Level 1 Geography (91010) 2020
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Antarctic Peninsula
Hucke-Gaete, R, Torres, D. & Vallejos, V. 1997c. Entanglement of Antarctic fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella, by marine debris at Cape Shirreff and San Telmo Islets, Livingston Island, Antarctica: 1998-1997. Serie Científica Instituto Antártico Chileno 47: 123-135. Hucke-Gaete, R., Osman, L.P., Moreno, C.A. & Torres, D. 2004. Examining natural population growth from near extinction: the case of the Antarctic fur seal at the South Shetlands, Antarctica. Polar Biology 27 (5): 304–311 Huckstadt, L., Costa, D. P., McDonald, B. I., Tremblay, Y., Crocker, D. E., Goebel, M. E. & Fedak, M. E. 2006. Habitat Selection and Foraging Behavior of Southern Elephant Seals in the Western Antarctic Peninsula. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2006, abstract #OS33A-1684. INACH (Instituto Antártico Chileno) 2010. Chilean Antarctic Program of Scientific Research 2009-2010. Chilean Antarctic Institute Research Projects Department. Santiago, Chile. Kawaguchi, S., Nicol, S., Taki, K. & Naganobu, M. 2006. Fishing ground selection in the Antarctic krill fishery: Trends in patterns across years, seasons and nations. CCAMLR Science, 13: 117–141. Krause, D. J., Goebel, M. E., Marshall, G. J., & Abernathy, K. (2015). Novel foraging strategies observed in a growing leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx) population at Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Animal Biotelemetry, 3:24. Krause, D.J., Goebel, M.E., Marshall. G.J. & Abernathy, K. In Press. Summer diving and haul-out behavior of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) near mesopredator breeding colonies at Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Mammal Science.Leppe, M., Fernandoy, F., Palma-Heldt, S. & Moisan, P 2004. Flora mesozoica en los depósitos morrénicos de cabo Shirreff, isla Livingston, Shetland del Sur, Península Antártica, in Actas del 10º Congreso Geológico Chileno. -
The Antarctic Treaty
The Antarctic Treaty Measures adopted at the Thirty-ninth Consultative Meeting held at Santiago, Chile 23 May – 1 June 2016 Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs by Command of Her Majesty November 2017 Cm 9542 © Crown copyright 2017 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/government/publications Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at Treaty Section, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, King Charles Street, London, SW1A 2AH ISBN 978-1-5286-0126-9 CCS1117441642 11/17 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum Printed in the UK by the APS Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majestyʼs Stationery Office MEASURES ADOPTED AT THE THIRTY-NINTH ANTARCTIC TREATY CONSULTATIVE MEETING Santiago, Chile 23 May – 1 June 2016 The Measures1 adopted at the Thirty-ninth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting are reproduced below from the Final Report of the Meeting. In accordance with Article IX, paragraph 4, of the Antarctic Treaty, the Measures adopted at Consultative Meetings become effective upon approval by all Contracting Parties whose representatives were entitled to participate in the meeting at which they were adopted (i.e. all the Consultative Parties). The full text of the Final Report of the Meeting, including the Decisions and Resolutions adopted at that Meeting and colour copies of the maps found in this command paper, is available on the website of the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat at www.ats.aq/documents. -
Federal Register/Vol. 84, No. 78/Tuesday, April 23, 2019/Rules
Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 78 / Tuesday, April 23, 2019 / Rules and Regulations 16791 U.S.C. 3501 et seq., nor does it require Agricultural commodities, Pesticides SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The any special considerations under and pests, Reporting and recordkeeping Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, as Executive Order 12898, entitled requirements. amended (‘‘ACA’’) (16 U.S.C. 2401, et ‘‘Federal Actions to Address Dated: April 12, 2019. seq.) implements the Protocol on Environmental Justice in Minority Environmental Protection to the Richard P. Keigwin, Jr., Populations and Low-Income Antarctic Treaty (‘‘the Protocol’’). Populations’’ (59 FR 7629, February 16, Director, Office of Pesticide Programs. Annex V contains provisions for the 1994). Therefore, 40 CFR chapter I is protection of specially designated areas Since tolerances and exemptions that amended as follows: specially managed areas and historic are established on the basis of a petition sites and monuments. Section 2405 of under FFDCA section 408(d), such as PART 180—[AMENDED] title 16 of the ACA directs the Director the tolerance exemption in this action, of the National Science Foundation to ■ do not require the issuance of a 1. The authority citation for part 180 issue such regulations as are necessary proposed rule, the requirements of the continues to read as follows: and appropriate to implement Annex V Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 Authority: 21 U.S.C. 321(q), 346a and 371. to the Protocol. et seq.) do not apply. ■ 2. Add § 180.1365 to subpart D to read The Antarctic Treaty Parties, which This action directly regulates growers, as follows: includes the United States, periodically food processors, food handlers, and food adopt measures to establish, consolidate retailers, not States or tribes. -
