Cartier Area: Terrain Study

THESE TERMS GOVERN YOUR USE OF THIS DOCUMENT

Your use of this Ontario Geological Survey document (the “Content”) is governed by the terms set out on this page (“Terms of Use”). By downloading this Content, you (the “User”) have accepted, and have agreed to be bound by, the Terms of Use.

Content: This Content is offered by the Province of Ontario’s Ministry of Northern Development and Mines (MNDM) as a public service, on an “as-is” basis. Recommendations and statements of opinion expressed in the Content are those of the author or authors and are not to be construed as statement of government policy. You are solely responsible for your use of the Content. You should not rely on the Content for legal advice nor as authoritative in your particular circumstances. Users should verify the accuracy and applicability of any Content before acting on it. MNDM does not guarantee, or make any warranty express or implied, that the Content is current, accurate, complete or reliable. MNDM is not responsible for any damage however caused, which results, directly or indirectly, from your use of the Content. MNDM assumes no legal liability or responsibility for the Content whatsoever.

Links to Other Web Sites: This Content may contain links, to Web sites that are not operated by MNDM. Linked Web sites may not be available in French. MNDM neither endorses nor assumes any responsibility for the safety, accuracy or availability of linked Web sites or the information contained on them. The linked Web sites, their operation and content are the responsibility of the person or entity for which they were created or maintained (the “Owner”). Both your use of a linked Web site, and your right to use or reproduce information or materials from a linked Web site, are subject to the terms of use governing that particular Web site. Any comments or inquiries regarding a linked Web site must be directed to its Owner.

Copyright: Canadian and international intellectual property laws protect the Content. Unless otherwise indicated, copyright is held by the Queen’s Printer for Ontario.

It is recommended that reference to the Content be made in the following form: , . ; Ontario Geological Survey, , p.

Use and Reproduction of Content: The Content may be used and reproduced only in accordance with applicable intellectual property laws. Non-commercial use of unsubstantial excerpts of the Content is permitted provided that appropriate credit is given and Crown copyright is acknowledged. Any substantial reproduction of the Content or any commercial use of all or part of the Content is prohibited without the prior written permission of MNDM. Substantial reproduction includes the reproduction of any illustration or figure, such as, but not limited to graphs, charts and maps. Commercial use includes commercial distribution of the Content, the reproduction of multiple copies of the Content for any purpose whether or not commercial, use of the Content in commercial publications, and the creation of value-added products using the Content.

Contact:

FOR FURTHER PLEASE CONTACT: BY TELEPHONE: BY E-MAIL: INFORMATION ON The Reproduction of MNDM Publication Local: (705) 670-5691 Content Services Toll Free: 1-888-415-9845, ext. [email protected] 5691 (inside Canada, United States) The Purchase of MNDM Publication Local: (705) 670-5691 MNDM Publications Sales Toll Free: 1-888-415-9845, ext. [email protected] 5691 (inside Canada, United States) Crown Copyright Queen’s Printer Local: (416) 326-2678 [email protected] Toll Free: 1-800-668-9938 (inside Canada, United States)

LES CONDITIONS CI-DESSOUS RÉGISSENT L'UTILISATION DU PRÉSENT DOCUMENT.

Votre utilisation de ce document de la Commission géologique de l'Ontario (le « contenu ») est régie par les conditions décrites sur cette page (« conditions d'utilisation »). En téléchargeant ce contenu, vous (l'« utilisateur ») signifiez que vous avez accepté d'être lié par les présentes conditions d'utilisation.

Contenu : Ce contenu est offert en l'état comme service public par le ministère du Développement du Nord et des Mines (MDNM) de la province de l'Ontario. Les recommandations et les opinions exprimées dans le contenu sont celles de l'auteur ou des auteurs et ne doivent pas être interprétées comme des énoncés officiels de politique gouvernementale. Vous êtes entièrement responsable de l'utilisation que vous en faites. Le contenu ne constitue pas une source fiable de conseils juridiques et ne peut en aucun cas faire autorité dans votre situation particulière. Les utilisateurs sont tenus de vérifier l'exactitude et l'applicabilité de tout contenu avant de l'utiliser. Le MDNM n'offre aucune garantie expresse ou implicite relativement à la mise à jour, à l'exactitude, à l'intégralité ou à la fiabilité du contenu. Le MDNM ne peut être tenu responsable de tout dommage, quelle qu'en soit la cause, résultant directement ou indirectement de l'utilisation du contenu. Le MDNM n'assume aucune responsabilité légale de quelque nature que ce soit en ce qui a trait au contenu.

Liens vers d'autres sites Web : Ce contenu peut comporter des liens vers des sites Web qui ne sont pas exploités par le MDNM. Certains de ces sites pourraient ne pas être offerts en français. Le MDNM se dégage de toute responsabilité quant à la sûreté, à l'exactitude ou à la disponibilité des sites Web ainsi reliés ou à l'information qu'ils contiennent. La responsabilité des sites Web ainsi reliés, de leur exploitation et de leur contenu incombe à la personne ou à l'entité pour lesquelles ils ont été créés ou sont entretenus (le « propriétaire »). Votre utilisation de ces sites Web ainsi que votre droit d'utiliser ou de reproduire leur contenu sont assujettis aux conditions d'utilisation propres à chacun de ces sites. Tout commentaire ou toute question concernant l'un de ces sites doivent être adressés au propriétaire du site.

Droits d'auteur : Le contenu est protégé par les lois canadiennes et internationales sur la propriété intellectuelle. Sauf indication contraire, les droits d'auteurs appartiennent à l'Imprimeur de la Reine pour l'Ontario. Nous recommandons de faire paraître ainsi toute référence au contenu : nom de famille de l'auteur, initiales, année de publication, titre du document, Commission géologique de l'Ontario, série et numéro de publication, nombre de pages.

Utilisation et reproduction du contenu : Le contenu ne peut être utilisé et reproduit qu'en conformité avec les lois sur la propriété intellectuelle applicables. L'utilisation de courts extraits du contenu à des fins non commerciales est autorisé, à condition de faire une mention de source appropriée reconnaissant les droits d'auteurs de la Couronne. Toute reproduction importante du contenu ou toute utilisation, en tout ou en partie, du contenu à des fins commerciales est interdite sans l'autorisation écrite préalable du MDNM. Une reproduction jugée importante comprend la reproduction de toute illustration ou figure comme les graphiques, les diagrammes, les cartes, etc. L'utilisation commerciale comprend la distribution du contenu à des fins commerciales, la reproduction de copies multiples du contenu à des fins commerciales ou non, l'utilisation du contenu dans des publications commerciales et la création de produits à valeur ajoutée à l'aide du contenu.

