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This article is about the American Confederate general. 2 Early military career For the British physicist, see George Pickett (physicist). Pickett was commissioned a in George Edward Pickett (January 16,[1] 1825 – , the U.S. 8th Infantry Regiment. He soon gained na- 1875) was a career Army officer who be- tional recognition in the Mexican-American War when came a general in the he carried the American colors over the parapet during during the . He is best remembered the . Wounded at the base of the for his participation in the futile and bloody assault at wall, Pickett’s friend and colleague Lt. the that bears his name, Pickett’s handed him the colors. Pickett carried the flag over the Charge. wall and fought his way to the roof of the palace, unfurl- ing it over the fortress and announcing its surrender. He received a brevet promotion to following this ac- 1 Early life tion. In 1849, while serving on the frontier after the war, he was promoted to first lieutenant and then to captain in Pickett was born in Richmond, , the first of the [3] eight children of Robert and Mary Pickett,[2] a promi- the 9th U.S. Infantry in 1855. In 1853, Pickett chal- nent family of Old Virginia of English origins, and one lenged a fellow junior officer, future Union general and of the “first families” of Virginia. He was the cousin opposing Civil War commander Winfield Scott Hancock, of future Confederate general .[3] He went to a duel; (they had met only briefly when Hancock was to Springfield, Illinois, to study law, but at the age of 17 passing through Texas). Hancock declined the duel, a re- sponse not unlikely as dueling had fallen out of favor at he was appointed to the United States Military Academy. [9] Legend has it that Pickett’s West Point appointment was the time. secured for him by , but this is largely In January 1851, Pickett married Sally Harrison Minge, believed to be a story circulated by his widow following the daughter of Dr. John Minge of Virginia, the great- his death. Lincoln, as an Illinois state legislator, could great-grandniece of President , not nominate candidates, although he did give the young and the great-great-granddaughter of Benjamin Harrison, man advice after he was accepted;[4] Pickett was actu- a signer of the United States Declaration of Indepen- ally appointed by Illinois Congressman John T. Stuart, a dence. Sally died during childbirth that November, at friend of Pickett’s uncle and a law partner of Abraham Fort Gates, Texas.[10] Lincoln.[5] Pickett next served in the Territory. In 1856 Pickett was popular as a cadet at West Point. He was mis- he commanded the construction of on chievous and a player of pranks, "... a man of ability, but Bellingham Bay, in what is today the city of Bellingham, belonging to a cadet set that appeared to have no ambition Washington. He also built a frame home that year which for class standing and wanted to do only enough study to still stands; Pickett House is the oldest house in Belling- secure their graduation.”[6] At a time when often a third ham and the oldest house on its original foundation in the of the class washed out before graduation, Pickett per- Pacific Northwest.[11] While posted to Fort Bellingham, sisted, working off his demerits and doing enough in his Pickett married a Native American woman of the Haida studies to graduate, ranking last out of the 59 surviving tribe, Morning Mist, who gave birth to a son, James Tilton students in the Class of 1846.[7] It is a position held with Pickett (1857–1889); Morning Mist died a few months some backhanded distinction, referred to today as the later.[11] “Jimmy” Pickett made a name for himself as a “goat”, both for its stubbornness and tenacity.[8] The posi- newspaper artist, before dying of tuberculosis at the age tion usually relegated its holder to a posting commanding of 32 near Portland, Oregon.[12] infantry in some far away outpost, which if no conflict arose, would offer little opportunity to advance. Two of the most famous “goats” were Pickett and George Arm- 2.1 strong Custer (as was also Pickett’s cousin, Harry Heth). All of them had the good fortune to graduate about the In 1859 Pickett was dispatched in command of Company time a war broke out, when the army had a sudden need D, 9th U.S. Infantry, to garrison in re- for officers, greatly improving their opportunities. sponse to discord that had arisen there between Ameri-

1 2 3 THE CIVIL WAR

can farmers and the Hudson’s Bay Company.[13] The con- frontation was instigated when American farmer Lyman Cutler shot and killed a pig that had repeatedly broken into his garden. The pig belonged to the Hudson’s Bay Company, and though Cutler was prepared to pay a fair price for the pig, the Company was not satisfied, insisting he be brought before the British magistrate, thus initiat- ing the territorial dispute that came to be known as the Pig War. In response to the U.S. forces, the British sent a force of three warships and 1000 men. The British com- mander demanded that Pickett and his men leave. Pick- ett declined, and the British officer returned to his frigate, threatening to land his own men. Pickett with his 68 men appeared to be fully prepared to oppose a British landing, ordering them into a line of battle near the beach. “Don't be afraid of their big guns,” he told his men, “We'll make a Bunker Hill of it.”[14] Pickett’s presence and determi- nation prevented the landing, the British being under or- ders to avoid armed conflict with United States forces, if possible.[13] After initial tensions passed the crisis was averted, both sides being unwilling to go to war over a pig. President dispatched Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott to negotiate a settlement between the parties.[15] Confederate Major General George E. Pickett

