Assyrian Periodicals ~D~~w~rn We urge our readers to read and support the Assyrian publications. The activeparticipation FOURTH QUARTER 1997 of all Assyrians is the only guarantee of the VOLUME 20 NO.4 success ofAssyrian periodicals.

Julius N. Shabbas . .... •...... Editor IN THIS ISSUE Joel J. Elias...... Assistant Editor • Letters tothe Editor 2 • Benjami n Sayad Adams - Profile 4 • Di spensation of Funds from the 5 POLICY Estateof Benjamin S. Adams • Contributions ofthe Assyrian 5 FoundationofAmerica ARTICLES SUBMITTED FOR PUBLICATION WILL BE • Assyrian Aid and Social Society-Iraq 6 SELECTED BY THE EDITORIAL STAFF ON THE Summary of Aid Activities BASIS OF THEIR RELATIVE MERIT TO ASSYRIAN •Significant Events in Assyrian History 7 LITERATURE, HISTORY, AND CURRENT EVENTS. during the 19th Century - byYouel A. Baaba OPINIONS EXPRESSED IN THIS MAGAZINE ARE • BenyaminTeymou razof, M.D 11 THOSE OF THE RESPECTIVE AUTHORS AND NOT byDaniel (Dan ik) Sarkisov NECESSARILY THOSE OF NINEVEH. • Habbaniyans Dancedto Zor'na W'da'wou'la 13 ASSYRIAN FOUNDATION OF AMERICA ESTAB· & Western Dance Music - byMikhael K. Pius LISHED IN JUNE 1964 AND INCORPORATED IN THE • History ofDiplomacy - International Politics 19 STATE OF CALIFORNIA AS A NON·PROFIT, TAX atthe Apogee of Assyria- byGeorge V. Yana EXEMPT ORGANIZATION DEDICATED TO THE AD· • Nineveh and Contributions 24 VANCEMENT OF EDUCATION OF ASSYRIANS. •Anwar Khoshaba - Mayor of Fairfield; Austra lia 26 • The Second Assyrian Retreat from Hakkiari. 28 bySolomon S. Solomon ADDRESS LETTERS TO: • Esha Hermis A Gentleman - by Paul S.Hermis 29 • Ex-H abbaniyans Celebrate in Canada Third 31 THEEDITOR School Reunion - byMikhael K. Pius NINEVEH P.O. BOX2620 • Young Malik Khoshaba's Strugg le withthe Bear ...... 35 BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 94702 byElizabeth Y. Campbell • Others: Weddings, Ann iversary, Memorial Monument, ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION In Memoriam, Romeo & Juliet on Stage, etc. U.S.A...... $20.00 • Assyrian Section 38 CANADA...... $25.00 OVERSEAS ...... $30.00

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1 Dear Julius, Letters to the Editor I hope these few lines will find you and all the family happy and in the best of health. Enclosed Dear Mr. Shabbas: p lease find a ch e ck for $ 10 0 to cover m y I want to thank you for publis hing the piece subscription for Nineveh magazine and the balance a b ou t Harput's Church of th e Virgin Ma ry In for the needy Assyrians Fund. N i n eve h . The entire m anne r in w h ic h you Wishing you all a very happy Christmas and a reproduced the text a nd photos s hows not only very bright New Year. God bless yo u and your c a r efu l a tten tion t o d etail but a lso a car in g colleagu es for the excellent work. Keep it up. r everence whic h b ears particular notice. Your Shimshon L. Essa a rticle with bibliography on the colon ies around Modesto, CA Cap padocia w as a most fitting segue a n d exten sion . Dear Mr. Shabba s: It was especially satisfying to see the material Enclosed herewith pleas e fin d a check in the offered this way on an international level. I grew u p amo u nt pf $50, of which $20 are for the ren ewal of h earing my father talk abou t these matters qutte my subscription to Nineveh maga zin e a nd the regularly to anyone wh o wo u ld lis ten. Yet only other $30 to go towards the needy Assyrians . r ecently h a ve I come to a p p recia te t heir I congratu late you and yo ur colleagu es for the significance a n d a sen s e of con nection to my excellent work you are doing in publishing th is a nces to r s on a deep a n d very personal level. very much liked magazine. Best wishes , good lu ck Writing th is piece was a s tirring way of expressing and God bless you . my re spect, love a nd a pprecia tion ... for my dad, David S . David for a ll he h as taught me abo ut our ancestors, and Chlcago, lL for the paris of me I share with them on bo th the co rporeal an d s piritual pla nes . Dear Friends: I am very gratefu l to you for recogn izing this Keep up the great work yo u a re all doing. Have a m aterial and my father in th is way, Mr. Shabbas. beautiful and happy Holiday sea son . Love to all. Another pleasing outcome in this process has been Irene Lazar con necting with you a nd your work. It's clear that Modesto, CA Nineveh is for you a labor of love, just a s preparing th is piece for my fa ther was thus a labor of love for Dear Friends : m e . Warm regards. May the h appiness a n d peace of the Holiday Leslie Saffer Thimmig Season be with you: and with gra titude for all tha t New Haven, Connecticut you do and with best wishes for the coming year. Andy & Barbara Chiari Dear Mr. Shabbas: Burlingame, CA My husband and I wish to t han k you for publishing th e article on Harput, Turkey and the Dear Julius, Ch u rch of the Virgin Mary. Our daughter's "labor I was really very glad to read the a rticle in of love" was well rewarded as a result of your hard Assyrian by Madlaine Davis Moradkhan of France work and your interest in Assyrian his tory. a bou t Prof. Lilli Oraham Tamraz (Teymourazt). We thought you r article about Ca ppa docia was which appeared in Nineveh m a g a zine Th ird excellent. The map was es pecially interesting. The Quarter 1991 Vol. 14 No. 3. Not long ago in my q u ote from Da vid Perley's review was m os t family albums a nd records I fou n d a photograph in welcome.It felt good to "h ear" from a friend in th is which one of t h e p ers ons is Dr. Benyamin unexpected manner. Teymourazof, hu sband of Lilli Tamraz, who lived Our regards to you Mr. Shabba s. We applaud and worked in Tbiltsi, together with his fa mily from you r dedication to Nineveh. 1919 until 1934. He was one of the intellectu al Phyllis Saffer (Mrs . Kasper Saffer) persons of Tbilisi and we ll -k n ow n a m ong th e Worcester, MA Assyrians of the city. During their residence h ere , both were involved in Assyrian ed ucational and Dea r Julius, cultural activities. I am enclosing a ch eck for $50 to cover my Raabl Lilli contin u ed her studies at the Tb ilisi s ub scription for Nineveh magaz ine as we ll as a Institute a n d gr a d u ated m ajoring in History, s mall do nation for the n eedy Assyrians. Economics a n d Accounta n cy. She a lso taught We wish you an d your family, as well as all the Assyrian language to little boys and girls, prior to s taff, a very merry Chris tma s and a happy New a n d subsequent to h e r husband's a bsence Year. (1934-1938). These classes were m ana ged by Davis & Liza David Awraham Evanovich, an Assyrian from Kuilasar, Modesto. CA an Assyrian village near Yerevan, Armenia. I am 2 enclosing the photograph a nd some information With regards a nd best wishes for Christmas and that I heard abou t Dr. Benyamin Teymourazof and the New Year to yo u, your family, staff and readers other re lated ma terial. [contain ed in this issue] everywhere . I look forward to my n ext copy of I am very grateful to you for sending me Nineveh Nineveh . Many than ks a nd best wis h es. magazine which I receive punctu ally. God bless Elizabeth Y. Campbell yo u and your staff. Tra ralgon, Vic., Au s tralia Daniel (Dan ik) Sarkisov Tb ilisi . Rep ublic of Geo rgia Dear Julius , Hope a ll of you are doing well. Enclosed is a Dear Mr. Shabbas: check for $ 150. of which $ 100 are for the n eedy I read Nineveh m agazine with lots of joy. It keeps Assyrians an d S50 for Nineveh magazine. my hopes for ou r nation alive . Please keep the You and you r colleagues are in my prayers for torch alive. I enclose a check for S IOO to cover my the beautiful work you are doi ng. May the Almighty subscription a nd a new s ubscription for Fred lead you by His Holy Spirit and God bless you all. Badal of Anaheim. CA, and u s e the S60 remaining Lena S . Lazar balance for the needy Assyrian fu nd . Bryn Mawr, PA Wilson Sh irabad Anaheim ,CA Dear Mr. Shabbas: In appreciation of you r good work and in the Dear Julius, spirit of giving d uring this joyou s s eas on, enclosed Greetings . I hope th e Nineveh staff is in excellent pleas e find my smal l dona tion to be u sed for al l the health . I enclose my annual subscription of S20 good causes that you r Foundation is known for. and S25 for needy Assyrians. God bless you all. I have read and reread the wonderfu l tale of Isaac Ramsini Ghozal to ld by h er granddaughter Elizabeth Y. Ana heim Hills , CA Campbell that a ppeared in the Fourth Qua rter of 1996 Nineveh magazine un der the heading "My Dear J uliu s , Gran dmoth er Ghozal", What a bea utiful tal e! On the occas ion of the one year memorial of the That hero ic Assyria n group who outwitte d th e . passing of my mother Lisa J acob, I a m re minded Shah-in-Shah Nassarudin Shah Qajar and saved that she always remembered in h er prayers the Ghozal did an incredibly nice job and merit the needy . the orphan s and widows of our Assyrtan highest medals for ga llantry. Had it not been for nation . In her memory we a re enclosing a check for the daring venture of that Assyrian group. SI50 for th os e Assyrians in need. Elizabeth would never h ave been born, and the tale Ramona Moradkh an of Ghozal would have been a qui te different tale. San Jose, CA With best wishes for a Merry Christmas and a h appy and prosperous New Year to a ll the staff and Dear Mr. Shabbas: readers of Nineveh . Please use the enclose d check in renewing our Aprim Y.Abrah am s u bscr ip tion t o Nineveh magazine a nd in No. Hollywood , CA con tribu ting to the Assyria n relief fund. My wife and I enj oy reading you r magazine and wish to Dear Mr. Shabbas: take this opportu nity to commen d you and your Enclosed please find a check for S50 for the colleagu es for exc ellen t work. Best wishes to you renewal of my subscription to Nineveh magazine an d your staff for the Holidays. for 1998. I read the magazine for the Third Quarter Easho & Morassa Yonan or 1997 with the greatest of interest, from today's Carol Stream, IL newsy articles a bout Assyr ian s a nd Assyrian a ffairs through the m os t informative ones about Dear Youlyous, our re cent and ancient past. or in terest a lso are I am enclosing a check for $60 , $30 of it for th e little "oral" ones . I h ave one such story that I Nineveh magazi ne a nd the balance for the Assyrtan heard when I was growing u p in Ira n , wh ich may refugees in th e Middle Ea st. We a ppla u d the be of interest to you. (You ng Malik Khoshaba's Assyrian Foundation for their ch aritable work, and Struggle with the Bear - story in this issue]. co mmen d yo u and your colleagu es in producing Through the address published in the Fou rth such an in formative magaz ine. Cordia l regards for Quarter issue of Nineveh for 1996, I have been in the Holidays. touch with Mr. Yosip Mirza of Sydney. Australia , a Haml et & J ane Sh abbas J P and promoter of Assyrian books. He very kindly San Francisco. CA sen t m e several Assyrian text books wh ich a re helping me grea tly in re-learn ing th e long forgotten sc ript of my forebears. 3 Benjamin Sayad Adams Philanthropist by Julius N. Shabbas Be njamin S. Adams. the second of four sons of Sayad and Elishwa Adams. was born on December 28. 191 3 . in the village of Ada. Urmla, Iran . He was barely five in 191 8 when the family. along with thous ands of Assyrians and Armenians. fled for their lives from Urmla. Iran. in the mass exod us of political persecution.On the flight to Hamadan hi s father died and it was Ben and his old est brother, Babassi, who wrapped him up an d buried h im along with a baby girl who was dead a nd left by the roadside. Alone with four sm all childre n, in an em e r gen cy situation. their mother wr a p p ed th ree-mon th -old Yoel in her scarf and grasped him with her teeth. with J oseph on her back. and held on to Ben and Babassi with each hand. She did not want to risk losing them among the cro wds. They stayed in Baqu ba, Iraq for two years. then one year in Mandan. a n d in 1921 relocated to Baghdad. Orphaned boys and girls. as we ll as Benjamin S. Ad a ms in U.S. A rmy thos e who had los t one parent. were cared for by the British in the Britis h Quarters which was He then went to Los Angeles for training as a diesel managed by Kasha (priest) Pera Mirza and Kasha mechanic. Upon completion of hi s courses in 1946 . Khandu Younan. he worked for three years a n d then departed for In 1925 Benjamin was employed by Dr. Calvin Baghdad to visit his family. Whil e in Baghdad h e Staudt at h is school which had an enrollment of 25 approached the U.S. Embassy to work under the b oys a n d girls . As the number of s t u d en ts Marshall Pla n and was sent to Greece a s an increased. it evolved into two schools. namely the in structor and mechanic of dies el engines . When Amer ican School for Boys under Dr . S taudt's he returned to the U.S.. he resumed h is work with direction . and th e American School for Girls under h is former employer and was sent to Okinawa to the di rection of an American lady. Ben worked at work on diesel trucks. For the next two years he the boys school for fourteen and one hal f years in a was employed by American Aircraft. followed by a variety of capacities, a n d lived on the premises. one year course in radio and television. When he In 1931 Mrs. Henriette H. Allen. who was a heard that Mrs. Allen was s ick and disabled in teacher in Turkey. was hired for one year by Dr. Tucson he returned there to help take care of her Staudt to teach English but stayed on for six years. and find employment. He was employed by Hughes She was very much interested in the welfare of Aircraft in Tucson a nd eve n tually owned hi s own Assyrian children. d onated money a n d h er mechanics business. services, as well as holding Christmas parties and In December of 1965 Ben departed for Baghdad plays for the children. to see his brothers again . Upon his retu rn he In 1937 . before h er departu re to the United applied for them to come to the U.S . When they States . Mrs. Allen a sked Ben's mother. Eltshwa, for arrive d in Tucson in 1968, Ben h elped settle and her permission to take Ben with her to the United provid e for them until they were able to manage for States t o contin ue h is education in Tucson. themselves. and. in fact. he gave each one a hom e Arizona . He remained deeply grateful to her for h er to live in. kindness for the rest of his life. In 1938 Ben Benjamin Adams j oined the Ma sonic Order in emigrated to the U.S. a n d settled in Tucs on where 1956 and continued to b e active in it for the next he took English cou rses . Hi s stud ies w ere 39 years. He was a Shriner when he passed away. interrupted when he served in the U.S . Army and regularly took part in activities. For 3 1 years during World War II. a n d took part in the invasion Ben volu n teered his services to hospitals in of Algeria. Sicily and Selerno. Italy during 1943 Tucson. and ha d life memberships in the American and 1944. In 1944 h e was honorably discharged Legion. Veterans of Foreign Wars and Disabled from active duty with the rank of sergeant. He was American Vetera ns . cite d for valor and awa rded medals . Ben was a kind man, sincere. an d had a pleasant Ben returned to Tucson and r esumed his n ature . He never faile d in his commitments to edu cation u n der the G.!. Bill. graduating in 1945. differe nt ch a ritable organizations, including the 4 Assyrian Foundation of America. Ben h ad great Dispensation of Funds from the Estate of honor and res pect for the House of Mar Shimun, Benjamin S. Adams particularly Lady S u rma and Mar Benyamin At the end of December 1997, the Benj amin S . Shimun. Adam s E s ta te distributed m oney to t he s ix I have known Ben s ince the a rriva l of his Assyrian tax-exempt non-profit organ izations tha t brothers in 1968 and we became good friends. were designated in the will a s residuary devisees . When Benjamin's health w a s failing. he conta cted Th e will declares that this money is to be used for me in August 1994 to assist h im in the a ssignment Assyrian ch ild ren 's schooling and education and of the major portion of h is estate. The last two Assyrian refugee as sista nce. times I s tayed with Ben to discuss his will, we The selection of the s ix organizations and the dwelled on the Assyrian situation in the recent percentage of the money design ated for each were past, a n d the present problems and struggles recommended by Julius N.Shabbas to Benjamin fac in g the nation, i.e.. deprivation of hu man rights , S . Adams. p ersecution, suffering, abandonment of their The total amount distributed was $1,120,000 as ancestra l la n ds wh ile seeking safe h a vens in follows: various European countries, the refugee problem 1. Assyrian Foundation of America (Berkeley, in Turkey. Jordan, G reece a n d som e ot her CAl - 25% - $280,000. European co un tries: their s truggle to su rvive in 2. Assyrian Aid Society of America (San these countries and in Iraq. All these disruptions Francisco, CAl - 20% - $224,000. have caused severe impediment to the fu rtherance 3. Assyrian American National Federation, Inc. of education of Assyrian children , and created (Chicago, ILl - 15%- $168,000. cu lt ural and economic suffering of the Assyrian 4. Assyrian National Council of Illinois people . He was deeply influ enced by articles in (Chicago, ILl - 15% - $168,000. N ineveh magazine regarding the Assyrian situation 5 . As s y r i a n American Welfare Council o f in the world and it became his desire to help his Chicago (Chicago, ILl -15%- $168,000. people. 6 . Assyrian American Association of Southern Ben en te re d into rest on April 12, 1995. Mrs. Ca lifo r nia (No. Hollywood, CAl - 10% ­ Shabbas and I flew to Tucson to atten d the $ 112,0 00 . m emorial s ervice which was officiated by Aaro n A m uch s maller a d dition a l a m ount will b e Masonic Lodge. He was buried next to Mrs. distribu ted a fter the firs t of the year. Henriette H. Allen (who died in 1964), his long-time friend and mentor, a s h e wished. • The Assyrian Foun dation of America has pu t Mr. Adam s' bequest to the Assyrian Foundation these fu nds in a separate accou nt named: will provide a strong base upon which to expand its "As syria n Foundation of America exi sting ed ucationa l a nd cha ritable programs. - Benjam in S. Adams Memoria l Fund." We d e eply a p p recia te Benj a min S . Adams' generosity and philanthropy which will always be To Our Contributors remembered by all of us. In this season of joy, sh aring. hope and renewal, yo u have. with your con tribu tion s and support, Contributions o f the Assyrian F o u ndation inspired us to greater leveis of effort to advance our of Americ a in 19 9 7 humanitarian and ed ucational goals. To merely s ay The Assyrian Foundation of America se nt $3,500 thank you for yo ur generosity in this sea son of th is Christmas to the Assyrian Aid and Social giving is not sufficient to expre ss ou r appreciatio n. Society -Iraq to purchase a tractor for the village of The deeds of charity that have b een made possible Sarsang to double their cultivated communal by you r donations are a ltvmg testament that yo u lands. care about your fellow As syrians. In addition, this Christmas the Foundation sent Ou r best wishes for a blessed Ch ristmas and a $2,000 for the Assyrian Arbaeilo Primary School in happy New Yea r from all of us at the Assyrian the city of Arbil to meet some of their educationa l Foundation of America. n eeds. Another Ch ris tm a s sea son donation from the Foundation for 56,000 went to the needy Assyrian refugees in Amman, J ordan. T hese co n t r ib u tion s from the Assyrian Fou ndatio n a re in addition to the money we gave previously during 1997 for needy Assyrians and ed u cation : and for promoting Assyrian litera ture and writings. Our tota l contribution in 1997 for all these ca u se s is $33.908. 5 Report of the Assyrian Aid and Social a . Assyrian Arbaeil o School in the city ofArbil. Society - Iraq for Period of June I , 1997 b. Assyria n Adai Shir School in Shaqlawah. c. Assyrian AshorBan School in Diana. to November 30, 1997 d . 17 Assyrian Schools in the Governorate of Submitted by the Assyrian Aid Society Dohuk. T he Assyrian Aid and Social Society - Iraq 4. Paid tuition for five Assyrian students enrolled (AASS) con tin u es its ch a ri ta b le work to help our a t th e Priva te Law College. As syrian peop le in need, a nd to s u p port our n ationali st in stitution b u ilt by our people at great IV. Support of Assyrian Cultural, Social and effo r t a nd s a c r ifice . Besides con tin u ing o ur R eligious Institutions establish ed a n d ongoing charitable program s. the 1. The AASS paid costs of the first Congress of the AASS accomplished the following in th is reporting Assyria n Woman's Union. Fifty two delegates period: participated in the Congress. 2 . Paid for the following activities of the Assyrian I. Help for Needy Assyrians Woman 's Un ion: 1. The AASS h elped the displaced people of the a. Sewing classes for women. village of Mu llah Bruwan that numbered 23 b . Kindergarten sum mer school fo r 15 8 fa m ilIes. The fam ilies we re given te nts. rations Assyrian boys a nd g irls in the city of a n d m edt cme, and a waiting the opportunity to Shaqlawa . rebuild the village. c. A fu nd raising b azaar in t he city of 2 . Gave m on ey s tipends to more than 140 needy Ain kawah. Proceeds from this project were families . distributed to n eedy families in the Arbil 3. The p har macy in Dohuk fi lled 5 .352 province. p rescriptions. These were eit h e r given to 3 . Con tin ued its moneta ry su p po rt of the Assyrian patients for free. or a t nominal charges. Cu ltural Ce n te r in Do h u k , the Akad Athletic 4 . Helped n eedy Assy rians d efra y cos ts of 33 Clu b in Arbil a n d the Nohadra and Sanharib surgeri es in Iraq. a n d 8 surgeries a b ro ad . Clubs in Dohuk. 5. Secured a wheel chair for a n eedy handicapped 4. The AASS co n tinued its s u pport of Assyrian Assyrian. ch u rches a n d monas teries. II Village Rebuilding and Support Dr. Lincoln Malik. Vice- President of the Assyrian 1. The AASS built a meetin g h all in the village of Aid Society of America. reported on his recent visit Bakhi tmeh. (This village was built th ro u gh a to Northern Ir aq that there was considerable g rant by t he Office o f Foreig n Disaster improvement in the co n ditions of the Assyrians Assistance (OFDA) to the Assyrian Aid Society compared to hi s previous visit in 19 9 2. He says. "I of America). The hall is 20 m eters (65.6 ft] long rememb er the odd ity that we wou ld visit villages and 7 meters (23 ft) wide. It can accom modate a n d n ot h ear the sounds of roosters, sheep. or 150 persons and has room for ad m in istrative goats . Now a ll these villages a re sporting flocks of and support functions. sheep and goats. as well as chickens. ducks. and 2 . Gave n eeded h elp for the families in the village geese. Th ey are planting fields seasonally and the of Tallan . n ew villages a re planning to p lant fruit trees to 3 . Dona t ed n eeded b easts of burden (mules . replace th eir orchards d estroyed by the regime." donkeys . etc.) to th e village of Bablo. He goes on to say tha t "while their n eeds were III.Support for Assyrian Education and Students primarily for shelter, r eclaiming la n d s and 1. The AASS participa ted in p rinting a ll s ixth irrigation n etworks and s ubsistence. they n ow are grade text books used in prima ry schools th at seeking tractors to expand their cultivated acreage. teach in the Assyrian language. This included roads to tie them to the cities and electricity. A text books for teaching the Assyrian language. tracto r costs $3.50 0 . a generato r $2.500. and m a them a tics . agriculture. Christian education. water pumps a b o ut $ 1.500. Electr icity is science. geography. history a n d civics. Also particularly needed to run the water p u m ps . printed we re Assyrian language text books for lighting for the villages and refrigera tion for their the fou rth . third a nd secon d grades of these dairy products before s ending them to market in Assyria n prima ry schools. the cities. The village of Sarsang with 168 families 2 . Pays cost of ro om a n d board for 86 m al e a nd h as one operating tractor. and a re ask ing for a female Assyr ia n stu den ts p ursuing various second tractor to dou b le th eir cu ltivated co mm unal specialization s at colleges in the city of Arbil. la n ds ." The AASS a lso cove rs costs of tuition a n d S hould you wish to co n trtb u te to any of these transportation for these students . Last year 32 projects. you m a y sen d your tax-deductible Assyr ian students g raduated from t h ese donation either to the Assyrian Foundation of colleges in various spec ializations. America or to: 3. Di s trib u ted sta tionery supplies to s tu d en ts . Assyrian Aid Society secured trans portation for students a nd paid 4 1 Sutte r Street sala ries of teachers a n d staff of the following Suite 1534 prima ry sch oo ls that teach in the Assyrian San Francisco, CA 94104 language: 6 Significant Events in Assyrian History during the 19th Century

