Contents
1.Foreword by Boris Johnson, Mayor of London 2 2.Why go green? 4 3.Total carbon footprint for London’s theatre industry 5 4.What can we do to reduce the footprint? 6 4.i Practical actions: leadership 7 4.ii Practical actions: heating, cooling and hot water 10 4. iii Practical actions: lighting 14 4.iv Practical actions: in the office, rehearsal space and general work environments 19 4.v Practical actions: production management 21 4.vi Practical actions: set design and construction 26 5. An expensive messy waste 27 6. Travel behaviour 31 6.i Reducing our own travel emissions 31 6.ii Audience travel 32 Appendix 1: Further information 34 A1.i Top ten list of practical actions for theatres 34 Greater London Authority A1.ii Top tips for green procurement 36 September 2008 A1.Iii Sample letter to suppliers 37 A1.Vi Building management systems explained 38 Published by Greater London Authority Appendix 2: Acknowledgements and methodology 45 City Hall A2.i Scope of theatre footprint analysis 46 The Queen’s Walk A2.ii Methodology principles: theatre venues 47 More London A2.iii Methodology principles: audience travel 49 London SE1 2AA A2.iv Methodology principles: pre-production and production activities 50 www.london.gov.uk A2.v Conversion factors used 51 enquiries 020 7983 4100 Appendix 4: Top tips to go greener 53 minicom 020 7983 4458 ISBN 978-1-84781-191-2 Copies of this report are available from www.london.gov.uk Printed on 100% recycled paper.
1 1.Foreword by Boris Johnson, Mayor of London
Theatre is of vital importance to London. Our them on half an hour before the performance, artistic talent and reputation for excellence they could collectively save over £100,000 a ‘...Arts Council England is delighted to be a energy management, to a role of inspiration are well known around the world, but theatre year in energy costs. The changes we make do partner in the Green Theatre Programme for and influence much greater than that due to also makes a significant contribution to the not have to be expensive or difficult to London, recognising the importance of this the industry’s size alone. That this leadership economy, and last year was no exception - manage in order to have a huge impact on our work in helping theatres to increase the should emerge from London is of great attendances reached 13.6 million, making it purses as well as the planet. I look forward to efficiency of their business processes thereby encouragement to those artists and the most successful year on record. working with you to make London’s theatres reducing the industry’s carbon footprint audiences that are drawn to this world city the greenest in the world. while saving money and continuing to for its ability to innovate...’ As a global city London has the ability to attract artists and audiences. trailblaze new and exciting initiatives, with the Boris Johnson Moira Sinclair, Executive Director London, potential to inspire and influence. London is in Mayor of London A programme such as this demonstrates Arts Council England a very important position, as what we do here that the arts in England can lead will be watched around the world. internationally in responding to the pressures of climate change, moving beyond I am committed to a 60 per cent reduction of a duty of compliance with issues such as London’s greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels by 2025. This plan will help enable all of us to reach that target and avoid some of the potentially disastrous consequences of carrying on ‘business as usual’. It will help theatres to communicate the message about climate change to audiences, without imposing on their artistic integrity or reducing the quality of shows. This plan is a response to the overwhelming concern of the theatre sector to reduce any negative impact on the environment and its production has been aided by some of the most influential players in the cultural world. These span commercial and subsidised theatres and arts organisations, and include The Theatres Trust, National Theatre, Royal Court, Live Nation, Ambassador Theatre Group (ATG), and Arcola Theatre. I leave you with one final thought before you read the rest of this plan: if all central London theatres challenged the age-old practice of keeping stage lights on and only switched
2 3 2.Why go green? 3.Total carbon footprint for London’s theatre industry
Take the lead To enable a reduction in theatre’s carbon productions and theatre environments, Who is this plan for? London’s theatre’s productions and venues emissions, our starting point was to measure without sacrificing artistic quality. are renowned worldwide, and the city is one This plan is for anyone working in where the emissions come from. Identifying If all actions recommended in this plan are of the most important touring locations for London’s theatre industries, from small the main problem areas within the industry taken, London theatres can reduce their CO2 companies globally. London theatres are not independent production companies gave us a picture of where best to focus our emissions by almost 60 per cent from 1990 a large contributor to carbon emissions but and arts venues to large groups of efforts to achieve the most effective results. levels by 2025. their ability to influence is extremely commercial theatres. significant. London theatres can reduce their The total emissions from London London’s theatre industry’s carbon footprint: It aims to guide you through some of own carbon emissions and at the same time theatres (excluding pre-production and 50,000 tonnes a year the most practical and effective ways to have a much wider reach by showing our audience travel) are approximately reduce your energy use and make audiences and other theatre industries what 50,000 tonnes a year1 London theatres greener – while also is possible. saving you money Save money The industry footprint is roughly equivalent to: Recommendations have been grouped Being green saves you money. • ten per cent of London’s total bus emissions into broad areas of responsibility and Many of the ideas in this plan – switching to technology, although you may find it • driving a car 1.5 million times round the M25 greener lighting, reducing energy useful to read all sections to begin with. • the yearly energy consumption of almost consumption, reusing materials – will, in the Further information on the carbon 9,000 homes medium term, save you a considerable footprint calculations is given in the amount of money. With rising electricity, gas • total TV emissions from all homes in appendix, and further information on and oil prices, there is a financial urgency to Westminster the practical recommendations is take action. available at www.london.gov.uk/mayor The figure of 50,000 tonnes does not include It is only a matter of time before legislation or www.theatrestrust.org.uk indirect emissions from audience travel, catches up with green issues. There is estimated at approximately 35,000 tonnes Theatre front of house (daytime and evening, already new legislation concerning lighting of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year. London and light fittings. Industries that get ahead audiences are good at using public incl. auditorium aircon/ cooling) of the game can not only better influence transport. However, around one third still Rehearsal space (heating/ cooling) policy but reduce the pain of hasty travel by car or taxi. Encouraging audiences Theatre offices and back of house compliance later on. to use more sustainable modes of transport daytime/ evening is also key to reducing the theatre industry’s Attract talent Stage electricals (lighting, sound, automation) carbon footprint. The growing momentum to act on climate Overnight theatre (front and back of house) change has come from artists, directors, Without action, emissions and fuel bills are Pre-production management production staff and others within the set to grow, in particular with the trend of Production materials (sets, props) theatre, arts and cultural industries, all eager West End productions using more energy to to make a difference. create ever more visually spectacular shows. Exterior lighting of theatres There are plenty of actions we can take now to increase the energy efficiency of
1 Notes: • To avoid double counting with other areas, indirect emissions from audience travel and embedded carbon in waste are not included in this footprint figure but are addressed later in the document. 4 • Due to the lack of historical data, 2007 has been taken as the base year for the calculations used in this report. 5 • It is assumed that base-line (‘do nothing’ scenario) emissions would grow in line with London’s overall commercial and public sectors. 4.What can we do to reduce the footprint?