3 The Civil War Pines, earning commendations from his superiors. At Gaines’s Mill he was shot off his horse while leading his 3.1 Early assignments in its first assault.[17] Pickett continued to move forward with his men for a while, leading his horse on After the firing on , Virginia seceded from the foot. A second assault by Pickett’s brigade, led by Col. Union, and native son Pickett journeyed from Oregon to , along with the brigade led by Cadmus serve his state. Arriving after the , Wilcox, broke the Union line. Pickett feared he'd taken he resigned his commission in the U.S. Army on June 25, a mortal blow to his shoulder, but the wound was ini- 1861; he had been holding a commission as a major in tially assessed by others as minor.[18] The shoulder wound the Confederate States Army Artillery since March 16.[3] turned out to be severe enough that Pickett was out of ac- Within a month he was appointed in command of tion for the next three months, and his arm would remain the Rappahannock Line of the Department of Fredericks- stiff for at least a year.[19] burg, under the command of Maj. Gen. Theophilus H. When Pickett returned to the Army in September 1862, Holmes. Holmes’s influence obtained a commission for [3] he was given command of a two-brigade in the Pickett as a , dated January 14, 1862. commanded by his old colleague from Mexico, Pickett made a colorful general. He rode a sleek black Maj. Gen. James Longstreet, and was promoted to charger named “Old Black,” and wore a small blue kepi- major general on October 10. His division would not style cap, with buffed gloves over the sleeves of an im- see serious combat until the the maculately tailored uniform that had a double row of gold following summer. It was lightly engaged at the Battle buttons on the coat, and shiny gold spurs on his highly of Fredericksburg in December, suffering no fatalities. polished boots. He held an elegant riding crop whether Longstreet’s entire corps was absent from the Battle of mounted or walking. His mustache drooped gracefully Chancellorsville in May 1863, as it was detached on the beyond the corners of his mouth and then turned upward Suffolk Campaign. at the ends. His hair was the talk of the Army: “long Before the Gettysburg Campaign, Pickett fell in love ringlets flowed loosely over his shoulders, trimmed and with a Virginia teenager, LaSalle “Sallie” Corbell (1843– highly perfumed, his beard likewise was curling and giv- [16] 1931), commuting back and forth from his duties in Suf- ing up the scent of Araby.” folk to be with her. Although Sallie would later insist that Pickett’s first combat command was during the Peninsula she met him in 1852 (at age 9), she did not marry the 38- Campaign, leading a brigade that was nicknamed the year-old widower until November 13, 1863. The couple Gamecocks (the brigade would eventually be led by had two children, George Edward Pickett, Jr. (born July Richard B. Garnett in Pickett’s Charge). Pickett led his 17, 1864)[20] and David Corbell Pickett (born 1865 or brigade ably in the battles of Williamsburg and Seven 1866).[21] David died in late 1873 or January 1874[22] of 3.3 Five Forks 3

measles.[23]