by Youel A Baaba

History is a chronologica l record of significant events in the life of a nation. In reading history we learn the details of the events; however, what is more important is understanding the impact of a particular event on the future of the nation being studied. My purpose this evening is to briefly outline some significant events in the history of the Assyrian nation in the 19th century and point out their impact. Some of these events were beneficial to our nation and others were devastating. Today we still feel the impact of these events and so far have not been able to correct the damage of the negative events. To fully appreciate the significance of these events one needs to have a knowledge of our earlier history. Since we have a limited time this evening, I will only point out one devastating event that occurred during the 14th century. The Mongol invasion under Tamerlane wreaked havoc on Assyrians and others. Across the like has shed new light on Assyrians. Archaeologists and northern area of Bet-Nahrain , he perpetrated the historians have found that the advancement and greatest massacre of his bloody reign. This fanatic accomplishments of ancient Assyrians in the fields of Moslem practically destroyed all educational, religious literature, art, law, science, agriculture and architecture and economic enterprises of our people throughout Asia. were as impressive as their military conquests. Will The survivors of this holocaust fled their ancient Durant, the great American historian, tells us that in homeland and sought refuge in the rugged mountains of ancient Assyria fields were cultivated, aqueducts were Hakkari. built, metal was mined and cast, glass was blown, Truly the 19th century is a remarkable period in textiles were dyed, pottery was enameled, and houses our history. There are many events of great interest that were as well equipped in Nineveh as in Europe before took place in this century. In my opinion only four events the Industrial Revolution. Industry and trade were have had the greatest impact on our history, church, financed by private bankers; copper, silver and gold language and the lives of our people. They will be served as currency. discussed not in order of their importance, because each The world in general and Assyrians in particular one of us will have his or her own opinion as to the order are grateful to the first archaeologists who made these of their significance. astonishing discoveries in the 1840's. Four individuals The first significant event is the discovery of played a key role in these early discoveries. buried Assyrian cities and their treasures by Western Paul Emile Botta, the French consul at Mosul, archaeologists. The discovery of Nineveh and other great discovered at the mounds of Khorsabad the palace of Assyrian cities drastically changed the western world's King Sargon, considered the most pertect Assyrian perception of Assyrians. Until that time the sources of building and an excellent example of Assyrian information about Assyrians were limited to the Bible and architecture. His splendid collection of sculptures and to a lew references in Greek and Roman writings. The other antiquities ended up in the Louvre Museum, Paris. ancient Assyrians were characterized by the Jewish Henry Austin Layard, an Englishman, who prophets as a fierce and blood-thirsty nation bent on commenced his excavations at Nimroud, south of Mosul, pillaging and destroying their neighbors. This biased view and discovered many palaces and temples; later at is understandable considering that Assyrians conquered Kouyunjik he found the palace of King Sennacherib, and the Jewish kingdom and destroyed it, and removed the at Nebbi Yunus a palace of King Esarhaddon. Nineveh majority of its inhabitants and settled them in Assyria was finally discovered. From Layard's labors and that of proper. As late as the 1940's there were a few Jewish others who followed him, the British Museum received villages in northern Iraq whose inhabitants claimed that the best of the monumen ts and one of the richest they were the descendants of the jewish captives collection of Assyrian antiquities. brought to Assyria. The spoken language of these Jews Hourmiz Rassam, an Assyrian, who worked with was Assyrian, not Hebrew. Layard and later under Sir Henry Rawlinson, discovered The discovery of magnificent palaces, great the palace of King Ashurbanipal and its great library. This libraries, vast treasures, temples, monuments and the magnificent library contained all the known knowledge of

7 Assyrians and their predecessors up to that time. Over Kasha Yacoub spoke very little English. 60,000 tablets are in the British museum alone. Mourassa, his wife, did the interpretation for him while Greater gratitude is owed to Sir Henry Rawlinson preaching and meeting many important people in who deciphered the Assyrian cuneiform, thus giving a England. Kasha Yacoub kept a journal in Assyrian in clue to reading the inscriptions discovered in Assyria and which he recorded their experience from the time they Babylon. Thousands of these tablets have been left Urmia in 1879 until their return two years later. I am translated and published in many languages. Today glad to report that I have the original diary in my museums and universities all over the world are enriched possession. His great granddaughter, who is 82 years of with the treasures of our ancestors. age and lives in New York, sent it to my library for safe This event finally proved to the world that keeping. Assyrians were a civilized nation that contributed In addition to the educational institutions, a immensely to the advancement of human civilization. modern hospital was established which was staffed by The second significant event was the coming of both American and Assyrian doctors. Many of these foreign missionaries to Urmia , Iran. During the 19th Assyrian doctors had come to the United States to century many American and European churches sent further their medical education. Until the First World War missionaries to the Assyrians in Urmia. There were there were more medical doctors in Urmia than all of American Presbyterians, Russian Orthodox, French Iran. As a matter of fact the personal doctor of the Shah Catholics, German and Norwegian Lutherans, and of Iran was an Assyrian. others. The American missionaries played the leading As a result of these advances, the dormant role in this event. Initially, the proclaimed objective of the Assyrian spirit flourished dynamically. As more Assyrians Presbyterian mission was to assist the Church of the received higher education and traveled to America and East to revitalize itself after centuries of isolation, Europe, they became increasingly discontented with the oppression, and poverty. Most Assyrians welcomed the status quo. A new determ ination and urgency for a better foreign missions with open arms because they looked at life, equality, and freedom were evident. The western their Christian brothers as saviors who had come to concepts of freedom, self-determ ination and justice deliver them from the oppression and discrimination of became the goals of most of the educated people. The their Moslem neighbors. patriotic feelings that had been dormant for centuries Unfortunately, as soon as they were established, began to stir in their hearts.Educated Assyrians began the missionaries began the process of conversion with to think in terms of the Assyrian nation, freedom and determination and fervor. The sole exception to the autonomy. Assyrian patriotism was born in Urmia. conversion process was the Anglican Church of England. In addition to the educational facilities of foreign They truly believed in providing education and support missions, there is another factor that contributed to the to upgrade the quality of clergy of the Church of the East. rapid improvement of Assyrian conditions. The stationing Many Assyrians responded to the converters' of Russian troops in Urmia brought peace and stability call. The benefits were obvious and enticing: free previously lacking under the local Persian authorities. education, modern medical care, limited financial The Russian army was a stabilizing factor in the area. assistance and, above all, protection from the humiliating By the end of the 19th century, Assyrians in injustices experienced daily at the hands of their harsh Urmia were a vigorous and functioning micro nation. oppressors. Given the opportunity, in time the new With two colleges, schools in every village, newspapers, converts and others greatly improved their social, modern doctors and hospitals and a sense of economical and educational standards . community, the people were slowly laying the foundation It is a fact that foreign missions, especially the of a state within the state. W hat was lacking then just as American Presbyterians, helped our people a great deal. it is now was unification of Assyrians under a national Primary schools were established in most villages in leadership. Urmia.Two colleges, "Urmia College" and "Fisk The negative impact of foreign missions was the Seminary", were established in the city of Urmia where, division of our people along the lines of church affiliation. for the first time in the history of Persia, modern medical This division has been and continues to be a stumbling doctors were graduated. Hundreds of Assyrians block for the development of a national leadership. The graduated as doctors, educators and clergymen from negative impact of the Russian troops was the inflaming Urmia College. The Fisk Seminary was established of the hatred of local Moslems who eventually exclusively for Assyrian women. Great teachers massacred and expelled our people from their ancestral graduated from this school. From the first graduating home during the First World War. class of 1850, Sanam, Sarah and Mourassa became the The third significant event was the massacre of first Assyrian women to have a college education. the mountain Assyrians of Tiyari by Beder Khan Bey in Mourassa was the first native woman to speak the 1843. This Kurdish chief attacked the districts of Tiyari English language in all of Persia.This lady and her and massacre d in cold blood over 10,000 Assyrians and husband, Kasha Yacoub Yavre toured Europe in 1879 carried away as slaves a large number of women and and lived for two years in England where they were both young girls. Assyrians fought valiantly but they were presented to Queen Victoria. outnumbered and ill-equipped to stand against the

8 Kurds. When they ran out of ammunition for their England, etc. By the middle of the 19th century there primitive guns, it was hand to hand fighting with daggers. were Assyrian books and newspapers being printed by Hundreds of Kurds were slain during this massacre.It is different missions. recorded by many that hundreds of Assyrian women and With the two colleges graduating educated girls hurled themselves into the valley to their deaths Assyrians and printing presses available, modern rather than be taken captive by the Kurds. They Assyrian literature flourishe d. The 19th century produced preferred death than slavery and forced conversion. a great number of Assyrians in the fields of medicine, The provocation for this tragic event was the education, literature, clergy, commerce, and missionary stubbornness of the American missionary, Dr. A. Grant work. who had erected near Asheeta a complex containing a Let me conclude by saying that the 19th century school and his residence which resembled a fortress in is a fascinating period in our history and deserves to be appearance. The Kurds interpreted this to be a bases studied in depth by Assyrians. We need to develop better from which the Assyrians would attack them. During understanding and appreciation of our own history. construction, Dr. Grant was warned by the Kurds not to Hopefully in the near future we will have educated proceed with his project, but he continued and the tragic Assyrians who will research and write our own history result was that the infuriated Kurds attacked Tiyari, killing instead of depending on others who often distort the people, burning fields and destroying churches and facts and project a harmful image. Thank you. dwellings. To protect their valuable church manuscripts, the priests packed and buried these treasures to save Editor's Note: Youel A Baaba, long time active member them from the Kurdish torches. Sadly, many of the of the Assyrian Foundation of America, was the guest priests were killed and others could not figure out the speaker at the October 12, 1997 General Membership location where the church manuscripts were buried. Meeting of the Foundation where he delivered this talk. A large number of girls taken as slaves were finally returned after the British authorities pressured the Ottoman officials and paid money to buy them back from their enslavers. One important point that comes out of studying this incident is the lack of unity among Assyrian tribes and their trust of the Kurds. A number of writers believe that had other Assyrian tribes come to the aid of Tiyari people, Bader Khan Bey would have been defeated or at least his destruction could have been minimized. The naive leaders of these other tribes trusted Beder Khan when he said that his dispute was only with the people of Tiyari and that he had nothing against them . Unfortunately for them , soon after the destruction of Tiyari, the Shiekh marched and inflicted the same agony on those who had stayed neutral while their brothers were being massac red. Dr. Grant, a zealous missionary, failed to understand the mentality and attitude of the Kurds and their hatred of Assyrians. While believing that he was doing good for the people of Tiyari, he invited this dreadful tragedy. Finally, he became a victim of his own failure. While treating the victims of the massacre he also was infected with typhus and died in Mosul. The fourth significant event was the introduction of the printing press to Assyrians in Urmia. This marked the birth of modern Assyrian literature. Until the beginning of the 19th century, the written language was Germaine Badal and Paul Boucher were united the literary language used in church services, commonly in m arriage on December 17, 1996. The reception known as "Iishana atika" (the old language) or the was h eld at Lordships Restaurant in Berkeley, Aramaic language. The vernac ular or the spoken HS language was strictly that. Nothing of significance had CA, where family and close friends gathered to been written in the spoken language. When Justin celebrate the joyous occasion. Perkins brought the press from New York to Urmia, they We exte n d ou r h eartfelt co ngratulation s to began printing prayers, verses and songs for church Ger mai ne an d Pau l and wish them a happy life services. As years went by, other missions established together. Germaine has been a long time member printing presses - the Catholics, the Russians, Church of of the Assyrian Foundation of America.

