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The British Uplands: Dynamics of Change

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The British Uplands: Dynamics of Change JNCC Report No. 319 The British Uplands: Dynamics of Change 2002 Edited by: T P Burt D B A Thompson J Warburton with support from B Huntley R Baxter J Munneke S Johnson ISSN 0963-8091 The British Uplands: Dynamics of Change 3 Contents Preface 7 Foreword 9 Section 1. Facets of the uplands: perceptions and research 13 1. Uplands: the research base 14 O. W. Heal 2. “ …the hills in order...” 20 Ian Mercer 3. “a grey melancholy hill...” Ten thousand years of environmental history 26 I. G. Simmons 4. Wildlife conservation – the need for common sense 32 Patrick Gordon-Duff-Pennington Section 2. Importance, sensitivity and land-use issues 35 5. The importance of nature conservation in the British uplands: nature conservation and land- use changes 36 D. B. A. Thompson 6. Climate change and wildlife conservation in the British uplands 41 B. Huntley and R. Baxter 7. Water quality in the British uplands 48 Malcolm S. Cresser, Richard Smart and Marc Stutter 8. Eroding upland landscapes? Past, present and future perspectives 60 T. P. Burt, J. Warburton and R. J. Allison 9. Geomorphological heritage and sensitivity in the uplands: a case study from the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland 67 J. E. Gordon, V. Brazier, V. M. Haynes and I. C. Grieve Section 3. Policy issues: integrated approaches to conservation, management and use 78 10. Integrating nature conservation and agriculture in the uplands of Wales: long-standing problems and new opportunities 79 Marcus Yeo and Clunie Keenleyside 11. Benefits to environment and economy through EU structural funds, with special reference to the North York Moors National Park 83 4 The British Uplands: Dynamics of Change David Arnold-Forster 12. Supporting diverse and beautiful upland landscapes - use them or lose them? The need for effective integrated policies and land use 90 Rosie Simpson 13. The challenge of protecting and expanding England’s upland woodland resource 95 Stuart Maidment and Richard Britton 14. Integrated management in the uplands: is it possible to reach consensus? 100 Roger Sidaway 15. Tourism in upland areas: benefits in the balance? 105 Andrew Duff 16. Policy benefits and constraints in the uplands of Scotland 111 John Miles Section 4. Modelling, processes and monitoring change in the uplands 118 17. Monitoring UK uplands - the Environmental Change Network 119 John K. Adamson 18. Upland vegetation dynamics and the impacts of aerial nitrogen deposition 121 Tanya L. Barden 19. A comparison of the effects of burning and flailing on the regeneration of heather moorland in Northern Ireland 123 J. Campbell, A. Cameron and J. H. McAdam 20. Techniques to investigate the recent rise to dominance of Molinia caerulea in environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs) 124 F. M. Chambers and Dmitri Mauquoy 21. Historical river channel change - Swinhope Burn, Upper Weardale 125 Melanie Danks and Jeff Warburton 22. Soil erosion on the Trotternish Ridge, Isle of Skye; sheep grazing or slope stability? 127 Alan Frost and Mike O’Sullivan 23. Understanding the ecology of dwarf birch: implications for conservation and management of montane scrub 129 Kate Heal and Hilary Kirkpatrick 24. Managing manganese in runoff from upland water supply catchments 132 Kate Heal, Alasdair Hardie, Allan Lilly & Andrew Britton The British Uplands: Dynamics of Change 5 25. GPS: a tool for mapping the uplands 134 David Higgitt and Jeff Warburton 26. A comparison of some runoff process regimes in upland blanket peat 136 Joseph Holden 27. Environmental management in the uplands: an integrated approach 138 Simon Humphries 28. Torrent erosion in Lake District mountain catchments 139 Richard Johnson, Jeff Warburton, Tim Burt 29. Modelling daily surface air temperature over complex terrain 141 A. Joyce, B. Huntley, R. Baxter, J. Adamson and T. Parr 30. Impacts of environmental change on the vegetation of Widdybank Fell, Upper Teesdale NNR 143 K. J. Lewthwaite, R. Baxter, B. Huntley, S. Willis & J. Adamson 31. Modelling hydroecology in bogs and mire 145 Charlotte MacAlister 32. Upland soil erosion in England and Wales: the influence of soil 147 Marianne McHugh and Tim Harrod 33. The problem of water colour in the Pennines: the 1995 drought and the potential impact of climate change 149 Pam Naden and Carol Watts 34. Conserving landscape ecology: the impact of climate change on soil moisture 151 Pam Naden, Carol Watts, Peter Broadhurst and Eleanor Blyth 35. The measurement of utilisation by grazing herbivores and heathland productivity for the Eastern Mournes ASSI 154 J. O. Warnock and J. H. McAdam 36. The use of invertebrates as early warning indicators of land use changes 156 Caroline Young Section 5. Land management issues 158 37. Operation and uptake of upland ESAs in England 159 H. M. Edwards, D. Martin, G. M. Travis and M. S. Lazzeri 38. The potential for woodland expansion in the uplands of England and Wales 161 J. E. G. Good, J. Humphrey, D. Clough, T. H. Thomas, P. A. Stevens