Renseignements :

POUR PLUS DE VEUILLEZ VOUS PAR TÉLÉPHONE : PAR COURRIEL : RENSEIGNEMENTS SUR ADRESSER À : la reproduction du Services de Local : (705) 670-5691 contenu publication du MDNM Numéro sans frais : 1 888 415-9845, [email protected] poste 5691 (au Canada et aux États-Unis) l'achat des Vente de publications Local : (705) 670-5691 publications du MDNM du MDNM Numéro sans frais : 1 888 415-9845, [email protected] poste 5691 (au Canada et aux États-Unis) les droits d'auteurs de Imprimeur de la Local : 416 326-2678 [email protected] la Couronne Reine Numéro sans frais : 1 800 668-9938 (au Canada et aux États-Unis)

Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study 94

C ARTIER ARE A

(NTS41I/NW) Districts of Algoma and Sudbury

John F. Gartner

1980

Ministry of Ministry of Natural Northern Resources Affairs Ontario Hon. James A.C. Auld Hon. Leo Bernier Minister Minister Dr. J. K. Reynolds Art Herridge Deputy Minister Deputy Minister OMNR-OGS1980 Printed in Canada

THIS PROJECT WAS FUNDED BY THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF NORTHERN AFFAIRS AND IS MANAGED BY THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Every possible effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information contain ed in this report, but the Ministry of Natural Resources does not assume any liability for errors that may occur. Source references are included in the report and users may wish to verify critical information.

Publications of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and price list are available through the Map Unit, Public Service Centre, Room 6404, Whitney Block, Queen©s Park, Toronto, and the Ontario Government Bookstore, 880 Bay Street, Toronto.

Orders for publications should be accompanied by cheque or money order pay able to the Treasurer of Ontario.

ISSN 0709-4671 ISBN 0-7743-4370-2

Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference to this report be made in the following form:

Gartner, John F. 1980: Cartier Area (NTS 41I/NW), Districts of Algoma and Sudbury; On tario Geological Survey, Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study 94, 18p. Accompanied by Maps 5000 and 5004, scale 1:100000.

1200-80-HofC CONTENTS

Page 1.0 Introduction...... l 2.0 Geological Setting ...... 2 2.1 Bedrock...... 2 2.2 Quaternary...... 3 3.0 Engineering Terrain Units ...... 4 3.1 Bedrock Landforms...... 4 3.1.1 Description ...... 4 3.1.2 Significance ...... 5 3.2 Morainal Landforms...... 6 3.2.1 Description ...... 6 3.2.2 Significance ...... 7 3.3 Glaciofluvial Landforms ...... 8 3.3.1 Description ...... 8 3.3.2 Significance ...... 9 3.4 Glaciolacustrine Landforms...... 11 3.4.1 Description ...... 11 3.4.2 Significance ...... 11 3.5 Alluvial and Organic Landforms...... 12 3.5.1 Description ...... 12 3.5.2 Significance ...... 13 4.0 Summary of Engineering Significance ...... 13 5.0 Example of a Derived Map: General Construction Capability . . . . . 15 6.0 References...... 17

TABLES

1 Summary of engineering significance...... 14 2 - Terrain conditions for general construction ...... 16

MAPS (accompanying report)

Map 5000 (coloured) - Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study, Data Base Map, Cartier (NTS 41I/NW). Scale 1:100 000.

Map 5004 (coloured) Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study, General Construction Capability Map, Cartier (NTS 41I/NW). Scale 1:100 000. iii

Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study 94

CARTIER AREA

(NTS41I/NW)

Districts of Algoma and Sudbury

John F. Gartner1

1.0 INTRODUCTION:

This report contains an inventory of regional engineering terrain condi tions in the Cartier area, Districts of Algoma and Sudbury. The area, which covers NTS block 41I/NW, lies between Latitudes 46030©N and 470 00©N and Longitudes 81000©W and 820 00©W. This report forms part of a series of publications which provide similar terrain data for some 370 000 km2 of northern Ontario.

The purpose of the mapping is to provide a guide for engineering and resource planning functions at a level of detail consistent with a scale of 1:100 000. The terrain information is contained on the Data Base Map (OGS Map 5000, accompanying this report). The General Con struction Capability Map (OGS Map 5004, accompanying this report) is a derived map which illustrates the suitability of the various terrain units in the Cartier area for general construction activities and details specific problems which may be encountered in certain units.

Consulting Engineering Geologist,©Gartner Lee Associates Limited, Markham, Ontario. Manuscript approved for publication by the Chief, Engineering and Terrain Geology Section, January 3, 1980. This report is published with the permission of E. G. Pye, Director, Ontario Geological Survey. Interpretation of existing black and white aerial photographs, at a scale of approximately 1:38 000, was the primary method of obtaining this terrain information. The interpretation was checked with published and unpublished literature which documented previous field visits and ob servations. During the fall of 1977, roads in the area were traversed and observed terrain conditions recorded as further verification of the office studies. Thus, the map represents a reconnaissance overview of the en gineering conditions of the terrain. "

An engineering terrain legend was developed to facilitate the mapping and to provide a common information base for the entire map series. This legend is shown on the accompanying Data Base Map. Further in formation on the mapping techniques, legend format, and possible uses of this terrain data is available in the "Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study User©s Manual" (Gartner, Mollard, and Roed 1980), a companion publication to this series of maps and reports.

2.0 GEOLOGICAL SETTING:

2.1 BEDROCK:

Massive and rugged bedrock outcrops, with local relief ranging from 30 m to greater than 60 m, are predominant throughout the map-area. Except for the southeastern part, the area is underlain mainly by Early Precambrian felsic igneous and metamorphic rocks, including granite, granodiorite, and gneiss (Card and Lumbers 1977). Narrow belts, con sisting of Early Precambrian metavolcanics and Middle Precambrian (Huronian) metasediments cut through the west-central and northeastern parts of the map-area. A number of southeasterly trending lineaments and faults caused the formation of narrow valleys that contain the major rivers of the area, including the Agnes, Spanish, and Onaping Rivers.

Markedly different rock types underlie the Sudbury Basin, located in the southeastern part of the map-area. Metasediments and metavolcanics, be longing to the Whitewater Group of Middle Precambrian age, are buried beneath thick deposits of clay, silt and sand. However, south of the Vermilion River, which flows through the northern part of the basin, the folded and faulted Chelmsford Formation sandstone outcrops as a series of plunging synclines, anticlines, and drag folds, thus forming rug ged ridges of upended strata. The Onaping Formation tuffs northwest of the Vermilion River form a wall that is, in part, an eroded faultline scarp (Burwasser 1979). Nickel Irruptive rocks, located north of these tuffs, form the northern boun dary of the Sudbury Basin. These mafic intrusive rocks extend from Joe Lake in Wisner Township southwest through Windy Lake into Trill Township on the southern margin of the map-area.

The mineral potential of the area has been assessed by Springer (1977). The intrusive rocks of the Sudbury Nickel Irruptive, which outcrop around the margin of the Sudbury Basin, have high potential for nickel, copper, and the platinum metals. The two metavolcanic-metasedimentary belts in the northern half of the map-area have medium to high potential for such diverse commodities as copper-lead-zinc, uranium, and iron. The mineral potential of the felsic intrusive and metamorphic rocks is rated as "least" to "unknown".

2.2 QUATERNARY:

Glacial ice advanced toward the southwest, depositing a thin, discontin uous veneer of till over the bedrock. G. J. Burwasser (personal communi cations) has measured this direction of flow to be 2200 regionally and 2400 locally.

During deglaciation, there were a number of pauses in the retreat of the ice front. The positions of these short halts are marked by a series of morainal belts (Boissonneau 1968). These ice front positions are often poorly defined and, in this area, are mapped as either end moraine or hummocky moraine. Such deposits occur in Hanmer Township near the east-central margin of the map-area, near Cartier in the central part of the area, and scattered throughout the north-central and west-central parts of the area.