9 The n ewlyweds h oneymooned in Italy and are CONGRATULATIONS making their home in Wes t Hollyw ood . We congratu late Pau l and Kelly and wish them a Paul Neesan and Kelly Morris were united in happy life together. holy matrimony on April 5. 199 7 by Father David Purdy at Saint Dominic's Catholic Church in San Francisco. CA. The reception was held at the old Federal Reserve Building in downtown San Francisco. T he bride is the daughter of Dr. Do n and Sherrian Morris of Piedmont. CA. and the groom is the son of Sami and Lily Neesan of Hercules. CA. The maid of honor was J enifer Mu ller. and Art Brown served as the best man. Following the ceremony the bride and the groom were introduced and then waltzed their first dance to the tun e of "Unforqettable". They were then joined by the guests to the m u si c of the Bravo String Quartet. The father of the bride welcomed the guests. and a toast was given by the best man. After dinner the band Pride and Joy and Assyrian musi c by James Mlkhaiel entertained. Kelly is a graduate of the University of Southern California with a B.A. in Communications. She is currently a grad uate student at the University of California. Los Angeles. School of Architecture and Design . Pau l graduated fro m the University of California. Davis . with a B.S. in Biochemistry. and works a s a movie producer for Universal Pictures in Hollywood. CA.

The bride and the groom are flanked by Dr. Don and Sh errian Morris (on the left). Sami and Lily Neesan (memb ers of th e Assyrian Foundati on of Ame rica).

10 Benyamin Teymourazofl, M.D. By Daniel (Danik) Sarkisov Dr. Benyamin Teymourazof was born in 1886 (7) in the village of Charbash, a prosperous village in Urm ta, Iran. He graduated from the Therapeutic Department of the Im perial Moscow Un iversity in 1911 as a medical doctor. He then served as a medica l officer in the Military Hospital in Kiev, Ukraine. On hi s return to Ira n , h e took charge of a 400-bed Hospital in Sharifkhana. [Editor's note:It was on this as signm ent that Dr. Benyamin married Lilli Oraham in 19 17 . She had just graduated fro m Fiske Seminary. When she was asked for her hand in marriage, she said, "I don't k now: my m other knows best." Her father was already dead]. In 19 17 when the Bo lshevik Revo lution forced the withdrawal of the Russian Army', which had been in Urmia off-and-on for many years providing protection and security for Chris tian mtnortties''. the Teymou razof couple, like thousands of other As sy r ia n s , fo llowed the Russians, arrived in Georgia and settled in Tbilisi. As representative of Dr. Benyamin Teymourazof flanked by Bejan ... (left), the Red Cross, Dr. Benyamin took charge a n d and Ilia Lac hin. the maternal gra ndfather of Daniel cared for the refugees. On this withdrawal, he, Sa rkisov. along with Russian and Georgian doctors and high becam e part of the Russian sphere of influence. As a ranking personnel, took with them many orphaned result of thi s Agreement. de tachments of Russian Assyria n boys". ca va lry were present throughout the Azerbaijan In Tbilis i Dr. Benyamin proceeded with his work provinc e, and the government of Urmia region was in a s a physician in Mikhail's Hospital which at that the hands of the Russian Consul who often ma de time was one of the well-known medical cen ters of decisions without consulting the Iranian authorities. the city . Later, he was in charge of the clini c in the (I.M . Reysner and B.K Rubtsov, Modern Hisiory of the provincial town of S h oolavery . Hi s daughter, Countries of the Foreign [?] East. Moscow University Oph elia graduated as a gynecologist in Moscow, Press, 1952 , page 330. In Russian). 3.As a result of the Turkish offensive that threatened and his two sons, Tamraz and Sardanapal, both Russian communications in Persia. on January 2. engineers, were born in the ex-U.S .S .R. 19 15 - at the intense battle of Sarikamish - the Dr. Benyamin with h is family and orphaned boy, Russian army withdrew from Urmia and ret reated Zoumaya", whom Dr. Benyamin had cared for as a toward s Transcaucasia. There was panic in the whole son, lived in Tbilisi at 7 Shanidze Street (formerly provin ce of Azerbaij an when Turks occupied it, aided Matinovskaya). Their r egula r visitor was Dr. by large n u mbers of Kurdish irreg u lars . Several Freydoun (Oraham) Ato uraya, nephew of Dr. B. thousand Assyrians followed the Russians, an d many Teyrnourazof, the martyred son of Assyria, poet others. incl uding Armenians. sought refuge in the and translator from Russian in to Assyrian. In com pound s of th e Missionaries. In May 1915 the Russians reoccupied Urmia followi ng th e defeat of the 19 2 7, during the Soviet campaign of repression Turkish army at Sarikamish. Duri n g this and against in tellectu als of differen t eth nic grou ps, Dr. subsequent wit hdrawa ls of the Russians in July 19 15 , Freydoun was arrested, imprisoned and killed". Dr. the fleeing of Hakki ari Assyrians to Urmia and Benyamin Teymourazofs close colle agues were Salamas. and the withdrawal of the Russian troops as well-known Georgian doctors, such as Gomerte ly a result of the Russian Revoluti on in March 191 7 , and and Sikharovlidze. As related to me by my parents, the exodus of 19 18 , the Assyrians and Armenians los t during his long stay in Tbilisi, many Assyrians many thousands of lives due to murders, hideou s resorted to him for medical a id . In 1934 Dr. atrocities, famine and disease. Du ring this period the Benyamin Teymourazof was exiled to Iran where he Assyrian arm y, trained by the Russians, fought bravely against the Tur kish forces. (Phillip Kntghty an d Colin passed away in 1954. Simpson. Th e Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia, London 1969 page 57, in English: an d other sources). Notes: 4 ,I knew two of them personally: Awishak Os ipov and 1.1 cite some data from Madlain e D. Moradkhan's article. Eshoo Teym ourazof. 2 .According to the Agreement at Sa int Petersburg. 5.Zoumaya is the same as Eshoo. Dr. Benyamin gave si gn ed be tween Russia and Brita in on 31 August him his fam ily name, and lived with the family in 1907. pursuing their economic and political interest. Tbilis i un til he married So uriya of Kuilasar. Iran was divided between the two colonial powers: Editor's Note:In her handwritten autobiography - Russia and Great Britai n. The province of Azerbaijan 11 January 1989 - in Assyria n , Raabi Lilli Tamraz states sons. Correspondence d iscon tin u ed when the Iranian that Dr. Benyamin offic ia lly adopte d Zoumaya, government changed hands ." renamed him Eshoo with surna m e of Teym ou razof. 6. Freydoun Ato uraya received his medical education in Eshoo was 8-10 years old when Lilli saw h im in the Saratov, Russia. hospital in Sharilkhana in 19 17 , He was from Tkhuma Editor's Note: In her au tobiography, LIlli further and his moth er's name was Maryam. He was states that the next one in line who was a rrested was separated fro m h is parents du ring the flee ing of Baba Tamras. F rey dou n's older maternal uncle, Assyria ns in 1917, a fte r th e Ru s sian Revolution . In followed by the deportation in 1934 of Dr. Benyamin Tbtltst . Eshoo was put to work to learn house pai n ting. Teymo urazof. Dr. Freydoun 's you nger maternal uncle. At that time m a ny Assyrians needed their h om es And then in 1938 , Lilli says "it was my turn and my painted.Esh oo became s uccessfu l, married to a n ch ildren's." Lilli was im prisoned for six months and Assyrian woman, moved into a rented home and ra ised then sen t to Iran by way ofTa briz. At this time Ophelia a family. Lilli further states that "we used to hear from was stu dying medicine in Moscow. Ord ers came from him occasionally when Eshoo and his family lived in Tb ilisi to collect her brothers, and they too were sent the city of Samthereide. At that lime they had four Lo Iran via Baku, Azerbaijan .

CONGRATULATIONS

Ben Pius and Casey Waugh were united in holy matrimony on May 3 , 1997 at the Immaculate Conception Catholic Church in Thornton, a suburb of Denver, Colorado, The reception was held at the Holiday Inn in Northglenn , near Denver, where some 100 guests - extended families of the bride and the groom and some friends who came from different parts of the country - attended an d enjoyed an evening of feting, fun and dancing to Assyrian and American music, Ben is the son of Basil (Wiska) and Beatrice Pius of Miles City. Montana, and Casey is the daughter of Steve and C ookie Wau gh , FoIlo wl n g a honeymoon, the newlyweds are making their home in Th orn ton , We congrat ulate Ben and Casey and wish them a happy life together.

From left:Nin a La zar, Beatrice Pius, Shumon Piu s , Basil Pius. Casey Waugh. Ben Pius, Melina Oshana, Sara Pius and Sam Pius,

Editor's Note: We were d eeply saddened to learn that five months a fter his wed d in g , Ben Pius was diagnosed with ca ncer and is undergoing m edical treatment. We pray for his recovery and ask our reade rs to remember him in their prayers and thoughts,

12 A clip from the local hi story of Habbaniya. "Part XIII

Habbaniyans Danced to Zor'na W'da'wou'la an d We stern Dance Music By Mikhael K. Pius

Introduc tion outdoors, in an open space. But if the weather was The local comm u n ity of Ha b bamya, Iraq, wa s rainy, or the su n very h ot in sum mer, It would be basically known for its brave, sharp and smart h eld between the bungalow lin es , covered with Assyrian Levies a nd its famo us sportsm en, ten tin g. Sometimes the big s emi-ci rcle of d ancers especially on the soccer field, duri ng its two-dec ade wou ld be highlighted by figures dressed in colorful Roya l Air Force era (la te 1930s to late 1950s), But Tlyart ceremon ial cost u m es . Th e multi-colored the place wa s a lso a beeh ive of oth er cultural and egret fea thers in men 's cone felt h ats and eg ret s ocial activities, in the forefron t b eing s ocial p lumes in women's pushiyeh h ead dresses wo u ld be celebration functions, such a s e n gagem e n t s , bobbing u p and down while the wom en's go lden weddings, feasts and festiva ls, dance parties a nd s equ in s . b angles a n d spangles shined and dance competitions. All of these requlred music, of sh imm ered as the dancers ro cked, swayed , and course. stomped in the sunshine, Oftentimes when the zor'na'ch i and da'woul'chi Early Tradition al Music and Musicians took a break, to eat or have a d rink, or just to rest The Assyrian co m m u n ity's primary sou rce of music (because they performed continuously for hou rs), in the R.A.F, Station of Hinaidi, near Baghdad, in th e dancers would be led by a dancing singer, with the 1920s and early 193 0s, a n d d uring the earlier the dancing line following him In chorus to the years-late thirties and early forties-of Habbaniya bea t of the tune. And sometimes when Amerkhan (55 miles to the west) was zor'na w 'da'wou 'la (h orn took a drink with his cron ies , one of them wou ld and drum). But the traditional m u sical duet was pour a drink of arak into h is zo'ma in jest and often in deman d even a fter organ ized Assyrian Amerkhan would ga mely drink it up and then play Western music b a nds we re born and gra d u a lly a tune to humor his friends! dominated the scene in b oth local ca m ps , the Civil The most active and popular of k hig'ga singers Cantonment (C.C.) a n d the Levy Ca m p (L.C,), after was Skander "Za ma ra" Haroun, He had some the mid- 1940s, romantic khig'ga songs of his own, which we re The prominent zo r 'nn w'd a'wou'la "ban d" was usually humorous , Bu t s ome of his lyrics were the C.C . team of the late Amerkhan Khou d ikyan satiric, teasing Habbaniya m aidens, Other singers and Youkhanna Allaverd i, b oth of whom were who occasionally led musicless wedding khig'ga proficient in both instruments. Bu t there were lines, but usually s ang a t private parties or lesser known team, as well as Indtvtdual, players , prewedding dancing s essions in front of the such as the la te Mis hael "Meesh u " Akh ko Oda of prospective bridegroom's h ouse, were the la te C.C. (drum), and Enviya _ of L.C. (horn), both of Eshaya Zaia , Wilson Oshana Dadisho, Mishael whom often substituted for either Am erkhan or Akhko Oda a n d his uncl e Gibrael Oda, a n d Youkhanna. Hiro , a mon g others , (Eshaya, jointly with h is The horn-and-d rum duo perfor m ed m ostly a t wife Elizabeth, had several of his romantic songs weddings. It also pl ayed som etimes a t ou tdoor recorded on phonograph records la ter in Baghdad celebration s, s uch as feasts a nd festivals. Th e team in the 1960s.) was paid tw o (about $8) or three Iraqi din ers for Talented wedding guests, s uch as the famous each we dding, Bu t the two musicians also m ade recorded n ational singer, Gibra el Yosip Sayad ("Ya some extra money on the side from tips for Nish 'ra D 'tkhou'm ey"), and Shlmshon Lazar Essa, a sha'baash, big coins or small c u rrency n otes private singer of pa triotic and romantic son gs with contributed and stuck, u s ually on t he hor n a powerfu l voice, s ometimes would be requested to player's forehead, by enthu siastic specta tors for s ing at wedding fea s ts and speci al occasions, There bestowing req u ested com p limen t s on specified were a number of other volu n tary singers in the dancers. community who led khigga dances, a mong them the la t e Gewargts a n d E esa Dan ie l, Shimshon Assyrian Dancers and Singers S hallou , a n d Samson Moushul, wh o also s ang, in The zor 'na w'da'wou'la team p layed variou s Tu rk ish , a t weddings and private celeb ra tions, Assyrian dance tunes during each performance to wh ile the la te Kaplano Kannon sang in Kurdish to the tempo, beat. and lyrics of va riou s khig 'ga en tertain frien d s at Ch ristmas and Easter visits. tunes. But the most popu lar dances were k hig 'ga Shimshon Shallou was a lso well -k n own a s a ya'qoli'ra. shaCkha'ni, m n 'zu'm. be'la't i, baCri 'yo, sa'bak h'ta (monetary wed din g gift) collector a t the and taw'la'ma. K h ig 'ga da ncing u sually took place w edding feasts, announcing aloud each

13 contribu tor' s name an d the amount donated , Western m u sica l dance band to appear in th e local camps of Habbaniya was formed by Shura (now Hom e Musicians and Tea Parties Alexander), the late Raa'bi Misha el Sargis 's son , a During the Hinaidi days a nd early Habbaniya ta lented pianist, and the late Raa'bi Emman u el years, only zor'n a w 'da'wou'La music was provid ed ("Ammo") J acob (Bet-Yacoub), a teacher at the a t weddings, At te a p arties a n d b etrothals, Union School and the Boy Scout Master. It was h owever, other musical ins trum ents were organized in 1942 and was na med Bl ue Bird Band. sometim es used by individuals possessing such Raa'bi Ammo played Vio lin, mandolin and instruments, such a s banjo, mandolin, violin, occasionally Hawaiian guitar. Other members of tab'la (hand drum) etc. Sometimes the music the band were Shura's brothers , th e late Sargon would be accompanied by a s ingle vocalis t or and Leo n a rd (b o th drummers ). Ra a 'bi Albert encouraged by group clapping and sing ing to the Babilla (violin an d mandolin) and a Sou th Africa n beat of the tu ne. named Steel who played guitar. Hrand Yasayel Dan iel "Darino" Khnania played the banjo, and Saya dia n (violin a nd accordion), a graduate of Vania Sargis, Polous Dooma n , Shawel Baba Un ion School working at the C.C. Office, joined the Orahirn, and William Shmou el were all violin ists. band later. Dressed in di nner s u its, oftentimes one or more of The band usually held its practice ses sions at the first three ge n tle men mentioned wou ld come Raa'bi Mishael's house in F-Type quarters and down (a few miles) fro m GaHani Camp to play at performed at RA.F, dance parties in Officers' Mess Hinaidi tea pa rties . At s uch parties, also, known a n d Officers'C lu b a nd at parties in the good singers among the com m unity, such as the Cantonment. Un fortu na tely, the band had a short late Raa'bi Elsi e Orahim who had a beautifu l voice life span; it faded away inside two years when a nd participated in dramas , wo u ld receive specia l Shura and his two brothers left Habba niya . requests to sing, a nd occa sionally a s ho rt one- or But before that, Raa'bi Ammo had for med, in two-act play wou ld be presented. Of co urse, the 1939 , a march ing band of bugles , cymbals, and la te Raa'bi Yacoub Bet-Yacoub was the primary bass a nd snare drums for the Union School's Boy dramatist and translator of Shakespeare's plays Scout and Girl Guide troops. Initially. the ba n d into Assyrian. John Isaa c s ays that hi s father, the members were ins tructed and coached by a few late Iskhaq Youkhanna, was a lso one of the writers Assyrian Levy military musician s . (The Levy Force of Assyrian s h or t p lays. And As syri an dance had, of course, a magnificent marchin g ba nd of parties were actually initiated a t Co ta Cam p's more than two dozen members s ince the early So cial Club, to the tunes of phonograph records. in 1920s.)This band served the Scouting movemen t the later years of Hin aidi-when a sneake d view of for several years, until the Uni on School was taken Assyrian you ng men an d women dancing in a n over by the Ira qi Government in 1945 . em b race caused t he ou traged elderly Assyrian Meanwhile, in 1943 or 1944 a group of very women to gape in shock . young men wh o, b etween them, had several Elisha "Barber" in the C.C. Bazaar was a no ther musical instruments and enough en th u siasm and a mateu r violin ist. He u sually played in h is shop for musical talent. got toget her to take over the personal enjoymen t a n d, occasionally, to display to com m unity' s musical responsibility. After a while his clientele his talent, which , in fact, was take n of practice sessions, they formed a dance group, with "a pin ch of salt". He would often place a calling it Winged Disc Band. cu stomer' s half-done hairdressing on ho ld with the '" started the band," says Raa'bi Albert Ba b tlla , apron tied around h is neck. whil e he stood at his "and played for it violin until I gave up music in w indow a n d playe d a s h ort piece-with his 1946. Other musi cia ns came into the band. Among cigarette s moke getting into hi s eyes an d cigarette the earliest members that I can remember were: as h dropping upon h is violin! Daniel 'Dan no' Khnanla , Avshalim Cewargts Daniel Although zou'mn w'da'WOll 'La never really los t a nd his brother Sh limon, and I believe An drious their noise, their voice was h eard less ofte n after Mamajoined la ter on, a nd perhaps J indo Odisho." the late forties, a s wedding celebrations assu med a Un der various n ames and peopled by various "modem" trend a nd musical bands gradually took musicians, the band provid ed , du ring the years, over to provide music for Western dancing a t club Western dance music for wedding, engagement, weddings and dance parties. But there was still a festival. and dan ce parties . It us u ally charged two steady demand for the "old fashioned" music, and dinars (about $ 8) or three-increa s ing it to five no Western band co uld really work up the "heat dinars in la ter years for weddings and club dance wave" that zor'na w'd a 'w ou'La ge nerate d in the partie s and rendered its services free of charge to blood of you ng ta n 'za 'm , sha Ckha'ni, or ta w 'La'ma annual K a a 'qll Su'Laa'qa (Brid e of Ascension) dan cers! festivals and to weddings of the needy families. But it received a h igh er amount for playing at the Habbaniya's First West ern Dance Bands com m u nity clubs' New Year's Eve a nd Chris tmas Acco rding to Raa'bi ALbert Babill a , t he fir st dance parties, and a much higher fee, plus round

