sign in sign up
<<
Home , Antarctic Treaty System, Concordia Station, Dome C, Gould Bay, Ice Runway, List of ice cores

United States- Joint Inspection Team

U.S.-Russian Report of Inspections under Article VII of the Treaty and Article 14 of the Protocol on Environmental Protection

January 23-28, 2012

United States Department of State

1 2 Table of Contents

Part I – Introduction 4 Part II – General Conclusions 6 Part III – Antarctic Station Inspection Reports 8 () 8 Concordia (/) 15 Mario Zucchelli (Italy) 22 Acronym List 28

Members of the U.S.-Russia Joint Inspection Team at McMurdo Station

3 Ice

––––––– Part I – Introduction –––––– he U.S.-Russia Joint Antarctic Inspection was conducted from January 23 – T28, 2012. This is the first joint inspection conducted by either country and the first Antarctic inspection conducted by the Russian Federation. This was the thirteenth inspection conducted by the United States since the signing of the Ant- Treaty in 1959. This report summarizes the observations and conclusions of the joint inspection team. The inspection was conducted pursuant to Article VII Expedition. The team members were: of the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 and Article 14 of the Protocol for Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Evan T. Bloom Treaty. The purpose of the inspection is to promote Director, Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs the objectives and ensure the observation of the provi- United States Department of State sions of the Antarctic Treaty. The U.S.-Russian team Joint Team Leader reviewed adherence by Treaty Parties to their obliga- tions, including with respect to limiting environmen- Vasily Titushkin tal impacts, ensuring that is used only for Deputy Director, Legal Department peaceful purposes and that Parties honor the prohibi- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation tion on measures of a military nature. Joint Team Leader

The joint inspection team members came from multi- George Blaisdell ple U.S. and Russian federal agencies and institutions, Operations Manager, U.S. Antarctic Program including the U.S. Department of State, the Russian U.S. National Science Foundation Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the United States National (During the inspection, Senior NSF Representative Science Foundation (NSF) and the Russian Antarctic in Antarctica) 4 Valery Lukin science.” It supplements the Antarctic Treaty’s basic Director, Russian Antarctic Expedition provisions applicable to human activity in Antarctica Russian Federation and prohibits all activities related to Antarctic mineral resources, with the exception of scientific research. CDR Darin Liston, U.S. Navy Political Military Advisor The U.S. Department of State coordinates U.S. policy United States Department of State on Antarctica in cooperation with the National Sci- ence Foundation, the federal agency that administers Sergey Tarasenko the U.S. Antarctic Program, and other federal agen- Environmental Officer cies. It leads diplomatic efforts within the framework Russian Antarctic Expedition established by the Antarctic Treaty. Russian Federation The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federa- Konstantin Timokhin tion ensures implementation of the Antarctic Treaty Third Secretary, Legal Department and reviews all the related political aspects, both Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation national and international. The Russian Antarctic Expedition, as a specialized body within the Russian Susannah Cooper Federal Service on hydrometeorology and environ- Senior Advisor for Antarctica mental protection, manages national governmental Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs activities in Antarctica. United States Department of State Acknowledgements The joint inspection team arrived in the Antarctic Treaty Area from , New Zealand on The inspection team greatly appreciates the support of January 23. The team inspected Scott Base (New Zea- the National Science Foundation and its U.S. Antarctic land), Concordia (France/Italy) and Mario Zucchelli Program, particularly the staff of the United States’ Station (Italy). The inspection concluded on January McMurdo Station, who provided essential logistical 28, 2012. support for the inspection.

The Antarctic Treaty, signed in Washington in 1959, reserves the of Antarctica exclusively for peaceful purposes. Moreover, it places science at the heart of international cooperation on the continent by guaranteeing freedom of scientific research, including the sharing of research and scientific information. It prohibits all military measures, including the testing of weapons, the explosion of nuclear materials, and the disposal of radioactive waste. The Treaty also pro- vides a mutually agreeable arrangement for the issue of territorial claims in Antarctica. The United States and Russia played major roles in the negotiation of this Treaty and participate actively in all aspects of the . The Treaty has 50 parties, 28 of which are conducting significant research on the continent, thus entitling them to the status of Consul- tative Party with the right to name inspectors.

The Environmental Protocol, which was signed in 1991 and came into force in 1998, designates Ant- arctica as a “natural reserve, devoted to peace and

5 Prince Albert Mountains in

––– Part II – General Conclusions ––– he team was grateful for the cooperation provided by all three inspected sta- Ttions. Each of the stations was well managed and impressive in terms of their general facilities, professional character and dedication to science.

All three stations visited demonstrated a high level of mize efficiency and reduce consumption. Concordia compliance with the Antarctic Treaty system rules. and Scott Base also have established a comprehensive These stations conduct a wide range of Antarctic water recycling system that significantly reduces over- scientific research, including terrestrial and marine all water usage. biology, , glaciology, oceanography, envi- ronmental monitoring, seismology, meteorology and Zucchelli, a comparatively older station, and field , to name only a few. They also demon- camps operated out of Scott Base have not benefit- strated a keen interest in promoting and advancing ted from similar modernizations or efficiencies. Zuc- international scientific collaboration and have hosted chelli’s management indicated that the station is totally a number of foreign scientists in recent seasons. The reliant on hydrocarbons for power, although Italy has team was impressed with the high level of sensitivity to begun to look at the possibilities of using solar panels protecting the Antarctic ecosystem. or wind turbines. Similarly, Scott Base indicated that its field camps have yet to utilize improved energy Also notable was the emphasis placed by Concordia concepts practiced at the station. and Scott Base in particular on energy and water effi- ciency, as both stations were upgraded recently. Scott’s All three stations noted the challenges of logistics and use of renewable wind energy to provide for almost all funding Antarctic programs that confront many of the of its energy needs and cooperative energy relation- Consultative Parties. As a result, the stations all dem- ship with McMurdo Station substantially reduced its onstrated varying degrees of international logistical use of hydrocarbons. Both Concordia and Scott Base collaboration with other National Antarctic Programs, have developed energy monitoring systems to maxi- while also indicating strong interest in expanding these 6 relationships to maximize efficiencies. The stations carefully review expenditures, particularly on fuel and logistics, with an eye to identifying cost saving mea- sures that could be applied.

Overall, the inspection team was very impressed with the operations at all three stations, which have devel- oped best practices that could serve as a model for many national programs.

Our discussions at two of the stations – Concordia and Mario Zucchelli – raised questions concerning the ability to implement fully legal standards related to the Environmental Protocol. We were informed that Italy does not have implementing laws or regulations related to the Protocol. As discussed in the report, this has im- plications for ensuring compliance with environmental rules by Italian citizens and by non-Italians participat- ing in Italian science projects in Antarctica.