3.2 Gettysburg and Pickett’s Charge

Main article: Pickett’s Charge

Pickett’s division arrived at the Battle of Gettysburg on the evening of the second day, July 2, 1863. It had been delayed by the assignment of guarding the Confederate lines of communication through Chambersburg, Pennsyl- vania. After two days of heavy fighting, Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, which had initially driven the of the Potomac to the high ground Thure de Thulstrup's Battle of Gettysburg, showing Pickett’s south of Gettysburg, had been unable to dislodge the Charge. Union soldiers from their position. Lee’s plan for July 3 called for a massive assault on the center of the Union tigrew were the most senior casualties, the former losing lines on , calculating that attacks on ei- a leg and the latter wounded in the hand and later mortally ther flank the previous two days had drawn troops from wounded during the retreat to Virginia. Pickett himself the center. He directed General Longstreet to assemble a has received some historical criticism for surviving the force of three divisions for the attack—two exhausted di- battle personally unscathed, establishing his final position visions from the corps of Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill (under Brig. well to the rear of his troops, most likely at the Codori Gen. J. Johnston Pettigrew and Maj. Gen. Isaac R. Trim- farm on the Emmitsburg Road. Thomas R. Friend, who ble), and Pickett’s fresh division from Longstreet’s own served Pickett as a courier, wrote that he “went as far corps. Although Longstreet was actually in command, as any Major General, Commanding a division, ought to Lee referred to Pickett as leading the charge, which is have gone, and farther.”[25] one of the reasons that it is generally not known to pop- ular history by the name “Pickett-Pettigrew-Trimble As- As soldiers straggled back to the Confederate lines along sault.” In addition, much of the mythology of the Charge , Lee feared a Union counteroffensive arose from newspaper reports. As Pickett was the only and tried to rally his center, telling returning soldiers that Virginia commander of his rank, the Virginia newspa- the failure was “all my fault.” Pickett was inconsolable. pers both played up their native son’s role and made the When Lee told Pickett to rally his division for the de- assault a more “glamorous” event. fense, Pickett allegedly replied, “General Lee, I have no division.”[26] Pickett’s official report for the battle has Following a two-hour artillery barrage meant to soften never been found. It is rumored that Gen. Lee rejected it up the Union defenses, the three divisions stepped off for its bitter negativity and demanded that it be rewritten, across open fields almost a mile from Cemetery Ridge. and an updated version was never filed.[27] Pickett inspired his men by shouting, “Up, Men, and to your posts! Don't forget today that you are from [24] Old Virginia.” Pickett’s division, with the of 3.3 Five Forks Brig. Gens. Lewis A. Armistead, Richard B. Garnett, and James L. Kemper, was on the right flank of the as- After Gettysburg Pickett commanded the Department sault. It received punishing artillery fire, and then vol- of Southern Virginia and over the win- leys of massed musket fire as it approached its objective. ter, and then served as a division commander in the De- Armistead’s brigade made the farthest progress through fenses of Richmond. After P.G.T. Beauregard bottled the Union lines. Armistead was mortally wounded, falling up in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign, near “The Angle”, at what is now termed the "High Wa- Pickett’s division was detached in support of Robert E. ter Mark of the Confederacy". Neither of the other Lee’s operation in the , just before two divisions made comparable progress across the fields; the Battle of Cold Harbor, in which Pickett’s division oc- Armistead’s success was not reinforced, and his men were cupied the center of the defensive line, a place in which quickly killed or captured. the main Union attack did not occur.[28] His division re- Pickett’s Charge was a bloodbath. While the Union lost turned to take part in the . On April about 1,500 killed and wounded, the Confederate casu- 1, 1865, Pickett’s defeat at the Battle of Five Forks was alties were several times that. Over 50% of the men sent a pivotal moment that unraveled the tenuous Confederate across the fields were killed or wounded. Pickett’s three line and caused Lee to order the evacuation of Richmond, brigade commanders and all thirteen of his regimental and retreat toward Court House. It was a commanders were casualties. Kemper was wounded, and final humiliation for Pickett, because he was two miles Garnett and Armistead did not survive. Trimble and Pet- away from his troops at the time of the attack, enjoying 4 3 THE CIVIL WAR

a shad bake with generals and Thomas L. entire period, nor the fact that Pickett signed the report Rosser. By the time he returned to the battlefield, it was as the acting commander, nor did it explain Longstreet’s too late. interactions with Pickett over this period of time. Fur- thermore, there is no record of Taylor requesting reports from any other officers dismissed from the service on the 3.4 Relief controversy movements of their former troops, nor of his referring to such officers in a manner which would connot active A controversy existed over whether or not Pickett was command. relieved of his command in the final days of the war. Lee’s Chief of Staff, Lt. Col. Walter H. Taylor, wrote The medical officer of Pickett’s division, Dr. M. G. Elzey, after the war that following the Battle of Sayler’s Creek was with Pickett at the time of these events. Years later on April 6, 1865, he had issued orders for Lee relieving when an elderly Col. Mosby raised this issue in 1911, Maj. Gens. Richard H. Anderson and Bushrod R. John- Elzey wrote a letter to the Richmond Times-Dispatch in son, whose forces had been lost in the battle and who answer to Mosby: thereby no longer had troops under their command. In fact, Anderson had returned to his home in South Car- olina following the battle. In addition, Taylor recollected I was General Pickett’s personal medical that he had issued an order relieving Pickett as well. Pick- advisor, and continued to be such until the time ett’s division was still intact, though reduced in number to of his death. We rode together a greater part of about the size of a brigade.[29] No copies of these orders the way during the retreat of our army from Pe- exist. , a biographer of Lee, tersburg to Appomattox. We escaped together supported this assertion, writing in 1935: At the same from the battlefield at Sailor’s Creek and were time that Lee relieved Anderson of command, he took constantly together until we reached Appomat- the same action regarding Pickett and , tox. I repeat it, therefore, with all confidence, but the order regarding Pickett apparently never reached that I am a competent witness to the fact that he him. As late as April 11 he signed himself, “Maj. Genl. was never under arrest, but remained in com- Commdg.”[30] mand of his Division until the last scene at Ap- pomattox. In contradiction to this assertion, in his 1870 book Pick- [34] ett’s Men Walter Harrison reprinted an order from Lt. Col. M. G. Elzey Taylor to Pickett dated April 10, 1865, in which Taylor addressed Pickett as “Maj Gen G E Picket [sic], General Commanding” The order was a request for an account of In Longstreet’s final report, he makes no mention of any the movements and actions of Pickett’s Division from the other officer being in charge of the unit. In point of fact time of the Battle of Five Forks on 1 April to the sur- his final report makes no mention of Pickett or his di- render at Appomattox on 9 April. In the report Pickett vision. Pickett commanded the men remaining in his [35] submitted he said: division and reported to Longstreet. These men sur- rendered with Pickett at Appomattox. Regarding Pickett “The second day after the battle referred and his division, no source can be produced which asserts to (Five Forks) not being able to find General anything otherwise. Anderson’s headquarters, I reported to Lieut. Gen. Longstreet, and continued to receive or- ders from him until the army was paroled and disbursed.”[31] 3.5 Appomattox

