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Frick Fine Arts Library FRICK FINE ARTS LIBRARY ART HISTORY: WESTERN EUROPEAN ICONOGRAPHY Library Guide Series, No. 22 "Qui scit ubi scientis sit, ille est proximus habenti." -- Brunetiere* Introductory Information The term iconography, in short, relates to the subject, meaning or symbolism of an artwork. Apart from classifying themes, motifs, attributes, allegories, and symbols, iconography also traces their historical development focusing for example on the perpetuation of certain visual traditions and the resulting standardization of image formulas. Iconography is usually divided into religious and secular themes. This library guide offers the student a starting point in the field of iconography. It should also be noted that since every culture has its own conception of symbolism, an attempt has been made in this library guide to include resources that will assist students with the iconography of Western European artworks. For information on Asian iconography, please see Library Guide No. 1 entitled Art History: Asian Iconography. It will soon be mounted on the ULS Digital Library. For a concise introduction to the definition of iconography, see the following. Grove Dictionary of Art. Available for you to search yourself at any electronic device in ULS libraries. Begin at the ULS home page and click on FIND ARTICLES. Go to the right of the screen and click on “Particular Database” and then click on the first letter of the database title. Choose the title of the database. See the articles entitled “Allegory,” “Iconography and Iconology,” and “Symbol.,” each of which is accompanied by a bibliography of resources. Methodology Gombrich, E. H. Symbolic Images: Studies in the Art of the Renaissance. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. Frick – N6370/G58/1985 Grabar, André. Christian Iconography: A Study of the Origins. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968. Frick - N7832/G66 1 Male, Emile. Religious Art in France, the Late Middle Ages: A Study of Medieval Iconography and Its Sources. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. Frick – N7949/A1M3313/1986 Male, Emile. Religious Art in France, the Thirteenth Century: A Study of Medieval Iconography and Its Sources. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. Frick – N7949/A1/M3513/1984 Male, Emile. Religious Art in France, the Twelfth Century: A Study of the Origins of Medieval Iconography. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. Frick – N6843/M24/1978 Panofsky, Erwin. Studies in Iconology: Humanistic Themes in the Art of the Renaissance. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. Frick – N6370/P19/1972 Panofsky, Erwin. Meaning in the Visual Arts: Papers in and on Art History. Garden City: Doubleday, 1955. Frick – N7435/P19m Wittkower, Rudolf. Allegory and the Migration of Symbols. London: Thames and Hudson, 1977. Frick – N7710/W83 General Resources Materials on this subject may also be located by executing a subject search in Pittcat, the ULS online catalog, using the following Library of Congress subject headings. Allegories Art and Mythology Art Themes Motives Mythology Symbolism Symbolism in Art Cirlot, Juan Eduardo. Dictionary of Symbols. New York: Philosophical Library, 1962. Frick - Reference - N7740/C57 (Hillman has 2nd ed., 1971 - Stacks and ULS Storage - BF/623/S9/C513/1971b Hall, James. Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art. Rev. ed. New York: Harper and Row, 1979. Frick - Reference - N/7560/H17/1979 Hall, James. Illustrated Dictionary of Symbols in Eastern and Western Art. New York: Icon Editions, 1994. Frick – Reference – N7740/H35/1994 Jobes, Gertrude. Dictionary of Mythology, Folklore and Symbols. 2 vols. New York: Scarecrow Press, 1961. Frick - Reference – Iconography - GR35/J62 2 Roberts, Helene E. Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography: Themes Depicted in Works of Art. 2 vols. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Pubs., 1998. Frick - Reference - N7565/E53/1998 Vries, Ad de. Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery. 2nd, rev. ed. London: North-Holland Pub. Co., 1976.. Frick - Reference - BL600/V74/1976 Christian Iconography A Database Index to Christian Art. Available for you to search yourself at any electronic device in ULS libraries. Begin at the ULS home page and click on FIND ARTICLES. Go to the right of the screen and click on “Particular Database” and then click on the first letter of the database title. Choose the title of the database. The Index of Christian Art is the largest archive of information on Early Christian and Medieval iconography in the world. The Index documents images or subjects of Christian art from early apostolic times to 1400 CE with no geographic limitations. 