Meltwaters from the glacier carried sand and gravel down a number of the fault-controlled river valleys. Thus, the present valleys of such rivers as the Agnes, Spanish, and Onaping are commonly underlain by thick deposits of glaciofluvial sand and gravel. Part of a post-Algonquin glacial lake occupied what is now known as the Sudbury Basin (Prest 1970). As the meltwater streams flowed into this lake, glacial deltas were formed. Numerous examples of these occur along the Vermilion River, which marks the approximate northwestern margin of the basin.

The glaciolacustrine deposits of the Sudbury Basin, which sometimes exceed 110 m in thickness (Burwasser 1979) consist of stratified silt, clay and sand.

3.0 ENGINEERING TERRAIN UNITS:

3.1 BEDROCK LANDFORMS:

3.1.1 Description:

Hock knob (RN) terrain dominates the map-area. Fault-scarp valleys and abundant bedrock hills produce a rugged and complex landscape, with relief ranging from about 30 m to greater than 60 m.

Drift cover in the bedrock areas is generally less than l m, and bare bedrock is common. The overburden becomes thicker on the flanks of many of the hills, and boulders are scattered over much of the ground surface. Many organic deposits, containing soft peaty materials, are confined between bedrock outcrops.

A typical terrain unit letter code, used to describe these bedrock areas on the map, is:

RN(tMG,pOT7R) Mj-D(M)

This indicates that bedrock knobs are the dominant landform. They have moderate local relief, the terrain is jagged and rugged, and drainage con ditions are dry. Subordinate landforms are stony sandy till ground moraine and peaty organic terrain overlying bedrock. The subordinate landforms have mixed wet and dry drainage. Rock ridges (RR) are found south of the Vermilion River in the south eastern part of the map-area. They trend northeast, have relief of 15 to 30 m, and are generally bare of overburden.

A typical letter code is:

RR(mLP,pOT) Mr(p)-W

Glaciolacustrine silt and peaty organic deposits surround the bedrock ridges. The ridges have moderate topography, while the glaciolacustrine deposits are planar. The entire unit has wet drainage conditions.

3.1.2 Significance:

RESOURCES: Portions of the rock can be used for crushed stone pur poses, but detailed evaluations of suitability for aggregate use would be required. Ground water resources within the rock will be limited to fractures, faults, and fissures. The occurrence of aquifers is unpredic table, and the terrain has only fair potential for ground water supplies.

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION: The major constraint in terms of con struction is the presence of massive, irregular, and complex bedrock outcrops, and of large boulders on the ground surface. This means that, in most instances, below-ground excavations will require blasting. Site- grading will be expensive and rock fills will be necessary in grading works. Foundation conditions should be excellent on the bedrock, but route alignments will require rock cut-and-fill operations.

Because of the shallow drift cover and complex bedrock slopes, devel opment activities will be more difficult, and hence more expensive, than in areas of thicker overburden. Construction will be extremely difficult in those areas of high, sheer rock cliffs and steep bedrock hills. Also, management of the land for any development will be complex. The variable and steep rock slopes, combined with the shallow overburden, will make the terrain sensitive to surface erosion, especially when cleared of vegetation.

WASTE DISPOSAL: The bedrock terrain is not amenable, in its natural state, to the disposal of waste, whether it be garbage, septic tank effluent, or industrial liquid waste. Development of lagoons or tile fields would require extensive grading of rock materials and importation of soil fill. Fractures in the bedrock could act as conduits for migration of effluents, and the pollution impact on surface drainage courses could be significant.

3.2 MORAINAL LANDFORMS:

3.2.1 Description:

End moraine (ME) complexes are found (1) in Hanmer Township on the eastern margin of the map-area, (2) on the east shore of Onaping Lake in the north-central part of the area, and (3) near the settlement of Cartier in the central part of the area.

A ridge with low to moderate relief forms the crest of the moraines near Cartier and in Hanmer Township. The deposit at Onaping Lake is in distinct and described as undulating; it is a complex deposit, being associated with sandy outwash, organic terrain, and bedrock knobs.

Letter codes representing these units on the map are:

tsbME tbME(sGO) tsbME,sGO(pOT,RN) Mrk-D Lu-D Lun-M

These deposits generally consist of bouldery, sandy till. Surface boulders often have diameters of l to 2 m.

Ground moraine (MG) occurs either as a subordinate unit in conjunction with the bedrock, or as the dominant unit where the till cover is thicker. The ground moraine forms a mantle, less than 5 m in thickness over bedrock knobs or plains in Vernon and Foy Townships.

Typical terrain unit letter codes are:

tMG/RN tbMG7RP(RN) Lu-D Lu-M

The deposits consist of the bouldery silty sand till which is typical of northern Ontario, although in some cases they can be extremely bouldery. Rock knobs are a common subordinate landform. Relief is usually less than 15m, and the terrain is undulating with dry or mixed surface drainage conditions.

Hummocky moraine (MH) landforms represent ice marginal deposits and correlate with some of the end moraines described by Boissonneau (1965, 1968).

Typical terrain unit letter codes are:

tbMH,RN(pQT) tbMH,RN tbMH(RN) Mnu-D Mn-D Mnp-D

Materials consist of very bouldery sandy till and lenses and pockets of water-sorted sand and gravel. Bedrock knobs are a common subordinate landform within the unit. In some instances, organic deposits can be found between the hummocks. Relief is moderate and the terrain can be locally knobby to undulating. Surface drainage conditions are usually dry.

3.2.2 Significance:

RESOURCES: Deposits of sand and gravel may exist within the hum mocky moraine and end moraine landforms. Because they are ice mar ginal deposits, much of the material has been sorted by meltwater, and glaciofluvial outwash is sometimes a subordinate landform. However, slump features are also common, and abrupt changes in material texture can be expected. Boulders and cobbles are also very common, further complicating the processing of any potential granular materials. In gener al, these terrain units have only fair potential as sources of aggregate.

These terrain units are not noted for their ground water potential, but isolated supplies for local use may exist.

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION: The higher topographic relief and boul dery soils of hummocky and end moraines may cause construction problems, particularly with respect to grading, excavation, and material handling. WASTE DISPOSAL: The morainal terrain units are rated as having fair potential for the siting of waste disposal facilities. Because the over burden is thicker than in rock knob terrain, it provides a source of cover material for sanitary landfill operations and the soils are better able to attenuate the contaminants generated by the waste. However, the materials are often bouldery and permeable, and they may allow a hydraulic connection to either surface drainage or potential ground water aquifers. Proper hydrogeological investigations are required.

3.3 GLACIOFLUVIAL LANDFORMS:

3.3.1 Description:

Glaciofluvial landforms are widespread throughout the map-area and form one of the most important engineering terrain unit groups.

Ice Contact Deltas (GD) are found on the northern edge of the Sudbury Basin, flanking the Vermilion River. Typical terrain unit letter codes are:

gsGD sGD Lpt-D Lp-D

Deltas located north of the Vermilion River have low relief, planar tops, and terraced surfaces. They are composed of sandy gravel and gravel, whereas, within the river basin, the materials are predominately fine to medium sand. Surface drainage conditions are generally dry.