Pickett’s official report to Taylor was signed “G.E. Pick- On April 9 Pickett commanded his remaining troops in [32] the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse, forming up in the ett, Major-Gen., Commd'g.” This is the 11 April re- [36] port mentioned by Freeman above. Thus in Pickett’s of- final battle line of the Army of Northern Virginia. He ficial report to Taylor he speaks of commanding his men surrendered with Lee’s army and was paroled at Appo- and interacting with his superior officer right up until the mattox Court House on April 9, 1865. surrender at Appomattox. Taylor attempted to explain A legend told by Pickett’s widow stated that when the the apparent contradiction by telling Fitzhugh Lee that he Union Army marched into Richmond, she received a sur- addressed his request in the manner he did because Pick- prise visitor. He acted graciously and inquired whether ett was not dismissed from the Army, and for the period in he had found the Pickett house. Abraham Lincoln him- question Pickett was initially in command.[33] This expla- self had come to determine the fate of an old acquain- nation, however, leaves unanswered the question of how tance before the wars, and Sallie, astonished, admitted Taylor expected Pickett to answer for the period of time she was his wife and held out her infant for the president Pickett purportedly was not in command. The explana- to cradle.[37] Lincoln historian Gerald J. Prokopowicz has tion does not explain Pickett’s report which covered the called this story a “fantasy”.[38] 5

