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Home , Iconography, Patrologia Graeca

FRICK FINE LIBRARY

ART : WESTERN EUROPEAN ICONOGRAPHY

Library Guide Series, No. 22

"Qui scit ubi scientis sit, ille est proximus habenti." -- Brunetiere*

Introductory Information

The term iconography, in short, relates to the subject, meaning or of an artwork. Apart from classifying themes, motifs, attributes, allegories, and symbols, iconography also traces their historical development focusing for example on the perpetuation of certain visual traditions and the resulting standardization of image formulas. Iconography is usually divided into religious and secular themes. This library guide offers the student a starting point in the field of iconography.

It should also be noted that since every culture has its own conception of symbolism, an attempt has been made in this library guide to include resources that will assist students with the iconography of Western European artworks. For information on Asian iconography, please see Library Guide No. 1 entitled History: Asian Iconography. It will soon be mounted on the ULS Digital Library. For a concise introduction to the definition of iconography, see the following.

Grove Dictionary of Art. Available for you to search yourself at any electronic device in ULS libraries. Begin at the ULS home page and click on FIND ARTICLES. Go to the right of the screen and click on “Particular Database” and then click on the first letter of the database title. Choose the title of the database. See the articles entitled “Allegory,” “Iconography and Iconology,” and “Symbol.,” each of which is accompanied by a bibliography of resources.

Methodology

Gombrich, E. H. Symbolic Images: Studies in the Art of the Renaissance. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. Frick – N6370/G58/1985

Grabar, André. Christian Iconography: A Study of the Origins. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968. Frick - N7832/G66

1 Male, Emile. in France, the Late : A Study of Medieval Iconography and Its Sources. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. Frick – N7949/A1M3313/1986

Male, Emile. Religious Art in France, the Thirteenth Century: A Study of Medieval Iconography and Its Sources. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984. Frick – N7949/A1/M3513/1984

Male, Emile. Religious Art in France, the Twelfth Century: A Study of the Origins of Medieval Iconography. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. Frick – N6843/M24/1978

Panofsky, Erwin. Studies in Iconology: Humanistic Themes in the Art of the Renaissance. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. Frick – N6370/P19/1972

Panofsky, Erwin. Meaning in the Visual Arts: Papers in and on . Garden City: Doubleday, 1955. Frick – N7435/P19m

Wittkower, Rudolf. Allegory and the Migration of Symbols. London: Thames and Hudson, 1977. Frick – N7710/W83

General Resources

Materials on this subject may also be located by executing a subject search in Pittcat, the ULS online catalog, using the following Library of Congress subject headings.

Allegories Art and Mythology Art Themes Motives Mythology Symbolism Symbolism in Art

Cirlot, Juan Eduardo. Dictionary of Symbols. New York: Philosophical Library, 1962. Frick - Reference - N7740/C57 (Hillman has 2nd ed., 1971 - Stacks and ULS Storage - BF/623/S9/C513/1971b

Hall, James. Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art. Rev. ed. New York: Harper and Row, 1979. Frick - Reference - N/7560/H17/1979

Hall, James. Illustrated Dictionary of Symbols in Eastern and Western Art. New York: Editions, 1994. Frick – Reference – N7740/H35/1994

Jobes, Gertrude. Dictionary of Mythology, Folklore and Symbols. 2 vols. New York: Scarecrow Press, 1961. Frick - Reference – Iconography - GR35/J62 2

Roberts, Helene E. Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography: Themes Depicted in Works of Art. 2 vols. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Pubs., 1998. Frick - Reference - N7565/E53/1998

Vries, Ad de. Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery. 2nd, rev. ed. London: North-Holland Pub. Co., 1976.. Frick - Reference - BL600/V74/1976

Christian Iconography

A Database

Index to . Available for you to search yourself at any electronic device in ULS libraries. Begin at the ULS home page and click on FIND ARTICLES. Go to the right of the screen and click on “Particular Database” and then click on the first letter of the database title. Choose the title of the database. The Index of Christian Art is the largest archive of information on Early Christian and Medieval iconography in the world. The Index documents images or subjects of Christian art from early apostolic times to 1400 CE with no geographic limitations. 17 different media are represented including manuscripts, metalwork, sculpture, , glass, et al. ICA provides more than 150 searchable categories of information, including the usual – artist’s name (if known), title of the work, medium, provenance and extensive bibliographic citations.

NOTES: Provides citations and abstracts only about each image or subject. Only a fraction of the printed ICA is available online at the current time.

The database began in 1991 and is updated weekly. Because of copyright law, many images are not available for public viewing. The bibliographic information for each subject is, however, invaluable for art and architectural historians. For assistance in using ICA, please consult Library Guide No. 35 entitled Index to Christian Art. It will soon be mounted as a Research Guide on the Art and Architectural History Subject Guide on the ULS Digital Library.