Landscape

7 Hillary Field Center, Scott Base,

–––––– Part III –––––– Antarctic Station Inspection Reports

New Zealand - Scott Base intended to provide two days’ notice in advance of the 77º 51’ S, 166º 46’ E inspection, but when prevented the team from January 24, 2012 flying to Mario , Scott Base gracious- ly welcomed the team on the same day as the original Scott Base is the only research station operated by notification. and is the logistical hub for New Zealand-supported scientific activities in Antarc- Physical Description tica and the . Antarctica New Zea- land is a Crown Entity with a Ministerial-appointed Scott Base is composed of a series of connected board and structure. Antarctica New Zealand is structures, arranged parallel to the shore of Hut funded through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Point Peninsula of Ross Island at the southernmost Trade and the Ministry advises the Minister of For- point of sea ice in Antarctica (excepting eign Affairs on its overall performance. Operated as in the ). One large structure (called the a year round station since its establishment in 1957, “hangar”) is separate from the main station. A small Scott Base has had one major upgrade and numerous separated building dating back to the original station small-scale refurbishments over the last 50 years and is is preserved as a “museum” with historical displays. A a modern and efficient facility. pair of small marine laboratories is also separated and located immediately along the waterfront. Scott Base The joint team began its five-hour inspection at Scott is located about 1.8 miles (three kilometers) from the Base on Tuesday, January 24, 2012 at 12 p.m. Dr. Ed U.S. Antarctic Program’s McMurdo Station. The two Butler, Senior Antarctica New Zealand Representative stations are connected by a robust road. and Manager of Antarctic Science, led the discussion and provided a tour of Scott’s facilities. The team had 8 Since the construction of the station in 1957 the main 32 scientific support members during the summer sea- station has been successively refurbished. The re- son, which runs from early October to mid-February construction program was completed five years ago. each year. Twenty-five percent of these personnel are As a result the station building is a complex, unique associated with the New Zealand Defence Force. Each engineering structure in which the majority of vari- summer, approximately 30-40 scientific personnel are ous technical services, research laboratories, and living working at field camps. Scott Base has a capacity of and service quarters are situated under one roof. Such 86 beds and controls its program to meet this maxi- an approach has its advantages and disadvantages. mum. As Antarctica New Zealand participates in a Among the advantages are energy saving and comfort- joint logistics pool with nearby McMurdo station and able working surroundings. Disadvantages include the strives to run an efficient operation, the proportion of risks and potential impact of local fires on the whole support personnel to scientific personnel may be lower structure and related problems with evacuation. Many than at other stations of a similar size (approximately Antarctic stations are composed of or centered on a 1:1 compared to 1:3 or 4). main central structure, and thus this “disadvantage” is one faced by many stations and can be mitigated to a In recent years, 10-11 Antarctica New Zealand staff large degree by administrative measures. deploy for the winter season. All personnel are re- quired to have a medical screening prior to deploy- At this time, there are no plans to expand the footprint ment. Antarctica New Zealand provides specific of the station. Antarctica New Zealand has a plan to advance training on first aid, fire fighting, search and continue to maximize station efficiencies and support rescue (SAR), area management and environmental for scientific operations, including during the winter protection in New Zealand. season. The Government of New Zealand subse- quently informed the inspection team that in 2005 the There are 2-3 trained paramedics working at Scott Board of Antarctica New Zealand made a decision to Base during most summer seasons, although they con- freeze the station footprint and that all staff share bunk currently fill other positions. The station’s small medi- rooms in summer to reduce the base footprint and cal room has one bed and limited equipment. Serious demonstrate a focus on reducing use of fossil fuels. medical emergencies are referred to nearby McMurdo Station for treatment. There has been one medevac to The Inspection Team took note of the sign at the top Christchurch in the last ten years. of the road that descends to Scott Base that states “Welcome to Scott Base, Capital of the Ross Depen- Scientific Research dency.” The New Zealand Government subsequently clarified that the unauthorized sign was erected by The main goals of Antarctica New Zealand’s scien- wintering over Scott Base staff. It is not an official sign tific research correspond to the main modern areas and, in its view, modifications made to it over the years of focus of the international scientific community, (e.g. the Scott Base, population and images of satirical including those of the Scientific Committee on Ant- base activities, such as picnics) reflect the good hu- arctic Research (SCAR): life sciences, sciences moured nature of the sign. Although the sign includes and physical sciences. Particular lines of research are some facetious elements and may reflect, in part, a interrelated with the development of corresponding humorous intent, it is quite prominent. Given that science schools and science potential of New Zea- the intent of the sign is perhaps unclear, and given the land. Multidisciplinary field research is performed differing views that exist over territorial issues in the at Scott Base and its field camps located within the Antarctic Treaty area, relevant authorities may wish to reach of the base’s logistical support network. These consider whether this is the appropriate sign to mark research activities include physical oceanography, sea the entrance to the station. ice, studies of biodiversity of the extreme Antarctic environment, , and geophysical pro- Personnel cesses in the earth’s crust and in the magnetic sphere. Some of these projects are performed year-round in At the time of the inspection, 65 scientists and support the geomagnetic huts, at the points of observation and personnel were at Scott Base. The station usually has laboratories of the station, but most of them are at the

9 field camps operated in the summer season. In the All outreach and journalist activity is conducted as 2011/12 season, about 35 different scientific programs part of the National Antarctic Program. were supported from Scott Base. Some projects were conducted at several field camps, while other projects The team noted as well the activities of Antarctic Her- were conducted at only one camp. itage Trust (AHT), a non-profit Charitable Trust with core corporate support funded by the New Zealand Measurements of the state of the environment are Government (Ministry of Arts, Culture and Heritage) conducted by modern measurement equipment, some dedicated to the preservation of four Ross Sea historic of which are integrated into international observation huts and artifacts. AHT’s operations represent a con- networks (i.e., World Meteorological Organization tinuous and long-term conservation project conducted (WMO), International Real-time Magnetic Observa- in close cooperation with Antarctica New Zealand tory Network (Intermagnet), Global Observ- (e.g., using Scott Base’s storage facilities, performing ing System (GLOSS), etc.). conservation works in one of the station’s buildings provided to AHT). According to the Government of Representatives of several foreign Antarctic programs New Zealand, conservation funding is raised through (, , , Italy, Republic of Ko- philanthropic international donors with all logistics rea, , and United States) take part in the provided by Antarctica New Zealand under a regularly science activities of the base. In previous years, repre- reviewed Memorandum of Understanding. Nonethe- sentatives of the , the less, the team believes more information from Ant- and Malaysia have also worked there. There are also arctica New Zealand on its collaboration with AHT, a number of joint scientific projects conducted at Scott including issues related to control over such activities, Base: sea ice research with and the European would be appreciated. Space Agency, and glaciology with the United States. In addition, New Zealand continues to take part in the Logistics and Operations ANDRILL (Antarctic Geological Drilling) project. Communications New Zealand’s cooperation with scientists from many countries is admirable and consistent with the scientific Scott Base has UHF, VHF and HF radio with repeat- objectives of the Antarctic Treaty. Such cooperation is ers in the vicinity for voice communications, Iridium also a reminder that non-parties should be encouraged satellite phone with voice and text capability, as well as to join the Treaty when their involvement, through satellite voice and data links to the internet with voice, their scientists and/or other activities, reaches a signifi- data and email capabilities. cant stage.

