestic merchandise pro- duced in the United States or changed in condition in the United States with a "•D." " instructions on revrae aide.)

144 Appendix L

Inspection certificate

ORIGINAL

FOnM FV-4 7 I WAS "f") UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT O^ AGRICULTURE (9-4-73) AGRICULTURAL M A RK E T ! N G S E R VI CE Export Form Certificate STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE INSPECTION CERTIFICATE No. B 09981 This rertifi.ato is issued in compü^^ce vv.th tho regulations of the Secretary of Aor.rulturr, governing the 'n^pec'.on of vdr.ou> P'^^"'/» pursuant to the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946. as amencJod 'J U S.C. 1621 et seq ) and Statutes of the Slate of Washington, and .s adm.s- sible as prima facie evidence in all courts of the United States and of VV.shinoton , . . . ,,. ... WARNING: Any person who knowinoly shall faUely make, issue, alter, fjrge, or counterfeit th,s certificate, or paiticipate ich act sub,eut to a fine of not more than $1,000 or imprisonment for not more than one yei both.

:i Inspection Kind Car Initials ! point _ of car. ._ and number^

Inspection begun_ Completed-

Applicant

Shipper _. .^-- Address — I, the undersigned, a duly authorized inspector of the United States Department of Agriculture, do hereby certify tha t at the request of the applicant and on the date indicated, samples of the below described products were inspected and the quality and/or condition as shown by said samples were as herein stated.

M^^Kw^ v^:.^, \t -^'1^ ^ \^x \ '^^

The apples and/or pears covered by this certificate meet the requirements of the Export Apple and Pear Act.

Expenses- Total

PLEASE REFER TO THIS CERTIFICATE BY NUMBER

145 Appendix M

Export certificate

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EACH CONTAINER STAMPf D WITH ANIMAL ANIJ PLANT HIALTM INSPLCTION SLUVICH U'iDA CERTIFICATF MEAT AND POULTRY INSPECTION PROGRAM EXPORT CERTIFICATE MPA- 037532

U A. .„.„,.„

I CERTIFY tliot tlic poultry aii(i poultry produi.ts spticified above canic from birds that wen» olfn. lolly (jivcii on oiitiMnoitcin noij po-vlinorlcdi inspccfio and passed in actorduiue with applicable lows and regulations of tfio Unifed Stales Dcparlinent of Agriculture and are wholesome and f.t for iiuflian consumption.

Hy ordc? oj the Srctctuty o./ A^i icul t ure INSPECTOR

certifícale is rci » of the Uiiitetl States an primo lune eviiiencr oi the «ruth oí the stalcmenti« therein contHiiird. crtificate «toe« m il exciitie failu comply with any of the regulMtory Uw* enforced by the United State» DcpHrtmenl of A^ru iilture FORM MP 506 (8/72)

146 Table 1

Delivery schedules from Rotterdam, The Netherlands, to selected points in Europe by train and truck^

Train Truck Normal Perishables freight freight Container and Rotterdam to: train train containers

Hours Hours Hours

Antwerp, Belgium

Paris, France 17

Lyon, France 31 31 18

Basel, Switzerland 16 13 15

Milan, Italy 38 26 38

Vienna, Austria 31 31 35

Munich, Germany 22 17 15

Frankfurt, Germany 14

Hamburg, Germany 13 17

London, England 612 432 152

Stockholm, Sweden 462 262 362

Copenhagen, Denmark 282 182 182

^Hinds, Russell H., Jr. and Anton J. Bongers. Highway and railroad equipment for transporting perishables in Europe. MRR-1061, USDA, 1977.

2|ncluding time on ferry.