Resources

Materials on this subject may also be located by executing a subject search in Pittcat, the ULS online catalog, using the following Library of Congress subject headings.

Christian Art and Symbolism Christ Art

Apostolos-Cappadona, Diane. Dictionary of Christian Art. New York: Continuum, 1994. Frick – Reference – BV150/A66/1994

3 Cabrol, Fernand. Dictionnaire d’archéologie chrétienne et de liturgie. 15 vols. in 30 parts. Paris: Letouzey et Ane, 1924-1953. Frick - Reference - BR95/C11/1924 A standard dictionary of Christian iconography and liturgy.

Catholic Encyclopedia. (1907) Frick - Reading Room - Section 3. Contains very informative articles on the ; iconography of such religious subjects as the Jesus Christ, the Last Supper, ; and other Christian terms.

Didron, Adolphe. Christian Iconography: The History of Christian Art in the Middle Ages. 2 vols. New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co., 1965. Frick - Reference - N7830/D55 Vol. 1 - History and symbols of the numbus and ; Vol. 2 - Iconography of the Trinity, angels, et. al.

Ferguson, George. Signs and Symbols in Christian Art. New York: Oxford University Press, 1954. Frick - Reference - N7830/F35 Does not provide sources of information; therefore, generally not acceptable as a secondary source in graduate level art history papers.

Goldsmith, Elizabeth. Ancient Pagan Symbols. New York: AMS Press, 1973. Hillman Library - BL600/G6/1973

Hardison, O. B. Christian Rite and Christian Drama in the Middle Ages. Frick – BX1970/H264 Discusses the Roman Catholic Mass as sacred drama.

Jungmann, Josef A. The Mass of the Roman Rite. 2 vols. Westminster, MD: Christian Classics, 1986, c.1951-1955. Frick - BX2230.2/J7913/1986 Discusses the history of the rite of the Mass of the Roman Catholic Church from the time of the primitive church, thus provides reasons for certain changes that were made in religious and liturgical objects.

Kirschbaum, Engelbert, ed. Lexikon der christlichen Ikonographie. 8 vols. Rome: Herder, 1968. Frick - Reference – N7825/67 Another standard dictionary of Christian iconography (vols. 1-4). Vols. 5-8 on the saints. English-German index in volume 4.

Klauser, Theodor, ed. Reallexikon fuer Antike und Christentum. 14 vols. Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1950-1978. Frick - Reading Room - N31/R28

Knipping, John B. Iconography of the Counter Reformation in the Netherlands. 2 vols. Nieuwkoop: De Graff, 1974. Frick - Reference - N6934/K71/1974

Kunstle, Karl. Ikonographie der christlichen Kunst. 2 vols. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1926-1928. Frick – Reference – N7830/K96 4

Mann, Horace Kinder. The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages. 18 vols. in 19. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co., 1925-1932. Hillman Library - BX1070/M281 Covers St. Gregory the Great to Benedict XI; includes bibliographical footnotes.

Marrow, James H. Passion Iconography in Northern European Art of the Late Middle Ages and Early Renaissance: A Study of the Transformation of Sacred Metaphor into Descriptive Narrative. Kortrijk, Belgium: Van Ghemmert Pub. Co., 1979. Frick – N7942/M37

Réau, Louis. Iconographie de l’art chrétien. 3 vols. in 5. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1955-1959. Frick - Reference - Index Tables More discursive than Kirschbaum; arranged Biblically. Volume 1 includes articles on sources and evolution of Christian iconography; on animal, human, and liturgical symbolism; and iconography of the saints. Volume 2, containing iconography of the , is divided into two parts, one covering the ; the other, the New Testament. Volume 3, iconography of the saints, consists of 3 books, the last of which has indexes to names of saints in various languages; to patronage of various saints; and to attributes of saints. Entries in volume 3 describe scenes in which saints are depicted in art and contain bibliographical data and extensive lists of works that illustrate the or symbol discussed.

Roberts, Helene E. Iconographic Index to New Testament Subjects. New York: Garland, 1992+ Frick - Reference - ND1430/R6/1992

Roberts, Helene E. Iconographic Index to Old Testament Subjects. New York: Garland, 1987. Frick – Reference – ND1430/R63/1987

Schiller, Gertrud. Icongraphy of Christian Art. 2 vols. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1971. Frick - Reference – N7830/S33/1971 A well-illustrated dictionary of New Testament iconography. Covers the life of Christ and the Passion. Two other volumes covering the Resurrection and Ascension and the Church are only available in the German language edition and have not been translated. Ikonographie der christlichen Kunst. 5 vols. in 7. Gutersloh: Gutersloher Verlahshaus G. Mohn, 1966-1992. Frick - Reference - Index Tables.