Transport Tourist and NGO Activities The observers noted that the number of tourist and There are numerous vehicles at Scott Base, including non-governmental activities in the Scott Base area sport utility vehicles (SUVs), tractors, loaders, me- remains quite low – one vessel called in 2010 and none dium- and small-size over-snow vehicles, snowmobiles in 2011, whereas in the mid-2000s the average number and quad bikes, as well as other types. New Zealand of calls was three to four per year. (The decline might is part of a joint logistics pool with the United States, have been caused by severe ice conditions in the area.) and shares use of U.S. Air Force C-17 and LC-130 air- New Zealand government support to tourist expedi- craft and contract Twin Otter and Basler aircraft. For tions to Antarctica is limited to humanitarian assis- their contribution to the logistics pool, the Royal New tance and basic hospitality (such as short visits to Scott Zealand Air Force operates Boeing 757 and C-130 Base). Antarctica New Zealand maintains contacts aircraft to and from New Zealand, conducting approx- with New Zealand tour operators to ensure the tourist imately 15 total round trips annually. Scott Base also flow is manageable and their visits are organized in ac- has one contract Eurocopter Type EC130 helicopter, cordance with Antarctic Treaty system requirements. operated and supported out of McMurdo Station.

10 Team Leaders Vasily Titushkin and Evan Bloom with Antarctica New Zealand Representative Ed Butler This helicopter averages 150 missions per year with an Antarctic New Zealand appears to have very limited average 1.4 hours per mission. ability to provide ship resupply and limited capac- ity for intercontinental airlift. Scott Base appears to Scott receives cargo and fuel supplies once per year via manage its dependence on a third party (in this case, the U.S. Antarctic Program’s (USAP) resupply ships. USAP) for some of its most critical operational needs Scott Base has no small boats. through a proactive, close, and continuous relationship with the United States. Two marked gravel helipads are demarked close to the station, but no other aircraft support facilities are Fuel Storage and Use present. Four fuel tanks, each with forms of secondary con- In 1958 the United States and New Zealand Govern- tainment, hold Scott Base’s fuel supply. These tanks’ ments signed a joint cooperation agreement whereby combined capacity is 16,500 gallons (61,000 liters), the costs of operating logistics in Antarctica are shared which previous to the installation of the wind turbine on a pro-rata basis between the two Governments. generators (see following section on power generation) As the two programs have developed since then, an was only about one-tenth of a year’s quantity of fuel. annual review of each party’s contributions is made Now, this capacity equals approximately a year’s worth with emphasis on what each party can bring to the of storage. joint pool and what that contribution’s value is to each program. For example, New Zealand provides United The four tanks are not co-located. This assists in States’ aircraft access to Christchurch International avoiding complete incapacitation in the event of a Airport and has recently developed a three-turbine catastrophic event. Fuel is delivered to each of these wind farm that provides approximately 15% of the tanks by truck from McMurdo’s tank farm. Scott joint electric load of Scott Base and McMurdo. Base’s fuel is purchased and delivered through the U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP). Antarctica New Zealand Scott Base benefits greatly from its proximity to and remits funds directly to USAP to compensate for the collegial relationship with USAP. This is most notable fuel it draws. in the area of intercontinental transportation where

11 Wind Turbines on Crater Hill, overlooking Scott Base

Prior to the installation of the wind turbine farm, the “…the negative environmental impacts resulting from overwhelming portion the fuel fed generators that pro- this activity will be outweighed by the positive environ- vided station electricity. Now, the majority of fuel used mental benefits. The predicted reduction in fuel usage (a mere fraction of the pre-wind-farm quantity) goes to and consequent reduction in greenhouses gases being boilers that provide station heating. released to the , combined with the reduc- tion in the risk of an environmental incident through less handling of less fuel outweigh the predicted im- Power Generation and Management pacts the installation of the turbines will create.” Over the past three years, Scott Base has experienced a dramatic change in how it provides power for its The wind turbines are providing more power than was activities. Prior to 2009, the base operated a tradi- originally expected; the three wind turbines provide tional diesel engine driven power plant that operated 100 percent of the amount of power needed by Scott continuously. The system provided at least simple Base, and the remainder offsets the power needs of redundancy. McMurdo Station. This has been a successful exam- ple of renewable energy planning in Antarctica. At Antarctic New Zealand’s instigation, a wind turbine farm (consisting of three generators) was designed, Water Systems installed and commissioned jointly with USAP. The turbines came on line in December 2009. The wind Scott Base utilizes a reverse osmosis plant to produce turbines are located on Crater Hill overlooking Scott fresh water from seawater drawn by pipeline from Base. A part of this project tied Scott Base’s and Mc- McMurdo Sound. Processed water is piped to a Murdo’s power networks together into a “Ross Island family of storage tanks, where it is available for sinks, power grid.” The construction followed an Initial water fountains, showers and all galley functions (e.g., Environmental Evaluation (IEE) done by New Zealand dishwasher). Wastewater from these devices is routed that concluded: to a wastewater treatment plant. This plant uses bio-degradation, centrifuge, and filtration to purify water. The sludge is packaged for removal from the continent, and the recycled water is plumbed to station

12 toilets. Toilet effluent is routed back to the wastewater environmental impact assessments (EIA). The sta- treatment plant for purification and repeated recycling tion management personnel demonstrated a high to toilets. Waterless urinals are used throughout Scott degree of awareness of the requirements and also Base. informed the observers that New Zealand authorities had recently adopted an Initial Environmental Evalu- Management of Dangerous ation (IEE) covering Scott Base non-science activities for the period of 2011-2015, with annual amendments Elements to highlight any seasonal change in activity that may Station management indicated the presence of flam- occur. It was explained that previously Antarctica mable liquids and liquid nitrogen used in scientific New Zealand had submitted annual IEEs, however, studies. Such hazardous and other toxic materials are due to the longevity of operations and the requirement stowed appropriately in marked lockers throughout the to maintain an ongoing presence in Antarctica, it was station. Spent chemicals and other hazardous materi- decided to switch to a longer-term environmental im- als (e.g., batteries) are properly packaged, documented pact assessment. It was also underscored that one of and shipped back to New Zealand for disposal in the advantages of such a mechanism was the ability to accordance with New Zealand laws and regulations. assess the cumulative impacts and the operation of the The only item of concern (indicated by station person- non-science program as a whole. This helps mitigate nel) was a switch-board inside a metal box with electric impacts of the annual program in a more comprehen- cables connected that stood nearby another metal box sive manner. containing flammable liquids. It was also noted that Antarctica New Zealand strictly The station leader reported no firearms, radioisotopes requires private or outside applicants seeking to carry or explosives on station. He noted that explosives used out activities at Scott Base to produce EIAs that are for the installation of the wind turbines were provided subject to thorough review and, if necessary, further by McMurdo Station. amendments and/or redevelopment.

