Celo Besedilo V

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Celo Besedilo V UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI EKONOMSKA FAKULTETA ZAKLJUČNA STROKOVNA NALOGA VISOKE POSLOVNE ŠOLE PIRATSTVO V GLASBENI INDUSTRIJI MARKO CVETKO IZJAVA Študent/ka ________________________________ izjavljam, da sem avtor/ica te zaključne strokovne naloge, ki sem jo napisal/a pod mentorstvom __________________________ , in da dovolim njeno objavo na fakultetnih spletnih straneh. V Ljubljani, dne___________________ Podpis: ______________________________ Kazalo Uvod ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Glasbena industrija ............................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Opredelitev glasbene industrije ................................................................................... 2 1.2 Kronologija razvoja medijev ....................................................................................... 2 1.3 Glasbena industrija danes ............................................................................................ 3 1.4 Predstavitev največjih glasbenih korporacij................................................................ 4 1.4.1 Universal Music Group ........................................................................................ 4 1.4.2 Sony BMG............................................................................................................ 5 1.4.3 Warner Music Group............................................................................................ 6 1.4.4 EMI Group............................................................................................................ 6 2 Zakonodaja na področju glasbe .......................................................................................... 8 2.1 Intelektualna lastnina................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Avtorske in sorodne pravice................................................................................. 9 2.2 Mednarodni predpisi.................................................................................................. 10 2.3 Predpisi v EU............................................................................................................. 10 2.4 Predpisi v Sloveniji.................................................................................................... 11 3 Piratstvo............................................................................................................................ 11 3.1 Opredelitev piratstva ................................................................................................. 11 3.2 Razvoj piratstva......................................................................................................... 12 3.3 Ekonomski vidik piratstva......................................................................................... 14 3.4 Proti piratska združenja ............................................................................................. 15 3.4.1 Record Industry Association of America ........................................................... 15 3.4.2 SAZAS ............................................................................................................... 16 4 Primeri obsodb piratstva................................................................................................... 17 4.1 Primer iz ZDA ........................................................................................................... 17 4.2 Primer v EU............................................................................................................... 18 4.3 Primer iz Slovenije .................................................................................................... 19 Sklep.................................................................................................................................... 19 Literatura in Viri.................................................................................................................. 22 Kazalo slik Slika 1: Delitev globalnega glasbenega trga .......................................................................9 Slika 2: Svetovna prodaja glasbene vsebine .....................................................................16 i Uvod V zadnjih nekaj desetletjih 20. stoletja smo spremljali izjemen tehnološki napredek na področju glasbene industrije, ki je bil še posebej intenziven ob prehodu v novo tisočletje. Prvo veliko spremembo je povzročil mehanski posnetek zvoka, ki je sčasoma spremenil tudi način poslovanja tistih, ki so trgovali z glasbo (kupovanje in prodajanje avtorskih pravic za posneto glasbo) ter razvoj nosilcev zapisa zvoka. Razvoj je spodbudil in omogočil koncentracijo kapitala, ki