Seibert, Jutta. Lexikon christlicher Kunst: Themen, Gestalten, Symbole. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1980. Frick – Reference – N7825/S44

Speake, Jennifer. The Dent Dictionary of Symbols in Christian Art. London: J. M. Dent, 1994. Frick – Reference – N8010/S64/1994

Weiser, Francis X. Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs; The Year of the Lord in Liturgy and Folklore. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1958. Frick- Reference - BV30/W427 5

Young, Karl. The Drama of the Medieval Church. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1933. Frick - PN1751/Y73 Discusses the history and development of liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church and various ecclesiastical related dramatizations. Source for versions of numerous medieval tropes and liturgical plays.

Hagiography (Works about the Christian Saints)

Materials on this subject may also be located by executing a subject search in Pittcat, the ULS online catalog, using the following Library of Congress subject headings.

Anne Mother of the Virgin Mary Francis of Assisi Saint Mary Blessed Virgin Saint

Bibliotheca Sanctorum. 12 vols. Roma: Istituto Giovanni XXIII nella Pontifica Università lateranese, 1961?- . Frick - Reference - BX/4655.8/B5 Lengthy, scholarly articles on saints.

Bles, Arthur de. How to Distinguish the Saints in Art by their Costumes, Symbols, and Attributes. New York: Art Culture, 1925. Frick - iN8080/B64

Butler, Alban. Lives of the Saints. 4 vols. New York: Kenedy, 1956. Frick – Reference - Iconography - BX4654/B985/1956 A standard, authoritative reference. Arranged by ecclesiastical calendar (or feast day of the saint). Index by saint’s name is in volume 4. Butler’s is the preferred set on the lives of the saints because it provides citations to other publications which earlier artists may have used. Supplemented by: Attwater, Donald. Dictionary of Saints. New York: Kenedy, 1958. Hillman Library - BX4654/B985/A8

Drake. Maurice. Saints and Their . London: T. W. Laurie Ltd., 1916. Frick - Reference – i N8080/D76 Divided into biographical dictionary of saints and dictionary of emblems that lists saints associated with them.

Duchet-Suchaux, Gaston. The Bible and the Saints. New York: Flammarion, 1994. Frick – Reference – BS513.2/D8313/1994

Farmer, . Oxford Dictionary of Saints. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978. Frick - Reference - BX4659/F23

6 Hutchinson Dictionary of Symbols in Art. London: Duncan Baird Publishers, 1995. Frick - Reference - N33/C37/1995

Kaftal, George. The Saints in Italian Art. 4 vols. : Sansoni, 1965-85. Frick - Reference - iND1432/I8k33/1952-1985 Vol. 1 - Tuscan Painting; Vol. 2 - Central and South Italian Schools of Painting; Vol. 3 - North East Italy; Vol. 4 - Northwest Italy.

Kaske, Robert. Medieval Christian Literary Imagery. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988. Hillman - 4th floor - PN671/Z99K37/1988 Concerns the use of patristic writing to clarify metaphors and images in medieval poetry.

Christian Literary Texts

The Ante-Nicene Fathers. Ed. by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson. 10 vols. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1899-1900. Hillman Library - BR60/A627/1899 Volumes 1-8 cover the writings of ecclesiastical authors who wrote prior to 325 A.D. Volume 8 contains some of The Infancy . Volume 9 provides the bibliographical synopsis of volumes 1-8. Volume 10 is a supplement of more recently discovered documents.

Butkovich, Anthony. Revelations; Saint Birgitta of Sweden. Los Angeles: Ecumenical Foundation of America, 1972. Frick – Reference – BX4700/B6/B85 A 14th century Swedish saint who made a pilgrimage to Bethlehem and while contemplating the grotto where Christ was presumed to have been born, had a vision of his birth.

Fathers of the Church. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America, 1947- . Hillman Library. Individual volumes are cataloged separately, see the title index in Pittcat, the ULS online catalog. More than 100 volumes are planned. Includes the works of the four Latin fathers: Augustine, Ambrose, Gregory, and as well as others.

The Holy Bible. Trans from the Latin Vulgate .... Douai ed. Frick - Reference - BS180/B58 (Copy also in Hillman Library - Reference - Ground floor - BS180/1899a)

Interpreter’s Bible. 12 vols. New York: Abington Press, 1952. Frick - Reference - BS491/I61

Jacobus de Voragine. The Golden Legend. Trans. by Granger Ryan. New York: Arno Press, 1969. Frick - Reference - BX4654/J17r Also have Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993. Frick - Reference - BX4654/J334/1993

7 First published in Latin in 1275. the first compilation of the lives of the saints and used as a source by medieval and renaissance artists. Arranged according to the church calendar beginning with Advent.