Emergency Response Conservation of Flora and Fauna Capability The station is located on the Ross Sea, and seals, pen- Scott Base managers briefed the inspection team on guins and minke whales are often seen in the vicinity emergency response plans, search and rescue plans, of the station. Personnel follow strict guidelines to and fire-fighting capabilities. Search and rescue, fire maintain 10 meters’ distance away from any fauna, fighting capability and emergency response are in- although animals may directly approach personnel tegrally linked with USAP at McMurdo, but these and facilities. Antarctica New Zealand issues permits aspects are achieved in an equitable partnership and for the taking of fauna for scientific purposes; in recent could be performed adequately on an independent ba- years this has included research on marine life (e.g., sis. The observers learned as well that the fire incident fish) and penguins. of 2009 at Scott Base created a significant change in approach to personnel training focused on individual There is a small area near the station where mosses responsibilities for eliminating harm to persons, facili- and lichen have been identified. Although this area is ties and the environment through risk identification not marked, station personnel are made aware of the and management, but did not require modification of location, and Scott Base seeks to keep the area free of fire-safety procedures. human interference. Consideration should be given to making protection of this site more robust and formal- Environmental Protocol ized.

Environmental Impact Assessment All staff members receive training on how to minimize the introduction of non-native species; educational The observers were briefed on the rules, procedures posters are also present in the station. Station man- and practices applied at Scott Base with regard to agement reported that there have been past cases of 13 flies being transported from New Zealand in damaged (ASMAs) in the vicinity of the Scott Base (e.g. Arrival beer shipments and that remedial systems have been Heights, Dry Valleys). It was reported that the respec- installed to help prevent the release of non-native spe- tive areas are marked where possible and are being cies. regularly monitored. Since some of the protected ar- eas are located close to regularly traversed paths, their Given the historical research and samples in the vicin- monitoring is of special importance in comparison to ity collected by Robert F. Scott’s 1910-1912 expedi- more remote areas. The station leader informed the tion, there are data available to assist with long-term observers of several inadvertent breaches of the areas’ studies on the impact of Scott Base on local flora and regime (1-2 cases of trespassing per year). As reported, fauna. none of the cases caused noticeable harm to the envi- ronment.

Waste Management The training provided to the personnel with regard to The Scott Base services supervisor provided the ob- the environmental issues contributes to the preserva- servers with the station Waste Management Hand- tion of the ASPA regime. It is worth noting as well book. Relevant information posters on the subject are that New Zealand has provided to the Antarctic Treaty placed around the station and all Base personnel are Consultative Meeting (ATCM) its five-year reviews of aware of the rules of waste management. the station’s management plans.

All wastes are separated into five categories listed Arms and Military Support below: The New Zealand Defence Force supports Scott Base by providing some military personnel to fill a number • Recyclables; of positions. In the 2011/12 season these included: • Hazardous; four communications operators, two heavy plant • Domestic liquids; operators, one cargo handler and the Base Services • Food wastes; Coordinator. The Armed Forces Canteen Council • General. operates the bar and shop at Scott Base. All waste produced at Scott Base and in the field is In addition to military personnel at Scott Base, as part returned to New Zealand for recycling and appropri- of the joint logistics agreement between New Zealand ate disposal. Paper, cardboard, cans, and plastic are and the United States, New Zealand military person- compacted and packed for transportation. Incinera- nel assist with the USAP cargo ship offload. Light en- tion is not currently used at the station. gineering teams are also provided by the New Zealand military on an as-needed basis to assist with general The only waste materials disposed in the Antarctic construction work. are domestic liquids. The base operates a biological wastewater treatment facility. Treated and disinfected water produced by the facility is recycled for use in flushing toilets, except a small amount that is released to the sea.

The area of the base is quite clean. The team ob- served that working and living areas in the station were clean and well-lit.

Area Management

There are several Antarctic Specially Protected Ar- eas (ASPAs) and Antarctic Specially Managed Areas

14 Joint Inspection Team with Leaders

France/Italy – Concordia Station Physical Description 75º 06’ 06’’ S, 123º 23’ 43’’ E January 25, 2012 Concordia is built at on the East and its altitude exceeds 10,600 feet (3200 Concordia Station, located on the Antarctic plateau meters). The remote inland location of the station at Dome C, is jointly funded, staffed and operated by provides an excellent site for astronomy, astrophysics, France’s Polar Institute (IPEV) and Italy’s National glaciology and atmospheric research. The station is Program of Research in Antarctica (PNRA - Italy) operated and occupied year round. through the Italian National Agency for New Tech- nologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Develop- The station consists of three main structures intercon- ment (ENEA) under a cooperative agreement signed nected by above grade, hinged, enclosed passageways. by IPEV and ENEA in 1993. The station opened Two identical raised polygonal buildings are divided in 1997 with the establishment of a summer camp; for quiet and loud activities, respectively. The “calm” construction of the year round facility was completed building houses laboratories, lodging, communica- in 2005. As one of the newest stations in Antarctica, tions, and medical facilities, while the “noisy” building Concordia utilizes a number of highly efficient energy houses the kitchen, dining area, and some storage and and waste management systems that could serve as a technical plants. Up to 36 personnel can be housed in model for modernization of other Antarctic stations. the main station buildings. The third main structure, made up of stacked and adjacent interlocked shipping The inspection team’s three and a half hour visit to containers, houses power and mechanical facilities. Concordia began at 8 a.m. local time on Wednesday, Workshops, fuel storage tanks, waste management January 25, 2012. Sergio Sgroi, Summer Station containers and science support structures scatter the Leader (ENEA-PNRA), Claire Le Calvez, Technical area surrounding the main station with some science and Logistical Manager (IPEV), and Eric Bondoux, facilities located up to 0.62 miles (one kilometer) away. Winter Station Leader (IPEV), led the discussion with the inspection team and provided a tour of Concor- A self-sustainable summer camp with capacity to hold dia’s facilities. The inspection team provided three 46 persons and with water, power, and heat, houses the days’ advance notice of the inspection. summer overflow population. This camp also serves as 15 A Bulldozer Delivering Snow to the Power Plant the emergency shelter for the station in the event of a first aid, fire fighting, environmental practices and catastrophe to the main facilities. survival. The lecture material is given in electronic format to every participant. France provides hands on According to station management, there are plans to training for summer staff and written guidance to all upgrade the external laboratories, which are currently its personnel. The written guidance covers the Antarc- housed in containers, renovate the summer camp and tic Treaty and Environmental Protocol, living condi- make improvements to the garage. EIAs will be con- tions, medical information, communications and other ducted as appropriate. guidance for nationals living outside of France. In addition, a meeting is organized for all the winter-over Personnel members, French and Italian, in order to provide the same information to the staff. Managers from PNRA At the time of the inspection, there were 46 staff and IPEV make the presentations on the two orga- members on station: 22 scientific staff and 24 logisti- nizations, life at Concordia, medical issues, and the cal/support staff. The station has a capacity of 82 Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol. beds, but the maximum population in the 2011/2012 season was 75. The summer station leader is always Concordia has a fully equipped medical facility, includ- Italian, while the technical manager is always French ing an operating room, dental suite, and one dedicated and the winter station leader usually rotates between sick room bed. The facility also has an ultrasound, Italy and France each year. x-ray and electrocardiography (EKG) equipment. During the summer season, Concordia hosts two Ten to fourteen staff members form the over-winter physicians – one research and one clinical – as well as crew. Historically, Concordia has had no military sta- one nurse/anesthesiologist. During the winter, there tion team members. All station staff members receive are two clinical doctors on station, and four other staff medical screening in France or Italy (depending on members are trained on site to provide assistance to nationality) prior to deployment. the doctors.