14 trip tran sportation costs. for engagements outside broa dca stin g. His wa s the first Assyrian voice Habbanlya. such as in Baghdad. Kirkuk and its heard on the air in Iraq. IPC (Iraq Petroleum Company) Stations. Za karia Th e R.A .F. had a radio s tati on ca lled HBS Odisho Zakaria a lleges th a t in the 1950s t he (Habbaniya Broadca sting Station). In the ea rly Assyrian club in Basra paid them ID.60. an d. on 1950s John Isaac obtained permission for a one specia l oc cas ion . Basra's Port Clu b paid as two -hou r time on the radio (Monday and Thursday much as ID.130 for one evening's performance. evenings) for the local residents of Habbaniya. Half This band. however. changed its name several an hour each wa s a llotted in the name of Assyrian. times during its cou rs e. In 1946 it assumed the Armenian. Arab. an d Indian com m u ni tie s . J ohn name Assyrian Dance Band. u n d er which it supervis ed t h e whole local program a n d was operate d for a lmost te n years. And as its first assisted by Emmanuel ("Ammo") Yosip and by public performance. according to Andrious Mama Wil liam Davi d S hino-who a lso sang on the .Jotyar,As sy rian Dance Band provided the music program- in producing the Assyrian segment. A.B. that summer at a party held to welcome Squadron Gregory presented the Armenians' s hare. on which Leader G.E. Lovett-Campbell to his appointment as Arshaweer Sultanian was one of the singers . and the new officer-in-charge of the Civil Cantonment. C.P. John and Ku m ara vello ran the Indian In 1955 the band was renamed Babylon Band. s egment. while t he Arabic half-an-hour was and in 1957. it changed its name for the last time. produced and presen ted by an Arab teacher. The to Arabella Band. concluding its swan song program was musical and non poli tica l cultu ral talk p erformance w it h band membe r s S himshon in each community's eth n ic la n g u a ge . The Daniel . William Shallou, Ish ma el "Ishmo" Orahlrn Armenians . Arabs and Ind ian s-probably realizing Zakaria Za karia . and George Isaac. before it finally the political implicati on s-gave u p the program dissolved a fte r 1960 when some of its members left after so me weeks. but John an d h is a ssi s tants the coun try. kept it u p. filling the who le two h ours. mostly with During the early 1950s. a couple of members live and recorded m us tc a nd songs. Occasion ally. split from Assyrian Dance Band in Habbaniya and the prog r a m wou ld receive Iis t e n er 's chotce formed a new group. calling it Carmen Da nce requests from the British com m u n ity. too. Band. One of its highlight performances was in A few months later. h ow ever. t h e Iraqi August 1953 . at a dance compe tition h eld at the Governmen t heard of it . Alarmed by the prospect of C.C . Social Club emceed by th e band's leader. Assyrian voice on the air. it pressured the Station William David Shino. Bu t the ban d was short-lived . Commander . through diplomatic ch annels . to put a nd the dissidents finally returned to their original a sto p to it. The Station Commander . however. let fold . the program con tin ue provided no As syrian songs were sung or played. and that talk was confined to We st ern Band Players and Singers English only-nonnationalist! The progra m was William David Shino was a longtime vocalis t for still in operation. wit h phonograph records of Assyrian. Babylon. Carmen. and Arabella Bands . music and lis tener's ch oice of American and Other singers who occasionally sang with bands Continental s ongs a ir ing. when John Isa ac were Juliet David S hino. Wardiya Yo u r a m . relocated to England in 1956 and hande d over its Margaret ("Maggo-j Elis ha. a nd Horrnis Hasamo, supervision to Emmanuel Yos tp. among others. who volunteered their services to But to get b a ck t o music al b ands. from the band. John Isaac says that he com posed the mid-1940s till late 1950s. at one time or a noth er. lyrics for s ome of their songs in Assyrian a nd set many local musi cians performed for Habbanlya's them to prerecorded popular We stern tunes. dance b a nds . Am o ng t hem w ere : Avshalim Among his popu lar numbers were "M a 'rim Gewargls Daniel (banjo . accor dion), and his Ree'shakh Khlee ·ti" (Lift Up Your Head My Sweet) b rothers Shlimon. (vi olin. s a xo phone). a n d - which song John's vocalist-musicia n son Sargon Shimshon (d ru m s. tru m pet):S argis Shimshon sings nowadays in Assyrian parties- "Zainat. Shallou (clarinet), and brothers Wilson (trum pet), Zainat". a nd "Tp i'leh Mar'[Q D'khoub'ba B'lib'bi" and Willia m (accordion. pi ano) ; William David (Romantic Illn ess Infected My Heart). Shino (sax. voca lis t). a nd his brother Wilson (sax) ; John a nd his wife Mary were one of the several George "Karina" You khan na (drums); the Jotyar accomplished dancing cou ples of Ha bb aniya . brothers. An driou s Mama (guita r . accordion ), and swaying. rocking. glid ing. and trotting to some of Esho (trumpet) ; Manuel Jibra el Kasparian and Habbantya bands' po pular waltz. tango. rumba. brother Vres h , Newion Elisha . an d Vresh Karakin, samba and foxtrot tunes. among t hem "La (all drums) ; Jindo Odisho (violin. a ccordion); Comporsita". "Wedd ing Samba ". "T en n e s s e e Shlimon Youkhan na (mandolin an d accordion); Waltz" . "Nagay. Nagay", "Ch erry Pink"."Jamiela Raa'bi Albert Babilla (violin an d mandolin); George Tango". "Good Night Irene". "La Raspa", a nd "Kiss Is a a c (guitar); Is h m a el ("lshmo") Orahim (sax); Me Again" . Khosh aba Cambar (violin): an d Zakaria Od is ho Also. J ohn Isa ac was the pion eer of As syrian Zakaria (sax. clarinet); from Baghdad. Shmouel 15 Youel (violin) an d Yos ip Sh limon [d ru ms), along T h e smaller c o m m u n ity of Indians and with a few guest players . Zakaria also played for a Pakistanis jointly also had a c lu b fo r their British dance band called Mello Tones in R.A.F. com m u nity, but had no organized musical band of Station, Habbaniya . And now-locally nick-named their own. Some of them were a lso members of "Mu'zi'qu'ra M 'sham'ha"' (Famous Musician) - h e So cial Club, with a racially mixed m embership, still plays his sax at As syrian parties as well as and they depended on th e Assyrian's Western with the Jim Ingram Band in Turlock , California . dance music facilities for their dance parties . But The performing band in Habbaniya was normally the Armenians , although also a sm a ll community, a quartet, quintet or sextet, but s om e of the were pretty active socially and had a club of their members we re proficient in more than one or two own. Th ey had a number of m usicians, s uch as instruments. including piano . bass , mara ca s , Hrand Yesayel Sayadian (violin) , Manuel Jibrael tambourine, and Rumba sticks, and they often Kasparian and Ch olak Onick Sanasarian [drums), changed , or exc hanged , instruments in rotation or Vartkes S etrakian (a ccord ion ), Vresh Kara kin for relief. The most constant members of the band [dru ms), Vasgain Makarian (clarinet), and Souren were Zakaria Zaka ria , Andrious Jotya r, William Allaverdi (Violin), among others. Hrand Sayadian Shallou, William Sh in o, and Avs halim, Shlimon, was their leader a n d their most experienced and Shimshon Daniel, and for much of its life time musician , but I believe he left Habbaniya at the after 1946 the Habbaniya b and was le a d by turn of the forties.With occasional co operation Avshalim G. Daniel. After 1953 Za karia O.Za karia from Assyrian musicians, however, the Armenian s assumed its leadersh ip . provided music for their own parties a n d weddings, occasio n ally hiring an Ar men ian band fr o m Popularity and Highlights of Assyrian Ba nds Baghdad, su ch as Apollo Band, for their important In addition to providing music a t the two socials . Most Armenians spoke Assyrian, a nd a few Habbaniya local camps , the Assyrian Band, with Assyrians spoke Armenian, a nd there were a few it s other names , al so performed in the Station for inter-marriages and s ome social intermingli n g N.A.A.F. I. Imperial Clu b, a n d R.A.F. b alls at be tween them. A few Armenians even sometimes Officers Clu b an d Officers Mess. and in Ramadi, 15 played in the Assyrian bands. miles away; for clubs in Baghdad , s uch as British, Finally, although Habbaniya was famou s for its Alwiya, Mansoor, a nd Na'd i-Fa'qir clubs; a nd for Levies and s portsmen, the sound of th e musi c a n d parties in Basra, Mosul, Khanaquin, Kirku k. Baiji, dancing at its com m u nity clubs also resounded in Haditha, and IPC Stations of K2 a n d K3. But other communities . It often lured gu es ts no t only perhaps t he highlights of the b and were its from Habbaniya's British community but also fro m engagements at some special eve nts, such as at Assyrian and Armenian communities of Baghdad the five-day festivities on the coro nation of King and, farther away, of Klrkuk and Basra. Faisal II, both at Habbaniya and at King Faisal II Hall in Baghdad, beginning of May 1953; at the Authors Note: I am indebted to the following so urces American Embassy's 4th of July parties in 1958 consulted: Modes to-Turlock's Ex-Habbaniya Comm unity and 1959; an d at the party celebrating the opening Group m ember s Sar gis S. S riallo u , J oh n Isa ac . of the new IPC's 3D-inch pipeline at K3 Station in Shi mshon F. Warda , Shlimon G , Daniel and Shimshon G . Daniel: and Zak aria O. Zaka ria. Raa 'bi Albert A. early 1950s. Babilla, Manuel J . Kasparian, Para Pius (Abady), Daniel L. Solomon. an d the Assyrian Observer magazine. Musical Resources of Other Races The smaller communities of Kurds and Arabs in Special Note: Like th eir mat ernal uncles th e three Habban iya also had a small joint club, but had no Daniel Brothers of Habbaniya, th ree of the five Aghajan organized musical group of their own, and held no Brothers. John (keyboard). Johnson (sax) and Morris dance parties. Their w eddings and special (guitar an d vocali s t) ar e now well -known Assyria n celebra tion s were celebrated in their own way. mu sicians in Toronto, Canada. Oftentimes, the Kurds h ired the duo of Amerkhan and Youkhanna to play Kurdish dance tunes on zo'ma w'da'wou'Za at their weddings, while the Arabs brought in Arab musicians from outside Habbaniya to perform at their weddings and other celebrations. Once they brought a Kaw'li'ya (gypsy) troupe, complete with rub'ba'ba [tribal "violm") , Arab flutes and dum'bwc (hand drum) and women gypsy dancers, that performed a long with Assyrian, Kurdish and Armenian traditional dance troupes at a show held at the R.A.F. (Assyrian) Employees' Club on April 8 . 1951, following a C.C. Arts and Crafts Exhibition. 16 1951: ASSYRIAN BAND & FRIENDS AFTER A DANCE PARTY AT SOCIAL CLUB IN C.C . HABBANIYA Squatting, I to r: Margaret Tattar. Sargis S. Shallou (clarinet), Youel Kanno, Naima Sh matel. Sh limon G,Daniel (violin) . Davis E. David (dancer): Standing: Awshalim G. Daniel (accordion), Baba Benyamin. Doris Israel. John Isaa c. Arm inak Shaul. Margaret Avisha. Eshay Avtsha. Shimshon G. Daniel (drums), Shummon Oshana Matsu. Baba Yostp , Elia Isa ac. Emmanuel Shanyou. Andrio us Mama Jotyar (banjo and accordion), last two (unknown) (Photo courtesy Sargis S . Sh al lou)

1952: ASSYRIAN BAND AT BAGHDAD PARTY in Nadi-Fa qtr. sponsored by Raabi Emmanu el J acob (grey su it). a Blue Bird Band founder. Da n iel L. Solomon (whit e jacke t), S h li m o n Yo u kha nna a n d ot her 19 5 2 : HABBANIYA ZOR'NA W 'DA'WOU'LA DUO Ex -Habban iya ns . Band members are, right to left: in iPC. T.l Station. I to r : You kha n na Allaverdi a nd William S . Shall ou. Shlimon G. Daniel, An drious M. Amerkhan Khoudi kya n , with John Isa a c, Social Club J otya r, a n d Awshalim G. Daniel's back (Phot o Courtesy presiden t (and photo contribu tor). Peggie Jacob Hernan dez) 17 194 1: C.C. HABBANIYAB OY SCOUT BAND Front, left to r: Warda Peera (cymbals), Yalda Esho Yalda (bugle), William David Shino (snare drum), Pnouel Rouhan .tr...r...... (bugle); Back row: Aramais Thomas (bugle), Raab! Yosip 19 56: BABYLON BAND AT C.C. WEDDING Amer (school te acher) , Arsen Yasayel Sayadian (b ass at R.A.F. (As syria n) Employees Club garden. Habbaniya. drum), Khammo Enviya (bugle). (Photo: MKP) Front. I to r: Zaka ria O. Zakaria, Esho M. J otya r , George Is a a c; Back., 1 to r: Wilson D. Shino.Newton Elisha, Andrious M. Jotyar. [Photo courtesy Zakaria Zakarta)

LATE 1940s: LINE OF KHIGGA DANCERS in Ttart National Dress in Levy Camp. Habbaniya. (Photo contributed by M. K. Pius) 1959: ARABELLA BAND AT AMERICAN PARTY celebrating 4th of July at Embassy in Baghdad. From left : William S. Shallou, Zakaria O. Zakarta, Shimshon G. Da niel, and And rious M. Jotyar. (Photo courtesy of Zakaria Zakarta)

