Timeline of Jewish History and Heritage

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Timeline of Jewish History and Heritage Timeline of Jewish History and Heritage Jewish Population 1948: The State of Israel established (Millions) Color-Map Legend 1939: The Holocaust 16.6M S. America, S. Africa & Australia World's Jewish population (distribution according to color-map) U.S. & Canada Jewish calendar events 1903: Kishinev pogrom 15 Europe Events prior to 1273 B.C.E. are dated according to tradition Asia, Africa & Turkey Lifespan of historical figures (color represents main location) 1897: 1st Zionist Congress 13.5M Language of text: Hebrew Aramaic Arabic Other 13.5 Land of Israel 1894: Dreyfus affair 0.4 1840: Damascus affair -3761: Genesis 1800: Emancipation and the emergence of the Jewish Enlightenment, Reform and Orthodox movements -515: 2nd Temple built 1799: Napoleon's proclamation to the Jews 5.6 10 -523: Purim – the Jews are saved from a planned massacre 1736: Establishment of the Hasidic & Misnagdim movements -538: Return to Zion following Cyrus's decree Jewish 800: Khazar converts to Judaism 1648: The Ukrainian massacre -586: Assassination of Gedalia and the Babylonian destructive response Events 691: Dome of the Rock built on the Temple's ruins 1573: Maharal establishes academy -586: Destruction of the 1st Temple by Babylon 135: Bar Kokhva rebellion -720: Exile of the 10 Tribes by Assyria 1492: Expulsion from Spain (Spanish Inquisition) suppressed 1.6 -924: The Division of the Kingdom; Israel & Judah 70: Destruction of the 1364: Poland grants rights to Jews -957: 1st Temple built 2nd Temple by Rome 1348: Jews blamed and persecuted for the Black Plague 5 ~1.1% -1313: Exodus from Egypt 4.4M -164: Re-dedication 1290: Expulsions from England and France Population -1523: Journey to Egypt Growth of the Temple 1099: The Crusaders conquer Israel and -1676: Binding of Isaac a year thanks to the massacre its Jewish inhabitants -1731: God's Covenant with Abraham Maccabean Revolt 5.8 -1765: Tower of Babel ~1.1% Population 1.3M -2105: The Flood (Noah's Ark) Growth a year 0.9M 0.3M I s B r 0 r Israel & Judah & Bab- Hasm- a i Crusaders e Egypt & Canaanites Israel Persia Greece The Roman Empire Byzantine Arabs Mamlukes Ottoman Empire t . Control Over the Land of Israel Judah Assyria Ylon Oneans l Rabbinical Era Patriarchs Judges Kings & Prophets Knesset HaGdolah Zugot Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim 2010 Time Line-3500 -2500 -1500 -1000 -500 1 500 1000 1500 2000 -3500: Agricultural revolution – vine domestication -1200: Trojan War -4: Jesus is born 393: Rome adopts Christianity 1337: 100 Years' War 1789: French Revolution World Events -3100: The first kingdom: Egypt ~100,000 residents -640: Currency invented 570: Muhammad (founder of Islam) is born 1492: Columbus, Imperialism -2700: True-Writing invented -563: Buddha (founder of Buddhism) is born 825: Arabic Numerals invented 1687: Scientific & Industrial Revolutions 1914: WWI -1770: Code of Hammurabi -221: China unifies (40 million) & builds the Great Wall 868: First book printed (China) 1776: U.S. Declaration of Independence 1939: WWII Adam & Eve Noah Joshua K. David Ezra & Nehemiah Johanan ben Zakai Rav Ashi Saadia Gaon Rabbi Yosef Karo Herzl Abraham and Sarah Deborah King Solomon Judah the Hammer Rabbi Akiva Rabbeinu Gershom Baal Shem Tov Bialik Jewish Historical Isaac & Rebekah Samson Elijah Herod Bar Kokhba Rashi The Vilna Gaon Rabbi Kook Figures Jacob, Leah and Rachel Ruth Jeremiah Hillel & Shammai Bruriah Yehuda Halevi The Chasam Sofer Einstein Sons of Jacob – the tribes of Israel Samuel Ezekiel Philo Judah the Prince The Rambam, Maimonides The Chofetz Chaim Moses and Aaron King Saul Esther & Mordechai Josephus Rabbi Yochanan Ramban, Nahmanides Ben Gurion The Torah Eikhah Septuagint The Zohar Siddur Chovot HaLevavot Rome and Jerusalem Jewish Literature Maccabees Mishna Book of Beliefs and Opinions Kuzari Arba'ah Turim Sh'mirat The canonization of the Tanakh Jerusalem Talmud Mishneh Torah Shulchan Aruch HaLashon Targum Onkelos Talmud Bavli Spanish Hebrew poetry Moreh Nevukhim Mesillat Yesharim Hebrew Year ה'תש"ס ד'תש"ס ג'תשס"א ב'תשס"א א'תשס"א תשס"א א' 1 (3761BCE) 761 1761 2761 3761 (1CE) 4760 5760 (2000CE) This poster was made for you to learn and enjoy. Ancient times numbers and dates are estimated and are brought to tell the story. License cc-by-sa, linking to “www.odyeda.com/JewishTimelineEn/” Enjoy, Ronen Rabinovici.