IPEV and PNRA provide training in advance of The fact that Concordia Station is jointly operated and deployment in their respective countries. Italy’s two- managed by Italy and France was of particular interest week training program focuses on search and rescue, to the observer team. Such international cooperation 16 can set precedents for future Antarctic collaborations that Italy in fact has no legislation implementing Ma- by many countries. drid Protocol provisions. Therefore it is hard to define what environmental protection regime applies to the The two countries manage their cooperation via a activities engaged in by the Italians, how they would Collaborative Agreement signed in 1993 by the direc- resolve important issues such as liability in case of tors of the two national programs and an intergov- environmental damage, etc. (Further information on ernmental agreement signed by the two countries’ this topic is provided in the section on Mario Zucchelli Ministers of Research. The Collaborative Agreement Station.) establishes a steering committee of six members led by the directors of the programs. The station leaders Another noticeable aspect relates to inequality with informed us that, as a practical matter, the Steering respect to salaries and insurance/benefits programs Committee has few formal meetings (which include of French and Italian personnel, respectively, despite meeting before the start of the season, and planning the fact that personnel of both nationalities share the for science to be undertaken and logistics require- same working environment and perform the same or ments). When important issues arise with respect to similar functions. The team thought this was an issue station management, station leaders routinely seek that should be considered by any party contemplating guidance from the two program directors, who consult bilateral or multilateral cooperation. and then make a decision by consensus. The program leaders do not rely on particular decision-making pro- Scientific Research cedures, but are able to reach agreement efficiently as they know each other well. The construction and exploitation of stations located in the interior of Antarctica is a real challenge for The description of decision-making from the station national Antarctic programs since only those with sig- leaders indicated that the station benefited from a clear nificant scientific and logistical capabilities can accom- cooperative attitude between the French and Italian plish such tasks. At the moment, only six countries governments, and the national program leaders in have such stations (China, France, Italy, , Russia particular. The team wondered whether it would be and the United States). Concordia Station is one of helpful for the two governments to establish further the outstanding examples in this field. Built in 1997 procedures for the Steering Committee or beyond primarily for the purposes of the European Project on those provided in the Collaborative Agreement, in case Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA), this station is now of need in the future. shifting its scientific interests to astronomy, astrophysics and atmospheric sciences. This station is located on The team recognized that there are a number of posi- the Antarctic plateau where high level of transparency tive factors that follow from more than one country of the atmosphere and long periods without jointly operating an Antarctic station. These include make it one of the best places on Earth for astronomi- cost-effectiveness and budget-savings in running the cal research. station, better opportunities for organizing integrated and complex scientific research, and application of the French and Italian Antarctic programs also conduct at best available technologies and practices. Concordia geophysical (seismology and geomagnetics), microbiological and medical (physiology of human Nevertheless a number of difficulties can and do arise body in extreme conditions) research. as a result of having dual administrative control of the operational regime of the station. It was reported that The station hosts a number of international scientific the French personnel at the station (as well as those research programs with participation of the research- foreigners who work there under the auspices of the ers from mostly European countries such as , French program) are to abide by French rules and the Belgium and the United Kingdom. The observers Italians by Italian rules. This may create a situation were informed that such projects are carried out under of legal ambiguity, as persons working together are the auspices of either the French or Italian Antarctic subject to different legal regimes. Moreover during the programs. visit to Mario Zucchelli Station the observers learned

17 There are no field camps supported out of Concordia, tion’s remote location. Team leaders noted that it was although within 0.62 miles (1 km) from the station the station’s policy not to encourage non-governmental there is a summer camp that serves as a safety camp visits. However, we were informed that a recent visit in winter, and, if necessary, there are summer science of private individuals did occur at the invitation of the traverses to perform glaciological studies. On the day French Foreign Ministry. of the inspection one such traverse returned to Con- cordia from station (Russia) having drilled a Logistics and Operations 100-meter borehole in snow-firm cover. Communication The team paid special attention to the situation involv- ing the deep ice borehole at Concordia drilled under Links include VHF and HF radio, Iridium satellite the EPICA project, where liquid consisting of kerosene phone with voice and text capability, as well as satellite (jet) and freon (F141B) was used to conserve the hole. voice and data links with Internet, voice (VoIP), data According to the information available, this liquid ap- and email capabilities. The station has a small com- peared to be similar to the one used at the Vostok Sta- puter lounge, VSAT for telephone, fax and Internet, as tion drilling project where ecological effects of the liq- well as VoIP conferencing room and medical telecon- uid had been a matter of thorough consideration at a ference capabilities. number of the Committee for Environmental Protec- tion (CEP) meetings. It was noted that after comple- tion of the EPICA project France and Italy conducted Transport random monitoring of the borehole (as reported to the observers, most recently in the 2010-2011 season). Logistical support of Concordia is performed only in the summer season (end of November – beginning of Meanwhile, the presence of hazardous liquid in the February). Due to harsh weather conditions (tempera- conserved borehole is significant and requires moni- tures below minus 58 degrees Fahrenheit/minus 50 toring. The team learned that an unexplained and degrees Celsius) for more than nine months per year, un-investigated drop of liquid level has in the recent the station functions fully autonomously and has ac- past been suspected in the borehole. It is reasonable to cess to the outside world only through communication assume this fluid migrated into the surrounding snow/ systems. ice which would be considered a permanent release. Although French authorities subsequently informed Italy’s PNRA provides the air support from Italy’s Ma- the team that several measurement efforts indicate that rio Zucchelli Station, and occasionally from Dumont the level of drilling fluid remains the same as after the d’Urville, as needed, in the form of Twin Otter and/ completion of the drilling activity, a management plan or Basler aircraft. A private, third party contractor for the borehole may be warranted to address envi- (, Ltd.) provides this air support. ronmental responsibilities. Having considered this, it may be desirable, in order to dispel any concerns of France’s IPEV provides cargo support via three tra- the international community on this account, for an verse resupply convoys of 8-10 tractors. The cargo is additional EIA to be conducted if the borehole is to delivered via ship to Dumont d’Urville and transferred be kept this way (and in this case provide for regular to Cap Prud’homme, which serves as the continental monitoring of the borehole). However, if the borehole launching point for inland traverses. A typical con- is to be closed, relevant information could presented to voy consists of two or three snow grading machines the CEP meeting in respect of the extraction of fluids, leading six to seven tractors towing the cargo sledges. clean-up, etc. and corresponding contingency plan. Approximately 150 tons of cargo is brought on each traverse, two thirds of which is fuel.