At every stage of a show’s production carbon Exciting and making a impact What about listed buildings? But the technology doesn’t exist? emissions savings can be made. This applies Reducing electricity use is likely to have the Although listed buildings can present Some of the greener technologies, such as from the moment any research begins, biggest environmental benefit, whereas extra challenges, there is plenty that can lower emissions stage lighting, are still scripts are printed and sets constructed, waste generation and disposal is possibly be done, and which complies with being developed and tested. By working through to rehearsals, the performance run the most visible and attention-grabbing area regulation, within the fabric of the together and asking our suppliers for and the eventual get-out. London has a for staff and audiences. building. Plus most of the savings green alternatives, simple market forces target to reduce emissions by 60 per cent by In devising a green plan for your theatre, it’s opportunities will come from behavioural will encourage their development. 2025, and within their industry theatres are usually important to balance initiatives that change. English Heritage Projects (www. well placed to achieve this target. What about the cost? are visible but may have lower carbon english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/ We recognise that larger capital Artistic integrity impact (paper cups) with those that may nav.1043) may also be able to provide expenditures may not be feasible and Significant savings can be made by seem rather dull (actions associated with the specific advice for listed buildings. have tried to focus recommendations on management and staff within the theatre air-conditioning) but will ultimately create Venues or production companies? Which low-cost quick wins. Larger projects, as venue, and also by the creative and the savings. are best placed to take charge? identified for heating and cooling, production team, without sacrificing artistic Both! To make a difference, theatres typically pay back in energy savings – integrity. This document seeks to be a and production companies will need to just over a longer period (as indicated). pragmatic and useful guide to those work together and consider each other’s Larger-scale investments can often be opportunities. needs. You’ll find lots of helpful hints in incorporated at the time of a Carbon calculator for productions this plan. refurbishment at little extra cost. Many of the buildings-related suggestions will be most applicable to theatre venues so we have created a ‘carbon calculator’ to help see www.carbontrust.co.uk identify the environmental impact of 4.i Practical actions: leadership or call 0800 085 2005. decisions made in the pre-production stage. Effective leadership from the top is the best Did you know… The estimated cost of You can access the carbon calculator at way to achieve change. These are some of • Write an action plan This should articulate installing low-energy lighting will pay for www.london.gov.uk/mayor the things that boards and chief executive your organisation’s goals and targets, itself in just two and a half years. officers can champion: outline the basic approach and produce Indirect emissions Significant financial and 2CO savings an action plan for achieving those targets. Theatres have told us that there is significant • Work out your carbon footprint can be made by simply replacing For more information, see scope to reduce ‘indirect emissions’ through To reduce your emissions, it’s best to incandescent bulbs with compact www.carbontrust.co.uk/energy/ better disposal and recycling of waste, and start by identifying where to make fluorescent bulbs (CFLs). startsaving/tech_energy_management_ influencing the travel behaviour of our changes to achieve maximum impact. implementation.htm audiences. Audience travel and waste are Further savings will also be achieved in Organisations such as the Carbon Trust discussed later in the document. the need for less air-conditioning, fewer offer free surveys to help you work out • Involve staff Provide training to change lamp replacements and less maintenance. how much carbon and waste your old practices so that lights are switched The examples below illustrate how much organisation is producing and where best off, waste reused and recycled where can be saved by replacing existing to make reductions. They will help you possible, and heating and cooling settings front-of-house fittings with more develop an action plan tailored to your are always correct/switched off when sustainable resources. needs. For more information, spaces are not in use. Training may be
6 7 Success Stories
needed more frequently for front-of-house design. Don’t forget to communicate this At the meeting ABTT announced that its staff than for other staff, reflecting higher approach to staff new edition of the Technical Standards employee turnover. would feature sustainability updates. • Open up your facilities for your partners • Designate ‘environmental champions’ If you are a theatre venue, help your A number of ATG venues have been involved Give ‘green’ responsibilities to specific staff partners (such as production companies) ATG/ABTT Technical Sustainability Forum: in energy saving initiatives with in-house members. Consider branding the training to recycle and manage their waste by A forum to help technicians reduce the teams and ‘Enviro Champions’ progressing programme to raise staff awareness and giving them access (even if this means a carbon footprint of their theatres their own ideas such as low energy and LED enthusiasm. For example, use certificates charge) to the contracts you have set up lighting in common areas of theatres or Ambassador Theatre Group (ATG) and the and badges to recognise trained staff, or with recycling and waste firms. Passive Infra Red Occupancy switches in Association of British Theatre Technicians ask staff what they think should be dressing rooms and toilet areas. ATG hopes • Create financial incentives More accurate (ABTT), working with the Mayor’s Office, changed. Global Action Plan offers short to hold a second forum later this year and meter measurements would enable launched a Technical Sustainability Forum training for environmental champions hopes to introduce more initiatives to bring commercial theatres to charge production for technicians in the theatre sector at New who then disseminate the lessons they the benefits of energy savings to their companies for their specific energy usage. Wimbledon Theatre in May 2008. learn (see www.globalactionplan.org.uk). venues and theatre technicians. Factor energy consumption by equipment Above all, reward success and make it fun! They estimate that theatres can achieve 5 and lighting into the costs allocated or per cent savings in energy simply from • Keep accurate records Knowledge is charged to the production. ‘…It was a valuable opportunity to share increasing staff awareness of environmental power: if you record your energy good practice and to develop awareness • Ensure that capital expenditure management. At the first meeting ABTT, consumption, you can track how you are of the simple actions that technicians incorporates savings from energy Dirty Harry’s, Selecon, Scenery Salvage, the doing against targets and identify peaks can take to reduce the carbon footprint efficiency measures For some heating and Timber Trade Federation and White Light in usage. Where building management of their theatres...’ cooling investments, payback is achieved each gave a talk on ways in which their systems are installed, use these to record in around three years. The Carbon Trust services could help technicians to reduce, Phillip Brown, Group Head of Safety and plant operation. Comparing this to energy can help prepare business cases for these recycle and make better use of renewables. Environmental Services, ATG usage can identify significant savings. kinds of bigger investments and can help For example, high recorded energy usage with identifying potential suppliers. could be caused by heating, cooling and ventilation systems operating continuously • Buy ‘green tariff’ renewable electricity or outside of necessary hours. This will help support the adoption of renewables technologies, but may not in • Write ‘green’ policies into contracts itself lead to a direct reduction of UK This will ensure that your suppliers are carbon emissions. Therefore, sourcing also working with you, and can have a green tariff electricity is not a substitute significant impact through your supply for the other actions suggested in this chain. Sign up to London Remade’s Green document. Procurement Code (see www. greenprocurementcode.co.uk) for help to design a green procurement policy and incorporate green specifications into products or services that you buy or
8 9 4.ii Practical actions: heating, • Set your thermostat for lower The following Initiatives will pay back in • Install insulation on internal appliances, temperatures in workshops and storage energy savings over the medium term, and with external walls, windows and cooling and hot water areas. typically up to three years: roofs. Insulation can be a big opportunity The following are quick wins that could be to reduce energy consumption. Even in • Establish a ‘dead-band’ control between • Check the efficiency of your electrical implemented at relatively low cost: historical and listed buildings, there are heating and cooling so that neither is equipment with a ‘power factor’ survey. often quick and easy changes that will • Check you are not simultaneously heating turned on until temperatures are outside Power factor equipment is finite and give a financial payback in a year or two a room with one appliance while drawing acceptable levels of comfort (typically needs to be reviewed at least every 20 through savings. in air-conditioning with another. For 18-24 degrees Celsius). years or following significant equipment appliances that both heat and cool, make or layout changes. Don’t forget to check • Installing air quality sensors and • Fit an ‘optimiser’ for heating and hot sure that the temperature settings are equipment following any power factor temperature sensors in the auditorium water control systems to adjust for when appropriate. correction. Your utility provider may offer will provide additional control, which will the theatre/work space is open. The a power factor survey free or for a reduced enable the system to run at a reduced rate • Remember to turn down heating settings optimised controller then looks at outside charge. Alternatively, for details of when the auditorium is not fully occupied. in summer. Similarly, reduce temperatures and indoor temperatures and information recommended surveyors, call the for night-time hours (frost protection from preceding days. The controller uses For further technical details, please see the Carbon Trust on 0800 085 2005 or go to mode). this to work out what time systems need section on Arup’s building management www.carbontrust.co.uk to come on. In older systems, an optimiser system guidelines in Appendix 1 of this • Avoid using electric heaters particularly to can be fitted retrospectively and is not an • Check your boiler’s efficiency rating. document. supplement central heating. If the expensive modification in itself. New boilers are over 15 per cent more environment is uncomfortable, first check Adapting theatres to climate change is also efficient. Boilers have an official efficiency the temperature settings and • Service your boiler annually. The typical important. The possibility of installing green rating from A to G, where A is the most thermostatic radiator valves to see if this cost is between £50 and £100 but a roofs and rainwater harvesting systems efficient. For more information about the corrects the problem. If not, it may mean well-serviced boiler can be 20 per cent should be investigated when carrying out a best boiler for you, see Energy Efficient your entire central heating system needs more efficient than a poor one. theatre refurbishment. Boilers and Heat Distribution Systems, checking. • Check regularly for dripping taps and fit choosing the best for your site (Carbon • Regularly check air flows from ventilation washers where needed. Over days and Trust, 2005). systems, as any blockage will cause the weeks, a dripping tap can waste huge • Fit a modern variable speed drive (VSD) system to work harder and waste energy. amounts of water. “The Green Theatre Programme is a fantastic to control the supply fan motors of any Similarly, ensure filters are clean in air step towards a more sustainable future. The • Reduce your immersion thermostat (if you oversized cooling motors and allow for handling units, as dirty filters reduce air theatre sector has responded magnificently have one) to 60 degrees Celsius to make variable levels of air flow to the flow, making fans work hard and to the collective challenge that is climate sure your water is not too hot. In general, auditorium. Fitting VSDs will enable you to increasing energy usage. change – not only by addressing building- don’t reduce the temperature of stored control the speed of the motor so that it related issues, but also by recognising • Check that your thermostat is located hot water below 60 degrees Celsius2, to matches the speed of the equipment it is theatre’s unique ability to communicate away from draughts, direct sunlight, or avoid the risk of legionella. driving. For the Carbon Trust’s guide to complex issues and change behaviour.” any sources of heat (like a fridge, selecting a variable speed drive, please see photocopier, kettle) so as not to measure www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/ Juhi Shareef, Sustainability Consultant for the wrong temperature. publicationdetail.htm?productid=GIL152 the Creative Industries, Arup
2 This refers to water pasteurisation at the immersion heater. Water is likely to have cooled as it travels through building pipes (60 degrees would 10 be quite hot at taps). 11 Success Stories Success Stories
annual conference in 2008 at the Cottesloe These examples from ATG illustrate how Theatre, which looked at how to make incorporating environmental considerations, theatres more environmentally sustainable. and taking a medium-term perspective on CAPEX calculations, can lead to overall The clear message from Conference08: financial savings and a reduced footprint. No action is too small: ‘Building Sustainable Theatres’ was that no Ambassador Theatre Group (ATG): For more information on buildings Building sustainable theatres action is too small to make a difference. Refurbishing theatres operations, please see the Arup guide in The Theatres Trust, the national advisory In future The Theatres Trust will be In the last few years ATG has realised that Appendix 1. public body for theatres, is leading the gathering information on theatres’ energy replacing its ageing boilers, many of which promotion of sustainable theatre buildings. use to inform legislation and provide advice had not been upgraded for more than 15 to theatres introducing climate change years, would achieve huge savings in its Following its organisation of the PLASA07 The Better Buildings Partnership adaptations and implementing Display energy consumption, energy bills, and special interest seminar ‘Theatres act on CO2’, Energy Certificates. Visitwww.theatrestrust. carbon footprint. The Better Buildings Partnership, an The Theatres Trust has been working with org.uk for more information. initiative developed by the London the Mayor’s Office on the Green Theatre The boilers at the Piccadilly and Comedy Climate Change Agency, brings Programme. ‘…Theatres need to go green, from the stage theatres were both replaced with minimal together a number of the largest door to box office, to make sure we’re doing disruption to performances of Guys and Dolls ABTT, ETC, Arup, Carr & Angier, Charcoalblue, commercial and public property owners everything we can to make our work and Boeing Boeing, both showing at the time. Harlequin Floors, Northern Light, Theatre in London under one recognition sustainable and environmentally friendly…’ Projects, Consultants, White Light, Max ATG Group opted to use boilers recommended scheme. They are all working to improve Fordham, the National Theatre and the Alistair McGowan, Actor, impressionist and for their high efficiency, costing up to 25 per the sustainability of London’s existing Southbank Centre all supported The Trust’s WWF Ambassador cent of the theatre’s annual CAPEX budget. building stock and accelerate the
However, ATG calculated that this investment reduction in CO2 emissions from those would pay for itself within five to ten years buildings. The partnership influences and therefore that all its future boiler the market place and delivers solutions Recognising the limited budgets of most replacements should also be highly efficient. enabling sustainable building retrofit in theatre organisations, it may be most London. By doing so, it demonstrates At the same time as upgrading its boilers, ATG feasible to incorporate these kinds of leadership and best practice to the is investing in the air conditioning system at investments into your ongoing wider commercial property market. the Fortune Theatre. The current system, refurbishment cycle. The following case which is over 25 years old and in very poor To find out more about the study from ATG illustrates such an approach. condition due to age and water damage, Better Buildings Partnership, provides a fraction of the fresh air required visit www.lcca.co.uk and runs at less than 68 per cent efficiency. The new system will be 98 per cent efficient (a 30 per cent improvement in performance) and will cut expensive running costs in one stroke.