Outwash (GO) deposits commonly trend in a northerly direction and fill the major river valleys, such as those of the Wakonassin, Spanish, Agnes, Onaping, and Roberts Rivers. Materials vary from outwash sand with a minor gravel content through gravelly sand and sandy gravel to predominantly gravel. Site-specific studies are required to verify the extent and texture of particular deposits.

These sand- and gravel-filled valleys generally have low local relief and terraced surfaces. Kettle holes occur in some places. Surface drainage conditions are dry. Representative terrain unit letter codes are:

gsGO gGQ Lptk-M Lpt-D Outwash also occurs in association with ground moraine and kames. In the northeastern quadrant of the map-area, the outwash is intermingled with ground moraine and bedrock is often close to surface (E. V. Sado, personal communication). In Totten Township, on the southern margin of the area, the outwash is associated with kames and bedrock knobs. These terrain units are mapped as:

sGO,tMG7RP(RN,pOT) sGO,sGK7RN(RN) Lu-M Mn-M

Eskers (GE, >>>>>) are relatively rare and generally rather small. However, larger eskers occur in Vernon Township and south of Windy Lake, in the southern part of the map-area. They appear to contain sand and gravel and exhibit remnant kettle holes. Typical terrain unit letter codes are:

gsGE sgGE Lkn-D Lk-Dh

Kames (GK) are scarce in the Cartier map-area. A deposit of kames and associated ice-contact materials is found in northern Hanmer Township on the eastern margin of the area. The kames consist of bouldery sand with some intermixed till. Relief is moderate, the topography is undu lating, and the surface is dry. The terrain unit letter code is:

sbGK Mu-D

3.3.2 Significance:

RESOURCES: The glaciofluvial deposits have the best potential for sand and gravel resources of any landform within the map-area. The sandy and gravelly outwash units found in the major river valleys, such as those of the Spanish and Wakonassin Rivers, have good aggregate potential. The sand and gravel deltas adjacent to the Vermilion River also have good resource potential. The eskers in Vernon and Cascaden Townships are worthy of field verification for the existence of sand and gravel deposits. Ground water sources may exist in those glaciofluvial deposits which have significant thicknesses over the bedrock. This is especially true within the outwash which fills the major river valleys.

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION: The glaciofluvial landforms present very few engineering problems for general construction. They offer good foundation conditions, although site-specific investigations should be carried out prior to construction.

The sand and gravel can be excavated with little difficulty, and the materials are often ideal for re-use as borrow. Traffic-ability on the surface of the outwash deposits is good, and routes located within these terrain units should encounter no unusual problems.

In the northeastern quadrant of the map-area, there are a number of out wash deposits where the sand and gravel overlie ground moraine and/or bedrock. These complex units also exist, in association with kames and bedrock knobs, in the south-central portion of the area. Within these units, development activities may have to contend with bedrock excava tions, bouldery soils, high water tables, and knobby topography. Such areas do not have as high a potential for aggregate resources as do the outwash deposits which flank the major rivers.

The glaciofluvial landforms provide excellent terrain for general land management activities. Because of the uniformity of material, low relief, and generally good internal drainage, the deposits are amenable to many land uses, including forestry activities and general land development. However, the proximity of the major river valleys places a potential environmental constraint on these lands.

WASTE DISPOSAL: Because of the very permeable nature of the over burden materials, leachate or effluent from solid waste landfills, lagoons, or septic tile fields may infiltrate to depth and cause contamination problems. Hence, the hydrogeological parameters of these terrain units should be carefully studied prior to the planning of waste disposal schemes. 11

3.4 GLACIOLACUSTRINE LANDFORMS:

3.4.1 Description:

Glaciolacustrine lake plain deposits (LP) blanket the Sudbury Basin, and in some cases these sediments may be more than 110 m thick. The sedi ments are composed of clay and silt which are commonly varved. The ground surface is a low relief plain which has poor surface drainage and exhibits a high ground water table. Shallow organic deposits are often associated with the clay and silt. A typical terrain unit letter code is:

cmLP Lp-Mh

3.4.2 Significance:

RESOURCES: The glaciolacustrine plain provides an environment for agricultural activities, and to some extent the clay has been used in the past for the manufacturing of brick. Other than this, there is very little resource potential associated with these terrain units.

Ground water supplies are often found at depth below the glaciolacus trine sediments within the Sudbury Basin. The clay and silt have filled a natural basin within the rock, and well records indicate the existence of sand and gravel beneath this clay and overlying the bedrock. Thus, the availability of ground water below the clay, often at depths of 30 to 50 m, is good.

GENERAL CONSTRUCTION: Since the surface expression of these glaciolacustrine landforms is flat and level, drainage is generally poor. This means that during wet weather and in times of heavy snow melt, portions of the land will be prone to flooding.

Drill holes through these deposits have shown typical thicknesses ranging from 30 m to more than 60 m (Burwasser 1979). Since the clay and silt were deposited in a glacial lake, they have not been consolidated by the weight of glacial ice. Hence, bearing capacities for foundations could be low, and inadequately designed foundations could settle. The geotechni- 12 cal properties of the subsoils should be investigated prior to any develop ment.

Because the soils are fine grained and contain a high percentage of silt, they will react unfavourably to frost action. Designs for roads and shallow or slab foundations should take this into account. The clay and silt also hold moisture, often making re-use of the material as earth borrow difficult or impractical, especially during wet periods of the year.

WASTE DISPOSAL: The poor surface drainage and impermeable soils present problems for the proper operation of septic tile fields, unless the fields are properly engineered and are raised by the use of imported fill.

The soils are far from ideal for the siting of sanitary landfills. Their wet condition makes them difficult to use as cover in any landfill operations. Also, the glaciolacustrine sediments, being poorly drained and relatively impermeable, may cause the ground water to mound with the fill, pro ducing leachate springs on the sides of such fills. This could have an effect on surface water quality, unless proper engineering precautions are taken.

3.5 ALLUVIAL AND ORGANIC LANDFORMS:

3.5.1 Description:

Alluvial plains (AP) exist along all drainage courses, but only the larger ones are shown on the Data Base Map (OGS Map 5000, accompanying this report).

The Vermilion River is a classic example of a river with a meander flood plain. Meanders, ox-bows, and point bar accretions are all vividly dis played as the river winds through silty sand subsoils.

A typical terrain unit letter code is:

smAP Ldp-W 13 Organic terrain (OT) is common throughout the area, but only the larger deposits are delineated on the map. In some cases, the organics cover sandy outwash deposits (pOT/sGO), but usually they occur as subor dinate units in the bedrock terrain (RN(pOT)). A representative terrain unit letter code is:

pOT Lp-W

The surface material is peat, the deposits form a low relief plain, and surface drainage is wet.

3.5.2 Significance:

The alluvial plains and organic terrain are generally unsuitable for any type of engineering works. Alluvial plains are prone to flooding. Con struction in both landforms will have to contend with soft and com pressible soils, adverse ground water conditions, and poor trafficability.