17 different media are represented including manuscripts, metalwork, sculpture, painting, glass, et al. ICA provides more than 150 searchable categories of information, including the usual – artist’s name (if known), title of the work, medium, provenance and extensive bibliographic citations. NOTES: Provides citations and abstracts only about each image or subject. Only a fraction of the printed ICA is available online at the current time. The database began in 1991 and is updated weekly. Because of copyright law, many images are not available for public viewing. The bibliographic information for each subject is, however, invaluable for art and architectural historians. For assistance in using ICA, please consult Library Guide No. 35 entitled Index to Christian Art. It will soon be mounted as a Research Guide on the Art and Architectural History Subject Guide on the ULS Digital Library. Resources Materials on this subject may also be located by executing a subject search in Pittcat, the ULS online catalog, using the following Library of Congress subject headings. Christian Art and Symbolism Jesus Christ Art Apostolos-Cappadona, Diane. Dictionary of Christian Art. New York: Continuum, 1994. Frick – Reference – BV150/A66/1994 3 Cabrol, Fernand. Dictionnaire d’archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie. 15 vols. in 30 parts. Paris: Letouzey et Ane, 1924-1953. Frick - Reference - BR95/C11/1924 A standard dictionary of Christian iconography and liturgy. Catholic Encyclopedia. (1907) Frick - Reading Room - Section 3. Contains very informative articles on the saints; iconography of such religious subjects as the Jesus Christ, the Last Supper, Pentecost; Trinity and other Christian terms. Didron, Adolphe. Christian Iconography: The History of Christian Art in the Middle Ages. 2 vols. New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co., 1965. Frick - Reference - N7830/D55 Vol. 1 - History and symbols of the numbus and God; Vol. 2 - Iconography of the Trinity, angels, et. al. Ferguson, George. Signs and Symbols in Christian Art. New York: Oxford University Press, 1954. Frick - Reference - N7830/F35 Does not provide sources of information; therefore, generally not acceptable as a secondary source in graduate level art history papers. Goldsmith, Elizabeth. Ancient Pagan Symbols. New York: AMS Press, 1973. Hillman Library - BL600/G6/1973 Hardison, O. B. Christian Rite and Christian Drama in the Middle Ages. Frick – BX1970/H264 Discusses the Roman Catholic Mass as sacred drama. Jungmann, Josef A. The Mass of the Roman Rite. 2 vols. Westminster, MD: Christian Classics, 1986, c.1951-1955. Frick - BX2230.2/J7913/1986 Discusses the history of the rite of the Mass of the Roman Catholic Church from the time of the primitive church, thus provides reasons for certain changes that were made in religious architecture and liturgical objects. Kirschbaum, Engelbert, ed. Lexikon der christlichen Ikonographie. 8 vols. Rome: Herder, 1968. Frick - Reference – N7825/67 Another standard dictionary of Christian iconography (vols. 1-4). Vols. 5-8 on the saints. English-German index in volume 4. Klauser, Theodor, ed. Reallexikon fuer Antike und Christentum. 14 vols. Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1950-1978. Frick - Reading Room - N31/R28 Knipping, John B. Iconography of the Counter Reformation in the Netherlands. 2 vols. Nieuwkoop: De Graff, 1974. Frick - Reference - N6934/K71/1974 Kunstle, Karl. Ikonographie der christlichen Kunst. 2 vols. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1926-1928. Frick – Reference – N7830/K96 4 Mann, Horace Kinder. The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages. 18 vols. in 19. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co., 1925-1932. Hillman Library - BX1070/M281 Covers St. Gregory the Great to Benedict XI; includes bibliographical footnotes. Marrow, James H. Passion Iconography in Northern European Art of the Late Middle Ages and Early Renaissance: A Study of the Transformation of Sacred Metaphor into Descriptive Narrative. Kortrijk, Belgium: Van Ghemmert Pub. Co., 1979. Frick – N7942/M37 Réau, Louis. Iconographie de l’art chrétien. 3 vols. in 5. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1955-1959. Frick - Reference - Index Tables More discursive than Kirschbaum; arranged Biblically. Volume 1 includes articles on sources and evolution of Christian iconography; on animal, human, and liturgical symbolism; and iconography of the saints. Volume 2, containing iconography of the Bible, is divided into two parts, one covering the Old Testament; the other, the New Testament. Volume 3, iconography of the saints, consists of 3 books, the last of which has indexes to names of saints in various languages; to patronage of various saints; and to attributes of saints. Entries in volume 3 describe scenes in which saints are depicted in art and contain bibliographical data and extensive lists of works that illustrate the saint or symbol discussed. Roberts, Helene E. Iconographic Index to New Testament Subjects. New York: Garland, 1992+ Frick - Reference - ND1430/R6/1992 Roberts,
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