12 13 Did you know… if all central London theatres switched the rig on at the ‘half- Case study: hour’ call, they could collectively save over £100,0003 a year in energy costs alone The Big Switch-Off
• Front of house “Discharge lighting fixtures from Martin™ 4. iii Practical actions: lighting Switch off discharge lights between Switch to low-energy bulbs in the foyer are built to withstand a reasonable number the end of the reset or rig check and 35 • Check the efficiency of your electrical and backstage lighting. Use motion of mains power on/off cycles with no minutes before the show starts equipment with a ‘power factor’ survey sensors and timer switches to switch off detrimental effect on the fixture, its Your utility provider may offer this free or lights in the theatre office, bar, cloakroom, performance or its lifetime. If light output
for a reduced charge. Alternatively, for corridors, lobby, foyers and toilets when from fixtures is not required for a period of In recent years, stage technology has details of recommended surveyors, call the not in use. (Note: if installing motion one hour or more, it is generally a good idea improved enormously. There is no longer a Carbon Trust on 0800 085 2005 or go to sensors to switch lights off and on, to cut lamp power from the control desk.” need to ‘warm up’ lights to make sure they www.carbontrust.co.uk consider using the same sensors to switch won’t fail during the middle of a show. Discharge Lighting Shutdown Guidelines, off heating and ventilation in some areas). • The Big Switch-Off – switch off the Martin Professional A/S In February 2008, The National Theatre lighting rig when not in use To find out what kind of lighting may be decided to challenge the age-old practice of “All Vari-Lite luminaires utilising arc lamps When not required for actual appropriate for you, go to www.carbontrust. keeping moving stage lights switched on are designed to allow remote lamp dousing performance, switch off discharge lighting co.uk and click on ‘Solutions’ and the ‘Lamp (and shuttered) for hours before without requiring fixture recalibration. This between the end of the reset or rig check selection tool’. performances. greatly reduces the overall power in the late afternoon and at the half-hour Manufacturers that produce power-efficient consumption of the fixture and allows users call (35 minutes before the show starts), Over 12 days and 18 performances of the discharge lighting include: Martin to douse lamps when they are not in use.” and between matinee and evening award-winning production War Horse, the Professional A/S (www.martin.com, Denmark) performances. When first adopting this National Theatre switched off its moving Rich Booth, Vari-Lite Brand Manager and Vari-Lite (www.vari-lite.com, Texas). approach, it may give extra confidence to stage lights at the end of the rig check in late “Currently, moving stage lights, just in have the lighting technicians return to the “…TippingPoint brings together artists and afternoon until 35 minutes before the show central London, use over 1 megawatts of theatre for the half-hour call. scientists to explore the wider cultural began. Every time, the lights came on cleanly energy per hour, generating around 5 per issues around climate change. We look and never failed during a performance. • Exterior lighting and hoardings cent of the carbon emissions in theatre forward to continuing to work with the Switch to low-energy bulbs – swap This makes an estimated annual saving venues. Cutting the power supply for periods Mayor’s Office on the Green Theatre standard tungsten bulbs with low-energy of £1,200, or 30 per cent of typical lighting of inactivity greater than an hour is Programme, as it is providing a series of compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs, or use. Further savings will be achieved in recommended by lighting manufacturers.” critical and invaluable tools to enable the consider retrofitting external lighting reduced air-conditioning requirements, industry to take the practical steps necessary Bryan Raven, White Light schemes with LEDs. Switch off exterior and from extended bulb life due to the to reduce its carbon emissions...” lighting in the daytime when lighting reduction in use. “PixelRange LED luminaries offer both impact isn’t visible. See National Theatre’s Angela McSherry, TippingPoint energy and labour saving benefits – The National Theatre’s technical crew are case study for more information (page 21). including low maintenance, low heat output now so confident of the quality and and low power consumption. Theatres are performance of today’s stage lights that they beginning to embrace this new technology are making the Big Switch-Off standard as the future of lighting.” practice when there is a clear hour between the end of the reset and the re-strike time. Ashley Lewis, PixelRange
3 £100,000 annual savings assumes an electricity cost of 10p per kWh, and an peak consumption figure used by electricity suppliers, as well as deliver the average switch-off of three hours a day. These calculations do not include the savings in themselves. Front-of-house and external lighting are good examples. further savings that will be delivered from the reduced load in air-conditioning Central London estimates are based on the existing lighting technology supplied and reductions in maintenance and lamp replacement. to the West End (as estimated by White Light). The total London figure will be 14 Any actions that reduce energy consumption during peak demand periods are even higher. 15 likely to have disproportionately large financial benefits as they will reduce the Case study: Case study: Replacement of tungsten National Theatre and Philips with LED in front-of-house areas
National Theatre and Philips “Although the total wattage of the outside National Theatres Arcola Theatre The National Theatre is working with Royal lighting may be much lower than the In spring 2008, National Theatres replaced In 2008, Arcola Theatre installed a low- Philips Electronics to replace its lighting in a performance rig, the impact is surprisingly existing tungsten lights in the foyer of the energy LED lighting system in the café-bar five-year partnership package. high because of the length of time it is on. Oliver Theatre with LED lights. area. Because of the opportunities to showcase the technology, the lights were Phase 1 is ongoing and involves renewal of The costs to install LED lighting are A total of 120 units, used on average ten hours supplied free of charge, as part of an external lighting, reducing energy approximately half that of discharge lights. a day, were replaced. This cut energy use by 88 ongoing sponsorship relationship, by LED consumption of the previous installation by This iconic example shows that all theatre per cent, taking annual consumption from lighting manufacturer PixelRange. an estimated 50 per cent. bill board lighting could be LED. Although 25.5 to 3 MWH and achieving almost 10
the payback periods can initially look quite tonnes of annual CO2 savings. It is estimated that the new lighting system In Phase 2 the National Theatre is trialling the long, the main saving will come from has reduced energy costs in the bar by 60 replacement of tungsten down lights with It is estimated that annual electricity bills reduced maintenance costs, especially in per cent, saving 4 per cent of the total LED replacements in the Olivier Circle foyer. will fall from over £1,500 to about £185 – an very inaccessible areas that require annual electricity bill and reducing CO2 This is showing an 88 per cent saving in 88 per cent saving. specialist equipment. emissions by 628kg. energy. Following extensive trials the National has changed the light source and control gear In the absence of a capital expenditure There is an additional benefit to the lighting in the ETC Source 4 Profiles (spots on wall programme to support a change-over to systems in that it has great flexibility in light bars) throughout the foyers with Philips 70 LED fittings, there are still many actions levels and colour, and is perfect for daytime watt Master CDM-T Elite technology. By theatres can take to reduce their external operation as well as for café-bar performances. changing the light source, the theatre will electricity consumption. Theatres can save A series of educational LED workshops are save 90,000kWh (75 per cent reduction money by replacing any non-performance planned at Arcola Theatre in conjunction compared with the current lighting) and 39 lighting to more energy-efficient sources, with PixelRange (see www.pixelrange.com). tonnes of CO2 per year. There is a range of whether it is CFLs, LED or fluorescent. At the similar improvements using Philips same time, fitting daylight sensors on technology underway across the building. external lighting avoids waste.” Phase 3 will involve replacing the electronic Matthew Griffiths, PLASA SEEFACT sign with a Philips Vidiwall. This will result in a reduction of 55 per cent in electricity consumed, saving 30 tonnes of
CO2 per year. ‘…I think the most important thing is that it has completely turned the tide within the building. It signalled that we were about to make large changes in our lighting and in the way we used energy…’ John Langley, Theatre Manager, National Theatre
16 17 Success Stories
4. Consider the best practices regarding the Paule Constable – Lighting design with 4.iv Practical actions: in the waste from landfill, but has a more length of time the rig is on. Attempt to carbon transparency office, rehearsal space and environmentally friendly manufacturing only power up the rig as and when it is process than virgin paper. One of the UK’s leading lighting designers, necessary. general work environments Paule Constable has worked for “The National Theatre is delighted to be Glyndebourne, The Royal Opera House, 5. In simple unseen areas such as working The Carbon Trust estimates that office supporting the Green Theatre Programme. English National Opera, Welsh National lights for off stage I suggest using low environments can easily save up to 20 per cent There’s so much that can be done to make Opera, Theatre de Complicite, the Royal Court energy units as much as possible. of their annual energy bills through simple ourselves more energy-efficient – whether and the National Theatre. She is currently 6. I discuss with my production electrician efficiencies. The biggest areas of energy saving it’s attention-grabbing initiatives, or the working on Ivanov for the Donmar and how accepted practices might change to are likely to be heating, lighting, air- incremental DIY stuff that delivers the extra Oliver! for Cameron Mackintosh. cut down on wastage. Can we use the conditioning and office equipment: percentage points. The National Theatre is on a track to take 20 per cent of its historic As someone who tries to be as French equivalent to PVC tape – rubber • Switch all lights to low-energy bulbs. electricity consumption. There’s no need to environmentally aware as possible - cycling, straps made of old bike tyres? Velcro straps Remember to switch off when space switch the lights off – it’s about being composting, co-operative food shopping and to attach cables to bars? Cable trays? What is unoccupied. smarter and getting everyone involved.” commuting on public transport - Paule is is possible? • Set photocopiers to energy saving mode. equally passionate about trying to make her 7. Try to pre-plan so deliveries can be made Nick Starr, Executive Director, National Theatre working life more environmentally once a day. • Switch off all equipment at the end of responsible, despite being a self-confessed the day, such as computers, monitors, ‘tungsten queen’. She’s starting to look at how 8. Use cycle couriers and encourage lighting printers and photocopiers. This will save she can feed her concerns into decision departments to think about how they energy and reduce the heat in offices, making processes, operational policy, and into travel to work. thereby cutting the need for fans or choices about using more energy efficient 9. Introduce more sustainable office air-conditioning. lighting and staging. She is leading the way practices. • Practise general good buildings for a new generation of lighting designers. management, for example turn off 10. And finally, encourage the management Paule’s top tips to provide good quality mains drinking building lights when not in use, don’t run