Antarctic.V12.4.1991.Pdf
500 lOOOMOTtcn ANTARCTIC PENINSULA s/2 9 !S°km " A M 9 I C j O m t o 1 Comandante Ferraz brazil 2 Henry Arctowski polano 3 Teniente Jubany Argentina 4 Artigas uruouav 5 Teniente Rodotfo Marsh emu BeHingshausen ussr Great WaD owa 6 Capstan Arturo Prat ck«.e 7 General Bernardo O'Higgins cmiu 8 Esperanza argentine 9 Vice Comodoro Marambio Argentina 10 Palmer usa 11 Faraday uk SOUTH 12 Rothera uk SHETLAND 13 Teniente Carvajal chile 14 General San Martin Argentina ISLANDS JOOkm NEW ZEALAND ANTARCTIC SOCIETY MAP COPYRIGHT Vol. 12 No. 4 Antarctic Antarctic (successor to "Antarctic News Bulletin") Vol. 12 No.4 Contents Polar New Zealand 94 Australia 101 Pakistan 102 United States 104 West Germany 111 Sub-Antarctic ANTARCTIC is published quarterly by Heard Island 116 theNew Zealand Antarctic Society Inc., 1978. General ISSN 0003-5327 Antarctic Treaty 117 Greenpeace 122 Editor: Robin Ormerod Environmental database 123 Please address all editorial inquiries, contri Seven peaks, seven months 124 butions etc to the Editor, P.O. Box 2110, Wellington, New Zealand Books Antarctica, the Ross Sea Region 126 Telephone (04) 791.226 International: +64-4-791-226 Shackleton's Lieutenant 127 Fax: (04)791.185 International: + 64-4-791-185 All administrative inquiries should go to the Secretary, P.O. Box 1223, Christchurch, NZ Inquiries regarding Back and Missing issues to P.O. Box 1223, Christchurch, N.Z. No part of this publication may be reproduced in Cover : Fumeroles on Mt. Melbourne any way, without the prior permission of the pub lishers. Photo: Dr. Paul Broddy Antarctic Vol. -
Monitoring the Impact of Scott Base in Antarctica
Monitoring the Impact of Scott Base in Antarctica: A Recent Evaluation of Wastewater, Water and Soil Quality at Pram Point, Ross Island. Thomas Mervyn Williams A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science at the University of Canterbury University of Canterbury 2012 “…although scientific research in Antarctica is of paramount importance in addressing climatic and environmental challenges, there is no doubt that the value of Antarctica for science should be weighed against the environmental impact of scientific work and its logistic support.” Bargagli (2005) ii Abstract Antarctica is widely perceived as the most untouched continent on Earth. However, increasing anthropogenic presence in Antarctica is creating continual pressure on the pristine environment. To protect the Antarctic environment, monitoring and reporting procedures must be a priority for Nations wishing to conduct research on the continent. A significant contributor to environmental degradation is poor waste management and waste disposal, in particular the discharge of sewage and wastewater into the marine environment. This study provides information on the potential impact of Scott Base wastewater on the local marine environment, which can be used to improve operating systems and as a tool to ultimately reduce the environmental footprint of the base. This study investigated the characteristics of the sewage from Scott Base, Antarctica, and the water quality within the wastewater discharge plume beneath the sea ice. Results from seawater analysis were then compared with Redvers (2000) to give an indication of how contamination levels have changed over the last decade. Results show that in the vicinity of the wastewater outfall, seawater samples contained no faecal coliforms or Escherichia coli. -
(ASPA) No. 121 CAPE ROYDS, ROSS ISLAND
Measure 2 (2014) Annex Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No. 121 CAPE ROYDS, ROSS ISLAND Introduction Cape Royds lies at the western extremity of Ross Island, McMurdo Sound, at 166°09'56"E, 77°33'20"S. Approximate area: 0.66 km2. The primary reasons for designation are on the grounds that the Area supports the most southerly established Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) colony known, for which there exists a long time series of population data that is of unique and outstanding scientific value. In addition, the Area has important terrestrial and freshwater ecological values, including the most southerly observation of snow algae, the type locality for original descriptions of a number of species of algae, and the unusual presence of a form of Dissolved Organic Matter that is almost entirely microbially-derived. The Area was originally designated as Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) No. 1 in Recommendation VIII-4 (1975) after a proposal by the United States of America. The SSSI designation was extended through Recommendation X-6 (1979), Recommendation XII-5 (1983), Resolution 7 (1995) and Measure 2 (2000). A revision was adopted through Recommendation XIII-9 (1985). The site was renamed and renumbered as Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No 121 by Decision 1 (2002). A revised management plan was adopted through Measure 1 (2002), and then through Measure 5 (2009) when the size of the marine component was reduced. The Area is situated within Environment P – Ross and Ronne-Filchner based on the Environmental Domains Analysis for Antarctica and within Region 9 - South Victoria Land based on the Antarctic Conservation Biogeographic Regions. -