Meditations on the Life of Christ. Ed. by Isa Ragusa and Rosalie B. Green. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961. Frick - BT300/B69 Once attributed to Pseudo St. Bonaventura, now believed to have been written by a 13th century Franciscan monk living in Italy. Text relates the story of the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ.

New Testament . Ed. by Wilhelm Schneemelcher. Trans. by A. J. B. Higgins. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1963-1966. Frick - Reference - BS2832/S35 Much was based on the Infancy gospels and other apocyrphal books.

Patrologia Graeca Database. Full Text. Available for you to search yourself at any electronic device in ULS libraries. Begin at the ULS home page and click on FIND ARTICLES. Go to the right of the screen and click on “Particular Database” and then click on the first letter of the database title. Choose the title of the database. An electronic version of more than 160 volumes of Greek material (with Latin translations) relevant to the study of the history of the Christian Church from its beginnings through the Council of Florence in 1439. A collection of the writings of church leaders who wrote in Greek, including both the Eastern “Fathers” and those Western Christians who wrote before the Latin takeover of the West in the third century. It includes, for example, the early writings collectively known as the , such as the Epistles of Clement and , the church historian , the controversial theologian , and the Cappadocian Fathers Basil the Great, , and . PG’s coverage extends to 1439, the date of the Council of Florence.

Patrologia Latina Database. Full-Text. Available for you to search yourself at any electronic device in ULS libraries. Begin at the ULS home page and click on FIND ARTICLES. Go to the right of the screen and click on “Particular Database” and then click on the first letter of the database title. Choose the title of the database. A complete electronic verstion of the first edition of Jacques-Paul Migne’s Patrologica Latina (1844-1855 and 1862-1865). covers philosophical and theological writings from Latin up to the year 1216. Contains bibliographic information from works concerning patristic and monastic thought as well as philological and theological learning, humanistic and ecclesiastical thinking.

Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church. 14 vols. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1886-1890. Hillman - BR60/S464/1sr ser./1886

Secular and Classical Iconography

8 Bober, Phyllis P. and Ruth Rubenstein. Renaissance Artists and Antique Sculpture: A Handbook of Sources. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. Frick - Stacks - NB85/B63/1986 Based on the Census of Antique works of Art known to Renaissance Artists. Iconographic arrangement.

Earls, Irene. Baroque Art: A Topical Dictionary. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, Frick – Reference – N6415/B3/E18/1996

Earls, Irene. Renaissance Art: A Topical Dictionary. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987. Frick – N6370/E27/1987

Friedman, John B. Medieval Iconography: A Research Guide. New York: Garland, 1998. Frick - Reference - Z5933/F75/1998

Lancelot: roman en prose du 13 siècle. 9 tomes. Ed. par Alexandre Micha. Geneve: Droz, 1978- . Hillman Library – PQ1489/L2/1978

Lancelot-Grail: The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation. Ed. by Norris J. Lacy. 5 vols. New York: Garland, 1993- . Hillman Library – PQ1489/L2E5/1993

Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC). 10 vols. Zurich: Artemis, 1981. Frick – Reference – N7760/L49/1981

Marle, Raimond van. Iconographie de l’art profane au Moyen-Age et a la Renaissance et la décoration des demeures. 2 vols. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1931-1932. Frick - Reference - iN5940/N34 A discursive survey of secular themes in medieval and renaissance art.

Pigler, Andor. Barockthemen: ein Auswahl von Verzeichnissen zur Ikonographie des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts. 2 vols. 2nd ed. Budapest: Verlag der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1956. Frick - Reference - N6410/P63/1956 Lists treatments of biblical subjects (v. 1) and classical mythology (v. 2) in Baroque painting. Vol. 3 is selective, black-and-white plate vol. Information provided under each theme includes a list of references describing the scene plus a list of artists woh depicted it. Many works are abbreviated; list of abbreviations is provided in the back of each volume.

Preston, Percy. A Dictionary of Pictorial Subjects from Classical Literature: A Guide to Their Identification in Works of Art. New York: Scribner, 1983. Hillman Library – Reference – Ground floor – N7760/P68/1983

9 Roach, William. The Continuations of the Old French Perceval of Chrétien de Troyes. 5 vols. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949 - . Hillman Library – PQ1445/P2R6

Tervarent, Guy de. Attributs et symboles dans l'art profane, 1450-1600: dictionnaire d'un langage perdu. 3 vols. Geneva: Droz, 1958-64. Frick – N7740/T33

The Vulgate Cersion of the Arthurian Romances. Ed. by H. Oskar Sommer. 8 vols. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1908-1916. Hillman Library – PQ1314/A788/1908

*”The person who knows where information is, as good as has it.” – Brunetiere No. 22 – Rev. 8/21/07

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