4 Postbellum life soleum for the wealthy, it went bankrupt in 1968. The structure fell into disrepair, and it was vandalized many times and several graves desecrated.[49] In early 1998, Fearing that former U.S. Army officers who had resigned the Military Order of the Stars and Bars and United their commissions and fought for the confederacy would Daughters of the Confederacy worked together to pay for be arrested and executed, Pickett fled to Canada follow- LaSalle’s disinterment and reburial in front of the George ing his parole at Appomattox. He remained out of the E. Pickett Memorial in Hollywood Cemetery. LaSalle country for a year before returning in 1866 to work as an Pickett was buried on Saturday, March 21, 1998. She insurance agent in Norfolk, Virginia. was the first woman interred in the Confederate military [50] Many former Confederate officers who had been West burial section. Point graduates had concerns that they would be pros- ecuted after the war. Former Union officers, including Ulysses S. Grant, supported the pardoning of Pickett. On 5 Legacy 23 June, 1874 House Resolution 3086, an “act to remove the political disabilities of George E. Pickett of Virginia”, was passed by the U.S. Congress. Pickett was granted a full pardon, about a year before his death.[39] Pickett lamented his men, lost in great number at Gettys- burg. Late in his life, Colonel John Mosby, who served under J.E.B. Stuart but had no direct interaction with Lee to draw from, was present when Lee and Pickett met briefly after the war. He claimed their interaction was cold and reserved. Others present at the meeting refuted this, stating Lee only acted in his usual reserved and gen- tlemanly fashion.[40] Pickett, Mosby said, complained bit- terly after this meeting, saying to Mosby: “That man de- stroyed my division.”[26] Mosby allegedly replied “Yes, but he made you immortal.” Most historians find the en- counter as Mosby interpreted it unlikely. Asked by re- porters why Pickett’s Charge failed, Pickett frequently replied: “I've always thought the Yankees had something to do with it.”[41] George E. Pickett died in Norfolk, Virginia, on July 30, 1875.[42] The cause of death was a liver abscess, al- though whether it was amoebic or bacterial is not clear.[43] He was initially interred in Cedar Grove Cemetery in Norfolk.[44] His remains were disinterred on October 23 and he was buried in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia on October 24, 1875. More than 40,000 peo- Pickett’s grave site at Hollywood Cemetery ple lined the funeral route while another 5,000 marched in the funeral procession.[45] A memorial to Pickett was Decades after Pickett’s death, his widow LaSalle (also erected over his grave site and dedicated on October 5, known as “Sallie” and “Mother”) became a well-known 1888.[46] The memorial was not, however, placed directly writer and speaker on “her Soldier,” eventually leading above Pickett’s burial site, and the exact location of his to the creation of an idealized Pickett who was the per- remains is not clear.[47] fect Southern gentleman and soldier. Much controversy LaSalle Corbell Pickett died on March 22, 1931, hav- attends LaSalle Pickett’s lionizing of her husband. Two ing outlived her husband by more than 55 years. Ini- books published posthumously in her husband’s name, tially, Hollywood Cemetery declined to allow her to be The Heart of a Soldier, As Revealed in the Intimate Let- buried next to her husband. Pickett’s grandson, Lieu- ters of Gen'l George E. Pickett (published in 1913) and tenant George E. Pickett III,[48] threatened to have his Soldier of the South: General Pickett’s War Letters to His Wife (1928), have been described as “unreliable works grandfather disinterred and moved to Arlington National [51] Cemetery where both grandparents could be buried side- that were fictionalized by Pickett’s wife.” (LaSalle was by-side. Hollywood Cemetery quickly agreed to permit also the author, under her own name, of Pickett and His LaSalle’s interment at Hollywood.[47] However, this did Men, published in 1913.) As a result, General Pickett not immediately occur for reasons which are not clear, has become a figure partially obscured by "Lost Cause" and LaSalle was cremated and buried at Abbey Mau- mythology. soleum in Arlington County, Virginia. Originally a mau- George E. Pickett today is widely perceived as being a 6 8 NOTES tragic hero of sorts—a flamboyant officer who wanted to 1826, his parents gave their son’s date of birth as January lead his troops into a glorious battle, but always missed 16. the opportunity until the disastrous charge at Gettysburg. [2] Pickett Society Douglas Southall Freeman's works (especially Lee’s Lieu- tenants), as well as Michael Shaara's novel The Killer An- [3] Eicher, p. 428. gels (1975) and the film Gettysburg (1993) have greatly enhanced this reputation in popular culture. [4] Tagg, p. 237. Historian John C. Waugh wrote of Pickett, “An excel- [5] Hess, p. 37. lent brigade commander, he never proved he could handle [6] Memoirs of Brigadier General William Montgomery Gard- a division.” He quotes George B. McClellan, the Union ner. Special Collections, USMA Archives. p. 8. general, as saying: “Perhaps there is no doubt that he was the best infantry soldier developed on either side during [7] Robbins p. 96 the Civil War.”[52] [8] Robbins p. xi Quote: The term goat connotes many things Pickett’s grave is marked by an elaborate memorial in - stubbornness, persistence, but also mischievousness and Hollywood Cemetery. Commissioned in 1875 by the playfulness. The goats were by and large charismatic, ad- Pickett Division Association, a group of veterans from venturesome, with a youthful bonhomme that generally his division, it was originally intended to be placed at made them very popular with their classmates. Gettysburg National Military Park at the “High Water [9] Tagg, p. 112. Mark” of Pickett’s Charge, but was built in Richmond when the U.S. War Department refused permission for [10] Gordon, Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, pp. the battlefield placement. A monument to Pickett also 1518–19. stands in the American Camp on San Juan Island, Wash- [11] “George E. Pickett House”. City of Bellingham. Re- ington, erected by the Washington University Historical trieved 2010-09-27. Society, October 21, 1904. [12] Gordon, General George E. Pickett in Life and Legend, pp. Fort Pickett in Blackstone, Virginia, is named in his 169–70; Boltz, np. honor. Originally a site for the Civilian Conservation Corps, it was an active U.S. Army training facility in [13] “The San Juan Island National Historical Park – The Pig World War II and is currently occupied by the Virginia War”. National Guard. [14] Robbins, p. 177; Tagg, p. 237.

[15] Gordon, General George E. Pickett in Life and Legend, p. 6 In popular media 60. [16] Tagg, pp. 236–37.