Tourist and NGO Activities There are many different types of vehicles at Concor- It was not surprising to learn that there are no tour dia, including tractors, loaders, cranes, snowmobiles, operators arranging visits to Concordia, given the sta- snow cats and pickup trucks.

18 Open Exterior Windows at Concordia Station

The logistical support of Concordia presents a real station has two diesel generators capable of generating challenge since it is based on complicated management 110 kW each and a third that generates 193 kW. scheme. Nonetheless this system appears to work well, and there have not been any major perturbations Waste heat from power generation is effectively used reported. to heat the station year round. The station’s insulation and ventilation systems, however, are so robust that during the summer, station personnel open many of Fuel Storage and Use the external windows to modulate heat. At the time The station utilizes diesel fuel for power generation, of the inspection, the team was struck by how many as well as kerosene, petrol and other fuels as required windows at the facility were kept open despite the fact for vehicles. Concordia’s fuel arrives by tractor tra- that the outside temperature was below minus 20 de- verse from Dumont d’Urville and is stored in bulk in grees Fahrenheit (minus 30 degrees Celsius), and what tanks inside specially constructed shipping containers this implied for the station’s energy efficiency. Station that have sealed tubs for their lower third. A spatially management explained that Concordia is planning to removed supply of fuel is present at the summer/ test solar panels at the summer camp in the coming emergency camp. season and exploring other possibilities for renewable energy use. If successful, solar generation of electric- In addition to detailed written fuel transfer guidelines, ity will reduce traditional power generation and its station personnel responsible for fuel management associated waste heat and thus likely decrease the need receive specialized training for handling hazardous to open windows in the summer. materials and for spill prevention and clean up. Water Systems

Power Generation and Management Fresh water is obtained by melting snow, which is The station was designed for power production and heated by the jacket water circuit. The snow is col- fuel consumption efficiency. Maximum consumption lected from a designated collection zone and delivered in the summer season averages 150 kilowatts. The to the power plant by bulldozer. The extensive gray

19 Concordia Station Operations Center water recycling system (see following section on waste space technologies and engineering solutions. management) reduces fresh water consumption levels. Like other stations in the interior of Antarctica (as in Management of Dangerous outer space), Concordia is faced with the possibility that receiving emergency assistance can be difficult Elements or impossible. In these circumstances, having all of The station stocks and utilizes a limited amount of Concordia’s living facilities under one roof increases chemicals. Chemicals appear to be properly managed, the risk of casualties in the event of an emergency stored and handled in the laboratory areas of the situation. Concordia does maintain a “safety camp” Station. Concordia’s waste and recycling facilities are in winter (during the summer this camp supports properly marked and segregated for hazardous materi- the population that cannot fit in the elevated station) als. which is stocked with food, clothing, heaters, small generators and other necessary supplies. Nevertheless, Station personnel reported that no weapons, radioiso- Concordia management acknowledges that personnel topes or explosives are present on station. would be in “survival mode” until rescued.

Emergency Response Environmental Protocol Capability As discussed in the chapter on the team’s visit to Mario The work of Concordia personnel in isolated winter Zucchelli Station, it appears that Italy does not have conditions require utmost reliability on the station’s in place laws and regulations needed to fully imple- life-support systems, with a special emphasis on re- ment the Environmental Protocol. Because French sponding to fire risks, technical failures and other life- law governs French science activities at Concordia, threatening incidents at those periods when external and Italian law governs Italian science activities, there assistance cannot be rendered due to weather condi- could be inconsistency in implementation of environ- tions. (ESA) involvement in mental rules at the station depending on which nation- designing the station led to the use of several unique ality is conducting the activity. This situation could be particularly confusing in the event of application

20 of environmental rules to non-Italian or non-French Incineration is not used, except for small backup nationals participating in station activities, or future “incinolet” toilets that separately process urine and science activities under auspices of other countries. feces.

Wastewater is separated in two different systems: the Environmental Impact Assessment grey water system and the black water system. Con- The observers were informed that the station’s “older” cordia operates modern plants designed together with buildings did not fall under EIA procedures, since they the European Space Agency to treat grey water, con- were erected before Madrid Protocol became effective, verting it to potable water (although it is not consumed although a CEE was prepared for the construction of but only used for personal hygiene applications). A the permanent station. It is worth noting nevertheless four-step treatment process including ultrafiltration, that Italian and French teams independently prepare nanofiltration and two stages of reverse osmosis is assessments for their respective projects and in case of realized. Treated water from the black water sys- joint projects the party that leads the project does the tem is taken up by the grey water treatment unit and EIA. recycled. Solid waste from the black water system is containerized and removed from the continent as It was reported that no EIA had been prepared for hazardous waste. new laboratories and a garage that are under con- struction at the moment. The view was expressed Area Management that these facilities will be based on sledges (and will not include any water or toilet facilities) that prevent There are no ASPAs, ASMAs, or Historic Sites or causing significant impact on the environment. Such Monuments (HSMs) around Concordia station. How- an approach, however, poses some questions since any ever, the station has established a marked clean area construction activity in such a remote and pristine area free of human interference. as Concordia Station’s location might have a more than minor or transitory environmental impact. Military Support Activities None of Concordia’s logistical or scientific support Conservation of Flora and Fauna comes from military sources or staff. Military support to Concordia Station occurs only in the logistics occur- There is no known flora and fauna in the vicinity of ring away from the station at Dumont D’Urville, Cap the station. Prud’homme and Mario Zucchelli. There, military cargo handlers and mechanics are part of the team. Waste Management No military personnel were reported at Concordia Sta- tion proper. The inspection team was provided with several docu- ments concerning waste management procedures at the base. Waste management plans are available at www.ats.aq from both Italian and French parties.

Wastes are classified according to the European Union waste directive and separated into the following cate- gories: glass, paper, plastics, PET (polyethylene tere- phthalate), aluminum, organic waste and mixed waste. Separated waste is transported to Dumont d’Urville via traverse and then shipped to Australia or to France. IPEV, through an agent, obtains an import permit from the Australian government for disposal of some of Concordia’s waste in Australia.

21 Mario Zucchelli Station Main Building

Italy – Mario Zucchelli nization and procedures, and provided a tour of the 74º 41’ 42’’ S, 164º 07’ 23’’ E station’s internal and external features. The inspection January 26, 2012 team provided four days’ advance notice to the station.