air-conditioning with windows open, and 1. Every light in the rig needs a clear use and water on tap. ensure windows and buildings are purpose. I try not to create options and adequately insulated. (See the ‘Practical light the piece to avoid unnecessary ‘…I think that we need to be more carbon actions: heating, cooling and hot water’ equipment. transparent in the way we design and light section in this document.) 2. When deciding on equipment I consider theatre productions. With lighting you’re • Sign up to the green procurement code what energy a luminaire uses and if the telling people about time and place, and at www.greenprocurementcode.co.uk. brightness is needed. trying to find the right emotional This can have a significant impact, through temperature. I want to be able to do this and 3. Does that unit have to be tungsten? I your supply chain, on the use of resources at the same time be clear about how I’m consider whether I can achieve the same and materials, with little cost to you. having less impact on the environment…’ effect with a lower powered yet bright • Use recycled materials, especially 100 per discharge unit. Paule Constable cent recycled paper, which not only diverts
18 19 Further information Did you know….Lighting an office 4.v Practical actions: • Use 100 per cent recycled paper • See www.carbontrust.com for general overnight wastes enough energy to heat production management wherever possible environmental advice, information on water for 1,000 cups of tea. Recycled paper can be used not just for carbon mapping and suggestions for • Use the Production Carbon Calculator tool back-office and cast materials but also in Switching off non-essential equipment in office environments, including (www.london.gov.uk/mayor) to programmes, posters and tickets. an office overnight saves enough energy straightforward action plans. understand your production footprint to run a small car for 100 miles. • Plan as much as possible to save on travel This tool helps to identify the source of your • The Energy Saving Trust (see www. A London-wide switch to double-sided carbon emissions, so you can work out • Try to find rehearsal spaces near to your energysavingtrust.org.uk) is another printing could save 17.5 billion sheets of which are the biggest areas and where you production stage, to avoid extra travel. excellent source of advice. Although A4 paper every year, enough paper to might want to focus. Work with the relevant primarily with a domestic focus, advice is • Decide whether courier services are wrap around the earth four times. production areas (as identified in the rest of easily applied to the work environment. necessary, and make decisions in plenty this plan) to take action. Also be aware of of time to find alternatives. • The London Development Agency’s (LDA) Source: Carbon Trust, Brother UK the implications of decisions made during Envirowise (see www.envirowise.gov.uk) production planning. (Read below for more • Use pushbike couriers rather than offers free, independent and confidential detail about this.) motorcycle couriers whenever possible. advice and support, and links to numerous • Factor equipment energy costs into your • Reduce the volume of equipment taken sources of further information. If you are production budget on tours by using local facilities (such as not sure what help you need, are just Encourage actors and directors to choose lighting rigs) and trusted partners as starting out or would like to simply low-energy options where possible. For much as possible. discuss your options, the Envirowise example, the National Theatre restricts Advice Line (0800 585794) can point you • Choose well-managed (insulated, for the use of the turn stage for its £10 series, in the right direction. example) rehearsal spaces as a way of making those productions Ask third parties to supply their carbon • London Remade Solutions (see www. more sustainable and financially viable. footprint (perhaps through the Carbon londonremade.com/greening-the-office) • Reuse materials wherever possible, or Trust), to encourage environmentally can help businesses to reduce the waste implement recycling schemes friendly behaviour. they produce, reuse office items and start For example, review how you deal with up or improve office recycling. • Source timber from certified sustainably sets and props, batteries, costumes and so managed forests on. (See the section ‘An expensive messy waste’ in this document.) • Greenpeace has created a ‘good wood’ guide to help with timber buying (see • Reduce paper in script production www.greenpeace.org.uk/media/reports/ Print both sides of paper, print on A5, only good-wood-guide). The Carbon Trust reprint those pages with text changes and website provides further information on reduce the size of show programmes. Use environmental purchasing (see www. electronic mailings and digital marketing carbontrust.co.uk). such as blue tooth communications. Think twice before printing and consider carefully how many copies you really need.
20 21 Carbon calculator for production planning
The majority of the carbon footprint relating areas. This is intended to highlight which to a specific production is determined during areas in a given production are the biggest the pre-production stage – through creators of carbon emissions. Many of the numerous decisions made in lighting, specific actions that can reduce this staging, set design and so on. footprint are those detailed throughout this document. To help you understand the environmental implications of these decisions, we have The carbon calculator is available for developed a carbon calculator to estimate a download at www.london.gov.uk/mayor footprint from each of the main production and www.theatrestrust.org.uk
Sample input page
Production
What is the estimated show running time? hours
What are the total number of showings of no the production? Approximately what is the total number of stage no lights to be used? Approximately what is the total number of spot lights to no be used? How many hours before the show begins will the stage hours lights be switched on? How many hours will the stage lights stay on after the hours show has finished? Approximately what is the electrical demand of sound kWh equipment that will be used? How many hours before the show begins will the sound hours equipment be switched on? How many hours will the sound equipment stay on after hours the show has finished? What is the size of the auditorium? m2
22 23 The Living Unknown Soldier at Arcola Theatre, driving the ‘eco-cultural frontier’ through partnership
Arcola Theatre: A five-year programme to ‘…The environmental impact of all theatre Making an impact This July, Arcola delivered low-energy reduce carbon emissions productions can be reduced without artistic All partners involved in the production and lighting and hydrogen fuel cell power for the compromise through careful choices and staging of The Living Unknown Soldier helped renowned Latitude Festival, providing London’s Arcola Theatre, one of the creativity. I urge all directors to demand not to make an impact in the following ways. lighting for the entire theatre arena using a UK’s leading independent venues, aims more light and bigger set budgets but the mixture of LED and low-power tungsten to become the world’s first carbon • Water and energy consumption was right light and the right set…’ technologies. This cut power consumption neutral theatre. reduced, in particular by using energy by 70 per cent. Mehmet Ergen, Artistic Director saving products. This included reducing Arcola has already installed a hydrogen fuel unnecessary wattage of stage lights and Arcola Energy is operating a blog for theatre cell to power café/bar lighting and selected ‘…Small but significant changes in using energy saving lights throughout the practitioners to share experience and ideas: main house shows. The fuel cell operates operations can deliver immediate CO2 and theatre (including stages). see www.arcolaenergy.com/contribute almost silently, producing nothing but financial benefits. Such actions are critical to electricity and clean water. The 5kW fuel cell motivating and demonstrating that more • The use of materials was reduced wherever system takes pride of place in the foyer of the radical sustainability visions can be realised possible. For example, by reducing the ‘Working in a sustainable way proved to be theatre and provides a spur for discussion – theatre has a crucial role in acting fast to amount of white space, pages were saved far more practical than expected. Some costs about the benefits and challenges of this show that change is possible and positive…’ in the unstapled programme. were higher but were offset by others – groundbreaking technology. second-hand costumes, for instance, helped Dr Ben Todd, Executive Director • Adopting a policy of ‘zero waste to landfill’ pay for ’green‘ paint.’ Arcola also installed a low energy LED resulted in more recycling, composting lighting system in the café/bar area supplied and reuse. Lilli Geissendorfer, Strawberry Vale by PixelRange. Productions • Material was sustainably sourced, from It is estimated that the new lighting system the pulp in programmes to the wood ‘I did this for artistic reasons rather than has reduced energy costs in the bar by 60 used in sets. social ones. By ‘going green’, we opened up a per cent and motivates lighting designers to plethora of possibilities. I learnt that • A hydrogen fuel cell was used to generate reduce main house lighting energy sustainability in theatre does not need to be on-site electricity to power the show’s consumption by 60 per cent. a hindrance.’ lighting. This may signal the approach of a new technology in which hydrogen Sebastian Armesto, Director becomes a viable energy storage solution. Moreover, the capacity of the fuel cell was used to set a cap for the total wattage available to the creative team.