Recommended publications
  • The Figure of Jesus in the Talmud, a New Paradigm
    Dan JAFFÉ Bar-Ilan University HISTORY OF A MARGINAL DISCIPLE: THE FIGURE OF JESUS IN THE TALMUD, A NEW PARADIGM ABSTRACT This article discusses a Talmudic mention of Jesus in the Babylonian version of Sanhedrin 107b. The analysis concerns mainly the implicit polemical aspects per- meating the text. I will endeavor to describe the way in which the Talmudic authors regard Christianity at a late period. The argument of this article lies principally in two points: on one hand, Joshua ben Perahjah’s ambiguous attitude towards his disciple Jesus is an expression of the soul-searching of the Talmudic Sages in rela- tion to the first Christians; on the other, this passage provides evidence of self- criticism inherent in the world of the Talmud. RÉSUMÉ Cet article apporte un nouvel éclairage sur le passage talmudique de Sanhedrin 107b mentionnant Jésus de Nazareth. Ce texte, déjà très commenté, fait l’objet d’une relecture qui s’oriente sur les représentations du personnage de Jésus dans la conscience talmudique. L’approche des rédacteurs est ambivalente : d’une part, on rejette Jésus et le christianisme qu’il est censé incarner ; d’autre part, on émet d’im- plicites regrets sur ce rejet à une époque où il est trop tard pour changer le cours de l’histoire. L’analyse se fonde sur différentes perspectives, tels les motifs littéraires qui composent le texte, les représentations métaphoriques qu’on y décèle et enfin les polémiques voilées qui en découlent. This article proposes an analysis of the famous Talmudic passage in San- hedrin 107b, which also figures with some variations in Sota 47a.
    [Show full text]
  • Mishnah: the New Scripture Territories in the East
    176 FROM TEXT TO TRADITION in this period was virtually unfettered. The latter restriction seems to have been often compromised. Under the Severan dynasty (193-225 C.E.) Jewish fortunes improved with the granting of a variety of legal privileges culminating in full Roman citizenship for Jews. The enjoyment of these privileges and the peace which Jewry enjoyed in the Roman Empire were·· interrupted only by the invasions by the barbarians in the West 10 and the instability and economic decline they caused throughout the empire, and by the Parthian incursions against Roman Mishnah: The New Scripture territories in the East. The latter years of Roman rule, in the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba Revolt and on the verge of the Christianization of the empire, were extremely fertile ones for the development of . The period beginning with the destruction (or rather, with the Judaism. It was in this period that tannaitic Judaism came to its restoration in approximately 80 C.E.) saw a fundamental change final stages, and that the work of gathering its intellectual in Jewish study and learning. This was the era in which the heritage, the Mishnah, into a redacted collection began. All the Mishnah was being compiled and in which many other tannaitic suffering and the fervent yearnings for redemption had culmi­ traditions were taking shape. The fundamental change was that nated not in a messianic state, but in a collection of traditions the oral Torah gradually evolved into a fixed corpus of its own which set forth the dreams and aspirations for the perfect which eventually replaced the written Torah as the main object holiness that state was to engender.