4.0 SUMMARY OF ENGINEERING SIGNIFICANCE:

The Cartier map-area is characterized by rugged and complex bedrock terrain. The glaciolacustrine clay and silt of the Sudbury Basin and the glaciofluvial sand and gravel bordering the major river valleys re present the only areas of any significant soil cover. Most of the major drainage courses flow in confined valleys, and their associated alluvial plains are underlain by sand and gravel. While ground moraine is wide spread, forming a veneer over much of the bedrock terrain, it is only of importance in a few scattered areas, mainly as hummocky or end moraine. For the most part, the terrain consists of rugged and complex bedrock slopes.

Table l is a summary of the general engineering significance of the more common terrain units found in the area. This table is intended only as a guide to help the reader in assessing the overall significance of the map- units. Site-specific work is necessary to properly define actual ground conditions. Also, it should be realized that there are a number of con ditions, such as drainage and slope, which are not considered in the table 14

t* i s*. M tt g H S? O o u 0 S S b o ii O li O ^ 0 o 3 O ft o o 0) o 9) 0 w o o a J 2 OH PU > OH Sfi > 0- 2fi ^fi > Pu 2^ •o PU j| •o -S u. o 0 D. O o O "m o ^ S o o a) O O o O p^ 0 J PU O Q 1 Pu b fi Pu b O T3 •a •o •O T3 •o O .tt o O O 0 o "3H .tt HM O re o o o O o re O O b O 0 0 O 0 b b

T3 •o •a •o T! Tf J 0 o o o O O 'S u O o o o O O •a •a o O O O O O O b b "-1 t-tJ ^ b IO O ~5 T) T) T3 •o •o •o U O O O O o o o 're 'S •a; o O O O o o 0 0 u 0 O O O O o b b oJ c .2 •3 T3 •o T3 TJ T3 •o u O o O O 0 o "re -tt p x O o O O O o re 0 O o O O O O fe •o o DC •s "re o -ttre 're .ttre •a 're O j 2 b 1 b O b b b b b •O •o 2 ii i* •o T) o o o o O o "re o O o o •s o O o o S OH Pu b O g O O b 0 O T3 ^ '(0 •jjj 're|H O 're .tt 'm 're 'cO o O re 1 b b b O PL, b b b b o tt 2 bd H u O 2 Q, M n w 0 O O PH d 5, C "3•M O O Q .2 b OH OH *-* .S•M "3 u o U] ii i^ t^ f* ii 5*. DQ o o o o (H o 2 z o o re O (U o 0) OH OH 3 u Q tt OH O J tt u W tf ^ H *r 57; EXCAVATIOl FOUNDATIO1 tt GROUNDWA o MATERIAL LANDFILL LAGOONS D GRADING SEPTIC SYSTEMS CO Q RE-USE

LLJ J SNOIUdNOD AJ.niavj.ms CD lVII.N3J.Od NOIJ.DnHI.SNOD Tvsodsia 3DHHOS3H JLHOIl 3J.SVM 15

but which may affect the engineering significance of the various terrain units.

5.0 EXAMPLE OF A DERIVED MAP: GENERAL CONSTRUCTION CAPABILITY

The General Construction Capability Map (OGS Map 5004, accompany ing this report) has been derived from an interpretation of the engineer ing terrain units shown on the Data Base Map (OGS Map 5000, accom panying this report). The purpose of this derived map is to provide an example of the type of specific user information that can be gained from informed use of the engineering geology terrain base.

Criteria used to produce the map include the following:

1) earth moving and handling properties of the materials, 2) excavation difficulties, 3) slope conditions, 4) drainage characteristics, 5) bearing strengths, 6) compressibility of materials, 7) flooding potential, 8) dewatering requirements.

Using these criteria, the terrain has been rated for general construction capability as shown on Table 2. From an examination of this table and the capability map (OGS Map 5004), it can be seen that the yellow areas, which include most of the glaciofluvial landforms, are generally amenable to construction practices. The blue areas, representing the glaciolacustrine clay and silt of the Sudbury Basin, exhibit a number of construction problems connected with earth handling, drainage, and bearing strength. The grey areas, representing swamps and major flood plains, will cause severe construction problems, particularly in con nection with flooding, bearing capacity, dewatering, compressible soils, and material handling. In the green areas, which are a mixture of complex soil and rock conditions, construction can be locally diffi cult and expensive due to rock excavations, bouldery soils, and adverse topography. Finally, the uncoloured areas represent the bedrock com plexes, consisting of steep and rugged outcrops and confined swamps. There are a number of potential construction difficulties, and condi tions for general construction are rated as poor. 16

"m S * g "m CT I*} Ml nCj.'T ?i *—^j i(L) 1) ^0) .—j a) 'c (8 "n ONI33 ONIH3.LVM3d (u ri | So ^t. WS; oli 0 ? JO dOOHIlSMIT 2 i-) ITJ PL, CO 6L, J W OH 2 -p. v "m i g •a "t3 Q) (J) "(3 o QNI33 ONIdOOTJ O li s s !s o PU s; 2 2 J nt co a, 1 2

0) 0) JJ — (U 'S2 ,Q •a2 3 O) fi 0) S li 2 D. al 0. a. o. o. S 6 •0 g E? 6 B S c 6 0 0 V O O O AimaisssHdittoo 2 U 13 > U 2 U Z 0 2 fc( O 0) 0) O d) la m M o 13 SNOIildNOD d O a, O cr 0) Q cr 1"3 D •a ii V u Di ONIHV33 V x H IB 5 CO 2 T)o u O o o o ^ o D Du •8 j SNOI-LIdNOD J-t o li Ovo d) o 0) o o o o Di SOVNIVHd ou O 0 J (2 U 2 jj O o .s-^ x 1 x S* Di — 3 —s i >(O f ^ 0 dNVl ^ ^ S "^ o a O ri j D E E U S O B CO do adcns 2 O 0) a) H •H Q) ID o* (u 2 5 Q 1 O) (u 3 •afe •S 2 •g SI 2 SaiXTlflDIjIJId u S s 0 NOI.LVAVOX3 0) 0 o "r U 2 2 > u S-

0) 4-* Di SNOUIdNOO s s T3 ii Di ONIldNVH dNV 0 o u O •s0 z~ 0 O o V O o S ONIAOIN HJLHV3 O a, > OH 2 2 OH

5 s W S Q g 7 f* CM O x' ^ D x/ O O UJ J -1 B z s r ^ j w ^ M O CO X 5 o ^ s j •-} W U u ^ X Z E 2 2 u j c* cd 2 h- X D w O 2 JH OQ o o !3 17

6.0 REFERENCES:

Boissonneau, A. N. 1965: Surficial Geology, Algoma, Sudbury, Timiskaming and Nipis sing; Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, Map S465, scale 1:506 880 or l inch to 8 miles. Surficial geology 1962, 1963. 1968: Glacial History of Northeastern Ontario II. The Timiskaming- Algoma Area; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol.5, No.l,p.97-109.

Burwasser, G. J. 1979: Quaternary Geology of the Sudbury Basin Area, District of Sudbury; Ontario Geological Survey, Report 181, 103p. Accompanied by Map 2397, scale 1:50 000.

Canada Land Inventory 1970: Soil Capability for Agriculture; Canada Department of Re gional Economic Expansion, Catalogue No. RE64/2-41I, scale 1:250000.