19 5 6 : BABYLON BAND AT ALWlYA CLUB in Bagh dad. L to r: William D. Shino (bass), Zakana O. 1955: SAXOPHONIST ZAKARIA O. ZAKARIA Zakaria [sax) , An drious M. Jotyar (dru ms), and guest with Vocalist Hor m is Hassamo at a C.C . Social Club players Stevenson, and Ivan Brown [guitars). (Photo dance party. (Cou rtesy Zakaria Zakaria] courtesy Mr. Zakaria) 18 risen from a mo ng the ranks of military chiefs, were History of Diplomacy! implementing important reforms in the po litical and military life of Assyria. bringing the number of International Politics at the Apogee of Assyrian warriors to one hundred fifty th ou s and Assyria (VIII-VII Centuries B .C.) men- a high figure in that epoch - a nd initiating a During the centuries that followed , Egypt and the vast policy of conquests . kingdom of Hittites weakened, and little by little The desire to take possession of fertile oases and lost their leading role in the international relations lands rich in metals, the thirs t for booty and of of the Orient. Assyria , a State of the Near Eas t of men, the will to secure the possession of the routes Asia , assu mes first posi tion, with its ca pital Assu r of commu nicatio n the most importa nt, such were along the middle of the co urse of the River Tigris In the principal goal s of the Assyrian politics. At this Mesopotam ia , A s mall principality (patesi) in the time there were two com mercia l arteries that were begin n in g, ma d e up of some agricu lt u ra l and most important. One stretched from the Great Sea n omadic communities, its territory begins to grow (the Mediterranean) towards Mesopotamia and the grad ually towards the Xl'V'" century B,C. Already at east, and the other was directed towar d the the epoch of the letters of Tell-el-Amarna, the South-West, to the coasts of Palestine, Syria, and Assyrian kings sign as "Sovereign of the Universe" , Egypt. called upon by gods to rule over the "cou ntries Until the adven t of Persia. Assyria remained the situated between the Tigris and the Euph rates." most important empire of the an cient Orien t. Its Originally, Assyria was part of the Babylonian geographic situation ought to provok e contin u ou s kingd om, its king being a su bject of the sovere ign differe nces with its n eighbors, to lead to ceaseless of th is kingd om. But this dependence disappeared wars and to compel its sovereigns to cu ltiva te the progressively, a nd the Assyrian kings libera ted spirit of inventiveness, as much in the domain of t hemselves. It is in t he corresponden ce of military technology, a s in the a rt of diplomacy. Tell-Am a r na, at t he a r rivai of t he As syrian The states of n ear ea stern Asia , a larmed by the a mbassadors in Egypt, that the name of Assyria as aggres s ive politics of the Assyrian kings, we re an independent co untry, is found. The king of con strained to forget their m utual struggles in face Babylon, Bournabouriash, who considere d himself of the common danger. Three great coalitions were the s overeign of Assu r , forma lly protested the formed against Assyria: the first in the so uth-west, reception of these a mbas sadors by the pharaoh the second in the south-east and the third at the Amenophis IV. "Why", h e as ks his ally Amenophis, north, led, respecti vely, by Egypt, by Elam and by "have they co me to yo ur country? If yo u are well Urartu. Being too diverse in their make-up, they disposed towa rds me, yo u shoul d n 't enter into were repelled without pain by the Assyrians. At the relationsh ips with t h em . Let t hem go without end of the VIII"' centu ry B.C. , Sargon inflicted a having obtain ed a nyth in g. On my part,I a m defeat on the allies of the phara oh, n ear Raphia in sending you, as present, five minas of blue stone, Palestine, then set up agai n st the second coalition, five pairs of h ors es and five chariots." The pharaoh, the one between Elam and Chaldee. Cleverly using meanwhile, did n 't think it is poss ible to satisfy the the discontent of the Chal dean cities against the reques t of hi s friend, by se n ding back the Assyrian king of Babylon, Mardouk-Beliddin, h e put hi mself ambassado rs. forward as the defender of their liberties violated by The rise of As syria very soon worried the most h is adversary. The cities recove red their old powerful states of the Orien t, namely , Egypt and privileges, and Sargon, victorious, proclaimed the Hittites. The a nxiety of these s tate s brought himself king of Babylon , thu s uniting Assu r and ab out the conclusion of the treaty of 1278 between Chaldee in a personal alliance. Assyria, now, had Ramses II and Hattusil Ill , which was indirectly the po litical h egemony, bu t Babylon, retain ed the aimed against the Assyria n kingdom. cu ltural supremacy. Thtsts how the Assyrian kings made their entry Another more menacing coalition was formed into the international are na. during the reign of Sennacherib, the son of Sargon But it was with the Sargonids (VIll-VII B.C.), (705-681 B.C.), co mprising the cities of Palestine u nder the rule of the kings Sargon, Sen nacherib and Syria, Tyre, the king of Judea , Ezekias, the and Assu rbanipal that Assyria was going to reach pharaoh of the Ethiopian dynasty, Taharka, and the zen ith of its m ight. Nineveh, loca ted n orth of some more. Elam and Babylon were at the center. Assur, became th e ca pital, while the Sargonids, Sennacherib, us ing the ancient hostilities between the cities ofTyre an d Sidon, succeeds in weakening his enemies co nsiderab ly . He besieged Jerusalem ' His t oir e De La Diplomatie, Publiee sous la in 701 B.C.. a nd forced king Ezeklas to pay a Direction de Vladimir Potiemkin. heavy tribute of thirty talents of gold and three Librairie De Medicis-Paris. Translated, fr om the hundred talents of silver. Simultaneously, he French, by George V. Yarra, July of 1997, co n clu d ed a peace t reaty with t he pha r a oh Sarasota, Florida. Chabaka , the seals of wh ich, bearing the names of 19 the s ignatory kings, we re discovered in the ruins of Nineveh . The cuneiform library of the Sargon id s the palace in Nineveh. The documen ts clearly possesses a rich documentation on the political, dem onstrate the weakeni ng of the international social and diplomatic life of Assyria . Their a rch ives prestige of Egypt. During the negotiations with regarding th e wealth a nd the value of historic Jerusalem, the Assyrian ambassador was informatio n a re n othing less than t h ose o f compa ring Egypt to a fragile stick that would break Tell-el-Amarna. The majority of these documents and hurt the hand of the one who wanted to lean relate to the period of King Assurbanlpal. against it, The direct consequence of th e defeat of The reign of Assurbanipal was entirely troubled the western coalition: Baby lon, one of the most by the continuous struggle against a n tl-Assyrta n important c u ltural cen ter s of the Orient, was coalitions which were formed at Its frontiers , but it con quered by Assyrians (689 B.C.). was in Egypt that the situation attained its The Babylon ian ch ro n icle relates that the king of greatest complexity when the Assyrian politics ran Elam, who attempted to invade the kingdom of aga ins t the stubborn op position of the pharaohs of Babylon in order to res cue its king. "died in hi s the Ethiopian dynasty. Like the Sargonids, these bed , wit hou t being si ck," This means that th is king pharaohs, the greatest of whom was Taharka. were was re moved from power by the s upporters of the issued from the ranks of military ch iefs, who Assyria n sovereign. commanded the Libyan detachments. In order to At the head of the th ird coalitio n that Sargo n had weaken the influence of Ethiopia in Egypt, to fight, th ere was the kingdom of Urartu (Ararat) Assurbanipal supported the Egyptian princ e or the State of the Vans, sit uated in the te rritory of Nekho, who was then a prisoner of war in Assyria. the present Soviet Armen ia and Turkey. At the In t he Assyrian co u r t , Nekho e nj oyed very center of th is State there was Lake Va n . and its particular h onors . The king gave h im. a s present, pri ncipal city was Touchpa. The growth of the State rich clothing, a sword with a s heath of gold , a of the Vans takes place in the second half of the chariot. horses and mules. Thanks to hi s Egyptian Vll l'" century B.C., under the reign of king Sardo ur friends and the Assyrian troops, Nekho defeated (750-733 B,C,) and hi s successors . Taharka an d took hold of the Egyptian th ro n e, Urartu, the original homeland of Georgians Later. his son Psammetic betrayed the Assyrian (Kolkhi, lberes) a n d probably t hat of the sovereign. Lea n in g for s upport on the Libyan Armenians, acquires a world fame thanks to its mercenaries and the Greeks who came from the remarkable metal works. its irrigation canals . and sea, he separated h imself from Assyria and the ab u nda nce of its livestock a nd fruits . The proclaimed the indepen dence of Egypt (645 B.C.) inhabitants, concentra ted in small principalities in The new dyn asty founded by Psammetic, the t he m ountains a nd valleys. a n d governed by XXVI", had its capital at the city of Sais, and indigenou s princes . at times united in la rger lasted until its conquest by the Persians (525 B.C.) , coalitions dangerou s for Assyria, The footh ills of The seriou s co mplication s that ex ploded In Elam the Caucasu s provided, since distant times. iron of an d Babylon, co m pe lled Assurbanlpal to resign the h ighest quality , the use of which fou nd wide himself to the loss of Egypt. applicatio n during the Assyrian preponderance. a During t he en tire r eign of the S argonids. prepon der a nce w h ic h. however. is in direct Babylon, the cen ter of foreign alliances and relationship with the passage from bronze to iron: political intrig u es directed against Assyria, were n ot the Assyrians ni cknamed "the iron men"? hi ndered the politics of ce ntralizing the power It is probable that most of the iron a nd copper pursued by the kings of Assyria . The complete discovered in the ruins of the pa lace of Sargon at s ubmissio n of this a ncient commercial a nd Khorsabad came from Urartu . It is the work of cultural center would have provided freedo m of Russian scholars. Nikolski. Marr, Orbeli and action to the kings of Assyria against the two Mechtc h aninov t hat h as revealed t o u s t he hostile co u ntries: Egypt and Ela m. All this explains considerable importance of th e kingd om of the the long struggle that Assyria sustained against Vans. The history of the people of the a ncient Babylon. Orie nt, thus, directly con nects to the pa st of the Under the rule of Assu rbanipal, his younger peoples of the U.S ,S.R. , th ro ugh Urartu. brother, Shamash-Shum-Uktn, became ' Viceroy of Bela- (Babylon) . He betrayed Assurbanipal, The Diplomacy of King Assurbanipal proclaimed the Independence of Babylon and (686-626 B.C .) declared himself king. Then he s ent a mba ssadors The la st great king of Assyria was Assurbanipal in all cou n tries . at the courts of a ll kings an d all (668-626 B.C.), the pers onality a nd po litics of people, in order to attract them into a coalition who m are, at the pres ent time, su fficien tly well against Assyria. From Egypt to th e Persian Gulf. known thanks to the a rc hives and th e library of people and kings responded to the call in great the Sargonids. discovered in the ruins of the roya l n u mbers. In addition to Egypt, the Medes, Elarn, pal a ces of Nineveh a n d Kuyunjik not far from Tyre and other Phoenician cities, Lydia and the Arab sheiks. in a word, all thos e who d readed the 20 growth of the political hegemony of Assyria , joined to deal a te rrible blow to the whole movement this coalition . Warned of the mil itary projects of his provoked by Shama sh-Shum-Ukin, called a n brother, Assurbanipal declared h im an usurper usurper by Assu rban ipal. and prepared for war. We also possess another message by the same His en emies being stro ng enough, he had to king to the inhabitants of Nippur, where, a t the conduct the struggle w ith extrem e prudence . time , Be libni the representative of the king of Understanding that the fate of the whole campaign Assyria was residing. Unfo rtuna tely, this docu m ent depended on the conduct of the rich a nd infl uential is in bad state , which makes it difficult to give an cities of Mesopotamia , such as Babyl on a n d exact accou nt of its conten ts. According to the Nippur, and that of the netghbortng kingdom of customs of those days, the royal message opens Elam, h e sent them a diplomatic message the text with a solemn salutation . of which has been preserved in the royal arc hives. "Message from the king of the universe to Be libni The con ten ts of this do cument, very important for and the citizens of the city of Nippur, to a ll the the diplomatic history of the people of the ancien t people, young and old. I a m in good heal th. Let this Orient merits special attention . news fill you r hearts with j oy and happiness ." The king of Assyria add res ses the Babylonia ns in Next comes a statement of the concern. Quite these te rm s : eviden tly , it is abo ut the arrest of the chief of the "I a m in good health. Let this news fill your antt-Assyrtan party, who had left Nippur after the hearts with j oy an d h appines s . I am addressing fall of the city. you on the occasion of the vain statements made "You know", writes the king,"that all the co untry by a liar who claims to be my brother. I know is ravaged by th e iron sword of Assur and by my everything h e told you . Hi s wor d s w ith ou t gods, it is con su med in fire, tram pled by a n imals substance are similar to the wind. Don't believe and prostrated before my face. You must capture anything from him. I swear by Assur and Mard uk, all the rebels , who j ust now a re seeking peace in my gods, that a ll the words he h as s aid against me flight. Such a man who sorts wheat at his door, deserve to be despised. Having meditated inside my you s ho u ld' separate from the rest of the people. conscience, I declare with my own mouth that h e Each person must occupy the place tha t has been has acted in a treacherous and unworthy manner designated for him. The fugitive will now cer tainly by telling you that I h a ve t he intent ion of change hi s plans... You shou ld not permit anyone 'dishonoring the glory of Babylonians who love m e, to cross the gates of the city with out a thorough th us my own n ame'.Su ch remarks are foreign to search to begin with . He mus t not escape from me. You r friendship with the Assyrians a nd your here. If he succeeds, in any way, to find a disguise, freedoms established by me, are greater than I ever I will strike at the accomplice a long with all his thought. Do not listen one minute to his lies , do descendants. Whoever ta kes hold of h im a nd not tarnish your name which is spotless, before me delivers hi m to me, dead or a live, will receive a an d before the whole world. Do not commit s uc h a large reward. I will order him to be put on a scal e grave sin before god ... and will give gold, the equivalen t of his weight, to "There is also something that, a s I know, worries whoever delivers him to me. you s trongly. 'As we already have revolted aga in st "Leave behind all slowness a nd hesitations , leave him, you say, th en by com plying, he will again them behind! I h ave a lready in formed yo u in increa se the trib u te we are paying.' But this is a writi ng . You have received precise orders. See to it tribute only by name. As you already have taken that he is put in chains before he leaves th e city.· the side of my en emy , it can be co nsidered, both , The dispatches of the representatives of the king as a tribute that h as been imposed on you and as provid e another source of information con cern ing a sin: th e oath taken before gods hasn't, in effect, the Assyrian diplomacy . In a ll cities , the king of been violated? Now be carefu l and, as I already "t he univers e" m aintained m en that, in t he have written it, do not dishonor your reputation by correspo ndence, were usually designate d un der the pu tti ng trust in the vain words of this criminal. title of s laves or servants of the king. These "In conclu sion , I as k you to respond a s soon as d ispatches s how how carefully the s e pos sible to my letter of the month of Aire , the 23rd representatives of the king of Assyria watched over day , t h e m e s sage d elivered b y the royal everything that took place in the regions near the ambassador, Shamakh-Balat-Kouikbes." bo rders and in the neighboring kingdoms. They This message to the people of Babylon and the immedia tel y informed t h e king a n d his promis e to maintain, from now on, the liberties of functionaries of a ll t he chan ges t hat they the city, had a decisive importance on a ll the perceived : war preparations, troop movements , subs eq u ent hi s tory of the relationships between secret alliances, receptions and vacations of the t he two countries.T he c ities , abandoning ambassado rs, plots, m utiny, the construction of S hamas h -S h u m-Ukin, lined up a longside Assu rban ipa l. The pres ervation of the alliance between Babylon a nd the king of Assu r, was going ' It Is, without doubt, about the chief of the rebels.

