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Strategies for Sustainable Development, Kars, Turkey Province of Municipality Kars of Kars Strategies for Sustainable Development, Kars, Turkey Prepared by: Institute for International Urban Development Cambridge, MA Sponsored by: The Christensen Fund September 2006 Report for The Christensen Fund: Strategies for Sustainable Development in Kars, Turkey Institute for International Urban Development Cambridge, MA - 2 - Report for The Christensen Fund: Strategies for Sustainable Development in Kars, Turkey STUDY TEAM Mona Serageldin, Team Leader Beti Minkin Berhan Ipek Mustafa Gönen Christa Lee-Chuvala Felicity Chan The Institute would like to acknowledge the excellent assistance received from Ceren Özgen of Istanbul Technical University and Ihsan Karayazi of Kars Municipality in the preparation of this report. We also wish to recognize the contribution of Turan Atalay of Kars Municipality and Yusuf Yurdalan and Medet Özeri of Kars Province. This study is sponsored by the Christensen Fund. Institute for International Urban Development Cambridge, MA - 3 - Report for The Christensen Fund: Strategies for Sustainable Development in Kars, Turkey TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF MEETINGS................................................................................................................... 7 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 9 2 THE ROLE OF KARS PROVINCE IN THE EASTERN ANATOLIA REGION ...... 11 2.1 Socio-economic Development.................................................................................... 11 2.1.1 Turkey State Planning Organization’s Socio-economic Development Index ......... 11 2.1.2 Priority Development Regions Program.................................................................. 14 2.2 Major energy and transportation projects affecting the region ............................ 15 2.2.1 The TRACECA Transit Corridors........................................................................... 15 2.2.2 The Baku-Ceyhan-Tiblisi Pipeline .......................................................................... 17 2.3 Preserving biodiversity in the Kars region .............................................................. 19 2.3.1 Irano-Anatolian Biodiversity Hotspot ..................................................................... 20 2.3.2 The World Wildlife Fund’s Global 200................................................................... 20 2.3.3 Ecoregions in Kars Province ................................................................................... 21 2.3.4 Internationally Important Bird Areas in the Kars Region........................................ 22 2.3.5 The Coruh River Hydroelectric Project................................................................... 23 2.4 Regional rural settlement patterns........................................................................... 24 2.4.1 Distribution of Rural Settlements ............................................................................ 24 2.4.2 Water infrastructure in villages in the Kars region.................................................. 26 2.5 Migration .................................................................................................................... 26 2.5.1 Migratory Movements in Eastern Anatolia and the Kars Region............................ 26 2.5.2 Survey on Rural-Urban Linkages ............................................................................ 27 2.5.3 The Emergence of Hometown Associations............................................................ 34 3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF VILLAGES IN KARS PROVINCE.............. 37 3.1 Interviews of village households ............................................................................... 38 3.1.1 Profile of Rural Households .................................................................................... 38 3.1.2 Livelihoods .............................................................................................................. 39 3.1.3 Rural standards of living.......................................................................................... 41 3.1.4 Challenges facing rural households......................................................................... 42 3.1.5 Links between rural and urban economies .............................................................. 43 3.1.6 Case studies: Links between village households and migrants in Kars................... 47 3.2 Villages affected by the BTC Pipeline ...................................................................... 49 3.2.1 BTC’s Sustainable Rural Development Projects implemented in Kars Province by SÜRKAL ................................................................................................................. 49 3.3 Assessing rural development potential..................................................................... 53 3.3.1 Animal Husbandry................................................................................................... 53 3.3.2 Comparative analysis of the experience of three villages: Azat, Borluk and Bulanik..................................................................................................................... 55 3.3.3 Selected villages with high development potential in key areas.............................. 57 3.4 Meetings with women, youth and children in the villages...................................... 63 3.4.1 Pilot session with youth in Akcakale Village .......................................................... 64 3.5 Summary of recommendations for village development ........................................ 65 4 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN KARS MUNICIPALITY............................. 67 4.1 Improving access to donor grants and other funding opportunities ..................... 67 4.2 Development of Urban Agriculture in Kars ............................................................ 68 Institute for International Urban Development Cambridge, MA - 5 - Report for The Christensen Fund: Strategies for Sustainable Development in Kars, Turkey 4.3 Preparation of a Development Plan for the Municipality through a TESEV-led participatory process ................................................................................................. 72 5 TOURISM IN KARS PROVINCE ................................................................................... 75 5.1 Visitors to Kars Province .......................................................................................... 75 5.2 Major eco-tourism potential in Kars........................................................................ 78 5.2.1 The Ministry of Tourism Regional Development Plan ........................................... 79 5.2.2 Tours that offer visits to Northeast Anatolia ........................................................... 79 5.2.3 Major eco-tourism assets in Kars ............................................................................ 80 5.2.4 Potential thematic tourism routes ............................................................................ 83 5.2.5 Summary of recommendations for tourism development........................................ 88 6 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................... 91 7 ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................... 95 Institute for International Urban Development Cambridge, MA - 6 - Report for The Christensen Fund: Strategies for Sustainable Development in Kars, Turkey LIST OF MEETINGS Province ERDEN, Mehmet Ufuk Governor of Kars Province BEKİS, Kenan Province Directorate of Culture and Tourism, Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Central Government YURDALAN, Yusuf Director, Department of Agriculture ÖZERI, Medet Department of Agriculture Municipality ALİBEYOĞLU, Naif Mayor of Kars; President, Turkish Association of Local Authorities ERDEM, Funda Consultant to the Mayor KARAYAZI, İhsan Project Coordinator ATALAY, Turan Directorate of Public Works – Kars Municipality ŞAMİLOĞLU, Nihal Director of Women’s Commission, Kars City Council International Organizations INNES, John Principal Social Sector Specialist, World Bank, Ankara Office ÇAĞLAYAN, Şükran CIP/Social Coordinator, The Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Company (BTC) DENIAU, Laurent Embassy of France, Bilateral Program Coordinator with the Ministry of Agriculture National Organizations KAVALA, Osman Anadolu Kültür PAŞAOĞLU, Serbülent Project Manager, SÜRKAL AYTAR, Volkan TESEV TOKSÖZ, Fikret Director, TESEV ASLAN, Meltem TESEV Local Organizations YAZICI, Sezai Secretary General of Kars City Council SEZER, Erhan Member of Commission of Trans-border Economic and Trade Relations with Caucasian Countries GÜVENSOY, Ali Head of Chamber of Commerce and Industry ZAMAN, Ali Head of Council, Chamber of Commerce and Industry DANYILDIZ, Mustafa Board Member, Chamber of Commerce and Industry KOCABIÇAK, Yasemin Professor of the EU Tourism Training Course, Department of Tourism and Hotel Management, Kafkas University AKAT, Soner Head of the Kars Bee-Breeders Union KIZIR, İsmail Assistant to the Head of the Kars Bee-Breeders Union Institute for International Urban Development Cambridge, MA - 7 - Report for The Christensen Fund: Strategies for Sustainable Development in Kars, Turkey 1 INTRODUCTION This report presents the findings and recommendations of a project undertaken in close collaboration with the Provincial Administration and the Municipality of Kars to
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