Card, K. D. and Lumbers, S. B. 1977: Sudbury-Cobalt, Algoma, Manitoulin, Nipissing, Parry Sound, Sudbury and Timiskaming Districts; Ontario Geological Sur vey, Map 2361, Geological Compilation Series, scale 1:253 440 or l inch to 4 miles. Geological compilation 1974, 1975.

Gartner, John F., Mollard, J. D., and Roed, M. A. 1980: Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study Users' Manual; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5288, 99p.

Prest, V. K. 1970: Quaternary Geology of Canada; p.675-764 in Geology and Economic Minerals of Canada, edited by R. J. W. Douglas, Geological Survey of Canada, Economic Geology Report No. l, 5th edition, 838p.

Proctor 8i Redfern Limited 1978: Sudbury Area, Mineral Aggregate Study; prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 138p. 18

Regional Municipality of Sudbury, Planning Department 1975: Sudbury Area, Potential Aggregate Deposits; preliminary map only.

Sado, E. V. 1977a: Quaternary Geology of the Coniston (411/7) and Copper- cliff (411/6) Areas Plus Portions of the Regional Municipal ity of Sudbury, District of Sudbury; p.154-155 in Summary of Field Work, 1977, by the Geological Branch, edited by V. G. Milne, O. L. White, R. B. Barlow, and J. A. Robertson, Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Paper 75, 208p. 1977b:Sand and Gravel Resources in the Sudbury Area, District of Sudbury; p. 162-163 in Summary of Field Work, 1977, by the Geological Branch, edited by V. G. Milne, O. L. White, R. B. Barlow, and J. A. Robertson, Ontario Geological Sur vey, Miscellaneous Paper 75, 208p.

Springer, Janet 1977: Ontario Mineral Potential, Northern Part of Sudbury Sheet and Part of North Bay Sheet, Districts of Sudbury and Mani toulin; Ontario Geological Survey, Preliminary Map P.1512, Mineral Deposits Series, scale 1:250 000. Compilation 1976, 1977.

Sudbury Area Planning Study Team 1973: Sudbury Area Planning Study, Inventory of Data Pertaining to the Supply of Urban Land; Schedules A, B, and C.

Thomson, Jas. E. 1957: Geology of the Sudbury Basin; Ontario Department of Mines, Vol. 65, Pt. 3 (1956), p. 1-56. Accompanied by Map 1956-1, scale 1:63 360 or l inch to l mile. Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study 94

C ARTIER ARE A

(NTS41I/NW) Districts of Algoma and Sudbury

John F. Gartner

1980

THIS PROJECT WAS FUNDED BY THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF NORTHERN AFFAIRS AND IS MANAGED BY THE ONTARIO MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Publications of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and price list are available through the Map Unit, Public Service Centre, Room 6404, Whitney Block, Queen's Park, Toronto, and the Ontario Government Bookstore, 880 Bay Street, Toronto.

Orders for publications should be accompanied by cheque or money order pay able to the Treasurer of Ontario.

ISSN 0709-4671 ISBN 0-7743-4370-2

Parts of this publication may be quoted if credit is given. It is recommended that reference to this report be made in the following form:

1200-80-HofC CONTENTS

TABLES

1 — Summary of engineering significance...... 14 2 - Terrain conditions for general construction ...... 16

MAPS (accompanying report)

Map 5000 (coloured) - Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study, Data Base Map, Cartier (NTS 41I/NW). Scale 1:100 000.

Map 5004 (coloured) — Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study, General Construction Capability Map, Cartier (NTS 41I/NW). Scale 1:100 000. iii

Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study 94

CARTIER AREA

(NTS41I/NW)

Districts of Algoma and Sudbury

John F. Gartner1

1.0 INTRODUCTION:

This report contains an inventory of regional engineering terrain condi tions in the Cartier area, Districts of Algoma and Sudbury. The area, which covers NTS block 41I/NW, lies between Latitudes 46030'N and 470 00'N and Longitudes 81000'W and 820 00'W. This report forms part of a series of publications which provide similar terrain data for some 370 000 km2 of northern Ontario.

Consulting Engineering Geologist,'Gartner Lee Associates Limited, Markham, Ontario. Manuscript approved for publication by the Chief, Engineering and Terrain Geology Section, January 3, 1980. This report is published with the permission of E. G. Pye, Director, Ontario Geological Survey. Interpretation of existing black and white aerial photographs, at a scale of approximately 1:38 000, was the primary method of obtaining this terrain information. The interpretation was checked with published and unpublished literature which documented previous field visits and ob servations. During the fall of 1977, roads in the area were traversed and observed terrain conditions recorded as further verification of the office studies. Thus, the map represents a reconnaissance overview of the en gineering conditions of the terrain. "

An engineering terrain legend was developed to facilitate the mapping and to provide a common information base for the entire map series. This legend is shown on the accompanying Data Base Map. Further in formation on the mapping techniques, legend format, and possible uses of this terrain data is available in the "Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study User's Manual" (Gartner, Mollard, and Roed 1980), a companion publication to this series of maps and reports.

2.0 GEOLOGICAL SETTING:

2.1 BEDROCK:

2.2 QUATERNARY:

The glaciolacustrine deposits of the Sudbury Basin, which sometimes exceed 110 m in thickness (Burwasser 1979) consist of stratified silt, clay and sand.

3.0 ENGINEERING TERRAIN UNITS:

3.1 BEDROCK LANDFORMS:

3.1.1 Description:

Hock knob (RN) terrain dominates the map-area. Fault-scarp valleys and abundant bedrock hills produce a rugged and complex landscape, with relief ranging from about 30 m to greater than 60 m.

A typical terrain unit letter code, used to describe these bedrock areas on the map, is:

RN(tMG,pOT7R) Mj-D(M)

A typical letter code is:

RR(mLP,pOT) Mr(p)-W

3.1.2 Significance:

3.2 MORAINAL LANDFORMS:

3.2.1 Description:

Letter codes representing these units on the map are:

tsbME tbME(sGO) tsbME,sGO(pOT,RN) Mrk-D Lu-D Lun-M

These deposits generally consist of bouldery, sandy till. Surface boulders often have diameters of l to 2 m.

Typical terrain unit letter codes are:

tMG/RN tbMG7RP(RN) Lu-D Lu-M

Hummocky moraine (MH) landforms represent ice marginal deposits and correlate with some of the end moraines described by Boissonneau (1965, 1968).

Typical terrain unit letter codes are:

tbMH,RN(pQT) tbMH,RN tbMH(RN) Mnu-D Mn-D Mnp-D

3.2.2 Significance:

These terrain units are not noted for their ground water potential, but isolated supplies for local use may exist.

3.3 GLACIOFLUVIAL LANDFORMS:

3.3.1 Description:

Glaciofluvial landforms are widespread throughout the map-area and form one of the most important engineering terrain unit groups.

Ice Contact Deltas (GD) are found on the northern edge of the Sudbury Basin, flanking the Vermilion River. Typical terrain unit letter codes are:

gsGD sGD Lpt-D Lp-D

sGO,tMG7RP(RN,pOT) sGO,sGK7RN(RN) Lu-M Mn-M

gsGE sgGE Lkn-D Lk-Dh

sbGK Mu-D

3.3.2 Significance:

3.4 GLACIOLACUSTRINE LANDFORMS:

3.4.1 Description:

cmLP Lp-Mh

3.4.2 Significance:

3.5 ALLUVIAL AND ORGANIC LANDFORMS:

3.5.1 Description:

Alluvial plains (AP) exist along all drainage courses, but only the larger ones are shown on the Data Base Map (OGS Map 5000, accompanying this report).