147 Table 2

Recommended storage temperatures, relative humidity, approximate storage life, and freezing point for fresh vegetables and fruits'"

Approx- Approx- Tem- imate Freez- Tem- imate Freez- pera- Relative storage ing pera- Relative storage ing Connmodity ture humidity period point Commodity ture humidity period point

Percent Percent

Melons: Fresh Cantaloupe vegetable (3/4-slip)— 36-40 85-90 15 days 29.9 and melons: Casaba 45-50 85-90 4-6 weeks 30.1 Crenshaw — 45-50 85-90 2 weeks 30.1 Artichokes, Honeydew — 45-50 85-90 3-4 weeks 30.3 globe 32 90-95 1 month — 29.9 Persian 45-50 85-90 2 weeks 30.5 Asparagus 32-36 95 2-3 weeks- 30.9 Watermelon- 40-50 80-85 2-3 weeks 31.3 Beans, green, Onions (dry) and or snap 40-45 90-95 7-10 days — 30.7 onion sets — 32 65-70 1-8 months— 30.6 Beans, lima — 32-40 90 1-2 weeks— 31.0 Peas, green— 32 90-95 1-3 weeks 30.9 Beets, topped - 32 95 3-5 months- 30.3 Peppers, sweet 45-50 90-95 2-3 weeks 30.7 Broccoli, Potatoes, sprouting—" 32 90-95 10-14 days- 30.9 early-crop— — 90 30.9 Brüssel sprouts 32 90-95 3-5 weeks— 30.5 Potatoes, Cabbage, early 32 90-95 3-6 weeks— 30.4 late-cured — 38-40 90 30.9 Cabbage, late - 32 90-95 3-4 months- 30.4 Pumpkins 50-55 70-75 2-3 months— 30.5 Cabbage, Radishes 32 90-95 3-4 weeks— 30.7 Chinese 32 90-95 1-2 months— — Rhubarb 32 95 2-4 weeks— 30.3 Carrots, mature Rutabagas 32 90-95 2-4 months— 30.1 (topped) 32 90-95 4-5 months- 29.5 Spinach 32 90-95 10-14 days — 31.5 Cauliflower — 32 90-95 2-4 weeks— 30.6 Squashes, Celery 32 90-95 2-3 months- 31.1 winter 50-55 50-75 30.5 Corn, sweet — 32 90-95 4-8 days — 30.9 Squashes, Cucumbers — 45-50 90-95 10-14 days- 31.1 summer 32-50 90 5-14 days — 31.1 Eggplants 45-50 90 1 week 30.6 Sweet Endive and potatoes — 55-60 85-90 4-6 months— 29.7 escarole 32 90-95 2-3 weeks— 31.9 Tomatoes, Garlicidry 32 65-70 6-7 months- 30.5 mature green 55-70 85-90 1-3 weeks— 31.0 Kohlrabi 32 90-95 2-4 weeks— 30.2 Tomatoes, Leeks, green — 32 90-95 1-3months- 30.7 firm-ripe 45-50 85-90 4-7 days 31.1 Lettuce 32 95 2-3 weeks- 31.7 Turnips 32 90-95 4-5 months- - 30.1

^Lutz, J. M. and R. E. Hardenburg. The commercial storage of fruits, vegetables, and florist and nursery stock. AH-66, USDA, 1977. This handbook provides more specific information on variety differences and other special exceptions and situations.

148 Table 2

Recommended storage temperatures, relative humidity, approximate storage life, and freezing point for fresh vegetables and fruits'*—Continued

Approx- Approx- Tenn- imate Freez- Tem- imate Freez- pera- Relative storage ing pera- Relative storage ing Connmodity ture humidity period point Commodity ture humidity period point

Percent Percent

Fresh fruits:

Apples 30-40 90 3-8 month 29.3 Lemons 85-90 1-6 months- 29.4 Apricots 31-32 90 1-2 weeks 30.1 Limes 48-50 85-90 6-8 weeks— 29.1 Avocados 40-55 85-90 2-4 weeks 31.5 Mangos 55 85-90 2-3 weeks— 30.3 Berries: Nectarines 31-32 90 2-4 weeks— 30.4 Blackberries 31-32 90-95 2-3 days 30.5 Oranges, Blueberries - 31-32 90-95 2 weeks 29.7 California Cranberries - 36-40 90-95 2-4 months— 30.4 and Arizona - 38-48 85-90 3-8 weeks— - 29.7 Raspberries- 31-32 90-95 2-3 days 30.0 Oranges, Strawberries 32 90-95 5-7 days 30.6 Florida Cherries, and Texas — 32 85-90 8-12weeks- — 30.6 sweet 30-31 90-95 2-3 weeks 28.8 Papayas 45 85-90 1-3 weeks- — 30.4 Dates 0or32 75 or less 6-12 months— 3.7 Peaches 31-32 90 2-4 weeks- — 30.3 Figs, fresh 31-32 85-90 7-10 days 27.6 Pears 29-31 90-95 2-7 months- — 29.2 Grapefruit, Persimmons, California Japanese— 30 90 3-4 months — 28.1 and Arizona - 58-60 85-90 4-6 weeks — Pineapples —- 45-55 85-90 2-4 weeks- --- 30.0 Grapefruit, Plums and Florida prunes 31-32 90-95 2-4 weeks- — 30.5 and Texas ~ 50 85-90 4-6 weeks 30.0 Tangerines, Grapes, Temple Vinlfera 30-31 90-95 3-6 months— 28.1 oranges, and Grapes, related citrus American — 31-32 85 2-8 weeks 29.7 fruits 32-38 85-90 2-4 weeks- — 30.1

149 Tables

Fruits and vegetables susceptible to chilling Injury when stored at moderately low but nonfreezing tenriperatures"*

Approxi- Approxi- mate mate lowest Character of injury lowest Character of injury safe when stored safe when stored tempera- between 32** F and tempera- between 32° F and Commodity ture safe temperature^ Commodity ture safe temperature^

Apples—certain 36-38 internal browning, Casaba 45-50 Do. varieties brown core, soggy breakdown, soft scald Crenshaw and 45-50 Do. Persian Avocados 40-45 Grayish-brown discolora- tion of flesh Watermelons 40 Pitting, objectionable flavor Bananas, green 53-56 Dull color when ripened or ripe Okra 45 Discoloration, water- soaked areas, pitting, Beans (snap) 45 Pitting and russeting decay

Cranberries 36 Rubbery texture, red Olives, fresh 45 Internal browning flesh Oranges, California 38 Pitting, brown stain Cucumbers 45 Pitting, water-soaked and Arizona spots, decay Papayas 45 Pitting, failure to ripen, Eggplants 45 Surface scald, alternarla off flavor, decay 1rot \ji Peppers, sweet 45 Sheet pitting, alternarla Grapefruit 50 Scald, pitting, watery rot on pods and breakdown calyxes

Lemons Pitting, membranous Pineapples 45-50 Dull-green when staining, red blotch ripened

Limes 45-48 Pitting Potatoes 38 Mahogany browning (Chippewa and Mangos 50-55 Grayish scaidlike dis- Sebago), sweetening coloration of skin. uneven ripening Pumpkins and 50 Decay, especially hardshell alternarla rot Melons: squashes

Cantaloupes Pitting, surface decay Sweet potatoes 55 Decay, pitting, internal discoloration Honeydew 45-50 Pitting, surface decay, failure to ripen Tomatoes:

^Lutz, J. M. and R. E. Hardenburg. The commercial storage of fruits, Ripe 45-50 Watersoaking and vegetables, florist, and nursery stocks. AH-66, USDA, 1977. softening, decay ^Often these symptoms are apparent only after removal to warm temperatures, as In marketing. Mature green 55 Poor color when ripe; alternarla rot