24 25 5. An expensive messy waste
4.vi Practical actions: set Simply wrap the brush or roller snugly Reuse of materials saves embedded carbon, • Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment design and construction in a plastic bag, squeeze out air pockets that is to say carbon that would have (WEEE) and store away from light. The paint otherwise been released to the atmosphere Since July 2007, under the WEEE directive • Use insulated spaces won’t dry because air can’t get to it. but is instead contained for the long term (for all businesses need to dispose of Ensure that the buildings in which sets are Simply unwrap the brush or roller the example in wood and plastics). The embedded equipment in a sustainable way (see manufactured are adequately insulated, next day and continue the job. (This carbon in sets, props and costumes can www.london-recycling.co.uk/reporting/ just as for any other workspace. works for water and oil-based paints typically represent between five and ten per weee.php). When you buy electronic and stains. It does not work for cent of the total production footprint. equipment, ensure your supplier specifies • Encourage suppliers varnishes or lacquers.) Turpentine, in the contract how these items will be Incorporate the use of environmentally Due to the restricted storage facilities of many mixed with a couple of drops of disposed of at the end of their life cycle. friendly behaviour by suppliers and theatre venues, environmental management washing-up liquid, is an partners into contracts, and wherever of physical waste can be particularly • Sets and timber environmentally friendly solvent that is possible create financial incentives. problematic. Some of the main areas are listed Use a waste removal service with a large excellent for cleaning brushes used for Write ‘green’ policies into contracts. below, with suggested actions for how to element of recycling and reuse. Scenery oil-based paints. This will ensure that your suppliers are manage them. Salvage (www.scenerysalvage.com) working with you, and can have a large • Buy environmentally friendly materials provide services tailored for the theatre • Batteries impact through your supply chain. Source timber from sustainable forests. industry (see the case study below). Any It is estimated that between 500,000 and Sign up to London Remade’s Green Look for Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Junk (www.anyjunk.co.uk) is very active in 600,000 batteries are consumed by Procurement Code at www. certification, which is recognised by many London and commits to reuse and recycle London’s theatres. Ensure all batteries are greenprocurementcode.co.uk. See also environment organisations as the best as much waste as possible. recycled rather than put in the bin, which ‘Top tips for green procurement’ in standard for sustainable forestry. The would otherwise release toxic materials. • Cups Appendix 1 of this document. scheme links the finished timber product The Mayor’s Office and WRAP (Waste & Switch to reusable heavy duty-plastic cups to an independently certified forest via • Be careful with paint Resources Action Programme) are to avoid single-use disposables. Recycle timber mills and merchants who are also • Toxins released from VOCs (volatile sponsoring a collection scheme. For more waste produced in bars and restaurants certified. FSC timber is not universally organic compounds) in paint release details, see ‘Battery recycling scheme’ in (include recycle bins in restaurants and available but the number of suppliers is low-level toxic emissions. Due to Appendix 1 of this document. kitchens where there’s space). Avoid using growing. For more information about the increased awareness and market bottled water as much as possible, and offer scheme and where to find products, go to • Light bulbs and lamps demand, most paint manufacturers free tap water front of house. Consider www.fsc-uk.org or call 01686 413916. Ask your lighting supplier to collect dead now produce at least one non-VOC installing a water cooler back stage. Green bulbs and lamps. Most should offer this variety of paint. Look for VOC content on Care H2O (www.greencareh2o.com) service. labels, usually listed in grams per litre, supplies mains-fed water units that could ranging from 5 to 200. replace bottled water. • Buy the right amount of paint for the • Unused leaflets and programmes job to avoid waste. Ensure these are collected and recycled. • Paint brushes and rollers used for an ongoing project can be saved overnight, or even up to a week, without cleaning.
26 27 Case study: National theatre, Scenery Salvage and prop supermarkets
• Polystyrene and plastics conventional waste removal services. Wasteful water consumption Polystyrene is not generally recyclable and Visit www.scenerysalvage.com for more should therefore be avoided if possible. The National Theatre has shown it is information. Switch to cups made of recyclable possible to achieve water consumption Theatres and production companies can now ‘…The quote [Dirty Harry’s] gave us was, materials, and separate out the savings of roughly 50 per cent by recycle or sell their old scenery and props, believe it or not, cheaper than the current polystyrene ones to ensure these never installing: and reduce their waste management costs price we were paying for waste collection reach landfill. at the same time. • infra-red sensors to detect people and would also include the ability to recycle • Costumes movement, which in turn controls Scenery Salvage, a company used to taking paper, glass, plastic, timber, fluorescent tubes The Freecycle Network urinal flushing in public toilets away scenery in the television and film and batteries. We have now been using Dirty (www.freecycle.org) is a good source of industries, is now offering a similar service Harry’s for over six months and recycled 90 • low-content cisterns during lavatory costumes for productions on a tight for theatre productions. Their first trial with tonnes of glass, 11 tonnes of paper, 3 tonnes refurbishment budget. Costumes can also be collected National Theatres completed successfully in of cardboard and 1.5 tonnes of plastic. After a through organisations such as TRAID • flow restrictors on taps during March 2008. For more information, go to very successful six months there is no (www.traid.org.uk) or donated to charities. refurbishments www.scenerysalvage.com or call 01494 looking back…’ 866110. • aerating taps and showers. David Blyth, Operations On average, 80 per cent of props and 40 per and Building Development Director, ATG. cent of scenery is saleable Within the screens industry Scenery Salvage Reusable props and parts of scenery are have established relationships with studios, catalogued and listed on Scenery Salvage’s whereby their information is passed to website for resale. If not sold within six production companies as part of their months, the props and scenery get broken welcome pack. This ensures even temporary down, the plastics are recycled and the users of facilities can achieve environmentally timber parts chipped. friendly waste management. The equivalent Cost competitive would be theatre venues facilitating direct There is a competitive cost for taking away access to environmental waste services for waste, dependent on the likely sales value of production companies components. Deals can be made with Scenery Salvage that range from flat tonnage rates to simple free removal or a share of the resale price for elements with high resale value. By working with Dirty Harry’s, ATG – which runs 23 venues - was delighted to find it could save money by recycling (paper, glass, plastic, timber, fluorescent tubes and batteries), compared to
28 29 6. Travel behaviour
Battery recycling scheme If you use a lot of batteries (over 50 batteries To avoid double counting with other sectors • Use smarter meeting tools such as tele- per week). WRAP has bought some Tube-10s, of London’s overall footprint, travel has not conferencing, desk top or video- which you can have free of charge. To find been included within the theatre industry’s conferencing to reduce travel The Mayor has joined up with WRAP4 to out more and request your free Tube-10, carbon footprint. However, there are many requirements. A number of commercial launch a battery recycling service for please call Sophie Easteal on 020 7983 4412. opportunities for theatre to reduce its own, Voice over IP (‘VoIP’) network providers London’s theatres, and the partnership as well as its audience’s, significant travel offer these services. (Find these on the has provided funding to support every If you’d like to buy further BattBoxes, please footprint. web or talk to your telecomms provider.) London theatre to get recycling call G&P Batteries on 0121 5683200 or go to http://battbox.co.uk 6.i Reducing our own travel • Reduce supplier frequency and quantity of deliveries and collections through better emissions planning. In particular, try to avoid last- When talking to London’s theatres about minute supplier calls, which will usually developing and implementing carbon • Reduce unnecessary transport by require a dedicated trip. reduction initiatives, many people expressed considering emissions while planning concerned by the number of waste batteries tour routes. Transport Direct (www. • If couriers must be used, consider using they were consuming and throwing away. It transportdirect.com) provides journey cycle couriers where possible; a number of is estimated that over 500,000 batteries are planning and emissions calculations for these operate within London. consumed annually by London theatres. national travel. • Reduce touring volumes by using trusted To make recycling simple, battery collection • Encourage staff, crew and cast to use local partners, for example use local boxes of various sizes are available (smaller public transport wherever possible. lighting rigs where possible. BattBoxes and larger Tube-10s). The joint • Travel in low-emission transport modes Mayor/WRAP recycling service will provide where possible (for example, avoid flying initial facilities to get you going. ‘There are ten million empty seats on our within the UK). Production transfers national road network every day.’ If you don’t use many batteries (less than 50 (particularly between New York and batteries per week). Please call G & P London) and touring represent distinct Source: Good Going Batteries on 0121 5683200 to receive your challenges. As a last resort, offset free BattBox. unavoidable air travel through a recognised DEFRA scheme. For general This will hold about 200 AA batteries. When information on carbon offsetting, go to it’s full, call the same number to request www.defra.gov.uk/environment/ your free collection. climatechange/uk/ carbonoffset/faqs. After this, it’s over to you. A BattBox and htm. Visit London’s website at www. collection from G&P Batteries costs just £25, visitlondon.com/people/ green/ so there’s no easier way to reduce your responsible-tourism gives environmental impact and get recycling. recommendations on responsible tourism, including offsetting partners.
4 Waste & Resources Action Programme 30 31 6.ii Audience travel Here are some suggestions for encouraging The catchment area for UK audiences audience use of public transport: spreads across the Southeast (and beyond) Audience travel to London theatres • Use space in programmes, on tickets and accounts for about 35,000 tonnes in theatre lobbies to communicate a
of CO2 a year – larger than theatre public transport message to audiences. Percentage venue emissions of households • Provide greater visibility and links to attending Transport for London’s (TfL’s) journey London Venues planner (http://journeyplanner.tfl.gov.uk) The total footprint of all London theatre on the theatre’s and the production’s audience-related travel is approximately website.