The Vermilion River is a classic example of a river with a meander flood plain. Meanders, ox-bows, and point bar accretions are all vividly dis played as the river winds through silty sand subsoils.

A typical terrain unit letter code is:

pOT Lp-W

The surface material is peat, the deposits form a low relief plain, and surface drainage is wet.

3.5.2 Significance:

4.0 SUMMARY OF ENGINEERING SIGNIFICANCE:

LLJ J SNOIUdNOD AJ.niavj.ms CD lVII.N3J.Od NOIJ.DnHI.SNOD Tvsodsia 3DHHOS3H JLHOIl 3J.SVM 15

but which may affect the engineering significance of the various terrain units.

5.0 EXAMPLE OF A DERIVED MAP: GENERAL CONSTRUCTION CAPABILITY

Criteria used to produce the map include the following:

0) 4-* Di SNOUIdNOO s s T3 ii Di ONIldNVH dNV 0 o u O •s0 z~ 0 O o V O o S ONIAOIN HJLHV3 O a, > OH 2 2 OH

5 s W S Q g 7 f* CM O x' ^ D x/ O O UJ J -1 B z s r ^ j w ^ M O CO X 5 o ^ s j •-} W U u ^ X Z E 2 2 u j c* cd 2 h- X D w O 2 JH OQ o o !3 17

6.0 REFERENCES:

Burwasser, G. J. 1979: Quaternary Geology of the Sudbury Basin Area, District of Sudbury; Ontario Geological Survey, Report 181, 103p. Accompanied by Map 2397, scale 1:50 000.

Canada Land Inventory 1970: Soil Capability for Agriculture; Canada Department of Re gional Economic Expansion, Catalogue No. RE64/2-41I, scale 1:250000.

Gartner, John F., Mollard, J. D., and Roed, M. A. 1980: Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study Users' Manual; Ontario Geological Survey, Open File Report 5288, 99p.

Proctor 8i Redfern Limited 1978: Sudbury Area, Mineral Aggregate Study; prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 138p. 18

Regional Municipality of Sudbury, Planning Department 1975: Sudbury Area, Potential Aggregate Deposits; preliminary map only.

Sudbury Area Planning Study Team 1973: Sudbury Area Planning Study, Inventory of Data Pertaining to the Supply of Urban Land; Schedules A, B, and C.

Thomson, Jas. E. 1957: Geology of the Sudbury Basin; Ontario Department of Mines, Vol. 65, Pt. 3 (1956), p. 1-56. Accompanied by Map 1956-1, scale 1:63 360 or l inch to l mile. Ministry of Hon- James A© c- Auld Minister Natural ^ , ^ n Dr. J. K. Reynolds n6SOUrCGS Deputy Minister Ontario

Ontario Geological Survey Map 5000 Northern Ontario Engineering " * - Geology Terrain Study Data Base Map CARTIER NTS41I/NW RNitMG.pOT/R) RN(tMG.pOTVR) 81 000© 79 nOO' 47©30©

ajafri"* ^ 1 7JT? -* sGOtfiDj) ^1 Richardson BKRKLAKE aTl^Vyx. r , Lake ALGOMA RNUMG.pOT/R) 46

One centimetre rnjiresents one kilometre

ENGINEERING TERRAIN LEGEND Kennedy rf ^ The legend comprises four main components arranged as follows: sGQlpOT! i__ MATERIAI 1 ANOfORM

TOPOGRAPHY DRAINAGE APREL Examples: dominant landform Michaud Little material - subordinate landform Sandcherry Lake

u(Hj)-D- drainage

relief of subordinate landform BM local topographic variety of dominant landform Present ^^ 134B.1 relief L -slash indicates a veneer of Marion one landform overlying a pOT/sGQ second landform Lp-W LETTER SYMBOLS MATERIAL b boulders, bouldery r rubble c clay, clayey sGC©/RPtpOT) s sand,sandy g gravel, gravelly m silt, silty p peal, muck t tilt LANDFORMS ALLUVIAL MORAINAL AP Alluvial plain ME End moraine MG Ground moraine COLLUVIAL MH hummocky moraine r- Depot CS Slope failure GLACIOFLUVIAL Lake CT Talus pile GO Ice contact delta, esker CW Slopewash and debris delta, kame delta, delta creep sheet; minor talus ^ t.l n "^7 k V moraine EOLIAN Larch] GE Esker, esker complex, cre vasse filling sGRPipOTl i Lake ED Sand dunes GK Kame, kame field, kame terrace, karrtu moraine GO Outwash plain, valley ORGANIC train OT Organic terrain GLACIOLACUSTRINE artier LB Raised (abandoned) beach BEDROCK L P-D y Sta , ridge LD Glaciolacustrine delta RL Bedrock plateau LP Glaciolacustrine plain RN Bedrock knob RP Bedrock plain RR Bedrock ridge /R Bedrock below a drift

TOPOGRAPHY RNdMG.pOT/prS LOCAL RELIEF H Mainly high local relief © © M Mainly moderate local re lief RNItMG.pOT/R) f; L Mainly low local relief VARIETY c channeled p plain d dissected gulhed r ridged j jagged, rugged, cliffed s sloping j* cliffy volcanic rock signa t terraced ture u undulating lo rolling k kettled, pitted w washed, reworked n knobby, hummocky DRAINAGE SURFACE CONDITION W Wet h Suspected high water table RNhlVIG.pOT/Rl D Dry M Mixed wet and dry GRAPHIC SYMBOLS Major end muraine (symbol located over ridge crest if Small landslide scar present) Well expressed drumlins and Sand or gravel pit drumlinoid ridges Quarry or mine workings evi All other linear ice-flow fea dent from airphotos or field tures observation (crossed picks are Makopi "g Esker ridge (continuous, dis- shown in the area of open ross1 1 © ©rf:11 T^ r© continuous; the symbol does excavation) Harry Ul ©l rV-I.J -Jl- 1 not indicate direction of flow) Sjgarloaf Other man-made features ReefU -01^/^7 X,© ~*~iTTf^. Abandoned shoreline (contin- (rock dumps, tailings, la J;© ^ ^ uous, discontinuous) goons, landfills, etc.; type of Local dune area (type and lo feature mentioned where ke cation of individual dunes not identifiable) sgGO f) indicated) Steep-walled valleys, often Abandoned river channel, bedrock-controlled features spillway, or ice marginal (continuous, discontinuous) channels Talus (defined, inferred; base ^ \Pffft tMG.riOT/R) of talus triangle indicates Escarpment downslope side of escarp ment) Line joining the sams terrain units