    [Show full text]
  • Halakhah Lemoshe Misinai: a Historical Analysis
    MENDEL TRACHTMAN AND CHAIM TRACHTMAN Halakhah LeMoshe MiSinai: A Historical Analysis Introduction The enigmatic expression, Halakhah Le’Moshe Mi’Sinai (HLM) is mentioned throughout the Talmud. However, it is a phrase that the Sages (Hazal) had great difficulty defining uniformly and with total agreement. We find that both Tannaitic and Amoraic discussions contain the term HLM. Early and late commentators argued about the implications of these discussions and some even mentioned the possibility of a Rabbi who thought that a halakhah originated as a HLM subsequently reversing his view. To illustrate the problem of HLM, there is the very well known aggadah (story) in Tractate Menahot (29b) which describes Moshe asking God why he placed special markings above various letters in the Torah. God tells Moshe to go to the Yeshiva of Rabbi Akiva, a second century C.E. Tanna, and listen to him as he teaches his students. Moshe sits at the back of the academy and listens to the ensuing discussions between the Rabbi and his students. After listening to Rabbi Akiva answer many of the inquiries of the students, Moshe is completely confused and bewil- dered and begins to feel faint. When Rabbi Akiva gave his comments concerning the special markings on specific letters in the Torah scroll, a student asked him the source of his annotations. Rabbi Akiva immediate- ly answered that the origin of his remarks are HLM—they are derived from Moshe who received them at Sinai from God. The Talmud con- cludes the story by noting that when Moshe heard this response, he recov- ered his equilibrium.
    [Show full text]
  • Melilah Agunah Sptib W Heads
    Agunah and the Problem of Authority: Directions for Future Research Bernard S. Jackson Agunah Research Unit Centre for Jewish Studies, University of Manchester [email protected] 1.0 History and Authority 1 2.0 Conditions 7 2.1 Conditions in Practice Documents and Halakhic Restrictions 7 2.2 The Palestinian Tradition on Conditions 8 2.3 The French Proposals of 1907 10 2.4 Modern Proposals for Conditions 12 3.0 Coercion 19 3.1 The Mishnah 19 3.2 The Issues 19 3.3 The talmudic sources 21 3.4 The Gaonim 24 3.5 The Rishonim 28 3.6 Conclusions on coercion of the moredet 34 4.0 Annulment 36 4.1 The talmudic cases 36 4.2 Post-talmudic developments 39 4.3 Annulment in takkanot hakahal 41 4.4 Kiddushe Ta’ut 48 4.5 Takkanot in Israel 56 5.0 Conclusions 57 5.1 Consensus 57 5.2 Other issues regarding sources of law 61 5.3 Interaction of Remedies 65 5.4 Towards a Solution 68 Appendix A: Divorce Procedures in Biblical Times 71 Appendix B: Secular Laws Inhibiting Civil Divorce in the Absence of a Get 72 References (Secondary Literature) 73 1.0 History and Authority 1.1 Not infrequently, the problem of agunah1 (I refer throughout to the victim of a recalcitrant, not a 1 The verb from which the noun agunah derives occurs once in the Hebrew Bible, of the situations of Ruth and Orpah. In Ruth 1:12-13, Naomi tells her widowed daughters-in-law to go home.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in Rabbinic Hebrew
    Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures Heijmans Studies in Rabbinic Hebrew Studies in Rabbinic Hebrew Shai Heijmans (ed.) EDITED BY SHAI HEIJMANS This volume presents a collec� on of ar� cles centring on the language of the Mishnah and the Talmud — the most important Jewish texts (a� er the Bible), which were compiled in Pales� ne and Babylonia in the la� er centuries of Late An� quity. Despite the fact that Rabbinic Hebrew has been the subject of growing academic interest across the past Studies in Rabbinic Hebrew century, very li� le scholarship has been wri� en on it in English. Studies in Rabbinic Hebrew addresses this lacuna, with eight lucid but technically rigorous ar� cles wri� en in English by a range of experienced scholars, focusing on various aspects of Rabbinic Hebrew: its phonology, morphology, syntax, pragma� cs and lexicon. This volume is essen� al reading for students and scholars of Rabbinic studies alike, and appears in a new series, Studies in Semi� c Languages and Cultures, in collabora� on with the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Cambridge. As with all Open Book publica� ons, this en� re book is available to read for free on the publisher’s website. Printed and digital edi� ons, together with supplementary digital material, can also be found here: www.openbookpublishers.com Cover image: A fragment from the Cairo Genizah, containing Mishnah Shabbat 9:7-11:2 with Babylonian vocalisati on (Cambridge University Library, T-S E1.47). Courtesy of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. Cover design: Luca Baff a book 2 ebooke and OA edi� ons also available OPEN ACCESS OBP STUDIES IN RABBINIC HEBREW Studies in Rabbinic Hebrew Edited by Shai Heijmans https://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2020 Shai Heijmans.