Mario Zucchelli Station (MZS) was established at Physical Description Bay in the 1986/87 season by the Nation- al Program of Research in Antarctica (PNRA), which The station is constructed on a large granitic outcrop continues to operate the station today. The PNRA is on the coast of in the Ross Sea region. funded by the Ministry of Education, Research and It consists of a single, elevated T-shaped main build- Universities. The station’s logistical operations are ing constructed of 110 modular containers. Given managed by the Italian National Agency for New the seaside location, in some seasons the staff must Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic De- repair water and/or ice damage that occurred over the velopment (ENEA), which depends upon the Ministry winter. of Economic Development. The National Research Council (CNR), which depends upon the Ministry of Adjacent to the main facility, there are two large work- Education, Research and Universities, oversees the shops and storehouses. Other outbuildings host physi- scientific programs. Mario Zucchelli is the only solely cal plants, wastewater treatment and three wooden Italian station on the continent, although it provides single-story bungalows that house recreational facili- significant logistical (primarily air) support for Concor- ties, overflow and transient personnel (e.g., pilots) and dia Station, which is jointly operated by France and emergency berthing. Italy. The 2011/12 season is the 27th Italian Expedi- tion to Terra Nova Bay. MZS continues to be well The station has a multi-position helipad. It also has a suited for the wide range of scientific research con- reinforced concrete pier, constructed in the 2007/08 ducted there. MZS is a summer-only station. season, used in particular for supporting tender vessels to achieve loading and unloading operations from the The inspection team arrived at Mario Zucchelli at Italian research and resupply vessel M/V ITALICA as 12:45 p.m. on January 26. Expedition Leader Franco well as launch and retrieval of a small research tender Ricci and the Station’s senior management welcomed (SKUA). At this time, there are no plans for expansion the inspection team, led a discussion of station orga- of the station, although there is some consideration 22 being given to the future development of wind or solar has been a summer station, and we were informed that power generation. with the establishment of Concordia, it was agreed that Concordia would have preference for winter sea- Mario Zucchelli Station has also recently developed son Italian Antarctic research, and thus MZS remains an for wheeled aircraft on a nearby glacier, open only during the summer. for which an IEE was conducted in 2007. This facil- ity is only used when the annual sea ice in front of the The main directions of scientific research at the station station deteriorates too much to support air operations. are the following: The glacial ice runway is remote enough to require helicopter transport between the runway and station. - geological research, history of formation of the Personnel Victoria Land and stratigraphy of sedimentary rock of Ross Sea within the framework of inter- At the time of the inspection, there were 83 staff national program ANDRILL; members on station. Of these, there were 28 scientists (including 7 from Korea and 2 from New Zealand), 51 - biodiversity research on the evolution and the were logistical support staff, and four guests, including adaptability to the extreme Antarctic conditions two personnel from Concordia who were transiting of living organisms of different marine and ter- off continent for the season. The ratio of logistical restrial kinds of flora and fauna. Marine biologi- to scientific personnel was roughly 65 to 35 percent cal research is conducted both from aboard the respectively at the time of the inspection. ship and in the coastal areas of the Terra Nova Bay (also with the use of scuba technology); MZS can house a maximum population of 100 per- sons. Although the facility has the potential to serve as - monitoring of chemical parameters of the envi- a year-round facility, at this time Italy has no plans to ronment; do so. - physical oceanography of the Ross Sea; and All station staff and visiting scientists attend a two- week pre-deployment training program in Italy. This - change of parameters of the environment. training includes familiarization with the Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol, environmental Scientific research is conducted at a high professional management practices, first aid, fire fighting, com- level with the use of modern equipment and tech- munications and safety practices. In addition, written nologies. MZS conducts meteorological surveys for material and procedures are given to participants and the Terra Nova Bay and Dome C regions, including available online. current data and forecasting using satellite technolo- gies and mathematical modeling. There were no field All staff members receive pre-deployment medi- camps operated in the 2011/12 season. cal screening. The station also has a medical center staffed by two doctors and one nurse for the major- International cooperation is widely used in scientific ity of the season. The clinic is equipped for surgery, research at the station. MZS currently cooperates with anesthesia and x-rays. Staff members needing more the United States, France and the Republic of Korea. advanced care are assisted at McMurdo Station or are In the previous years there was collaboration with moved through McMurdo to New Zealand for treat- Germany, the United Kingdom and New Zealand. ment. The Italian Antarctic Program has an agreement on joint scientific research and logistical support with the Scientific Research Korean Polar Institute. For the most part, this agree- ment is connected with the plans of to The construction of Mario Zucchelli began in the build a year-round station on the coast of the Terra late 1980s as the principal location in Antarctica for Nova Bay in 2012-13. scientific research by the Italian Antarctic program. It

23 Oceanographic research is conducted from M/V McMurdo and back. Further transfer from McMurdo ITALICA. to Mario Zucchelli is done via Italian contracted Twin Otter planes or DC 3 BT 67 Turbo Basler supplied by Tourist and NGO Activities contractor (Kenn Borek Air, Ltd), and helicopters sup- plied by Helicopters New Zealand. Near the station Station leaders reported that there was no tourist or there is a sea ice runway that is prepared every year for NGO activity at the station in this season. Indeed, wheeled aircraft but that must be abandoned in early- there have been no visits for the last two years. It had to mid-December when sea ice integrity diminishes been noted that when such visits occurred (usually on naturally. Flight control, meteorological and commu- board of the chartered M/V KAPITAN nication support are provided within the joint program KHLEBNIKOV), there were strict rules for the tour- of traffic control services from McMurdo and Mario ists: they were not allowed on the premises of the Zucchelli Stations. station, except for restrooms and coffee, tourists dis- embarked in groups not exceeding five, and visits were There were a large number and variety of vehicles at permitted only on Sundays or Saturday afternoons so the station. These included trucks, fire trucks, ambu- that they did not interfere with the scientific work of lances, loaders, excavators, forklifts, tankers, snow cats, the personnel. Station personnel reported that a single snowmobiles, bulldozers, etc. adventure tourist approached the station approximate- ly 6 years ago, but had only minimal interaction with The station has one motor tender SKUA for conduct- the station. ing oceanographic experiments, and multiple small rigid and rubber boats. A second motor tender was Logistics and Operations in Italy for repairs, while a third tender from M/V ITALICA was also on station. Communications Fuel Storage and Use The station’s communication links include VHF and HF radio, Iridium, Inmarsat satellite phone with voice Zucchelli has three large double-walled steel fuel and text capability. Voice and data links to the rest of storage tanks and several smaller tanks for equipment the world are limited, provided through burst transmis- refueling. Fuel – including gasoline – is transferred sion over Inmarsat. from the ITALICA to the large tanks and by truck to the smaller tanks. The station also has a fuel distribu- Transport tion unit (station) to refuel vehicles.