NOTES (SEE BACK FOR EXPLANATORY NOTES) NOTE 1: This map is intended to be an inventory of regional engineering terrain conditions Its purpose is to provide a guide for engineering and resource planning functions. The boundaries of the terrain units shown on the map are approximate only, consistent with a 1:100,000 scale. Site specific investigations are required in order to obtain detailed information for a particular area. The map user should refer to the accompanying report for -emr * ood a fuller description of terrain in the study ares, methods used and s technical discussion of ^T ,; Mine the legend format. SUDBUR NOTE 2: Nlurr Colour is used to enhance what is considered to be the dominant engineering condition in simple, complex or layered terrain units. NOTE 3: Not all letter and graphic symbols shown in the legend necessarily appear on this map sheet. Inter mat ion from this publication may bo quoted if appropnatucredi! is given. Reference to this map is recommended as follows: Gartner, J. F 1 978: Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study, Data Basa Map, Cartier. Ontario Geological Survey, Map 5000, Scale 1:100 000 Published 1978 BEDROCK TERRAIN: RN(tMG.pOT- Mj-D(M) — Hock knobs are often bare or covered with a metre or less of bouldery sandy till, thickening on t he flanks lo 3 m to 5m. Relief i s usually in the range of 15m to 50m. Letter H is used to designate relief :^Qm. Terrain is rugged, with steep and complex slopes. Many confined organic bogs (pOT) are trapped between outcrops. Rock knobs are RR(mLP.pQT) well drained and dry (D); organic deposits are wet (W). Mr(p)-W These are the rock ridges formed from the greywackes, slates and schists o) the Sudbury Basin. The ridges trend in a northeast direction, have relative relief of between 15 and 30m and are generally bare. Wet glaciolacustrine clays and silts and organic deposits are found between the outcrops

MORAINES: MG — Groundmoraines are generally composed of silty sandy till (t) but may be extremely bouldery (tb). The till overlies rock knobs (t RN) or rock plains (i RP) at less than 5m depth and rock knobs (RN) are common within the landform. Relief is usually less than 1 5m and the terrain is undulating and usually dry, although there are some poorly drained areas (W). MH — Hummockymoraines form part of the complex ice margin deposits. In every case rock knobs (RN) are common within the unit. Soil consists of bouldery sandy till (tb) and this material generally has associated glaciofluvial sands and gravels in lenses or pockets In some instances organic material (pOT) can be found between hummocks, but this is not common. The relief is between 1 5m and 30m and the terrain is knobby and hummocky. Surface drainage conditions are usually dry (D). — End moraines are located m Hanmer Township, at Cartier and on the east shore of Onaping Lake. Soil materials are bouldery sandy tills, with boulders often reaching sizes of over 1 or 2m. A ridge (r) with low (L) to moderate (m) relief forms the crest of the moraines in Cartier and Hanmer Townships while the deposit at Onaping Lake isindistinrt and described as undulating (u) This Onaping Lake deposit is complex, and associated sandy outwash (sGO), organics (pOT) and rock knobs (RN) are common within the unit. GLACIOFLUVIAL: GO — Outwash deposits commonly trend in a north direction and fill the major nver valleys such as the Wakonassm River. Spanish River, Agnes River, Onaping River and Roberts River. Materials are outwash sands with minor gravels (s), gravelly sands (sg), sandy grave©s (gs) and predominately gravels (g| Site specific studies are recommended for verification of material texture and gradation. Those valley deposits are less ihan 1 5m m relief, have Hat terrain (p), are often terraced (t) and are generally dry (D). In some instances these outwash deposits are associated with organic material (pOT) or are deposited over rock at shallow depths (/RP). In the northeast quadrant of the map sheet, outwash is intermingled with ground moraine (sGO.tMG/RP) over rock and thicknesses vary up to a few metres. In Totten Township m the southwest, the outwash i s associated with kames (G K). GO — Deltas exist on the north boundary of the Sudbury Basin. Materials are commonly fine to medium sand(s). Terraced deltas (li north of the Vermilion River contain good sand and gravel materials(gs,g,l. GE —Eskers are usually small (^^ *"-^©), and composed of sand and gravel (sg). The largest is in the Windy Lake area where it is ridged (r) and kettled (k) GK — Kames are scarce m this map area A deposit of kames and associated ice contact materials is identified in the north part of Hanmer Town ship. The Kames are formed of bouldery sand (sb) with some till, exhibit relief between 1 5m and 30m (M), and are undulating (u) and dry (D).

GLACIOLACUSTRINE: LP — Lake plain deposits cover most of the Sudbury Basin The material is a si It and ci ay (cm) and is often quite deep. The terrain is planar (Lp). and is poorly drained with many wet areas and exhibits a high water table (M h). ORGANICTERRAIN: OT — Organic, terrain is quite common. The surface material is usually peal (p) and the deposit surfaces sic level plains (Lp) and wet (W). In some cases the organ i cs caver sandy outwash (pOT/sGO). ALLUVIAL: AP : The most significant Alluvia! Plain is that of the Vermilion River, along the north rim of the Sudbury Basin. The soils a re sandy silts (ms) and the flood plain has many meanders, oxbows, point bar accretions and generally has wet (W) surface conditions.

This map was prepared m March, 1 978 by: J. F. Gartner. P.Eng. GARTNER LEE ASSOCIATES LIMITED Consulting Engineering Geologists and 10 © * - - - " Hydrogeologists, © Toronto, Canada. Published 1978 Ministry of Hon- James A- c. Auld Minister Natural ^ , ^ n Dr. J. K. Reynolds ReSOUrCBS Deputy Minister Ontario

Ontario Geological Survey Map 5004 Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terrain Study I Little Lonely General Construction Capability Map Proudfoot^ L Lake CARTIER NTS 411 1 NW 83W 47

1:100000 2

One centimetre represents one kilometre

L--..

TERRAIN CONDITIONS Copenhagen FOR GENERAL CONSTRUCTION Areas underlain by coarse grained soils with good internal drainage; can Copenhagen contain bouldery soils in some cases. Water tables usually below 3m. but local areas may have higher water tables. Level to undulating topography common and bearing strengths usually adequate, Material usually easy to handle in all weather conditions. Areas underlain by fine grained soils with poor internal drainage. Weter tables can be near surlacc. Level topography and poor surface drainage. Bearing strengths adequate, but decrease with depth. Soils often plastic and difficult to handle; when wet Areas underlain by organic materials, wet clays and sills and floodplain deposits. Poor internal drainage and water tables ai or above ground surface. Level topography and commonly very compressibla soils with low bearing strengths. Dswaterinrj in excavations often necessary. Poor trafficability, and sometimes p rone to flooding. Areas underlain by coarse grained and very bouldery soils, intermingled with numerous bedrock knobs. Internal drainage of soils usually good. Topography usually complex and rugged, and terrain conditions can be extremely variable, Blasting of bedrock and large boulders often necessary. Area underlain by Precambrian bedrock, interspersed with local organic pockets and veneers of bouldery coarse grained soils. Topography usually severe and rugged with complex steep slopes. Bearing atrengih usually adequate, but blasting required m most excavations. Many areas of cut and fill.

C Shakwa Information from this publication may be quoted if appropriate credit is given. Reference to this map is recommended as follows: Gartner. .J F 1973 Northern Ontario Engineering Geology Terra.n Study, General Construction

gr^o^S^y, Map 5004, Scale 1 100 000 Published 1978

Base map derived from 1 inch to 2 miles Provincial Series, Surveys and Mapping Branch, Ministry of Natural Resources.

San de berry ^

Windy Lake :l( Leask