and D. A. Norris 6 The British Uplands: Dynamics of Change 39. Countryside stewardship 1999: a comprehensive new approach for the uplands 163 Fiona Gough 40. Principles of landscape ecology and management of the conservation estate: a case study from the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area 164 Robert MacFarlane 41. Peat mass movements: a world and regional database 166 Andrew Mills, Jeff Warburton and David Higgitt The British Uplands: Dynamics of Change 7 PREFACE ‘With impending de-commonisation, there is In this document we have drawn together forty- particular interest in the likely consequences for one studies concerned in different ways with the wildlife and increased recreational use. In dynamics of change in the uplands. We have drawn Scotland, ski developments continue to dominate on the experience and knowledge of some who the recreation scene … Afforestation is arguably have worked in the uplands for many decades, and the most controversial form of land use in Britain others who are just beginning to tackle research, in the 1980s …. In relating ecological research to conservation or management issues. We have management the important factors to determine are sought to integrate different approaches; several of the management objectives. Definitions of these are the studies transcend geomorphological, ecological, difficult, especially as there is neither guidance nor landscape, planning and policy perspectives. We agreement on whether the objectives should be have divided the report into five parts: formulated ‘on high’ (i.e. within the EEC or by national governments) or whether they should be • Facets of the uplands: perceptions and discussed and agreed at a more regional or local research level’. • Importance, sensitivity and land-use issues Preface to Ecological change in the uplands • Policy issues: integrated approaches to (1988), edited by M. B. Usher and conservation, management and use D. B. A. Thompson. Blackwell Scientific • Modelling, processes and monitoring Publications, Oxford. change in the uplands; and • Land management issues. It is fascinating to reflect how some issues change and others stay the same in the uplands. In developing these five themes, we have tried to The above excerpts from the Preface to a landmark build on the approach engendered within volume on research and management issues in the Ecological change in the uplands - trying to merge uplands, capture the essence of issues germane work reflecting the evaluation and importance of thirteen years ago. Whilst the uplands of Britain, different facets of the uplands with studies of covering around one-third of its land surface, processes and practices to help understand changes continue to change and evolve dynamically, the in order to manage these for the benefit of the profile of different land uses dip and rise over uplands as a whole. various timescales. This report is based partly on a conference held The recreation debate has broadened at Hatfield College, University of Durham, in considerably from concerns about ski-ing spring 1999. However, we have updated papers, developments in Scotland to a wider debate on the and drawn on a workshop held in Edinburgh on 26 promotion of increased access to the uplands of April 2002. This workshop, held by Department of England and Wales (supported by the Countryside Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and Rights of Way Act, 2000) and impending and JNCC explored linkages between land-use legislation on land reform in Scotland. The policy, research and advice in the uplands; and afforestation debate has moved on considerably; provided an opportunity to bring parts of the report large-scale blanket afforestation with conifers in markedly up-to-date. All of the papers reflect some the uplands has all but ceased, and instead there is a of the more recent changes befalling the uplands. move towards mixed, broadleaf/conifer woodlands As we go to press, we should highlight the supported by Woodland Grant Schemes (though impact of Foot and Mouth Disease. The onset of there are still concerns about some forestry this in February 2001 triggered major policy proposals in the uplands). The Habitats Directive, changes regarding the future of both hill farming in currently being implemented by the UK the uplands and the promotion of open-air access Government, is particularly manifest in the and, indeed, tourism in rural areas. In many ways, designation of Special Areas of Conservation the Foot and Mouth Disease outbreak has (SACs) for habitats and species listed under the demonstrated in the most dramatic way possible Directive. One challenge for the countryside just how intricately different land uses are linked in conservation agencies, in particular, is now to set the uplands. No two land uses can be considered clear conservation and management objectives for separately; rather they interact and influence the these sites and to determine whether or not these patterns of nature and land use in different parts of objectives are being met.
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