2 1 fortresses , deserters, theft of cattle. harvests . etc , conquest of the country. and war continued. The The majority of th e dis patches that have been elements hostile to Assyria gathered around preserved emanate from Belibnl, the representative Nabou-Bel-Shumat, a young Babylonian prince of t he king , who, as we a lready saw, was In who was In Elam at the time. Assurbanipal put Babylon or Elam , d uring the military operations. Oum malk haldash, who was trying, by all means, After the defeat of Sharnash-Shum-Uk tn , ma ny to get close to him, in charge of the capture of the Babylonians fled their devastated city and took reb el. At the end, the rebelliou s movem en t was put r efuge In Elam; a mong them, there was th e down and Nabo u-Bel-Shurnat com mitted su icide. gr a n ds on of the old king of Babylon, Mard uk­ This was the end of Ela m that lost Its political Beliblddin. Elam was, thus , becoming the center of Independence a nd became an Integral part of the grou ps h ostile to Assyria and the sou rce of new Assyrian kingdom. wars. Although he was anxious. Assurbanipal did All the elements rela ted to the conquest of Elam not Im mediately venture again st Ela rn: but , In a re reflected. in their smallest d etail, in the ord er to gain tim e , h e s en t a mis s ion to this dispatches of Belibn i and other agents of the cou n try, attempted to in stigate qu arrels a mong the Assyrian influen ce in Elam . Letter 281 of Belibni m embers of t h e ruling famlly , removed t h e (Ed ition of Royal Correspondence of the Assyrian govern ors he didn 't like an d repla ced them with his Empire by L. Waterman) depicts the situation of s u p p o r t e rs. At their a rrival In Elam t h e Elam after the entry of Assyrian troops : am ba ssado rs of the ki ng of Assyria demanded , In "To the ki ng of kings , my master, yo u r s lave very strong terms , the immediate delivery of the Be llbn i. Her e a re t he news from E lam: es ca pees. Ou m maIk haldash , t he former k ing who had "Ifyo u do not deliver these people to me. declared escaped, h a s returned , has taken h old of the th e king of Assyria, I will wage war against you . I t h rone and h a ving started a mutiny, h a s will d eva s t a t e your c ities , I wlll take their abandoned the city of Madaktou . Bringing along Inhabitants Into captivity, an d you , I will remove his mother, wife, children, a nd all his servants, ha s fro m the throne and put someone else in yo ur crossed the river Oulai and is headed south. Now , place. I will crush you a s I di d cru sh the former h e Is before the city of Talakh, and his military king Teouman, your predecessor." ch iefs Oummanshobar, Oundadou, a n d all his The king of Elarn, Indabigas, while trying to hold a ll ies are m arch ing against the city of discu ssions with th e king of Assyria , refused to Shou k h a rlssou ngou r. They s ay t h ey have the hand over the deserters. A little later. he was killed in tention of establishing their residence between by one of his milita ry ch iefs. OummaIkh aldash. Khoukhou a nd Khaidalou . w h o s u c c e ede d h im. Having b etra y ed t he "The arrival of the troops of the king of kings. my con fidence of Assurbanlpal, this one was ousted master , h a s plunged all the country in terror. from t he th ro ne a n d Ela m s u ffered a te rrible Plag ue Is decim a ting Elam. At the sight of such devastation (642 B.C.). misfortune. the (rebels) are h orrified . All the "I d es troyed m y enem ies. t h e inhabitants of cou ntry is turning away fro m them. All the tribes of Elam , because they didn't want to come Into the Takkhasharoua a nd Shalloukea are in revolt." bo som of the state of Assyria. 1 cut off their head, Ou m ma lk ha ldash retu rn ed to Ma da ktou, and cu t their lips and deported them to Assur. " having gathered his frien ds , he a ddressed them This is how the king of Assyria describes his wit h the foll owing reproa ch : "Didn't I te ll you. vengeance agains t the Elamltes. before leaving the city. that my intention was to After the fall of Ou mmalkha ldash, a new ki ng captu re Nabo u-Bel-Sh u mat, whom I had to deliver named Tammarit, acceded to th e throne of Elam. to the king of Assyria, so that he will not send his For s ome time . Tammarlt, s u p ported by t he t roops a gainst you? Haven't you. therefore , Assyrian co u rt, s uccessfu lly obeyed the orders of understood my words? You are witness of what I th e As syrian king , but later, he betrayed him, said ." o rgan ized a plot again s t Assu rban ipal a n d ''Therefore '' writes Belibni fu rther down "at the massacred the Assyrian garrisons that were in mo me n t. a nd if so desi res the king of kings. my El am. This betrayal provoked new milit ary master, that h e send me a ch arter sealed by the opera tio ns between Elam an d As syria : During this royal s t amp , a d d ressed in t he name of war t h e king o f Elam w as k illed a n d Oum malk h a lda sh. rega rd ing t he cap t u r e of Oumma lkha ld ash rea ppeared on the politi ca l Nabou-Bel-Sh u rnat. and ordering me to deliver it scen e . He took hold of the city Madaktou and the with my own h ands to Oummalkhaldash. fortres s of Bet- Imbi. but his success en ded there. Evidently. my ma ster thinks: "I will secretly send With fresh forces, As s urba nlpal took ho ld of the the order to captu re h im." But as soon as the capita l of Elam, Su s a , "entered the palace of the kmg's mes senger arrives. accom panied by armed Elamite kings and devoted himself to rest." men ,Nabou-Bel-Slru mat cu rsed by Baal will know Meanwhile, th e capture of the capita l of Ela m by it. and will bribe the king's satraps who will let him the Assyrian force di d not ye t signify the complete free. Therefore, let the god s of th e king of kings 22 arrange the matter in s uch a way that the rebel is are offering a military alliance. Farther down it is caught with out b loodshed and sent to the king of rep orted that during a military confere nce, one of kings." the chiefs went as far as proposing to kill the king The dispatch e nds with the expression of of Assu r. The struggle between Assyria and Urartu Belibni's loyal ty toward his master. lasted a few centurtes, but didn't bring about any "I carried out exactly the order of the king of decisive results. In spite of a sertes of defeats and ki ngs and I acted according to h is will. I do not the skillfulness of the Assyrian diplomacy, the come to him. becau se my sovereign does not call people of Urartu kept their independence and me.I am like a dog that loves his master. The survived their most powerful en emy, Assyria. master says: "do not co me clo se to my palace," and Under Assurbanipal, this country reached the the dog doesn't go . And me, I do not do what has highest point of its might, and included in its not been ordered by the king. " empire most of the countries of the Near East. Its Assyrians used th e sa me mea n s towards the frontiers extended from the snow covered peaks of northern states, Urartu and others. Attracted to Urartu to the thresholds of Nubia, Cyprus, and this country by the mines of iron and copper, by Sicily up to the eastern frontiers of Elam. The the abundance of cattle a nd the roads of importance of Assyrian cities, the glitter of the communication that con nected the north to the court and the magnificence of the buildings, south and the west to the east. they inundated the surpas sed anything that had been seen until then. kingdom of the Vans with Assyrian scouts and a was in a chariot driven by four kings made diploma ts , who observed every movemen t of the prisoners that the king of Assyrta traveled th rough king of Urartu an d his allies, th e city , and in the streets cages could be seen Oupar-Baal, in one of his letters , inform s the w her e defeated kings were lo cked in. And king of the activities of the governors of the meanwhile, Assyria was approaching its decline. Armenian cities, in these terms: "To the king of The symptoms of the weakening of its might were kings, my master, your slave aupar-Baal. That the already beginning to manifest themselves under king be in good health, That h is family and Assu rban ipal. Exhausted by endless wars, it had for tresses remain in a good state. That the king's t o face ever increasing coalitions. A wave of heart be filled with joy. I sent a special agent to Cim meria n s, Scythes, Medes, and finally of collect all th e news co ncerning Armen ia. He has Persians, unfurling from the north and the south, a lready retu rned, and according to his h abit , was making the situation critical. Assyria couldn't repo rts what follows, At the presen t. our enemies face it: little by little it lost its leading position in have gathered in the city of Harda, They carefully the international relations of the Orient and observe everything that takes place. In a ll cities , u p became the prey to new conquerors. In the Vl'" to Touro ushi itself, there are armed detachmen ts... cen tu ry B.C.. Persia. who had become the most That my ma ster wo u ld sen d an armed tro op and powerful empire of the old world, absorbed all the give me permission to occupy t h e c ity of countries of the ancient Orient. Shourou b u d u ring the h arvest. " The entry of Persia in the world scene begins We fin d a s imilar report on the sit uati on in with a pompous proclamation by Cyrus "king of Urartu in the letter of Gabbouana-As sur : "T o the the world", addressed to the people of Babylon and king, my m aster , your servant Gabbouana-Assur. t h e priests. The Persian conqueror presents In carrying out you r order to oversee the people of himself as the liberator of Babylonians, who has Urart u , I ask yo u this. My me s s engers have delivered them from their odious king, Nabonid, a lready a r r ived in the c ity of Kou r b a n , tyrant and oppressor of the ancient religion. "I, Assu rbaaldan an d Assurissoua , who have to be in Cyrus, king of the world, great king, mighty king, Nabou li, a re ab ou t to leave, Noth ing h as been king of Babylon, king of Summerians and of omitted , everything has been carried out. I possess Akkad, king of the four parts of the universe... the following data: The people of Urartu have not descendent of the eternal kingdom, the dynasty advanced beyond the city of Touroushpie . We h ave and domination of whom are agreeable to the to be particularly careful to what the king h as hearts of Baal and Nabu! When I peacefully ordered me. We shouldn't permit ourselves any en tered Babylon, and when I occupied the royal negligence. Th e s ixteenth day of the month of residence amid acclamation and manifestations of Tom mouz I en te red in the city of Kourban, The joy at the palace of kings, Marduk, the great twelfth day of the month of Ab, I sent a letter to the sovereign, inclined the hearts of the inhabitants of king, my master..." Babylon towards me, because I have promised to Another As syrian agen t reports from Urartu the respect them... " a rrival, in the city of Ouasi, of a m b assadors The Persian empire of the Achaemenids, whose co ming from the cou ntrtes of An die and Zakariei. influence extended beyond the limits of the Charged with an important mission, they h ave to classical Orient, as well to the east as to the west, let the inhabitan ts know th at the ki ng of Assyria is represented, at the time, one of the most powerful contem plati ng war against Urartu that is why they formations of the antiquity. 23 NINEVEH Nathan Michael, Skokie, lL . 25.00 Fred Kelaita , Turlock, CA ...... $ 40.00 Robert & Betinaz Bartoo, Fountain Valley, CA 100.00 Maryam Babilla, So. San Francisco , CA . . . 3 0 .00 Kasper A. Saffer, Worcester, MA . 45.00 (for Youab Korkts, Australia) Fred Rustam, Philadelphia, PA . 20.00 Joseph Y. Azar , Turlock, CA ...... 40.00 Blan dina S. Dutra, Benicia, CA . 20.00 Rose Alexander, Skokie, IL...... 20.00 Juliette & Rouel Aboona, Morton Grove , IL . 20 .00 You h a na B. Khosrowabadi, Indianapolis, IN . 30 .0 0 Pius Haddad , Tu rlock, CA . 30 .00 Roeil Aghakhan, Turlock, CA ...... 20.00 Youshia Kaanon , Phoenix, AZ . 20,00 Philip Jacob, Turlock, CA ...... 20.00 Fred Chalita, Turlock, CA . 50 .00 Albert AsIan, London, England ...... 60.00 (self & John Chalita, Germany) Awigail Daryawish, Greystanes, Au stralia . . 50.00 Peter D. Kiryakos, D.D.S ., San J ose , CA . 20.00 Wilson Shirabad, Anaheim,CA ...... 40.00 Vallo Benjam in, M.D., New York , N.Y . 20.00 (self & Fred Badal, Anaheim, CAl Nellie & William Buxman, Reedley, CA . 25 .00 Albert Nis sa n , San Jose, CA ...... 20.00 Malek Shimmon, San Francisco, CA . 20 .00 Emanuel Bakus, San Jose, CA...... 20.00 Lazare J. Kianoun, Los Angeles, CA . 20.00 Nargls Cannon, Glendale, CA ...... 20.00 Sarkis Eyvazpoor, San Jose, CA . 30.00 Cardelia Daniel, San Jos e, CA ...... 20.00 William Yael, Highla nd Heigh ts, OH . 20.00 Sharneran O. Anderer, San Francisco, CA.. . 100.00 Sh limoon Youkhana, Rosemont, lL . 30.00 (in memory of her fath er Ora ha O. Oraha) Juliette S . Atoorzadeh, Tu rlock, CA . 20.00 Elizabeth Campbell, Vic.. Australia ...... 50 .0 0 Sweetlana Yaldaei-Jamal, Bronxville, N.Y.. 50.0 0 Dr. William Ramsini, Marysv ille , OH ...... 20.00 (self & Sankh irop Yaldaei, Germany) Mary D. Isaac, Skokie, IL ...... 25.00 Sh ushan S. Snippe, The Netherlands . 30.00 Aprim K. Abraham, No. Hollywood, CA . . .. 20.00 Saret Azizians, Anaheim, CA . 6 5. 00 David S . David, Chicago, IL ...... 20.00 Ashur A.Toma , Houston , TX . 20.0 0 Oshana I. Beblis, M.D ., St. Petersburg, FL .. 100.00 S tephen Sarhad, San Rafael, CA . 25.00 Semiramis S. Hu we , Athens , OH ...... 20.00 Timothy & Anita Sibthorpe, San Jose, CA . . 20 .00 Sargon Yelda, San Francisco, CA ...... 50.00 Sam uel & Zoja Jacobs, Green b rae, CA . 20.0 0 Dr. Lincoln Malik, Berkeley, CA...... 20.00 Benyamin Yalda, Des Plaines, IL . 20 .00 Shalim S. Tatar, EI Ce rrito, CA ...... 20.00 Laya Oshana, Morton Grove, IL . 25.00 Sargon Hermes, Pinole, CA ...... 20 .0 0 George V. Yana, Sarasota, FL . 20.00 Baba N. Shabbas, Berkeley , CA ...... 20.0 0 Victor Hamzaeff, Sonoma, CA . 20.00 Irene Lazar, Modesto, CA ...... 20.00 Yoarish Darmoo, Kent, England . 30.00 Mikhael K. Pius, Modesto, CA...... 20.00 Dr. Arian lshaya , San Jose, CA . 50.0 0 Albert E. Benjamin, Modesto, CA ...... 50.00 (self & Arswick Moradkhan, Germany) James R. Daniels, Redding,CA...... 25.00 Fenia Sarmast, Turlock , CA . 20.00 Jonathan Isaac, San Jose, CA ...... 25.00 Dr. John Joseph, La n ca ste r , PA . 25.00 Andrew & Barbara Chiari, Burlingame, CA . . 20.00 Amly Kha n , Pa rk Ridge, IL . 25.00 Milton Khoobyarian, San Jose, CA ...... 20.00 Noel Youcefl. No. Hollywood, CA . 35.00 Martha Yosiph, Turlock, CA ...... 20.00 Isaac Ramsini, Anaheim Hills, CA . 20. 0 0 Homer Sarno, Turlock, CA ...... 20.00 Sargon Malik . Ar lington Heigh ts , lL . 50. 00 Davis E. David , Modesto, CA ...... 20.00 (self & Shalim Malik, England) Shimshan L. Essa, Modesto, CA ...... 20.00 Ab raham David , Skokie, IL . 20.00 Solomon S. Solomon, Ft. Wayne, IN ...... 20.00 Mara Benjam in , New York, N.Y . 50 .00 Awisha Z. Lazar, Niles, IL ...... 20.00 Yael S . Adams, Tucson, AZ . 100 .00 Sargon Beniamin, Tehran, Iran ...... 30.00 Phillip B. Ma lik, Jr., San Francisco, CA . 20 .00 Nathan Isaac, Skokie, IL...... 20 .00 Wilfred Alkhas, Sa n Jose,CA . 25.00 Agustius & Esther Bruneman, San Jose, CA. 20.00 J ane Antar Phelps, Fairfax, VA . 30.00 Alfred Badal, Chagrin Falls, OH ...... 25.00 Edward E. Yonan, Carol Stream, lL . 20.00 Ashourbella Betoshana, San Jose, CA .. .. 3 0. 00 Hamlet N. Sh abbas, Sa n Fra ncis co, CA 30.0 0 Babajan Isaac, Modesto, CA ...... 25.00 Charles Warda, Newington,CT...... 20.00 CONTRIBUTIONS Betty Kingsbury, Creswell , OR ...... 25.00 Needy Assyrian s, Education and other Donations Dr. Richard Pearce, San Jose, CA ...... 20.00 Youhana B. Khosrowabadi, Indianapolis, IN $ 140.00 Mooshi Bentamtn . Schaumburg, lL ...... 20.00 Albert AsIan , London, England...... 40. 0 0 Rowena d'Mar Shimun, Burlingame, CA. .. 20.00 Aprim K. Abraham, No. Hollywood , CA . . . . 25.0 0 Dr. Dematour Betoushana, San Jose, CA .. 20.00 Wilson Sh irabad, Anaheim, CA ...... 60.00 David Hurmis, Dallas, TX ...... 25.00 David S . David,Ch icago, IL ...... 30.00 Rev . Benjamin Urshan, Rio Rancho,NM . .. 25.00 Semiramis S . Huwe, Athens, OH (Education) . 30 .0 0 Eshaya H. Isaac, Skokie, IL ...... 20.00 Judith Sa rno, San Rafael, CA ...... 50 .00 Melina K. Oshana, Modesto, CA ...... 20.00 Akram & Shalim Tatar, EI Ce rrito, CA .... 45.00 Lena S . Lazar, Bryn Mawr, PA ...... 50.00 Charles Yonan, Pleasanton, CA...... 100.00 Aida Arsants, Van Nuys,CA ...... 20.00 Fredrick B. Ashouri, Danville, CA ...... 60. 00 Bailis Shamun, Charlotte, NC...... 20.00 Sargon Hermes,Pin ole, CA ...... 25. 00 24 Belles Yelda, San Francisco, CA ...... 48.00 Maro Benjamin,New York,N.Y...... 250.00 Baba N. Shabbas, Berkeley. CA ,. 40.00 Nelson You na n , San Rafael, CA ...... 45.00 Irene Lazar, Modesto. CA . , ,...... 30.00 Youel A. Baaba, Alamo, CA...... 250.00 Mikhael K. Pius, Modesto, CA , ...... 30.00 Phillip B. Malik, Jr., San Francisco , CA . . 180.00 Albert E. Benjamin, Modesto, CA ...... 50.00 Shimshon Antar, Millbrae, CA ...... 200.00 Andrew & Barbara Chiari, Burlingame, CA" 40.00 Edward E. Yonan, Carol Stream, IL 30.00 Milton Khoobyarian, San Jose, CA , ...... 30.00 Hamlet N. Shabbas, San Francisco, CA 30.00 Martha Yostph, Turlock, CA , .. ,...... 80.00 Semiramis A. Shabbas, Oakland,CA . . . . . 50.00 Homer Sarno, Turlock, CA , , 30.00 Davis E. David, Modesto, CA 30,00 Sh im sh on L. Essa, Modesto, CA...... 80.00 CONGRATULATIONS Emanuel Warda, Redwood City, CA ...... 80.00 Hubert Babilla, Napa, CA , , , , ...... 200.00 Na th an Nasseri, Fremont, CA ...... 50.00 Agusti u s & Esther Bruneman, San Jose,CA. 30.00 Ch arles Warda , Newington, CT . , , , ...... 30.00 Dr. Richard Pearce, San Jose, CA, .. ., . .. 20.00 Mooshi Beniamin, Schaumburg, IL...... 30.00 Rowena d 'Mar Shimun, Burlingame, CA . .. 30.00 Sargon Shabbas, Hercules, CA ...... 75.00 Dr. Dematour Betoushana, San Jose, CA , . 30.00 Eshaya H. Isaac, Skokie, IL . .. . ,,, .. , .. 30.00 Dr. William Ramsini, Marysville, OH ...... 70.00 George V. Yana, Sarasota, FL ... ,., . ,. .. 50.00 Lena S . Lazar, Bryn Mawr, PA . . , , .. ,. . 100.00 Aid a Arsa n ts, Van Nuys, CA ... , .. . ,.. . . 55.00 Pnoel & Nelly Shamun, Redwood Shores , CA, 200.00 (in memory of Nelly's mother, Helen Sharayha) Bailis Shamu n Charlotte, N.C . 30.00 Nath a n Michael, Skokie, IL . 75.00 In memory of Raabi Regina Michael . 150.00 from her entire family Fred Rustam, Philadelphia, PA ...... 30,00 J oe Kurial, Tampa, FL .. . .,. . , ...... 100. 00 Blan din a S . Dutra, Benicia, CA " 80.00 Juliette & Rouel Aboon a, Morton Grove, IL. 80.00 You sh ia Kaanon, Phoenix, AZ .. . ,,,. .. . . 80.00 Dr. Ashour & Ramona Moradkhan, San Jose,CA. 150.00 (in memo ry of Ramona's mother. Lisa Jacob) S. Dick Sargon, Danville, CA , ...... 250.00 Fred Chalita, Turlock, CA , . 100.00 Hariet Azizians and Roumel Gologhlan Peter D. Kiryakos, D .D,S. , San Jose, CA. 180.00 were united in holy matrimony by Kasha Shmouil Vallo Benjamin, MD., New York, N,Y.. , ,. 480.00 Denkha at the Mar Yosip parish of the As syrian Malek Shimmon, San Francisco, CA . . . . . 180.00 Church of the East in San Jose, California on Lazare J . Kianoun, Los Angeles, CA . . . . ., 50.00 Saturday,November 29, 1997. Their wedding was Dan iel D. Benjamin, Des Plaines, IL...... 50.00 joyously celebrated at the ·b ea u ti fu l Flamingo J anet Yonan, Herc ules , CA ,. . . 30.00 Palace where about 400 guests enjoyed Sam rida Sargoni, San Francisco, CA . ,, ., 30.00 themselves, wining and dancing to the music of William Yoel, Highland Heights, OH .. ,. ., 30.00 Walter Aziz. Juliette S .Atoorzad eh, Turlock, CA . .... 100.00 Hariet is the daughter of William and Helin Sweetlan a Yaldaei-Jamal, Bronxville , N.Y. . 50.00 Azizians who reside in Anaheim, California; and Odisho Y. Odisho, Skokie , IL .. " .,. . . . . 20.00 Roumel is the son of Fuodoor and Shemiran As h u r A. To ma, Houston , TX ...... 80.00 Gologhlan of San Jose. Jennifer Roundtree, a close Timothy & Anita Sibthorpe, San Jose, CA . 130 .00 friend of the bride, was the maid of honor, and Samuel & Zoja Jacobs, Greenbrae, CA . . . 180.00 Hermes Shmouil, a longtime friend of the groom , Benyamin Yalda, Des Plaines, II" ...... 30.00 was the best m an. Lilya Ramsini, the bride's Victor Ha m za eff, Sonoma, CA ...... 30.00 cousin, was the flower girl and Ramon Oush ana, Dr. John Joseph , Lancaster, PA ...... 100.00 the groom's cousin, was the ring bearer. Dr. Lincoln Malik, Berkeley, CA ...... 100.00 We wish the newly married couple a wonderful Sabrina J. Badal, Sunnyvale , CA ...... 25.00 life together. May God be with them and b ring Sabrina J. Badal, Sunnyvale. CA (Education) . 25.00 Isaac Ramsini, Anaheim Hills, CA ...... 180.00 them love and happiness. Sargon Ma lik, Arlington Heights, IL . . . . . 150.00 -S ubmitted by the Aziziansfamily 25 Anwar Khoshaba Elected Mayor of Fairfield, Australia by the Editor Julius N. Shabbas The City Council of Fairfield, Australia, recently elected their 17th Mayor, Councillor Anwar Khoshaba, JP the first Assyrian in Australia to achieve this distinction, He will be Mayor for the next twelve months, "This Council is not representing the ALP (Australian Labor Party) or the Liberal Party or the Independents," he said, "This Council is representing the p eople of Fairfield," with a population of over 180,000, and where the majority of the over 20,000 Assyrians reside. "I envisage," h e says "a just society where all residents, particularly our you ng people, can reach their potential and con t rib ute to ou r community's future. To achieve t h is, I will encourage Council to continue the fight against drugs and unemployment which undermine the family's well being." Anwar Khoshaba urges the Council to stay away from political debate an d remain a "people government", and wants the residents of Fairfield to know that his office door is always open. He was congratulated by many well 1995- 1997 re-elected to the Council; and in 1996 wishers, and thanked his many friends among the elected President of the State Electoral Cou ncil. Assyrian community and other Fairfield residents Activity within the Assyrian Community ­ for their support and confidence. At the Since his arriva l in Au stralia. Anwar Khoshaba has installation, a member of the Assyrian com m un ity helped an d contrib u te d to the general welfare of sought special permission to video the proceedings. the Assyrian com m u n ity in matters of housing, Family - Anwar Khoshaba was born in Kirkuk, immigration an d health needs. He is a member of Iraq, on September 21, 1939 to Eshaya a n d the Assyrian Au stralian Association and Nineveh Maryam Khoshaba. In 1963 he graduated from Club; served as an advisor to the Assyrian Church Baghdad's Technical College a nd for seven yea rs of the East; and an advisor to the Assyrian worked as a foreman for a construction com pany. Au stralian National Federation in issues relating to In 1969 he married Atour Youkhanna Kallu in th e local government. Daura, Baghdad, and in 1970 em igr a t ed t o Anwar Khos haba, through the good offices of Australia with his wife and four-month-old son, Mrs. Janice Crosio, MP, has been instrumental in Ninos. Since then two other children were born to leading good will del egations of the Assyrian them, Rhonda in 1971 and Frank in 1972. Australian National Federation and the Assyrian Political Life - Through his work, Anwar Churches to meet with the former Prime Minister Khoshaba joined the Australian Labor Party in of Australia, Paul J . Keating, and other local and 1974 and has been Smithfield party branch senior State officials. as well as Federal government vice-president for the past ten years. He is a State officials relating mainly to the Assyrian refugee and Federal delegate and also a campaign manager problem. for Smithfield MP Carl Scully, Minister for Public About three years ago when then United Nations Works Roads & Ports. Anwar also a ssisted Janice Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, went to Cr-os io, MP, (Federal Member for Prospect, Australia for the International Festival of Nations Parliament of Australia House of Representatives) in Sydney, Anwar Khoshaba spoke with the pre-Selection which was very challenging but Secretary-General and presented him with a rewarding in the end; as well as the pre-Selection petition on behalf of the Assyrian Universal of Joe Tripodi, MP. In 1989 Anwar obtained his Alliance. and the As s y r ia n people in Iraq Certificate as a Justice of the Peace. con cern ing their political, economic and social On the Council - Since his election in 1991 as situation in Iraq an d the Middle East. a Councillor (Alderman) for Fairfield City Council, We congratulate Anwar Khoshaba for his election Anwar has served in nearly all the committees on to Mayorship of the City of Fairfield, and wish him the Council - Community Development & success in his endeavor to help the people of Recreation, Public Works, Traffic, Environmental Fairfield in general and the Assyrian community in Management, Priority and Direction. In 1992 and particular. -Information submitted by Jacob E. 1994 he was elected as a Deputy Mayor; Yohanan, St. Pauls, Australia 26 Shakespeare's Rom e o and Juliet on Stage During these years Raabi Yacoub was instrumental in providing exceptional education to Background: by the Editor, Julius N. Shabbas thousands of Assyrian and Armenian students . In 1924 Raabi Yacoub Bet-Yacou b (1896-1988) now scattered throughout the world. A prolific was requested to attend a meeting of Assyrians writer-poet, he has written extensively on many and Armenians in Hanaidi Camp (British Air Force subjects. In addition. he had translated into Base near Baghdad, Iraq).Mr. J.J. Ingram was the Assyrian several Shakespearean plays, among superintendent of the civilian camp. At this them Hamlet. Othello, Romeo and Juliet, The meeting Raabi Yacoub was offered th e position of Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer Night's Dream. principal of the R.A.F. Union School, which he These plays and others that he translated, such as accepted. He remained school prin cipal in Hanaidi Arshin Mal-alan, Darwoosh, were staged by the until 1937 when this Ba se was clo sed down and a students (sometimes including hirnself) to la rge new one was established at Habbaniya (55 miles audiences under his directorship. The photos and from Baghdad). Raabi Yacou b resumed his position names, submitted by Baba Yukhanna of Chicago. in the new location where h e remained until 1945 IL, represent the cast of Romeo and Juliet staged when the school was nationalized . in 1935 in Hanaidi.