35,000 tonnes of CO2 a year. This reflects the • Work with TfL’s Oyster team and Visit fact that not all of audience travel can be London’s Oyster Plus programme to directly attributed to the theatre trip. promote Oyster and offer ‘2 for 1’ deals. London audiences are pretty good at using For more information, email public transport. However, almost one third [email protected] still travel by car or taxi. If all audiences travelling to London theatres by car and half travelling by taxi switched to
public transport (bus, tube or rail), CO2 Percentage of London theatre audience emissions from audience travel would travel emissions by travel mode reduce by approximately 14 per cent. Base = Foot 0% all London stages Bycycle 0%
LU
Bus
Rail
Car
Taxi
Coach/minibus
Foot
Bicycle
32 33 Appendix 1: Further information A1.i Top ten list of practical actions for theatres
1. Switch off the lighting rig when not in use • furniture, carpets and so on if waste is 7. Talk to your energy adviser to correct the options by publicising on tickets, (see ‘The Big Switch-Off’ case study). created, for example after a refit. power factor of the electricity used in the programmes, websites and so on. • When not required for performance, building. This can be a very quick and • Suppliers: through better planning, 5. Implement an energy management and switch off discharge lighting between the inexpensive way to make energy and minimise supplier frequency and the staff training programme, and take sensible end of the late afternoon reset/rig check financial savings. number of deliveries and collections to the actions to reduce energy wastage. and the half-hour call (35 minutes before • A power factor survey is required to theatre by vehicles. • Compile a formal energy management the show starts), and between matinee identify these savings. policy (including targets and policies). 10. Look to the medium term. The following and evening performances. • Power factor equipment is finite and • Allocate clear energy management measures will all give a financial pay-back • When first adopting this approach, it may needs to be reviewed at least every 20 responsibilities, and establish an energy in savings from reduced energy give extra confidence to have the lighting years or following significant equipment management team with regular reviews consumption. However, they are typically technicians return to the theatre for the or layout changes. and action planning. larger or more mid-term in nature half-hour call. • Don’t forget to check electrical equipment • Staff training can include: turning off compared to the ‘quick wins’ identified in following any power factor corrections. 2. Reduce energy consumption in exterior lights, reporting waste, correct heating previous points. lighting and hoardings. and cooling settings, and setting timers 8. Work with suppliers and partners. • Build energy efficiency into the lifetime • Switch to low-energy bulbs. Replace on all electric systems. • Provide recycling and energy management cost of new equipment purchases. standard tungsten bulbs with CFLs, or • Establish accurate records of energy facilities for production companies and • Ensure capital expenditure considerations consider retrofitting external lighting consumption. others using the venue, and provide this look at least three years ahead to capture schemes with LEDs if refurbishing. • Use recycled content paper, for example information, together with your policies, in financial savings from energy efficiency • Reduce running hours of exterior lighting, for leaflets and programmes. welcome packs. measures. especially during daylight hours when the • Incorporate environmentally friendly • Take simple steps to improve building 6. Look at your heating and cooling practices lighting impact isn’t visible. behaviour by suppliers and partners into efficiency and insulation (on internal and make simple adjustments5. contracts, and wherever possible create appliances and with external walls and 3. Implement standard lighting savings in • Reduce heating settings in the winter and financial incentives. For example, more roofs). Even in historical and listed front of house. raise again in the summer. accurate meter measurements enable buildings, there are often quick and easy • Switch to low-energy bulbs in the foyer • Reduce temperatures for night-time hours commercial theatres to charge production changes that will give a financial pay-back and backstage lighting. (for example, set heating in frost companies for their specific energy usage. in a year or two through energy savings. • Introduce sensors and timings to avoid protection mode). Another example is to specify that • Many venues have boilers dating back unnecessary hours of lighting. • Don’t run cooling and heating at the same production companies must comply with decades. Consider switching to high- time. 4. Reuse materials wherever possible, or the theatre’s recycling and waste efficiency/condenser boilers and convert • Establish ‘dead-band’ controls so that implement recycling schemes for: management practices and policies and oil boilers to gas. neither heating nor cooling are run until • sets and props buy from environmentally friendly sources, • Installing air quality sensors and outside comfortable temperatures • batteries such as timber from sustainable forests temperature sensors in the auditorium (typically 18–24 degrees). • lamps with (FSC) certification. will provide additional control, which will • Install simple controls to avoid over • costumes enable the system to run at a reduced rate ventilation in cooling, and to ensure 9. Minimise travel emissions. • plastic glasses and consumables – when the auditorium is not fully occupied. heating and cooling come on at the right • Personnel: encourage staff, crew and cast introduce recycling for waste produced • Fit a modern variable speed drive (VSD) to times (rather than setting manually). to use public transport. from bars and restaurants within the control the supply fan motors of any • Audiences: promote public transport theatre oversized cooling motors. 5 The age of many of these facilities means this can sometimes be difficult because of slow system ‘reaction time’. In the medium term, this can be 34 addressed in refurbishment programmes. 35 A1.ii Top tips for green procurement A1.Iii Sample letter to suppliers
Green procurement needn‘t be complex. Use are available from the sustainable product Dear Valued Supplier, this action plan to implement green directory on the Green Procurement Code purchasing in your workplace through a website (www.greenprocurementcode.co.uk) simple step-by-step process. • Incorporate green procurement criteria • Question the need for the purchase in the into all key contracts, starting with those In response to current environmental concerns and the need to conserve valuable natural first place. Can existing products or that are high spend, have a high resources,
36 37 A1.Vi Building management systems explained
What is a building management system? detected by a BMS but also the room’s When BMS doesn’t work: taking an axe to A building management system (BMS) is a: heating and lighting can be controlled by the the system? building manager from a computer in A well-known historic theatre has ‘high technology system installed in another location. experienced problems with their BMS. As an buildings that controls and monitors the independent controls specialist, Arup6 is in building’s mechanical and electrical It is important that the technology provided the process of advising them on possible equipment such as air handling and cooling should be appropriate to the scale and solutions. plant systems, lighting, power systems, fire requirements of the building; too many systems, and security systems.’ systems can become overcomplicated. “for the last eight years our inability to maintain temperatures and constant fault- A BMS consists of software and hardware, Why use a BMS? chasing have meant I’ve often wanted to and can be ‘integrated’ or ‘stand alone’. A A BMS can be used to: take an axe to the system and return to the BMS can be used to control the systems in • monitor, target and reduce energy, and golden days of manually opening and one building, or multiple buildings. make it easier to do so closing valves.” An integrated system is one that allows • reduce energy bills A spokesperson for the theatre, 2008 several buildings systems (such as heating, lighting) to communicate with each other, • reduce carbon emissions The below table lists the problems centralising data from all systems into one encountered, along with the causes and • demonstrate environmental leadership common platform. A newly installed stand- Arup’s suggestions. and continuous improvement over time alone system should be capable of integration at a later stage and should be • improve access to information (such as capable of communication via an IT network. data collection, logs, reports and BMS concerns, problems experienced Suggested solutions, causes Such a system is cost effective to install and dashboards), which can help in will offer the flexibility for full integration communication (when reporting to Lack of adequate or competent support Call an independent controls specialist, and connection between business and investors, the Arts Council, the general from controls maintenance companies: namely a specialist company that does not building services at a later date. public and so on) inexperienced tampering with control work with specific vendors. Costs may panels and contradictory information being include a site visit. Impacts need to be measured if they are to • improve maintenance (with system a regular occurrence be managed logging, reporting and performance Note: an online search for the answers to The key to successful energy management monitoring) common queries may reveal some useful of any building, whether to satisfy ‘comfort information, but such websites are usually • reduce dependence on energy suppliers conditions’ for rehearsals or to save energy, is not independent. and allow procurement of ‘best of breed’ the availability of data in a single format Bad advice on supervising software or As above. energy products that can be analysed to identify problems (or operator interface energy usage). This enables the building or • improve continuity of service/business facilities manager to take the correct action (monitoring/alarms). to resolve those issues. For example, if a rehearsal room is kept heated and lit all day despite being empty, this can not only be
6 Declaration of interest: Arup designs BMS systems, writing specifications for contractors, providing a list of preferred suppliers and contractors 38 and ensuring that the work is carried out to the specifications defined. 39 BMS concerns, problems experienced Suggested solutions, causes BMS concerns, problems experienced Suggested solutions, causes
Easily corruptible software Software should be password protected to Valve actuators not responding to room The software should be correctly set to avoid potential for corruption. Software can ‘setpoint’ changes configure the sensor to the control valve. be corrupted if incorrectly installed. Contact The control valve should undergo ‘point to continued a control specialist. point’ testing to ensure that the devices in the field and control panel tie up. Failing temperature sensors that go Temperature system should have an ‘out of Also, check that the control loop software undetected limit’ alarm. A correctly set system sets that looks at room temperature and parameters beyond which alarms will Also: Alarms positions the valve accordingly is both sound. Alarms can take the form of an working and fully commissioned. This is a on-screen notification and a paper printout. common problem. Some systems can also be set to send alarms as emails or text messages. Lack of competent training It is the responsibility of the controls The specifications for a BMS can be set so specialist or contractor to provide the client that, when an alarm goes off, with at least one day of training. (Arup ‘consequential’ alarms are disabled. There is usually recommends four to five days of no point in a fan failure alarm being basic training.) activated if associated alarms, caused by the fan failure, also go off. Training should be appropriate to different levels of interaction with the system. For Priority levels can be set for alarms – most example, a user may only need to view and systems have up to 99 priority settings. interpret graphics (one day) while a Without supervision, a contractor installing programmer would usually require four the system often walks away without days of training plus the basic training setting the priority levels. This can be (therefore a total of eight to ten days). avoided if working with a reputable and independent specialist. Inaccessible controls on many fan coil units Inaccessible controls (placed in Valve actuators not responding to room There could be a number of causes for this. inconvenient positions) are an indication of ‘setpoint’ changes For example, the valves may be responding bad design. For example, if a contractor but the demand signal sent to the boiler puts a control panel above a fixed ceiling, it may not be working. is impossible to reach it.