Actor portrayed George Pickett in the 1993 [17] Robbins, p. 241. film Gettysburg. In the 2003 prequel Gods and Generals, Billy Campbell portrayed Pickett. [18] Tagg, p. 237; Carmichael, p. 29; Burton, pp. 128–29. Major John C. Haskell, a staff officer, encountered Pickett George Pickett appeared in two episodes of the 1985 in a hollow, and wrote afterward that Pickett thought his mini-series North and South, depicting his cadet years at wound was mortal and requested litter bearers. Haskell West Point where he was a friend of George Hazard and examined the wound, saw that it was slight, and rode off, Orry Main. satisfied that Pickett could take care of himself.

[19] Longacre, pp. 86–87; Gordon, Lesley J. “George E. Pickett (1825–1875)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 7 See also November 30, 2010. [20] Selcer, p. 45. • List of American Civil War generals [21] The exact date of David’s birth is not clear. See: Gordon, p. 235. 8 Notes [22] Although LaSalle Corbell Pickett gives the date of his death as April 1874, her memoirs are considered highly unreliable. A letter from George E. Pickett to his wife, [1] Military records cited by Eicher, p. 428, and Warner, dated January 1874, refers to David’s “recent” death. See: p. 239, list January 28. The memorial that marks his Gordon, p. 235. gravesite in Hollywood Cemetery lists his birthday as Jan- uary 25. The Pickett Society claims to have accessed the [23] Robbins, James S. Last in Their Class: Custer, Pickett, and baptismal record from St. John’s Church in Richmond; the Goats of West Point. New York: Encounter Books, at the time of young Pickett’s christening on March 10, 2006, p. 399. 7

[24] Inscription on the monument for Pickett’s Charge at Get- [49] Scannell, Nancy. “Mausoleum for Sale.” Washington Post. tysburg National Park; Tagg, p. 239. April 28, 1986; Hong, Peter Y. “Vandalism in Va. Mau- soleum Said to Indicate Satanism.” Washington Post. June [25] Hess, p. 177; Gordon, General George E. Pickett in Life 23, 1994; Kunkle, Fredrick. “Giving Up Its Ghosts.” and Legend, p. 115. Washington Post. January 27, 2001.

[26] Tagg, p. 240. [50] “General’s Wife Buried in Confederate Cemetery.” Tuscaloosa News. March 21, 1998. Accessed 2013-10- [27] Reardon, pp. 85, 159–60, 186. 24.

[28] Rhea, p. 111. [51] Eicher, p. 429.

[29] Warner, p. 240. [52] Waugh, p. 507. The McClellan quote is from remarks he wrote for Pickett’s funeral, as reported by LaSalle Pickett [30] Freeman, vol. 4, p. 112. in her hagiographic The Heart of a Soldier.

[31] Harrison p. 149

[32] Harrison, pp. 141–151. 9 References

[33] Marvel, p. 216. • Boltz, Martha M. “The General’s Second Family: The One That History Forgot.”, Washington Times, [34] Letter to the Times-Dispatch, April 2, 1911 2001. [35] Marvel, pp. 214–217 • Boritt, Gabor S., ed. Why the Confederacy [36] Robbins, p. 292. Lost. Gettysburg Civil War Institute Books. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-19- [37] Lankford, p. 242. 507405-X.

[38] Prokopowicz, p. 132. • Burton, Brian K. Extraordinary Circumstances: The . Bloomington: Indiana Univer- [39] Pickett Society sity Press, 2001. ISBN 0-253-33963-4.

[40] K.C. Stiles (March 25, 1911). “Letter to the Editor”. • Carmichael, Peter J. “George Edward Pickett.” In Times-Dispatch. The Confederate General, vol. 5, edited by William [41] Boritt, p. 19. C. Davis and Julie Hoffman. Harrisburg, PA: Na- tional Historical Society, 1991. ISBN 0-918678- [42] Brown, Fred R. History of the Ninth U.S. Infantry, 1799- 67-6. 1909. Chicago: R.R. Donnelley & Sons Co., 1909, p. 730. • Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher. Civil War High Commands. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univer- [43] Gordon, Lesley J. General George E. Pickett in Life and sity Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3. Legend. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1998, p. 236. • Freeman, Douglas S. R. E. Lee, A Biography. 4 vols. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1934–35. [44] Selcer, Richard F. “Faithfully and Forever Your Soldier": OCLC 166632575. Gen. George E. Pickett, CSA. Gettysburg, Pa.:Farnsworth House Military Impressions, 1995, p. 54. • Gordon, Lesley J. General George E. Pickett in Life and Legend. Chapel Hill: University of North Car- [45] “The Late Gen. Pickett.” New York Times. October 25, olina Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-8078-2450-4. 1875. • Gordon, Lesley J. “George Edward Pickett.” In En- [46] Sedore, Timothy S. An Illustrated Guide to Virginia’s Con- cyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, federate Monuments. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Hei- University Press, 2011, p. 161. dler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Nor- [47] “Dead of Lost Cause May Get U.S. Shrine.” Washington ton & Company, 2000. ISBN 0-393-04758-X. Post. March 30, 1931. • Harrison, Walter. Pickett’s Men: A Fragment of War [48] Only George E. Pickett, Jr. survived into adulthood. He History. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1870. ISBN died at sea while returning from , The , 978-1-4255-2073-1. on April 18, 1911. See: Department of War. War De- partment Annual Reports, 1911. Vol. 3. Washington, • Hess, Earl J. Pickett’s Charge – The Last Attack at D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1912, p. 218. Ac- Gettysburg. Chapel Hill: University of North Car- cessed 2013-10-24. olina Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8078-2648-0. 8 10 EXTERNAL LINKS