Back row 1 to r: Esha Graham (Raabi Elsie's brother), Esha (laundryman), Hatam Sarkis, Elisha (Barber), Yous ip, unknown, Raabi Esparua Shimshun and Para Pius . Second row (standing) I to r: Baba Yukhanna (as Tybalt), William Shabbas (as Capulet). unknown, Levi , Arshak, Baba Mirza. unknown, and Francis Darmoo. Third row (stan ding): on the left is Raabi Youkhanna Shimshun and on the extreme right are J ohn Youkhanna and Ando Mama.Third row (seated) I to r: Hawel Lazar, Jane David, Raabi Yac oub Bet-Yacou b, Lena Soski, Italious Shawol, Emmanuel Jacob (son of Raabi Yacoub) and Avimalk Yonan. Forefron t (seated) I to r: Arshaloos and Haykanoosh. 27 h eadquarters to Jazira. On September 11, small parties of Turkish troops were seen just inside Iraq. The British assessed the situation as follows: -That the Turks deployed their VII Corps on the Iraqi border -That they had determined to retake Mosul Wilayat -That now they have the excuse to expel Hakkiari Assyrians -That they can now destroy the Pan Kurdish movement -That the British have to act early. with forc e . to convince the Turks that they cannot violate the border with impunity On September l Sth, nine British Bristol figh ters from No. 6 Squad ron arr ived in Zakho. Next morning they attacked a large force of Tu rk is h cavalry six miles north of Zakho. An hour later the s ame a irc raft in flicted casualties on a smaller cavalry force near Birkar. At th is juncture . Colonel H. T. Dobbin . the com mander of t he Levies. gathere d a s mall army to protect the northern border. Also No.6 Squa dron wa s reinforced by No . 55 Squad ro n fro m Ha n aldl. Armored cars and cavalry troops joined the Levies. Also arriving were units of the Iraqi army on orders from King Faisal, Starting on Septe mber 15 cla shes took place all / a lon g the fr ontiers. O n t he 16th, Hakkiari Saba Yukhanna (as Tybalt) is flanked by J ohn Assyrians started retreating toward the border Youkhanna (left) and Avimalk Yonan [right). after the VII Turkish Corps commen ced military operations against them. Here the Royal Air Force su stained an ai r offensive against Turkish lines of communication which were disrupted a s a result. THE SECOND ASSYRIAN RETREAT On the Amadia Sector . units of the Third FROM HAKKIARI. 1924 Assyrian Battalion. u nder co mmand of Colonel C. R. Barke. were a ugmented by 70 Assyrian By Solomon (Sawa) Solomon tribesmen ; together they occu pied Banavi. On the l Sth, Levy troops from Dayana were dispatched to On June 9 . 1924. the Mosul con fere nce. being r einforc e Barke ; h ow eve r t he latter. under held in Constan tinople. broke down and from that pressure . retired to Ser Amad ia awaiting his da te on repor ts of Turkish military movements reinforcement. near the Iraqi ad ministrative border rea ched the British who then put forward their case about the The Battle for Hakkiari Mosul Wilayat to the League of Natio ns . While a Turkish Corps Com mander. General Jaafar Taya full-fledged invasion of northern Iraq was unlikely. Pasha sent three columns again st the Assyrians in there was the possibility of a joint Kurdish-Turkish Hakkiari. The first colu mn . which co mprised the military operation just in side the Iraqi border to Firs t Calvary Divisio n u n d er General Mursal further Turkish interests in Mosul. Pasha. moved against Hauris on t he 12th of Fo llowing the Baquba Refugee Ca mp . a large Septe mber. Forward units reached Cha llek on the number of Assyrian tribesmen had moved back to 16th. Along with the second colum n . they formed a th eir ancestral lands in Hakkiari. On August 7. pincer movem en t against Ash ita. which was 1924. the Turkish governor of Julamerk, along occupied on the 20th. The secon d column. with a with h is escort. clashed with a grou p of Assyrians force of one brigade. h ad proceeded from Shernakh at Ha ni , wh ich lies ten miles north of the Iraq to Be it-Esshebab and then As hita. a ttacking border . an d this gave the Turks the exc u se to evict Assyrian villages on its line of march. The third the Hakkiari Assyrians and also lay claim to column . also with a strength of a brigade. marched Mosul. Over the next few weeks they reinforced down the Zab fro m Julamerk to Darawa. At the their garrisons along the frontiers north of Amadla en d of these operations a ll of the Hakkiari and Zakho. General Jaafar Tayar Pasha. Assyrians had retreated under the weight of the com manding the VII Turkish Corps. moved hi s advan ce of the Seventh Corps . 28 On the 22nd the British Command made the the Brussels Line. was approved by the League of following assessmen t of the situation: Nations on October 30. 1924 a nd came into effect -That the Tu rks had formed a line within Iraq on November 15. 1924. Thirteen days later the new an d were not retiring. frontiers were manned with Iraqi police posts and -Tha t they we re s preading propaganda a mo ng the crisis at hand came to pa ss. the Kurds to ris e again s t the government. -That most of the Seventh Corps were poised at Esha "Ed" Hermis A Gentleman the Iraqi border with Headquarters in Besbin June 20, 1934 - October 16, 1996 just 10 miles north of Zakho. Here the British decided to take actio n to prevent By Paul Solomon Hennis, Ed.D. (el a fu rther advance into Iraq. to discourage Kurdish insurrectio n and to h amper troop movements in I still find myself s aying "Oh , I s hould ask my a nd out of Ash ita. Dad about this." Or. when in conversation s with Intensive a ir attacks were launched against other p eople I wo uld ca tc h mys elf thinking "I Turkish troops inside Iraq and against their lines wonder what my Dad would th in k right now?" The of communication. On September 22nd Ashita was reason I do th is is clea r to me. Throughout my life I bombed . Next day. Ltzan, Shiranis and Ban ik were have always relied very heavily on my father and attacked. On the 24th . Cha llek was devastated. On mother. They guided me in all aspects of life. and the same day. the Kurds deserted their Turkish were always there for me . allies and headed home. My Dad was a grea t exam ple to all fathers everywhere.He was the strong sil ent pillar in our The Battle for Barwar fam ily that en su red that we got everyth in g we All a long. t he Hakkiari Assyria n s h a d been wanted an d n eeded. Ou r Dad h elped my brother. retreating into the Amadia sector in a very sorry Andrew and me with our homework every night con dition. It was their second one in nine years. so from gram mar sc hool through h igh sc hool. Even in th e British decided to s ettle them in Barwar, a my first years of college .Dad helped me type my large fertil e valley with m a ny villages. Colonel papers when I was close to the d ue dates (always Bar ke m oved fo rwar d aga inst t h e Tu rks on the night before they were d ue). He took us to September 24. He was joined by a forc e of several sporting events and comic book convention s. He hu nd red Assyrian tribesmen under the command even took us to rock concerts when we were too of Bishop Mar Youala h of Barwar. The Turkish line young to attend by ourselves. In Cub Scou ts . Dad of Benawt-Ma l-Atn D'nuni was penetrated by the built my pine woo d derby car (which won) an d Assyrians a fter a fierce battle. The Turks . using used his engineering gen ius to make su re that our h eavy ma chine guns. put up galla nt resistance but school science fa ir projects a lways stood out. He were no match for the Levies. They fled leaving always enjoyed the company of my friends when their positions to be claimed by the Assyrians .It they wo uld vis it and fou nd grea t humor in listening was a sweet victory. Soon the government was to their stories abou t our exploits in the world . estab lished in Ain D'Nun i , Here the Levi e s Dad was a great guy a nd a real gentleman. In established a series of forward posts to protect the convers ation s with my Dad abou t s ocial/political n ewly occupied area. On October 2nd the British issues. he ha d a real sympath etic understanding decided to attack the Turks in revenge for evicting for the r a cial ill wi ll s in this cou n t ry and the Hakkiari Assyrians from their lands. Aircraft of understood why certain groups of people reacted to the Royal Air Force d ro pped 114 bombs on Ashita society the way they did . It was b ecause h e. as a causing 50 Turkish casualties. On the same day you ng person. experienced the sa me feelings of word arrived in Iraq that the British and Turkish op pression in his home co un try which prompted delegations in Geneva had agreed to maintain a h im to s eek better oppo rtu nitie s h ere in America. status quo pending a final settlement of the border. In my life. I do not recall him ever saying anything However by the 8th it was apparent that the ill abou t a ny person or group. Seventh Corps was not re tiring to the original line. Now th at Dad is gone. I really a ppreciate the big so the British com mand in Iraq under A.O.C. Sir and little things he would do for us that I took for J .A. Higgins sent Colonel W. Dent by air to Zakho granted . I have m ade a major transformation in my with a letter to the Turkis h Corps Commander. life. I u se the values he impress ed on me to create Colonel Dent met Jaafar Tayar Pa sha at Rubabi new val ues to live my life by a nd to stretch my own Kale on October I I and told him to retire to the personal wings. Our Dad provided u s with a great original lin e or else. Next day the Seventh Corps foundation in life and now is the time for me to started wtthdrawmg. This a ction was completed on come into my own an d use my m ighty win gs to go November 20: on that date Britis h aircraft were . beyond where my parents have gone. The lesson pu lled to normal s tations. and the Assyrian Levies h ere to all paren ts reading this article. help you r then moved to their win ter qua rters . children s o they will do better than you. Thanks The current Iraqi-Turkish border. now known as Dad!!!! 29 Memorial Monument to You may wish to acquire a Memorial Blick on the walkway in front of the Monument. A contribution Assyrian-Americans who served of at least $500 is required to place the name of a in the U.S. Armed Forces loved onets) on the Memorial Brick. The number of Bricks are limited and will be assigned on a first The As syr ian Amer ican AMVETS (Am eri ca n come basis. Veterans of World War I & II, Korea and Vietnam) The dedication will be in the spring of 1998 prtor Post 5 of Ch icago, Illinois Memorial Com mittee has to Memorial Day, with the date set for May 16, completed installation of the Memorial Monument 1998, which will also include celebration of the honoring Assyrian-Americans who gave their lives AMVET Post 5. Fiftieth Anniversary. A banquet is in the s ervice of ou r co u n try and the Assyrian men set for May 17, 1998. and women who served in the Wars of the United S tates of Americ a . The foUowin g words a re The AMVET Post 5 Memorial Committee: inscribed on the monument: Cyrus A. Alexander Albert Miglioratti "Dedicated to the Honor and Memory of all the John Hasanna John Nimrod Brave As s y rian -Ame ricans whose Patriotic Edward E . Joseph Lincoln Peters Service was Instru ment al in Preserv ing our Marshall Joseph* Lincoln S . Tamraz* Freedom". *For further information please call The Memorial. a center tablet and two wings may (773) 264 -2 786 or (773) 463- 0990 be seen in Section 45 of Elmwood Park Cemetery Please make your checks payable to: loca t ed in the Chicago suburb of River Grove, Assyrian American AMVET Post 5 Illinois. Memorial Fund You can participate in the Memorial by making a % Ms. Margaret Cumming tax deductible con tribution to the Memorial Fund. First Bank & Trust of Evanston Your generous contribution is needed to complete 820 Church Street th e Memori al which will cost over $90.000. All Evanston, IL 60201 contrtbutors will be honored by having their names included in the time capsu le to be entombed at the I All contributions are tax deductible de d ication. - submitted by Marshall Joseph