M/V ITALICA delivers supplies to the station and Power Generation and Management provides the majority of the station’s logistical support, in accordance with the budget and the type of scien- MZS has two diesel generators that produce 300 kW tific research approved. As necessary and based on each, as well as two smaller emergency generators. each season’s operations plan, the vessel may come to Waste heat from both jacket cooling water and exhaust the station several times during one season. The ship gasses is recovered and used to heat the interior of the anchors in the bay, then barges move cargo to the pier station and to preheat sea water ahead of the desalina- where it is offloaded by crane. The station has fuel tion plant. reservoirs that allow for three years’ autonomy without resupply. M/V ITALICA then conducts several weeks Water Systems of scientific operations in the Ross Sea before return- ing to the station to pick up material leaving Antarctica Fresh water is produced by a reverse osmosis desalina- at the end of season (e.g., scientific samples and equip- tion unit which utilizes seawater collected via an exter- ment; trash). nal pump station. High pressure pumps driving salt water through ceramic membranes produce desalinat- The personnel of the station primarily utilize USAP ed water that is treated with a UV disinfection system aviation support for transfer from Christchurch to 24 Aerial View of Mario Zucchelli Station prior to being distributed to the station. A direct salt Emergency Response water feeder supplies the station’s internal aquariums. Capability

Management of Dangerous Persons deploying to MZS complete a rigorous two- week training period before leaving Italy. One week Elements is dedicated to “theory” focusing on survival, medical, The station stocks and utilizes many chemicals used environmental, and safety issues (e.g., fire fighting and for marine research and for monitoring the station’s first aid). A full week is spent in a snow/ outdoor environmental impact (e.g., discharge water quality). setting practicing safe and productive operations. Chemicals appear to be properly managed, stored and handled in the laboratory areas of the station. The station practices every-other-week fire drills and performs simulation emergency exercises. The sepa- Station staff indicated that there were no firearms rated structures (bungalows) present at the site provide present at the station. Though the documents pro- an emergency shelter that is likely adequate for the vided at the station indicated that there were scientific summer period (which is the only time the station is experiments requiring detonation of explosives for occupied). geology and experiments, when queried, station staff stated that there were no explosives on site Environmental Protocol currently. Station managers informed us that Italy lacks legisla- Also, the written information provided indicated the tion needed to implement the Environmental Protocol presence of radioisotopes for biology and oceanogra- and thus Italian agencies would have no ability under phy experiments, although staff stated that none are law to enforce Antarctic Treaty rules with respect to currently present. Italy subsequently clarified that on- Italian citizens or those participating in activities at the station documents are general and did not reflect the station. The team viewed this as a significant problem. fact that this year’s research projects did not involve While it is true that the station would have some ability any explosives or radionuclide to be present on station. to address failure to follow environmental rules, (e.g., by taking administrative action, such as terminating a

25 contract or denying future access to the Italian Antarc- Conservation of Flora and Fauna tic program) the inability of the Government of Italy to prosecute persons for failure to adhere to environ- Terra Nova Bay is home to a wide range of Ant- mental rules could be an impediment to effective en- arctic flora and fauna, including marine life, lichen forcement. This situation is particularly troublesome and mosses. All scientists must declare any activity given the prominence of Italy in Antarctic affairs, involving flora and fauna prior to deployment and clearly demonstrated by the major activities underway obtain a permit. Eight such permits were issued in the at Mario Zucchelli and Concordia. However, team 2011/12 season. At the conclusion of this scientific leaders emphasized that they were quite proactive with activity, the Station’s Environmental Officer must be respect to implementing preventive measures to ensure informed of the actual (vice planned) outcome. compliance.

Waste Management Upon reviewing the draft report, Italian officials in- formed the team that: Mario Zucchelli Station exhibits good waste manage- ment practices with respect to recycling. Separation Italian law n. 54 of 1995 that allowed for the of waste categories is well facilitated and understood. signature of the Madrid Protocol states, in All but paper and organic wastes are removed from Article 2, that, “the Madrid Protocol will be Antarctica. immediately put into execution”. This means that, although the laws implementing the A number of sensitive and hazardous waste types are Protocol are still missing, the Protocol and its consolidated in containers (some standard drums and annexes are applied directly. The Ministry of others shipping containers) in an area separated from Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Environ- the station and not too distant from the shore. Given ment are currently working on a satisfactory the proximity of a skua colony to the station, and the solution. bold nature of this species of bird, station personnel indicate that all containers and containment devices All of the participants in the Italian Antarc- are closed except when personnel are present and tic Expedition are to respect the Italian laws actively accessing waste materials. and in particular the Italian environmental regulations that are more restrictive than the The station includes a large, two-stage incinerator. prescriptions of the Protocol, in particular Food, paper, cardboard and wastewater sludge are pro- for what concerns the quality of effluents and cessed by this facility. To be efficient, the incinerator is environmental damage. The expedition leader operated in batch mode only when adequate stockpiles has, during the expedition, special powers that of waste have been accumulated. This results in the allow him to take measures if Italian laws are facility being turned on approximately once a month. not followed. In effect, an accurate selection Rigorous monitoring of gases and ash are practiced to process and adequate training of the person- ensure that combustion is complete and that solid by- nel on environmental issues have proved to be products are inert. effective in ensuring compliance. A complex wastewater treatment system exists at the Environmental Impact Assessment station. All wastewater is passed through a multi- phase treatment process resulting in the release of The station conducts an ongoing air and water qual- water with very low levels of organic and chemical ity monitoring program, including of its incinerator, content. All sludge and solids removed are inciner- to ensure compliance with relevant Italian laws and ated. A vigorous monitoring program exists for waste- regulations. water, as does for incinerator byproducts.

26 Terra Nova Bay

Area Management Military Support Activities

There are several Antarctic Specially Protected Areas Eleven of 83 people on station at the time of our visit (ASPAs) in the vicinity of the Mario Zucchelli Station were military personnel. These included one of the (one of them is the – “Terra station doctors, personnel to support boat operations Nova Bay”). It was reported that the areas are not and flight operations (air traffic control and meteorol- marked as the number of visitors is limited and sta- ogy), divers and mountain guides. tion personnel are aware of these ASPAs. The team stresses the importance of marking and monitoring ASPAs wherever possible. The station leader stated that, in the case of scientific activities in the ASPAs, scientists obtain appropriate permits. Nonetheless, in the context of the aforementioned absence of relevant rules and regulations in the Italian legislation, this poses some grounds for concern.

Italian officials subsequently informed the team that:

Any proposed activity is subject to an envi- ronmental assessment prior to its approval. Only once approved can the activity proceed. The ASPA management plan is available on site and ASPA access to scientists is provided after training on the associated environmental issues.

27 Appendix:

List of Acronyms

ANDRIll antarctic Geological Drilling

aht antarctic Heritage Trust

ASMa antarctic Specially Managed Area

ASPa antarctic Specially Protected Area

ATCM antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting

cee comprehensive Environmental Evaluation

CEP committee for Environmental Protection

EIa environmental Impact Assessment

ENea National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (Italy)

EPIca european Project on Ice Coring in Antarctica

HSM historic Sites and Monuments

Iee Initial Environmental Evaluation

IPEV French Polar Institute Paul Emile Victor

MZS Mario Zucchelli Station

NSF National Science Foundation

PNra National Program of Research in Antarctica (Italy)

RNZAF royal New Zealand Air Force

Sar Search and Rescue

USAP united States Antarctic Program

The motor tender SKUA at Zucchelli Station

28