• Lankford, Nelson. Richmond Burning: The Last • Find-a-Grave entry for Sally Minge Pickett Days of the Confederate Capital. New York: • Viking, 2002. ISBN 0-670-03117-8. Find-a-Grave entry for Sallie Corbell Pickett • • Longacre, Edward G. Pickett, Leader of the Charge: Details of Mosby’s claims about Lee and Pickett A Biography of General George E. Pickett, C.S.A. • Humorous story about the naming of Fort Pickett Shippensburg, PA: White Mane Publishing, 1995. ISBN 978-1-57249-006-2.

• Marvel, William. Lee’s Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox. Chapel Hill: University of North Car- olina Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8078-5703-8.

• Prokopowicz, Gerald J. Did Lincoln Own Slaves? And Other Frequently Asked Questions about Abra- ham Lincoln. New York: Pantheon Books, 2008. ISBN 978-0-375-42541-7.

• Reardon, Carol. Pickett’s Charge in History and Memory. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8078-2379-1.

• Rhea, Gordon C. Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26 – June 3, 1864. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8071-2803-1.

• Robbins, James S. Last in Their Class: Custer, Pick- ett and the Goats of West Point. New York: En- counter Books, 2006. ISBN 1-59403-141-X.

• Tagg, Larry. The Generals of Gettysburg. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-882810-30-9.

• U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Gov- ernment Printing Office, 1880–1901.

• Vouri, Mike. “George Pickett and the “Pig War” Crisis,” essay by San Juan Island National Historical Park interpreter at the Pickett Society web site.

• Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Con- federate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. ISBN 0-8071-0823- 5.

• Waugh, John C. The Class of 1846: From West Point to Appomattox: , George McClel- lan, and Their Brothers. New York: Warner Books, 1994. ISBN 978-0-446-51594-8.

• Pickett Society biography

10 External links

• The Heart of a Soldier: As Revealed in the Inti- mate Letters of Genl. George E. Pickett C.S.A. New York: Seth Moyle, c1913.