40 41 BMS concerns, problems experienced Suggested solutions, causes BMS concerns, problems experienced Suggested solutions, causes
Inaccessible controls on many fan coil units The problem should be identified well in Energy consumption of all associated It is easy to make savings in this area. As a advance. In new and refurbished buildings, air-conditioning plant is a real worry, with minimum, a theatre should give its continued a coordinated installation drawing, with maintenance companies failing to contractors and suppliers a copy of its agreement from both the client/architect comprehend sustainability imperatives sustainability policy. British Standard 8901 and the installer should prevent control Also: Sustainability policy gives guidance on writing sustainability panels and so on from being located policies and implementing a sustainability inappropriately. continued management system for venues. Contractors are under the control of the It is vital that someone with experience theatre management and should be given (the consultant, architect or client) ensures appropriate guidance. that all equipment is conveniently located. Many mechanical engineers share the same There is often a lack of coordination No clear published strategy A strategy can refer to specific software in (negative) views about BMS. It’s apparent between mechanical and controls the controller; the system programmer that there are extremely few companies contracts, but unfortunately the only goal should print out a strategy diagram for where there’s joined-up thinking between for some contractors is to get in, get out future use. the mechanical (designing) aspect, and get paid. It is the role of experts in this A strategy can also describe correct installation and the controls engineers field, such as independent controls operation, and is a key document for (programming) specialists, to provide advice and make sure efficient operation of a BMS. This should be the job is done correctly. This is money well requested as part of the specification spent at initial stages, to avoid a process and maintenance manual. reoccurrence of the problem.
Energy consumption of all associated HVAC systems such as air-conditioning A statement from the theatre regarding When choosing a contractor, their air-conditioning plant is a real worry, with plant can be hugely energy intensive if not their BMS issues: experience and reputation are key indicators of quality. Look for reputable maintenance companies failing to located and operated efficiently. Apart from “We are addressing some of the above contractors with a breadth of experience in comprehend sustainability imperatives sustainability impacts (greater carbon issues and the installation of new the performing arts. It is suggested that emissions contributing to climate change), supervisor software on our system may Also: Sustainability policy theatres share information about good and a poorly installed or operated air- allay some of my cynicism.” conditioning system has implications for poor suppliers. It is important that fuel efficiency and corresponding fuel bills. Also: Contractors suppliers receive feedback from theatres and are allowed to respond.
42 43
Appendix 2: Acknowledgements and methodology
A final note on BMS However, Arup also offers services in The following individuals and organisations Royal Court The above list of concerns spells out a poorly sustainability (including carbon and have supported the writing of this SOLT procured and commissioned system. They are ecological footprinting), energy document. We would like to thank them for not alone in this experience! Correct management (including BMS, Energy their participation and contributions. The Theatres Trust specification, handover (training) and Performance Certificates and renewable AEAT Tipping Point witnessing/acceptance by reputable energy), acoustics, lighting design, theatre contractors or consultants enables consulting, transport (including green travel Alistair McGowan, WWF Ambassador TMA problematic situations such as this to be plans and carbon emission modelling), Ambassador Theatre Group White Light avoided and ensures the use of a BMS as a key waste, logistics and sustainable event tool in responding to energy bills and climate management. Arup developed BS 8901, the Association of Lighting Designers WRAP change. British Standard for sustainable event Arcola Theatre Young Vic management, which can be used by venues About Arup and any form of event including theatre Arts Council Sustainable thinking has been integral to productions. design-engineering company Arup since it Arup was founded by Ove Arup 60 years ago. For more information about theatre ATG Arup is better known for city-scale sustainability, email [email protected] or infrastructure projects and designing [email protected]; to contact a BMS BECTU buildings such as theatres. expert, email [email protected] Carbon Trust Central School of Speech & Drama Delfont Macintosh Dewynters Equity ITC Live Nation London Remade National Theatre PixelRange PLASA
PMA Really Useful Group Roundhouse
44 45 A2.i Scope of theatre footprint analysis A2.ii Methodology principles: theatre venues
Pre/Production activities Theatre venues Audience travel to theatres Footprint calculation framework • Split of total venue footprint derived from (Average emissions per seat) x (number of audits, as well as data from White Light on The elements of production primarily This report considers the total London Climate Change Action Plan theatres and seats) x (adjustment for venue average lighting use by type considered in the CO2 footprint are: footprint from theatre venues in (CCAP) treats travel as its own category – type, size, intensity of use) London. This includes: avoid double counting. Excluded • • scripts However, audience travel remains a Data sources • Supply chain • • set production & design • • auditorium sizeable and visible issue, and is • • front-of-house areas • Carbon Trust surveys: National Theatre, • • lighting design addressed in the action points of • Embedded carbon Arcola, ATG Group, Delfont Macintosh • • sound design • • backstage areas, this document. including theatres, Royal Court, Live Nation • Travel offices space. • British Performing Arts Yearbook (2007/8) • • editing (sound, video, • • 52 theatres in central • 13,630,810 attendances in 2007 effects) London amongst central London theatres • SOLT Theatre Audience Survey (MORI • • music composition • • about 85 additional • additional 4.5 million (approx.) 2003-4) attendances across greater London • • choreography main theatre venues in greater London theatres • Audiences London Snapshot London II • • rehearsals • 75% of visitors are national, with 70% • • venues range from • • production management. of those based in the South East. straight plays, • Arts Council Economic Impact of UK to operas, to dance, to mixed Theatre (2004) performance space. This study looks at the emissions • DCMS Performing Arts data, SOLT box associated with productions staged office (2007) in London. • Theatres’ own websites Not within the footprint, but addressed in suggested actions. • White Light estimated lighting usage in London theatres Assumptions • Carbon Trust methodology used in footprint audits • Assumes theatre footprint scales with auditorium size, where survey data not available • Where footprints unavailable, adjustments from averages have been made to reflect intensity of venue use (for example, musicals create larger footprint than plays, higher frequency of performances in West End)
46 47 A2.iii Methodology principles: audience travel
London theatres included in venue Footprint calculation framework allocating journeys to theatre-specific footprint calculation (Size of audience) x (audience transport related travel increased the footprint size by mode split) x (average emissions per mode) x +15 per cent (average distance of travel) x (percentage of Excluded audience travelling primarily for theatre) • Adelphi theatre • the Chelsea theatre • National Theatre, • Royal Court theatre • Non-UK travel data • Albany centre and theatre • Colisseum theatre Olivier upstairs Data sources • Aldwych theatre • Comedy theatre Courtyard • New London (New • Royal Opera House • Alexandra palace Theatre, Hoxton End) theatre • ßSadler’s Wells, Lilian • SOLT Theatre Audience Survey (MORI • All saints Art centre • Compass theatre • New Wimbledon Bayliss theatre 2003-4) • Amadeus theatre • Criterion theatre theatre • Sadler’s Wells, Peacock • Almeida Theatre • Dominion theatre • Noel Coward (Albery) theatre • Audiences London Snapshot London II • Apollo Shaftsbury • Donmar Warehouse • Novello • Sadler’s Wells theatre • Apollo Victoria theatre • Drill Hall • Old Red Lion theatre • Savoy theatre • DCMS Performing Arts data, SOLT box • Arcola theatre • Drury Lane (Theatre Royal) club • Shaftsbury theatre office (2007) • Arts Depot • Duchess theatre • Old Vic • Shaw theatre • Arts educational schools • Duke of York’s theatre • Open Air Theatre, • Soho theatre, main • TfL transport mode emissions database London theatre • Erith Playhouse Regents Park stage • The Arts Theatre • Etcetera theatre club • Orange Tree theatre • Soho theatre, studio Assumptions • Ashcroft Theatre (Fairfield • Finborough theatre • Oval House • South London theatre, • Total transport footprint adjusted by Halls) • Fortune theatre • Palace theatre Bell theatre stated purpose of travel (reflecting large • Barbican theatre • Garrick theatre • Pentameters theatre • Southwark Playhouse • Barbican Pit theatre • Gate theatre • Phoenix theatre • St Martin’s theatre overlap between theatre travel and • Barons Court Theatre • Gielgud theatre • Piccadilly theatre • Trafalgar Studios 1, general tourist or work commute (Curtain Up) • Globe theatre • The Place, Robin Whitehall theatre journeys) • Battersea arts centre • Greenwich theatre Howard dance theatre • Trafalgar Studios 2, • Beck theatre, Hayes • Greenwich playhouse • Playhouse theatre Whitehall theatre • Average modal split applied to all travel • Blackheath Halls, Great Hall • Hackney Empire • Pleasance theatre, • Studio theatre distances, due to lack of available cross • Blackheath Halls, Recital • Half Moon young people’s Islington • Tara Arts Room theatre • Polka theatre for • Theatre Royal, tabulated data on distance travelled by • Bloomsbury theatre • Hampstead theatre children Haymarket mode. This is likely to understate • Bob Hope theatre (Eltham • Hen and Chickens Theatre • Prince Edward theatre • Theatre Royal, Stratford emissions from cars, and overstate those Little) • Her majesty’s theatre • Prince of Wales theatre East from taxis and buses • Bonnie Bird theatre (Laban • ICA • Queen’s Theatre • Theatre 503 dance) • Jermyn Street • Queen’s Theatre, • Tricycle theatre • National travel distance capped at 200 • Bonnie Bird theatre studio • Kenneth More theatre Hornchurch • Unicorn theatre (Laban dance) • King’s Head theatre • Questors theatre • Vaudeville theatre miles. It is hoped that future industry • Bridewell theatre • Landor Theatre • Richmond theatre • Victoria Palace survey data will provide greater detail • Broadway theatre, Barking • Little Angel theatre • Riverside Studios, • Waltham Forest theatre • Broadway theatre, • London Coliseum Studio 2 • Warehouse theatre • All audience journey is assumed to involve Catford (main theatre) • London Palladium • Riverside Studios, • Waterman’s return trip • Broadway theatre, Catford • Lyceum Studio 3 • Westminster (studio) • Lyric • Rose Theatre, Kingston Community Theatre Alternative calculations used to verify • Brockley Jack theatre • Lyric Hammersmith • Rosemary branch • White Bear theatre club footprint • Bush theatre • Millfield Theatre theatre • Wyndham’s theatre Financial spend (namely, percentage spend • Cambridge • Morley College, studio theatre • Royal Court Jerwood • Young Vic • Canal Café theatre • National Theatre, Cottesloe theatre downstairs relating to theatre versus other activities in • Charles Cryer studio theatre • National Theatre, Lyttelton trip) used as an alternative proxy for