Wilderness and Aesthetic Values of Antarctica
Wilderness and Aesthetic Values of Antarctica Abstract Antarctica is the least inhabited region in the world and has therefore had the least influence from human activities and, unlike the majority of the Earth’s continents and oceans, can still be considered as mostly wilderness. As every visitor to Antarctica knows, its landscapes are exceptionally beautiful. It was the recognition of the importance of these characteristics that resulted in their protection being included in the Madrid Protocol. Both wilderness and aesthetic values can be impaired by human activities in a variety of ways with the severity varying from negligible to severe, according to the type Protocol on Environmental Protec tion to the Antarctic Trea ty - of activity and its duration, spatial extent and intensity. A map of infrastructure and major travel routes the "M adrid Protocol" in Antarctica will be the first step in visually representing where wilderness and aesthetic values Article 3[1] may be impacted. It is hoped that this will stimulate further discussion on how to describe, acknowledge, The protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent an d associated ecosystems and the intrinsic value of Antarctica, understand and further protect the wilderness and aesthetic values of Antarctica. including its wilderness and aesthetic values and its value as an area for the conduct of scientific research, in particular research essential to understanding the global environment, shall be fundamental considerations in the planning and condu ct of all activities -
Scott Base - New Zealand’S Base in Antarctica
Scott Base - New Zealand’s Base in Antarctica Scott Base, New Zealand's only Antarctic research station, perches on a low volcanic headland called Pram Point at the southern end of Ross Island. It is 3800km south of Christchurch and 1350km from the South Pole. Mt Erebus, an active volcano, sits north-east and to the west, across McMurdo Sound, is the Royal Society Range. Here, lies the boundary between the Ross Ice Shelf and the sea ice that forms every winter. From October to February, Scott Base is a bustling hub of scientists, staff and visitors. Up to 86 people can be accommodated at any one time; during the summer season, more than 300 people stay on base. Location of Scott Base ● Pram Point, Hut Point Peninsula, Ross Island in McMurdo Sound ● 77° 51' S, v 166° 46' E ● 10 m above sea level Video - Tour of the Base The base is made up of a collection of Chelsea Cucumber green[ 5] buildings which are linked by all-weather corridors. These buildings can accommodate 85 people over summer, with a "skeleton staff" of between 10 and 14 people remaining over the winter. Like nearby McMurdo Station , Scott Base is connected to the global telephone network via a Satellite Earth Station operated by Spark New Zealand, located approximately 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) away at Arrival Heights. Spark NZ also provide phone services to McMurdo[ c itation needed ] for calls to New Zealand as well as to the Italian Programme at Terra Nova Bay. McMurdo Station has an independent communications infrastructure located at Black Island and linked to Ross Island via microwave. -
PR 2021 009 Draft Comprehensive Environmental Evaluation For
Proactive Release Date: 10 March 2021 The following Cabinet paper and related Cabinet minutes have been proactively released by the Minister of Foreign Affairs: Title of paper: Draft Comprehensive Environmental Evaluation for Proposed Scott Base Redevelopment: Public Consultation CAB-21-SUB-0009 Title of minutes: CAB-20-MIN-0009 refers Some parts of this information release would not be appropriate to release and, if requested, would be withheld under the Official Information Act 1982 (the Act). Where this is the case, the relevant sections of the Act that would apply have been identified. Where information has been withheld, no public interest has been identified that would outweigh the reasons for withholding it. Key to redaction codes: 9(2)(f)(iv): to protect the confidentiality of advice tendered by Ministers of the Crown and officials. © Crown Copyright, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) CAB-21-MIN-0009 Cabinet Minute of Decision This document contains information for the New Zealand Cabinet. It must be treated in confidence and handled in accordance with any security classification, or other endorsement. The information can only be released, including under the Official Information Act 1982, by persons with the appropriate authority. Draft Comprehensive Environmental Evaluation for Proposed Scott Base Redevelopment: Public Consultation Affairs Portfolio Foreign Affairs On 2 February 2021, Cabinet: Foreign 1 noted that a bid seeking funding for the full costs of the redevelopmentof of Scott Base has been -