• George E. Pickett in Encyclopedia Virginia 9

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text • George Pickett Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pickett?oldid=680550624 Contributors: Derek Ross, Mav, Christopher Mahan, Hephaestos, Jdlh, Infrogmation, Ijon, Emperorbma, Hajor, AlexPlank, Cashton, PBS, Postdlf, Hlj, Everyking, H-2-O, Golbez, MarkSweep, Rwv37, Necrothesp, Ukexpat, Klemen Kocjancic, Ratiocinate, D6, Rich Farmbrough, MeltBanana, The King Of Gondor, Causa sui, Bobo192, Darwinek, Nsaa, Merenta, Alansohn, DiGiT, Bart133, Velella, Alai, HenryLi, Fdewaele, Fred26, Woohookitty, Bell- halla, WadeSimMiser, Dysepsion, Kanadier~enwiki, Josh Parris, Rogerd, Boccobrock, FlaBot, RexNL, Scott Mingus, Chobot, Shauni, The Rambling Man, MJustice, RussBot, SluggoOne, Rsrikanth05, NawlinWiki, Jaxl, Zwobot, BusterD, CLW, Joshmaul, Dr U, CWenger, Allens, Katieh5584, Tim1965, Ryūkotsusei, Crystallina, SmackBot, Looper5920, Mmernex, Grazon, C.Fred, Blue520, Gilliam, Hmains, ERcheck, Thumperward, Darth Panda, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Shalom Yechiel, Rsm99833, Bolivian Unicyclist, Bobjuch, Vina- iwbot~enwiki, The undertow, ArglebargleIV, Jan.Smolik, Shlomke, This user has left wikipedia, IronGargoyle, Pathwood, Nobunaga24, Nbatra, Allamericanbear, Norm mit, Grblomerth, Blehfu, Tawkerbot2, Eastlaw, Basawala, Myasuda, Cydebot, Studerby, Christian75, Asiaticus, Fluxbot, Marek69, AntiVandalBot, RobotG, Seaphoto, Kresock, Magioladitis, VoABot II, Khan singh, JNW, JamesBWatson, Mbc362, Waninge, Patstuart, MartinBot, Hilltoppers, CommonsDelinker, Brain Rodeo, J.delanoy, Tothebone, FJPB, 1stBrigade, Atro- pos235, Tiggerjay, Whateverist, Ja 62, Murderbike, Indubitably, Philip Trueman, Davehi1, Qxz, Till bumbleroot, Broadbot, LeaveSleaves, Ryuhaku, Figureskatingfan, Enviroboy, Burntsauce, UnneededAplomb, Monegasque, Oxymoron83, Brufas, Tplummer16, Pymouss, Real- ist2, Kumioko (renamed), Richard David Ramsey, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, All Hallow’s Wraith, OfficePuter, Piledhigh- eranddeeper, JonesZ08, Nighties, Jusdafax, Zekiw, Phynicen, HarrivBOT, Berean Hunter, Spenc84, Duncan, Jbeans, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Jojhutton, Guoguo12, Captain-tucker, Binary TSO, Fluffernutter, History Buff 2008, Cst17, Mentisock, LaaknorBot, Tide rolls, Light- bot, Teles, John159, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Kitt1987, AnomieBOT, Kingpin13, Maxis ftw, Xqbot, Aimen4u 22, Abakumov, Off2riorob, Jakcer, Alantribe8, Amaury, Gardnermike, Superbean47, FrescoBot, Dhyun2, Calacor, DivineAlpha, Davidoganesyan, Pinethicket, Victor Victoria, Margo&Gladys, Vrenator, Clarkcj12, John9988, CarlSandburgPI, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Dgkallday420, Djembayz, A- town28, Lamb99, Thecheesykid, Machomatt777, FingerBlaster69Lover, H3llBot, Donner60, ChuispastonBot, Dipaolo15, TYelliot, Gun- birddriver, ClueBot NG, MelbourneStar, BarrelProof, O.Koslowski, Widr, Wbm1058, Ryantang20, DBigXray, Shabazqureshi, Roberticus, ProudIrishAspie, Aisteco, Edmond Driex, GELongstreet, MadGuy7023, Lugia2453, VIAFbot, Therapistsloth, Epicgenius, Kathelmore, Wikihis301, Valetude, Ginsuloft, Lieutcoluseng, Jaycdboyz, 248Garland, Poepkop, Fuzzywuzzyi117, KasparBot and Anonymous: 326

11.2 Images • File:Acw_bs_7a.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Acw_bs_7a.png License: Public domain Contribu- tors: Own work (Original text: I created this work entirely by myself.) Original artist: Grayghost01 at English Wikipedia • File:Battle_flag_of_the_US_Confederacy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Battle_flag_of_the_ Confederate_States_of_America.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this: Flag of Mississippi.svg Flag of Mississippi.svg. Original artist: Phroziac cut this out of Image:Flag of Mississippi.svg, which is public domain work by Zscout370. • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/ Confederate_States_of_America_General-collar.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: 248Garland • File:Edit-clear.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist: The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the file, specifically: “Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although minimally).” • File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_(March_4,_1865).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/4/4e/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America_%281865%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_ States_Army.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.flagpictures.org/ Original artist: • File:GeorgePickett.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/GeorgePickett.jpeg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:GeorgePickettearlyphoto.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/GeorgePickettearlyphoto.jpg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: File from The Photographic History of The Civil War in Ten Volumes: Volume Two, Two Years of Grim War. The Review of Reviews Co., New York. 1911. p. 264. Original artist: Unknown • File:Pickett’{}s_Grave.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Pickett%27s_Grave.jpg License: Public do- main Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hal Jespersen • File:Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_L._Prang_and_Co._-_Battle_of_Gettysburg_-_ Restoration_by_Adam_Cuerden.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original scan: Library of Congress - N.B. The description the LoC gives manages to combine George Pickett (Confederate, leader of the charge) and Winfield Hancock (Union, defended against the charge) into one person, George Hancock. This is, of course, nonsense, and an error has been reported. Original artist: Thure de Thulstrup • File:US_flag_28_stars.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/US_flag_28_stars.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: ? Original artist: ? 10 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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