48 49 A2.iv Methodology principles: pre-production A2.v Conversion factors used and production activities
Footprint calculation framework • Production audit data adjusted to reflect Energy type Factor (kg of CO2 Source Audited production emissions relative to nature and size of shows, and distinctions per kWh gross) their venues emissions, scaled by total between venue-related and pre- Electricity (grid) 0.523 defra.gov.uk conversion factors venues emissions calculation production activities Electricity (combined 0.295 Data sources • Rehearsal space footprint is taken from heat and power) • Model box stage dimensions for all producing theatres and is a mix of in- theatres in database house (auditorium usage) and externally Electricity (on-site 0.000 hired space. Therefore, this represents renewables) • Production audits: Arcola Theatre; emissions associated with all rehearsal National Theatre (three shows); Royal Natural gas 0.185 time in productions Court (three shows)
Alternative calculations used to verify • British Performing Arts Yearbook (2007/8) Transport type Factor (kg of CO2 Source footprint per km) • SOLT Theatre Audience Survey (MORI (Average production footprint) x (number of 2003-4) theatres and stage size) x (adjustment for Car 0.131 TfL Environment Report 2006; ATOC venue type, size, intensity of use) baseline energy statement • DCMS Performing Arts data, SOLT box Bus or coach 0.080 office (2007) Excluded (Note on buses: 103g of CO2 per km is • Travel Rail 0.060 reported in TfL Environment Report • Theatres’ own websites 2006 but is currently being • Laundry Underground 0.055 Assumptions recalculated at 80g per km) • This approach calculates the footprint of • Some elements of production Tram or light rail 0.047 productions staged in London venues, management office emissions may not be Walking or cycling 0.000 rather than the footprint of all London- fully captured from entire supply chain based production companies (irrespective of performance location). It is not known which of the two is larger, but they are likely to be in the same order of magnitude • Carbon Trust methodology used in footprint audits • Assumes production footprint scales with stage size • Adjustments have been made to reflect intensity of venue use (for example, musicals create larger footprint than plays, higher frequency of performances in West End)
50 51 Appendix 3: Footprint reduction calculations Appendix 4: Top tips to go greener
Note: Business as usual scenario assumes Areas for savings Things you can do to reduce emissions Typical % of CO2 By 2005, if all actions are taken, theatres theatre emissions grow in line with London’s payback savings can achieve most of the 60 per cent (theatre commercial and public sector growth. Studies by time Climate Change Action Plan emissions venue) GLA economics suggest the two sectors are savings targets closely tied. Moreover, consumption of energy in Ventilation and air • Reduce temperature for night-time hours (e.g. set heating in frost • Instant 10-12% conditioning/cooling protection mode). West End productions continues to grow. controls • Set your thermostat for lower temperatures in workshops and • Instant storage areas. • Don’t run cooling at the same time as heating. • Instant Total CO2 savings identified to 2025 • Install a ‘deadband control’ between heating and cooling so that • Instant 60,000 neither is turned on until temperatures are outside acceptable +9% levels of comfort (typically 19-24 degrees Celsius). 50,000 • Regularly check airflows from ventilation systems and ensure • Instant Action required at a national and European filters are clean in air handling units. 40,000 level to fill the gap (e.g. changes in grid • Review operational times and parameters for heavy use • <1 year electricity generation) equipment, including chillers (e.g. install automatic controls to 30,000 reduce over-ventilation). • Install air quality sensors and temperature sensors in the • 1-2 years 20,000 auditorium.
Tonnes CO2 per annum • Install insulation on internal appliances and with external walls, • 1-2 years 10,000 windows and roofs. • Fit a modern Variable Speed Drive (VSD) to control the supply fan • 3 years 0 motors of any oversized motors. Gap Lighting External lighting: 2-4% Target to 2025 • Reduce hours of operation (especially during daylight hours). • Instant current footprint considerations Switch to energy-efficient bulbs –swap standard tungsten bulbs (no cost) savingsfactor from correctionpower and staff training savings in materials • savings from heating non stage lighting selection/ disposal and aircon controls savings from internal/ savings from ventilationsavings from insulations with low energy CFL bulbs or replace external lighting with LEDs. • < 2.5 years Do nothing - 2025 scenario savings from stage lighting savings from pre-production savings from external lighting Internal non-stage lighting: (boiler renewal and controls) 9-12% savings from energy programmes (energy efficient bulbs, controls) • Change tungsten lamps used in general lighting applications for • < 2.5 years 5-6% compact fluorescent. • Set timer switches; fit occupancy sensors and lighting control • <1 year
systems to reduce ‘out of performance’ lighting. Stage lighting: • Switch off discharge lighting between the end of the reset/rig • Instant c.2% check late afternoon and the half hour call before the show starts, (no cost) and between matinee and evening performances.
Boiler renewal • Consider switching to high efficiency/condenser boilers and convert • <5 years 8-10% and controls oil boilers to gas. Instant • Reduce your set temperature by 1 degree to save an average of 8 % • on the heating bill. (no cost) Instant • Turn on auditorium heating later in day (closer to performance • time); reduce temperatures for night-time hours (e.g. frost (no cost) protection mode). 1.5 years • Use automated controls (rather than manual); install thermostatic • valves in wet radiators.
52 53 % of CO2 Areas for savings Things you can do to reduce emissions Typical Areas for savings Things you can do to reduce emissions Typical % of CO2 savings payback payback savings (theatre time time (theatre venue) venue)
7 Buildings and electrical • Ensure building insulation is brought up to minimum standards • Dependent 7-9% Pre-production • Considerations at the pre-production stage are likely to be a • Instant c.5% insulation and improve further where practical. on building. considerations pre-requisite for savings indicated elsewhere. • Consider additional insulation to each floor level to minimise the However, • Use the production carbon calculator in this plan to identify the impact of heat gain rising through buildings. many biggest contributors of your footprint, so you can work out where • Check if the outside walls of the buildings can be additionally actions to take action. insulated and install where practical. achieve • Ensure that energy costs are included in the production budget; • Improve insulation of hot water storage (tank and pipe) and electric payback in consider setting an energy cap as a challenge to the creative team. heating cupboards. under 2 years • Ensure all buildings and spaces used (including those for Power factor correction • Correcting the power factor to your building can be a quick way of • 3 years 7-8% rehearsals and for set construction) are well managed/insulated. making energy and financial savings: it is cheap to install and will • Try to reduce travel wherever possible, and reduce volume of have little impact on operations. Check the efficiency of your equipment transported in tours by using local partners wherever electrical equipment with a ‘power factor’ survey which identifies possible. where you can save. • Ensure all materials are sustainably sourced. • Following power factor correction, electrical equipment will need Minimising travel • From staff: find rehearsal spaces near to production stage to avoid • Instant c.10% to be tested and possibly adjusted. Power factor equipment needs emissions extra travel; encourage staff, crew and cast to use public transport; to reviewed at least every twenty years or following significant travel in low emission transport modes where possible (e.g. avoid equipment or layout changes. flying within the UK). Energy management • Compile a formal energy management policy (including specific • <1 year 5-7% • From audiences: enhance visibility of public transport options to programmes and staff targets and policies) and form an energy management committee, audiences by publicising on tickets, programmes, website; work training with regular reviews and action planning. Allocate clear energy with Oyster Plus programme to look at 2 for 1 deals (email management responsibilities. Make this as fun and informative as Transport for London at [email protected]). possible for staff, possibly with small rewards and incentives. • From suppliers: minimise frequency of deliveries to/collections • Staff training can include: turning off lights, materials selection from the theatre through better planning; use cycle couriers; and recycling, correct heating and cooling settings, setting timers reduce touring volumes by using trusted local partners (e.g. use on all electrical systems, showing films like Al Gore’s ‘An local lighting rigs where possible). Inconvenient Truth’ to inspire action. Materials selection and • There are usually a number of alternative materials that could be • Instant Variable. • Collect accurate records of energy consumption (possibly to half disposal/recycling chosen as part of the production process which would lead to an Typically hourly detail); track consumption against weather; identify causes overall carbon reduction e.g. timber from sustainable sources <1% of variance against targets. (Forest Stewardship Council, www.fsc.org). • Build energy efficiency into lifetime cost of new equipment • Reuse materials wherever possible, or implement recycling schemes, purchases. for example for: • Ensure IT equipment is turned off during periods of non office working. • sets and props • Seek efficiencies in catering equipment (e.g. fridges on timers to • batteries (join the Mayor’s battery recycling scheme, details on go on two hours before show); ensure other equipment only page 30) turned on during use. • lightbulbs and lamps • costumes (www.freecycle.org, www.traid.org.uk) • plastic glasses and consumables • furniture and carpets • waste electronic and electrical equipment • unused leaflets and programmes.
7 In some cases this level of saving may not be physically possible due the historical or visual nature of the building. Buildings insulations would 54 generally be undertaken as part of larger refurbishment activity 55 Areas for Things you can do to reduce emissions Typical % of CO2 savings payback savings time (theatre venue)
Working • Provide recycling and energy management facilities for production companies • Instant Variable, with and others using the venue, and provide this information, together with your typically suppliers policies, in welcome packs. around and partners • Incorporate environmental behaviour from suppliers and partners into 20% contracts, and wherever possible create financial incentives. For example, more accurate meter measurements would enable commercial theatres to charge production companies for their specific energy usage. • Specify that production companies comply with the theatre’s recycling and waste management practices and policies.
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