150 Table 4

Compatibility tables^

Commodities with special requirements^ Note: Most members of this group not compatible with Group 6a or 6b because ethylene production Avocados by Group 1 can be high, and thus harmful to members of Groups 6a or 6b. Ripening would be rapid at 55° to 65** F (IS** to 18** C); Apples chilling injury may occur below 50** F (10** C). Apricots Berries (except cranberries) Citrus Fruits Cherries Figs (not with apples, danger of odor transfer to Biphenyl, which is used as a fungicide on citrus figs; also see Group 6a) fruits, may impart off odors to other commodities. Grapes (see commodities with special require- ments; also see Group 6a) Lemons—For holding 1 month or less, 32* to 55'' F Peaches (O'* to 13° C) is acceptable; for longer periods, 50° to Pears 55° F (10° to 13° C) is necessary. Persimmons Plums and prunes Limes—Do not hold below 45° F (7° C) longer than Pomegranates about 2 weeks. Quinces

Oranges and Tangerines—Compatibility depends on Group 2 source. Florida-grown or Texas-grown oranges are shipped at 32° to 40° F (0° to 4.5° C), but California- Recommended transit conditions: grown and Arizona-grown ones are shipped at 40° to Temperature: 55** to 65° F (13" to 18" C). 44° F (4.5° to 7° C). Relative humidity: 85 to 95 percent. Ice: Never in contact with commodity. Grapes Avocados (see Commodities with special require- Compatible with other crops only if the grapes are ments) not fumigated with sulfur dioxide (SO2) in vehicle and Bananas if no chemicals that release SO2 are included in Eggplant (also see Group 5) packages. Grapefruit, Arizona and California; Florida before Jan. 1 (see Commodities with Compatibility Groups special requirements—Citrus Fruits) Guava Group 1 Mangos Muskmelons, other than cantaloupes Recommended transit conditions: Casaba Temperature: 32" to 34** F (0*» to 1.5** C). Crenshaw Relative humidity: 90 to 95 percent. Honeydews Atmosphere: Normally used on berries and cherries Persian only—10 to 20 percent COg. Olives, fresh Ice: Never in contact with commodity. Papayas Pineapples (not with avocados, danger of avocados' odor absorption) Tomatoes, green tomatoes, pink (also see Group 4) Watermelons (also see Groups 4 and 5)

"•llpton, W. J. and J. M. Harvey. Compatibility of fruits and vegetables during transport in mixed loads. MRR-1070, USDA, 1977. ^Recommended for 3- to 4-day transit time. Not recommended for long-distance shipping requiring lengthy transit time (more than 4 days).

151 Table 4

Compatibility tables'" 2—Continued

Group 3 Group 5

Reconnnnended transit conditions: Recommended transit conditions: Temperature: 36° to 4r F (2.5** to 5.0° 0). Temperature: 40° to 55° F (4.5° to 13° C); Relative hunnidity: 90 to 95 percent, ginger not below 55° F. cantaloupes about 95 percent. Relative humidity: 85 to 90 percent. Ice: In contact only with cantaloupes. Ice: Never in contact with commodity.

Cantaloupes Cucumbers Cranberries Eggplant (also see Group 2) Lennons (adjust temperature to other commodity: Ginger (not with eggplant, also see Group 7) see Commodities with special requirements) Grapefruit, Florida (after Jan. 1) and Texas Lychees (also see Group 4) Limes (see Commodities with special requirements) Oranges (see Commodities with special require- Potatoes (late crop) ments) Pumpkin and Squashes, winter Tangerines (see Commodities with special require- Watermelon (temperature adjusted for other ments) members of group; also see Groups 2 and 4)