    [Show full text]
  • Divine Science: Reevaluating Rambam's View of Ma'aseh
    Divine Science: Reevaluating Rambam’s View of Ma’aseh Merkavah Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Jay and Jeanie Schottenstein Honors Program Yeshiva College Yeshiva University September 2020 Yehuda Goldfeder Mentor: Dr. Jonathan Dauber, Jewish Studies Divine Science: Reevaluating Rambam’s View of Ma’aseh Merkavah By: Yehuda Goldfeder Advisor: Dr. Jonathan Dauber Introduction Esoteric traditions within Judaism Overview of Aristotelian Physics and Metaphysics Understanding the Position of the Rambam Merkavah According to the Rambam Two Schools of Interpretation Fundamental Issues with Rambam's Position The Easy Way Out Does Not Suffice Why Not Reject His Opinion? A Closer Read of The Guide: Metaphysics is just the start Were Chazal Really Philosophers? Only some of Chazal engaged in speculation: Their Speculation Employed different methods: Angels as a Paradigm of Different Methodologies Summation of his view of Chazal and its accuracy Setting the Stage: The plausibility of his reconstruction An Overview of the Cosmology of Chazal: Celestial Spheres and Heavenly Bodies Correspondence between Chazal’s and Rambam’s Cosmology Classical Elements in Rabbinic Literature The Merkavah Theory in Full View Rambam’s Theory of Prophecy Jacob’s Ladder Hekhalot as a corrupted but surprisingly accurate precursor: The structure of the Guide: Significance of Prophetic Error: A final assessment: Not so unlikely Moving Towards a Non proof based Metaphysics A general approach to antiquated science in divine literature Conclusion Introduction Within Judaism, the areas of Cosmology and Cosmogony are most often where a perceived clash is found between science and religion. Among those who accept the validity of both the Torah and science, various solutions have been posed to these problems, and they generally fall under one of two categories.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in Rabbinic Hebrew
    Cambridge Semitic Languages and Cultures Heijmans Studies in Rabbinic Hebrew Studies in Rabbinic Hebrew Shai Heijmans (ed.) EDITED BY SHAI HEIJMANS This volume presents a collec� on of ar� cles centring on the language of the Mishnah and the Talmud — the most important Jewish texts (a� er the Bible), which were compiled in Pales� ne and Babylonia in the la� er centuries of Late An� quity. Despite the fact that Rabbinic Hebrew has been the subject of growing academic interest across the past Studies in Rabbinic Hebrew century, very li� le scholarship has been wri� en on it in English. Studies in Rabbinic Hebrew addresses this lacuna, with eight lucid but technically rigorous ar� cles wri� en in English by a range of experienced scholars, focusing on various aspects of Rabbinic Hebrew: its phonology, morphology, syntax, pragma� cs and lexicon. This volume is essen� al reading for students and scholars of Rabbinic studies alike, and appears in a new series, Studies in Semi� c Languages and Cultures, in collabora� on with the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Cambridge. As with all Open Book publica� ons, this en� re book is available to read for free on the publisher’s website. Printed and digital edi� ons, together with supplementary digital material, can also be found here: www.openbookpublishers.com Cover image: A fragment from the Cairo Genizah, containing Mishnah Shabbat 9:7-11:2 with Babylonian vocalisati on (Cambridge University Library, T-S E1.47). Courtesy of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. Cover design: Luca Baff a book 2 ebooke and OA edi� ons also available OPEN ACCESS OBP https://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2020 Shai Heijmans.