The Never Ending Gale: Its Role in Captain Robert F. Scott and His Companions’ Deaths
The Never Ending Gale: its Role in Captain Robert F. Scott and his Companions’ Deaths Krzysztof Sienicki Chair of Theoretical Physics of Naturally Intelligent Systems ul. Topolowa 19, 05-807 Podkowa Leśna, Poland, EU [email protected] (14 September 2011) Abstract Polar historians and enthusiasts are aware that toward the end of March 1912, Captain Robert F. Scott reported in his journal a meteorological event, which was extraordinary as far as its length and strength was concerned. This event was the gale which according to Captain Scott, lasted nine/ten days. Were the laws of physics suspended at the end of March 1912 in the Antarctic? I have shown that the near surface winds in the Antarctic are self-organized critically and that the winds over the continent form an ergodic system. I have presented an analysis of wind events in the proximity of Captain Scott’s camp and at Ross Island. By com- paring wind events at these locations, and performing an analysis of a gale’s wind duration and strength at One Ton Depôt, I con- cluded that Captain Scott’s wind record was highly inaccurate. I concluded that the nine/ten day gale described by Captain Scott, that lasted from March 21 to 29, did not take place. This result combined with my previous analysis of Captain Scott’s tempera- ture record, shows that two black swan meteorological events: February 27-March 19, 1912 – Extreme Cold Snap and March 21- 29, 1912 – Never Ending Gale reported by Captain Scott, did not take place. Therefore, I conclude that the deaths of Scott, Wilson and Bowers were a matter of choice rather than chance. -
A Study of a Standalone Renewable Energy System of the Chinese Zhongshan Station in Antarctica
applied sciences Article A Study of a Standalone Renewable Energy System of the Chinese Zhongshan Station in Antarctica Yinke Dou 1,*, Guangyu Zuo 1, Xiaomin Chang 2 and Yan Chen 1 1 College of Electrical and Power Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; [email protected] (G.Z.); [email protected] (Y.C.) 2 College of Water Resources Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-139-3464-6229 Received: 10 April 2019; Accepted: 7 May 2019; Published: 14 May 2019 Abstract: China has built four stations in Antarctica so far, and Zhongshan Station is the largest station among them. Continuous power supply for manned stations mainly relies on fuel. With the gradual increase in energy demand at the station and cost of fuel traffic from China to Zhongshan station in Antarctica, reducing fuel consumption and increasing green energy utilization are urgent problems. This research considers a standalone renewable energy system. The polar environments and renewable energy distribution of area of Zhongshan station are analyzed. The physical model, operation principle, and mathematical modeling of the proposed power system were designed. Low-temperature performance and state of charge (SOC) estimation method of the lead–acid battery were comprehensively tested and evaluated. A temperature control strategy was adopted to prevent the battery from low-temperature loss of the battery capacity. Energy management strategy of the power system was proposed by designing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control strategies for wind turbine and PV array. The whole power system is broadly composed of a power generator (wind turbine and PV array), an uploading circuit, a three-phase rectifier bridge, an interleaved Buck circuit, a DC/DC conversion circuit, a switch circuit, a power supply circuit, an amplifier, a driver circuit, a voltage and current monitoring, a load, battery units and a control system. -
Ross Island Historic Huts
SCIENCE AND RESEARCH INTERNAL REPORT N0.47 ROSS ISLAND HISTORIC HUTS: Report on Archaeological and restoration work and future management considerations Event K281 1988-89 for the Antarctic Heritage Trust by Neville Ritchie This is an internal Department of Conservation report and must be cited as Science and Research Internal Report No.47. Permission for use of any of its contents must be obtained from the Director (Science & Research), Central Office, Department of Conservation. Science & Research Directorate, Department of Conservation, P.O. Box 10-420, Wellington, New Zealand February 1989 ISSN 0114-2798 ISBN 0-478-01092-3 Table of Contents 1.0 Abstract and Introduction 1 2.0 Itinerary 2 3.0 Outline of Major Tasks 3 4.0 Work at Cape Evans 3 4.1 Introduction 3 4.2 The stables and the need for remedial work 3 4.3 Chronological summary of modifications to stables 5 4.4 Summary of structural work (1989 season). 6 4.5 Summary of archaeological work (1989 season) 7 4.6 Fig. 1 Plan showing position of items uncovered in stables 8 4.7 Fig. 2 Section showing ice/snow stratigraphy in stables 9 4.8 Work still to be done in the stables 11 4.9 Comment on excavation equipment and methodology. 12 5.0 Work at Cape Royds 12 6.0 Work at Hut Point 13 7.0 Priorities for Future Work 13 8.0 The Ross Island Huts: General Matters of Concern 15 9.0 References 18 10.0 Appendices 19 10.1 Summary of snowproofing work undertaken by Scott Base winter-over staff at Hut Point.