je oblikoval velike korporacije, ki danes obvladujejo glasbeno industrijo. S svojim več letnim dominiranjem glasbenemu trgu so izoblikovali svoj način poslovanja ter posredno vplivali na naš (uporabnikov) glasbeni okus. Tehnološki napredek je kmalu omogočil tudi kopiranje fizičnih nosilcev zvoka, ki je vsakega uporabnika osebnega računalnika spremenil v potencialnega pirata. Z razmahom interneta se je piratstvo še povečalo, ob enem pa je internet omogočil tudi nov način nelegalnega prenosa glasbe. Z nenehnim izboljševanjem internetnega dostopa se je digitalni prenos podatkov (zapisa glasbe) masovno širil in tako posledično vplival na prodajo do sedaj nepogrešljivega medija – zgoščenke. Glasbena industrija kljub številnim poskusom in različnim ukrepom zoper ta pojav piratstvu ni bila kos vse do spremembe samega načina poslovanja, ki se sedaj pojavlja in obeta spremembo v prihodnosti. V zaključni nalogi bom poskušal potrditi mnenje, da je piratstvo kljub kršenju avtorskih pravic ponovno pripeljalo do novih meril v glasbeni industriji. Zaključno nalogo sem razdelil na štiri glavna poglavja. Prvo poglavje zajema uvod v glasbeno industrijo s pogledom v preteklost in prehodno obdobje, ko so se pojavili glavni akterji. V drugem poglavju sem se osredotočil na zaščito avtorskih pravic, ki zagotavlja glasbeni industriji glavni vir dobička. Tretji del je posvečen opredelitvi piratstva. V zadnjem delu pa sem s pomočjo različnih primerov poskušal prikazati pretirano pravno preganjanje tako imenovanih piratov. Teme sem se lotil, ker je zelo aktualna, saj posega v vsakdanje življenje skoraj vsakega človeka, nedvomno pa vseh tistih, predvsem mladih ljudi, ki imajo dnevni stik z internetom in so tako nenehno postavljeni pred moralno dilemo (vprašanje, odločitev): ali kupiti ali z enim klikom z internet enostavno prenesti želeno vsebino. Ker je tematika tako zelo prisotna v vsakdanjem življenju, sem kot informacije o obravnavani problematiki iskal predvsem na internetu in manj v klasični literaturi. 1 1 Glasbena industrija V tem poglavju se bom osredotočil na predstavitev in opredelitev glasbene industrije. Skušal bom prikazati, kako se je skozi čas razvijala tehnologija in uporaba samih medijev ter predstavil korporacije, ki poslujejo v tej glasbeni panogi in vodijo oziroma obvladujejo večinski delež glasbenega trga. 1.1 Opredelitev glasbene industrije Kot vsaka zgodba ali pesem ima tudi glasbena industrija svojo zgodovino, skozi katero se je preoblikovala v današnjo globalno industrijo. V zgodnji 80. letih 19. stoletja se je na Manhattan v New Yorku pričelo zbirati veliko glasbenih založnikov. To je bila lokacija, kjer se je zbiralo veliko uspešnih glasbenikov. Založniki so tako imeli možnost izbirati med uspešnicami, ki so jih nato odkupili. Glavni zaslužek založnikov je bila masovna prodaja pesmaric (ang.: sheet music). Takrat so založniki tudi plačevali pevce, da so vključili popularne pesmi v svoje glasbene igre in s tem dodatno pospešili prodajo. Podjetje Tin Pan Alley je zadevo poprijelo drugače. Namesto posameznih pesmi z v naprej določeno ceno, ki ni bila odvisna od poznejše količinske prodaje pesmi, je podjetje pričelo kupovati na tisoče pesmi v upanju, da bo vsaj ena izmed njih postala uspešnica (Reublin, 2008). V pričetku 20. stoletja je pomen gramofonske industrije rasel, kar je posledično pripeljalo do tega, da so založniška podjetja prevzela glavno vlogo pri poslovanju v glasbeni industriji, saj so obvladovala prodajo pesmaric. S postopno dominacijo na glasbenem trgu je peščica založniških podjetij preživela, veliko pa jih je skozi čas prenehalo delovati. Do leta 2004 so ostala le še štiri velika podjetja, ki jih imenujejo veliki štirje (Wikipedia, 2008). Glasbena industrija je tako rekoč v rokah velikih štirih. Večinoma se govori samo o njih, vendar pa glasbena industrija zajema tudi vsa mala podjetja, ki sodelujejo z velikimi, pa tudi vse samostojne založnike ter glasbenike, skladatelje, pisce pesmi (besedil), snemalce glasbe in druge. Angleški izraz A&R management tako vključuje umetnike in organizatorje repertoarja, managerje skupin, vse sodelujoče pri promociji in na turnejah. Glasbena industrija tako zajema proizvodnjo, distribucijo in prodajo glasbe v različnih oblikah, promocijo nastopov v živo in drugo. Danes zaradi digitalizacije prihaja do vse večjih sprememb v glasbeni industriji, ki jih bom opisal v nadaljevanju. 1.2 Kronologija razvoja medijev Industrijska revolucija je imela velik vpliv na glasbeno industrijo v začetku 19. stoletja. Zaradi izboljšane tehnologije in cenejšega materiala so postajali nosilci zapisov tudi cenovno dostopnejši, hkrati pa se je povečevalo zanimanje širokih množic za predvajanje posnete glasbe. Takrat se je pojavil inštrument z
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