    [Show full text]
  • Humor in Talmud and Midrash
    Tue 14, 21, 28 Apr 2015 B”H Dr Maurice M. Mizrahi Jewish Community Center of Northern Virginia Adult Learning Institute Jewish Humor Through the Sages Contents Introduction Warning Humor in Tanach Humor in Talmud and Midrash Desire for accuracy Humor in the phrasing The A-Fortiori argument Stories of the rabbis Not for ladies The Jewish Sherlock Holmes Checks and balances Trying to fault the Torah Fervor Dreams Lying How many infractions? Conclusion Introduction -Not general presentation on Jewish humor: Just humor in Tanach, Talmud, Midrash, and other ancient Jewish sources. -Far from exhaustive. -Tanach mentions “laughter” 50 times (root: tz-cho-q) [excluding Yitzhaq] -Talmud: Records teachings of more than 1,000 rabbis spanning 7 centuries (2nd BCE to 5th CE). Basis of all Jewish law. -Savoraim improved style in 6th-7th centuries CE. -Rabbis dream up hypothetical situations that are strange, farfetched, improbable, or even impossible. -To illustrate legal issues, entertain to make study less boring, and sharpen the mind with brainteasers. 1 -Going to extremes helps to understand difficult concepts. (E.g., Einstein's “thought experiments”.) -Some commentators say humor is not intentional: -Maybe sometimes, but one cannot avoid the feeling it is. -Reason for humor not always clear. -Rabbah (4th century CE) always began his lectures with a joke: Before he began his lecture to the scholars, [Rabbah] used to say something funny, and the scholars were cheered. After that, he sat in awe and began the lecture. [Shabbat 30b] -Laughing and entertaining are important. Talmud: -Rabbi Beroka Hoza'ah often went to the marketplace at Be Lapat, where [the prophet] Elijah often appeared to him.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sea of Talmud: a Brief and Personal Introduction
    Touro Scholar Lander College of Arts and Sciences Books Lander College of Arts and Sciences 2012 The Sea of Talmud: A Brief and Personal Introduction Henry M. Abramson Touro College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://touroscholar.touro.edu/lcas_books Part of the Jewish Studies Commons Recommended Citation Abramson, H. M. (2012). The Sea of Talmud: A Brief and Personal Introduction. Retrieved from https://touroscholar.touro.edu/lcas_books/3 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Lander College of Arts and Sciences at Touro Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Lander College of Arts and Sciences Books by an authorized administrator of Touro Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SEA OF TALMUD A Brief and Personal Introduction Henry Abramson Published by Parnoseh Books at Smashwords Copyright 2012 Henry Abramson Cover photograph by Steven Mills. No Talmud volumes were harmed during the photo shoot for this book. Smashwords Edition, License Notes This ebook is licensed for your personal enjoyment and information only. This ebook should not be re-sold to others. Educational institutions may reproduce, copy and distribute this ebook for non-commercial purposes without charge, provided the book remains in its complete original form. Version 3.1 June 18, 2012. To my students All who thirst--come to the waters Isaiah 55:1 Table of Contents Introduction Chapter One: Our Talmud Chapter Two: What, Exactly, is the Talmud? Chapter Three: The Content of the Talmud Chapter Four: Toward the Digital Talmud Chapter Five: “Go Study” For Further Reading Acknowledgments About the Author Introduction The Yeshiva administration must have put considerable thought into the wording of the hand- lettered sign posted outside the cafeteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Bal Tashchit : the Jewish Prohibition Against Needless Destruction Wolff, K.A
    Bal Tashchit : the Jewish prohibition against needless destruction Wolff, K.A. Citation Wolff, K. A. (2009, December 1). Bal Tashchit : the Jewish prohibition against needless destruction. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14448 Version: Corrected Publisher’s Version Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14448 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). BAL TASHCHIT: THE JEWISH PROHIBITION AGAINST NEEDLESS DESTRUCTION Copyright © 2009 by K. A. Wolff All rights reserved Printed in Jerusalem BAL TASHCHIT: THE JEWISH PROHIBITION AGAINST NEEDLESS DESTRUCTION Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. mr P.F. van der Heijden, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op dinsdag 1 december 2009 klokke 15:00 uur door Keith A. Wolff geboren te Fort Lauderdale (Verenigde Staten) in 1957 Promotiecommissie Promotores: Prof. Dr F.A. de Wolff Prof. Dr A. Wijler, Rabbijn, Jerusalem College of Technology Overige leden: Prof. Dr J.J. Boersema, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Prof. Dr A. Ellian Prof. Dr R.W. Munk, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Prof. Dr I.E. Zwiep, Universiteit van Amsterdam To my wife, our children, and our parents Preface This is an interdisciplinary thesis. The second and third chapters focus on classic Jewish texts, commentary and legal responsa, including the original Hebrew and Aramaic, along with translations into English. The remainder of the thesis seeks to integrate principles derived from these Jewish sources with contemporary Western thought, particularly on what might be called 'environmental' themes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Crucifixion Is a Uniquely Distinctive Work on the Extraordinary Historical Odyssey of the Jews During a Pivotal Slice of History
    THE DIRECT TRAJECTORY FROM THE CANON GOSPELS IN THE FIRST CENTURY TO AUSCHWITZ IN THE TWENTIETH www.Crucifixion1000.com TM NewHAR ParadigmVARD M AMatrixTRIX TM HARVARD MATRIX TM 21st CENTURY PUBLISHING www.NewParadigmMatrix.com OF THE JEWS David Birnbaum’s The Crucifixion is a uniquely distinctive work on the extraordinary historical odyssey of the Jews during a pivotal slice of history. This work focuses on the 1300 year time frame bracketing the emergence of Christianity in the First Century, followed by the Christianizing of the Roman Empire post–Constantine, and finally, by the ending of the Crusades c. 1300 CE. The author focuses on the crushing historical forces at–play. The Jewish nation which entered this period, is unrecognizable from the Jewish nation which emerged…. * * * 21st CENTURY PUBLISHING New Paradigm Matrix Publishing David Birnbaum Editor-in-Chief [email protected] About the Author David Birnbaum is known globally as “the architect of Poten- tialism Theory” – a unified philosophy/cosmology/metaphysics. The paradigm-challenging theory is delineated in Birnbaum’s 3-volume Summa Metaphysica series (1988, 2005, 2014). A riposte to Summa Theologica of (St.) Thomas Aquinas, the Birnbaum treatise (see PotentialismTheory.com) challenges both the mainstream Western philosophy of Aristotelianism and the well-propped-up British/atheistic cosmology of Randomness (see ParadigmChallenge.com). The focus of over 150 reviews and articles (see SummaCoverage.com), a course text at over 15 insti- tutions of higher learning globally (see SummaCourseText.com), Summa Metaphysica was the focus of an international academic conference on Science & Religion April 16-19, 2012 (see BardCon- ference.com).
    [Show full text]
  • Talmud-Based Solutions to the Problem of the Agunah
    Talmud-Based Solutions to the Problem of the Agunah To my parents Agunah Research Unit, Volume 4 Talmud-Based Solutions to the Problem of the Agunah Avishalom Westreich Deborah Charles Publications 2012 Copyright © 2012 Deborah Charles Publications All rights reserved. No portion of this publication may be duplicated in any way without the expressed written consent of the publisher, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for the purpose of review. ISBN 978-1-906731-20-5 (hardback) Published and Distributed by: Deborah Charles Publications On behalf of The Agunah Research Unit, University of Manchester E-mail: [email protected] http://www.deborahcharles.co.uk Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne. This is the fourth volume of a five-volume series, by each of the members of the Agunah Research Unit: Vol.1: Bernard S. Jackson, Agunah : The Manchester Analysis (Agunah Research Unit, vol.1, based on the Working papers of Yehudah Abel, Nechama Hadari, Shoshana Knol, Bernard S. Jackson and Avishalom Westreich) Vol.2: Yehudah Abel, Confronting ‘Iggun Vol.3: Shoshana Knol, Agunah and Ideology Vol.4: Avishalom Westreich, Talmud-Based Solutions to the Problem of the Agunah Vol.5: Nechama Hadari , The Kosher Get: A Halakhic Story of Divorce Ordering details, for one or more volumes, may be found at: http://www.legaltheory.demon.co.uk/ARU.htm Acknowledgements The problem of agunot – the chained wives, whose husbands refuse to divorce and thus cannot remarry – has occupied a wide range of scholars from antiquity to modern days: from talmudic sages to modern day scholars; from rabbis to academics; from politicians to lay people: women, men and professional attorneys.
    [Show full text]