Group 6a Group 4 This group, except for figs, grapes, and mushrooms, is Recommended transit conditions: compatible with Group 6b. Temperature: 40° to 45° F (4.5° to 7.5° C); beans 38° to 42° F (3.5° to 5.5°C). Recommended transit conditions: Relative humidity: About 95 percent. Temperature: 32° to 34° F (0° to 1.5° C). Ice: Never in contact with commodity. Relative humidity: 95 to 100 percent. Ice: Never in contact with asparagus, figs, grapes, Beans, snap and mushrooms. Lychees (also see Group 3) Okra Artichokes Peppers, green (not with beans) Asparagus Peppers, red (if with green peppers, temperature Beets, red adjusted toward top of range) Carrots Squash, summer Endive and escarole Tomatoes, pink (also see Group 2) Figs (also see Group 1) Watermelons (also see groups 2 and 5) Grapes (see Commodities with special require- ments, also see Group 1) Greens Leeks (not with figs or grapes) Lettuce Mushrooms Parsley Parsnips Peas Rhubarb Salsify Spinach Sweet corn Watercress

^Lipton, W. J. and J. M. Harvey. Compatibility of fruits and vegetables during transport in mixed loads. MRR-1070, USDA 1977. ^Recommended for 3-to-4-day transit time. Not recommended for long-distance shipping requiring lengthy transit time.

152 Table 4

Compatibility tables'" ^—Continued

Group 6b Index of Crops This group is compatible with Group 6a, except for figs, Crop Group grapes, and mushrooms. Fruits Recommended transit conditions: Temperature: 32** to 34° F (0° to 1.5° C). Apples 1 Relative humidity: 95 to 100 percent. Apricots 1 Ice: Contact acceptable for all. Avocados 2 Bananas 2 Broccoli Berries 1 Brussels sprouts Cherries 1 Cabbage Cranberries 3 Cauliflower Figs 1,6a Celeriac Grapefruit 2,5 Celery Grapes 1,6a Horseradish Guavas 2 Kohlrabi Lemons 3 Onions, green (not with rhubarb, figs, or grapes; Limes 5 probably not with mushrooms or sweet corn) Lychees 3,4 Radishes Mangos 2 Rutabagas Muskmelons—see vegetables and melons Turnips Nectarines—see peaches Olives, fresh 2 Group 7 Oranges 3 Papayas 2 Recommended transit conditions: Peaches 1 Temperature: 55° to 65° F (13; to 18° C). Pears 1 Relative humidity: 85 to 90 percent. Persimmons 1 Ice: Never in contact with commodity. Pineapples 2 Plums and prunes 1 Ginger (also see Group 5) Pomegranates 1 Potatoes, early crop (temperatures adjusted for Quinces 1 others) Strawberries—see berries Sweet potatoes Tangarines 3

Group 8

Recommended transit conditions: Temperature: 32° to 34° F (0° to 1.5° C). Relative humidity: 65 to 75 percent. Ice: Never in contact with commodity.

Garlic Onions, dry

153 Table 4

Compatibility tables'" ^—Continued

Index of Crops Index of Crops Crop Group Crop Group

Vegetables and melons

Artichokes 6a Okra 4 Asparagus 6a Onions, dry 8 Beans, snap 4 Onions, green 6b Beets, red 6a Parlsey 6a Broccoli 6b Parsnips 6a Brussels sprouts 6b Peas 6a Cabbage 6b Peppers, green 4 Cantaloupes—see muskmelons Peppers, red 4 Carrots 6a Potatoes, early crop 7 Cauliflower 6b Potatoes, late crop 5 Celeriac 6b Pumpkins and squashes, winter 5 Celery 6b Radishes 6b Corn, sweet 6a Rhubarb 6a Cucunnbers 5 Rutabagas 6b Eggplant 2.5 Salsify 6a Endive and escarole 6a Spinach 6a Garlic 8 Squash, summer 4 Ginger 5,7 Squash, winter—see pumpkins and Greens 6a squashes, winter Horseradish 6b Sweet potatoes 7 Kohlrabi 6b Tomatoes, green 2 Leek 6a Tomatoes, pink 2,4 Lettuce 6a Turnips 6b Mushrooms 6a Watercress 6a Muskmelons Watermelons 2,4,5 Cantaloupes 3 Casaba 2 Crenshaw 2 Honeydew 2 Persian 2

154