30 EX-HABBANIYANS CELEBRATE IN CANADA THIRD SCHOOL REUNION By Mikhael K. Pius

The Third Ex-Habbaniya Union Sc hool Reunion speech, followed by a one-minute silence for the took pla ce in Toronto, Canada, d uring the weekend deceased Habbaniya com rades. Then Maurice of August 22-24, 1997. It was held by a Canadian Aghajan sang the Canadian anthem, "a, Canada", organizing co m mittee made u p of John Aghajan followed by the s ti r r ing s o ng "Ya A 'khou'ni a n d his daugh te r Rita Aghajan Youssef, Joe Asian Qa'toukh Bai'dakh" (0 Bro ther, To Thee The Flag!), and Charles Ganja, assisted by Lowas Aghajan, accom pan ied by his twanging gu itar a n d the Emily As ian a nd Doris Ganja, and consisted of a guests' clapping to the beat. Various speeches then get -acquainted recep tion, a di n n er-da nce party, a followed by: J ohn Aghaj an on b ehalf o f the tri p to Niagara Falls , and an outdoor picnic. Organizing Co m m ittee; Qaasha Yosip Yacoub T he Re u n io n got underw a y with t he get­ Sarma st , the Mis sissauga's Mart Mariam parish acqu ainted reception held at the Assyrian Society p r iest; Dinkha Warda r eprese ntative from o f Canada's Sem iram is B a n q u et Hall in Aus tralia; Ben Yalda, repres enting the Reunion Mississauga , Ontario , on Friday, August 22. Old Founding Com mittee of Chicago; Andrious Mama co m rades converging together fro m all over met. Jotya r , England's representative; Davis Eshay c hatted , a n d r ene w ed ol d friendships over Da vid on b ehalf o f Cen t ral California co m p li mentary refr eshments provided by t he representatives, whose theme was the school plays Ladie s Auxiliary of t he Reunion Organ iz ing a n d the inherent Ha bbaniya values, such as Com m ittee. eq u a li ty of ltvtng s tan d a r d , hospitality, and On the m orning of the s econd day , August 23, a absen ce of tribalism; a nd Raabi Albert Babilla, the tour was m ade to visit the thundering, cascading only former Habbaniya teacher present, who gave a wonder of Niagara Falls a n d to view the brief sketch of the school. s u rrou nd ing scenic beauty. Dinkha Warda a n n ou nce d that the next Reunion This was followed, in the evening, by the main is to be hosted by the Assyrians of Australia feature , a b a nquet-dance party, a ls o at t he (discussed and approved prevtously) around Semiramis Banquet Hall. The party was attended September when the Olympic games and the by 268 guests , former Habbaniya residents , their Assyrian Australian National Federation families an d friends. They came from Chicago (70), convention are also scheduled to be held in Sydney California (14), Australia (8), England (7), Michigan in the year 2000. John Aghajan then passed the (3), North Caro lina (2), Wisconsin (2),Virginia ( I ), "torch " (Habbaniya Union School flag) over to Alabama (I) a n d 160 from Tor ont o and its Dinkha to carry to Australia and Ben Yalda surroundings. suggested that "everyone of u s should start s aving The d ance party was enlivened by both Assyrian a dollar a day for his trip to Sydney in the year khigga a n d Wes tern d ancing to old Habbaniya 2000." [An excellent suggestion for lean purses, nostalgic s ongs played by the Assyrian Kings Band like mine, Ben!] - Johns on Aghajan on a lto and soprano sax, The evening closed with a more passionate Maurice Agh aj an guitar and vocal. a nd Donald r endition of Ya A'khou'ni Qa'toukh Bai'dakh, Ganja on the keyb oard, a ssisted by big brother preceded by a group picture of the persons John Aghajan. Guest veteran Zakaria O. Za karia receiving the honorary trophies and plaques. An also played a few khigga tunes on alto sax along ad ditional present was given to John Aghajan and with J ohnson. a wedding present to n ewly-wedded com m ittee The highlight of the eve ning was the presentation member Rita (at the time on her honeymoon with of honorary troph ies and plaques to a n u mber of bridegroom Joseph Youssef). And a special 1997 former Habbaniya ind ivid uals s u pposedly for their Man of the Year trophy awarded by the Assyrian ach ievements in Boy Scou ting and sports, and the Society of Canada to the Ex-Habbaniya and Iraqi exchange of prese n ts b etwe en t he Canadian International soccer player, Sargis Shimshon Organizing Co m m ittee a n d the Reunion Founding Shallou of Modesto,California , was presented to Co m m ittee; a n a rden tl y-ap p lau ded t hree- s ong Modestan proxy, Davis E. David, to deliver to rendition -that rumbled the hall!- by the famous Sargis. former Baghdad vocalist , Os hana Youel Mirza; and The final Reunion cu rtain came down at the end a surpris e fea ture, a th ree-n u mbers live m usic of a n outdoor picnic on Sunday, August 24, at performa n ce of Scottish bagpipes and snare drum Bronte Creek Provisional Park. There was food and by a three-man group of Canadian Metro politan refreshments on s ale , but some hospitable Police Bag Pipers Band, dressed in Scottish regalia, Assyrian Torontons had also provided a combined which was rec eived and "sent off' with resounding Assyrian traditional breakfast and lunch, with tea applause. in steaming samovars, to treat their visiting guests. Chairman-host John Aghajan gave the welcome There was also music a nd khigga dancing and a 31 taw li (backgammon) contest won by John B . The Reunion seemed to b e very well organized Rehana . and carried out, a n d I hea rd some glowing w or d s about it from people wh o had atten ded it.

Reunion Org an i z i n g Committee of Canada From left: Joe Asia n , Charles Ganj a , Rita Aghaj an Youssef, and J ohn Agh ajan , the chairman.

The Surpris e Feature of the Banquet Night Three of the members of th e Canadian Metro­ politan Police Bag Pipers Band being led, playing, into the hall by the Habban iya Union School flag and followed by the group of trophy recipients.

Reunion Founding Members March for Plaques From left : Sargon Abouna, Ben Valda, Zakarta Zakarta, J ohn Rehana, and Odisho Wa r da walk jubilantly to receive the plaques th ey were presen ted with .

32 Reunion Organizing and Sub Committees From left: John Aghajan, Lowa s Agh ajan, Doris Gan]a. Charles Ganja, Emily AsIan, a n d Joe AsIan.

HABBANIYA U 10 SCHOOL 3rd REUNION TORONTO CANADA 1997

Trophy and Pla qu e Recipients at the Reunion Sitting from left: J ohn Aghajan. Ben Yalda, Zakaria Zakaria, Od isho Warda,J ohn Rehana, George Isa ac , and Sargon Abo una: 1st Row from left: Lowas Aghajan, Parmany Landi, Mary Mirza, Roza Simon. Davis David , Alber t Babilla , Youel Babilla, Doris Ganja. Envia Warda, Nano Ganja, Emily Asian, and Mirza Shmouel: 2nd Row from left: Avia Khammo, Yacoub Y. Yacoub, Eshaya Hormts , George Yonan , Joe Aslan, Yacoub T. Yacoub; 3rd Row from left: Willia m D. Sh tno, Mishael Solomon. and Shamasha Mosh i Sargis; 4th Row from left: Charles Ganja, Oshana Mirza, Andrtous Jotyar, Dinkha Warda, Rev.Yos tp Sarmast, Dan iel Solomon, John Michael, Khuna Arsanis. and Yonathan Aghajan.

33 Former Soccer Player and Wife Observe In his early soccer days Sargis was placed on the Golden Wedding Anniversary wing. But during most of his other years he played at cen t er -h a lf. Because of his speed, he w a s By Mikhael K. Pius dubbed "J et" at Habbaniya, and in Baghdad his long strong shots earned him the nick-name Due to a recent family bereavement, Sargis and "Chakouch" (hammer) . Daisy Shallou observed their Golden Wedding A hard-working "watchdog", Sargis was t h e Anniversary quietly, on April 27, 1997, with a backbone of his team's defense and one of the best dinner at home with three of their daughters and cen ter-half backs in Iraq. His assets were sprinting. families in Modesto. California. swerving. tackling, ball anticipation, heading, and Sargis and Daisy were married on April 27, 1947, strong long shots. just the right combination for the in the Civil Cantonment of the Royal Air Force defense position. When dueling in a sprint for the Station of Habbaniya, Iraq. They lived there for ball, he had the skill to swerve suddenly, leaving his eight years before moving, with their children, to opponent ofT-balance and completely beaten while he Baghdad in December 1955. He worked in various triumphantly carried away the ball or sent it flying to clerical capacities, 14 years for the R.A.F. and his forwards. He wasn't a noted dribbler, but he was another 14 years in Baghdad for two concerns and a hard and persistent tackler. Although only a family hotel business. They then emigrated to 5-foot-5. he was a good header, too, leaping high to London, England, in April 1974. cl ear the ball. He had an uncanny sense of In London, he was employed for another 14 years anticipation. being on the spot where a high ball was as senior t echnical clerk by two different heading by quickly rushing forward or scurrying companies before retiring on December 30, 1990. sideways or backward to meet it. He also served as president of the Assyrian Society Of the five Shallou soccer players. Sargis was the of the United Kingdom for six years. best known. In addition to the many trophies he Sargis and Daisy, who immigrated to the United has earned in the decades past, Sargis was among States in March 1994, have a son and four the former Assyrian players honored by the United daughters, ail married, and nine grandchildren. TWo Assyrian Organizations of California in 1994 and of their ch ild r en live in London and three in by the Ex-Habbaniya Community Group in 1996. Modesto. And this year he was ch os en the 1997 Man of the In Habbaniya, Sargis was a hockey player and a Year by the Assyrian Society of Canada and top soccer player for the R.A .F. Employees awarded, by proxy, a m emorial trophy at the (Assyrian) Club and the C.C. Select teams for seven Ex-Habbaniya School Reunion in Toronto. Canada, years before relocating to Baghdad, where he also on August 23, 1997. played soccer for Muslaha (Bus Transport) , But his most memorable soccer event was. Sargis Assyrian Nation al, and Iraq Select teams. He took says, his first of two matches played against part in several international matches in the late Teheran's Taj Club team. which Assyrian National 1950s and early 1960s. team won 5-4, at Scouts Ground, Baghdad, in May 1956.

Sargis and Daisy at their Wedding, in 1947 Sargis and Daisy several years ago, in 1990

34 Young Malik Khoshaba's IN MEMORIAM Struggle with the Bear Oraha Paulos Oraha by Elizabeth Y. Campbell When my father Yoel was a boy of 12-13 years of Oraha Paulos Oraha age in Baz, Turkey, youths from nearby Assyrian passed away on October villages would sometimes get together to play "war" 30, 1997, in Modesto, games or hunt the smaller game which abounded CA at age 68. He was in the hills. One such day they came upon a cave laid to rest in the they knew to be the den of a "big, bad bear". Assyrian section of Khoshaba of the Tkhumi, always the leader South Hyland Garden, because of his great size and strength, who had Lakewood Memorial earlier been boasting that he could wrestle a bear Park in Hughson, CA. with his bare hands, had to accept a dare from his The funeral service friends to enter the bear's cave or lose face and presided over by Father besmirch Tkhumi honor forever. Fearsome noises Auchana Kanoun, were soon heard from within the cave. Grunts and assisted by four priests groans, bang and crash, until the very ground of the Assyrian Church seemed to shake under the boys' feet. In what of the East and seemed an eternity youth and bear came tumbling deacons, was held at out of the cave and came to rest at the bottom of a Modesto's Mar Zaia parish of the Assyrian Church small hillock, with the boys whooping wildly in hot of the East. A memorial lunch, attended by several pursuit. The bear was dead, bleeding from several hundred admirers, was given at the Church hall deep dagger wounds. Khoshaba now astride the where a life sketch of Oraha was read and he was bear, though somewhat the worse for wear, was eulogized by family and friends. well enough to raise his dagger in victory with his Oraha was born September 13, 1929 in Deyana, own whoopie. And the hills rang with the blood Iraq to Paulos Oraham Paulos and Penna Khamo. curdling battle cry of the Tkhumi! He grew up at the Royal Air Force Base in Young Khoshaba went on to become Malik of the Habbaniya and Baghdad, and received his Tkhumi and with the great courage and fortltude formative education in the Assyrian schools. As a he had shown in the bear's den, led the remnants youth he excelled in the field of high jump and of his people out of the Turko-Kurdish holocaust soccer. He worked in the Department of into the comparative safety of the British lines. Agriculture at Habbaniya, and the Iraqi Airways in It may interest you to know that I saw Malik Baghdad. Khoshaba when I was just four years old. He came In 1954 Oraha and Georgette Alajaji were joined to our house for help when he and his people were in holy matrimony, and were blessed with four hiding in the mountains outside Maragha. My sons and one daughter. He worked hard and brother Bill Yoel has written in Nineveh magazine sacrificed to educate and provide well for his about the suffering of our people at the time, the family. In 1973, along with his family, Oraha headache, the tragedy of death from starvation and emigrated to the United States and settled in San exposure, so I have nothing new to add to it. It has Francisco where he worked in different capacities, been seventy nine years since I saw the Malik, yet I including Bechtel Corporation as a librarian. His still remember him in a shadowy way and thinking goal for his children was to see them married, raise "My, he is so very big, he must be a giant, a very a family and be happy in their lives. Oraha always sad giant!" And wondered what made him so tragic wanted to set a positive example for his family by looking. It was some years before the answer to my participating in church activities. The family were question fully dawned on me. dedicated members of the Assyrian Church of the East in San Francisco, and Oraha became an 1998 Board of Directors of the active member of the Church Committee (Motwa) Assyrian Foundation of America for 22 years. And for many years both Oraha and At a general membership meeting on December Georgette were devoted members of the Assyrian 9, 1997 the following officers were elected to the Foundation of America, and faithfully participated Board of Directors: in its functions. President Pnoel Shamun In 1995 Oraha retired and relocated to Modesto to Vice-President Belles Yelda be close to his grandchildren that he loved. Four Secretary Mariana S. Samo months later he was diagnosed with brain cancer. Treasurer Julius N. Shabbas Despite several surgical and medical procedures he Chair, Membership ...... Sargon Warda passed away two years later with his wife at his side. Chair, Education Martin Jacob Oraha was a gentle and friendly person, kind and Chair, Social ...... Flora Kingsbury thoughtful, devoted to his family and admired by all. 35 Loved and respected by his family, the iate Oraha Baba was born in 1922 in Baghdad, Iraq, to Shmoel is survtved by his wife of 43 years, Georgette Oraha; and Nanajan Adam. After completing his formative four sons: Khalii, Banepal and Salem along with education, he attended and graduated from Dr. their famiiies in Modesto; and son Ashor (San Calvin K. Staudt's American High School, He Francisco): daughter Shameran Oraha Anderer (San relocated to the Royal Air Force Base at Habbaruya Francisco): two brothers: Zaia (Chicago) and Georges where a community of some ten thousand Assyrians (Modesto); three sisters: Shoshan (Kirkuk, Iraq), lived. After working in Habbaniya for a short time, Sophia (Modesto) and Tamara (Marin, CAl: and by Baba subsequently moved to the northern city of grandchiidren, many cousins, nephews and nieces, Kirkuk, and worked for the Iraq Petroleum Company Oraha's pleasant memories will be cherished by the for many years. He had a wide spectrum of interest. famiiy and friends who loved him dearly. May God He became very active in the Assyrian community grant him His eternal love and rest in peace. there, participated in plays and dramas such as - lrifonnation submitted by Shameran O. Anderer Diman & Petius and Shakespeare's Hamlet, both in Assyrian. Baba was instrumental in establishing the Oraha's Family Background first musical band in Kirkuk in the 1940's, played by Julius N, Shabbas banjo and violin as well as coordinating many In the 19th century Oraha's grandfather, Awraham activities for children at Christmas time. He enjoyed Shimon of Alwach [Urmia, Iran) fought along with the sports, social club activities, church functions and Russians against the Turks. The Russians brought the family, as well as many other Assyrian families, to singing. His knowledge of Assyrian was exceptional. Arznie (a town near Yerevan, present Republic of His articles and poems for different occasions have Armenia) where they were settled under their appeared in Nineveh magazine. protection. Awraham married in Arznie and had ten In 1950 Baba married Florence Badal and three children - seven sons and three daughters. One of the sons were born into the family. They emigrated to sons was Oraha's father. We met two of the other sons, the United States in 1970, and eventually settled Ivan Abramovich Simonoff (born 189 9) and Babeko in San Mateo, CA . He worked for Bechtel (who was in his 90's) in mid-1987 when a group of ten Corporation and S.P. Communications, and later of us, incl uding Oraha, travelled to the then Soviet owned and operated his own businesses. The Union for three weeks. Ofaha was pleasantly happy to see and vis it with his uncles and their large families. family were members of the Assyrian Church of the We were entertained generously by the Assyrians of East in San Francisco, and for many years Baba the three towns: Arznie, Dwine and Kuilasar. and Florence were dedicated members of the Oraha's father eventually emigrated from Russia to Assyrian Foundation of America, and he also Mosul, Iraq, where he met and married Penna Khamo. served on the Board of Directors. He then joined the Assyrian Army under Agha Petros Born and raised into a devout Christian family, and was a th ree-time decorated corporal. Oraha's Baba was a good man, loving and caring father, father then volunteered in the Royal Air Force Assyrian kind and considerate, deeply devoted to his family. Levies and was transferred to Deyana where Oraha He was admired and respected by all who knew was born in 1929. him. Baba had yearned for the day he could bring BabaS. Adam his parents to the United States. However, it was not to be - they passed away before he could do it. In 1989 Baba was afflicted with an incurable Baba S. Adam passed medical condition that affected his nervous and away on September 30, muscular system and eventually rendered h im 1997, at Sequoia helpless. Florence's meticulous care during these Hospital in Redwood eight years allowed him to live at home in comfort. City, CA at age 75. He The love and devotion she gave under such was laid to rest at Olivet extremely difficult circumstances was an Cemetery in Colma, CA. inspiration to everyone. Likewise, his children The funeral service, shared in keeping their father as comfortable as presided over by possible. Archdeacon Nenos The late Baba, a devoted husband and an Michael, was held at affectionate father, is survived by his wife Florence Mar Narsai parish of (San Mateo); three sons: Gilbert (San Mateo), the Assyrian Church of Robert (Scottsdale, AZ) and Raman (San Mateo): the East, San three grandchildren: Christopher, Andrew and Francisco, CA . A Catherine; his brother Pnoel Adam (Kirkuk, Iraq): memorial lunch three sisters: Aiice Sanasarian (Los Angeles, CA), attended by a large number of admirers, was given Gladys Aprim (Hayward, CAl and Agnes Adam at the Basque Cultural Center in South San (Foster City, CAl; and by many cousins, nephews Francisco where a life sketch of Baba was read and and nieces. His pleasant memories will remain in was eulogized by family and friends. the hearts of his family and friends who loved him 36 dearly. May God rest his soul in peace. the Habbaniya era. He assisted me in lrifonnation submitted by Gilbert Adam corroboration and feedback on some of my articles on Habbaniya, published in Nineveh magazine Fraidoon Orahim Is'hak during the last eight years. I called and chatted with him often during his last few months. Fraidoon Orahim Although his long illness was terminal, he Ishak passed away on maintained an upbeat attitude, clung to Jesus and October 23. 1997. and Mary for comfort and hope, and received full was interred in support from his caring and closely-knit family, his Edenbrook Cemetery in relatives and friends. Calgary. Alberta, He is survived by his wife, Lucy (Lujiya) Poloss Canada, on October Is'hak; daughter Bernadette Ibrahim: three sons 27. His funeral mass and three daughters-in-law: Zaia Abraham and was celebrated by Fr. Romy Tittel, Francis and Brenda Is'hak (in Calgary) Timothy Boyle at the and Serkes & Isabel Ibrahim (in Brompton, Ont.); Holy Spirit Catholic three grandchildren, Daniel, Justin, and Rebecca Church. followed by a Is'hak: niece Marlene Is'hak Athniel in Baghdad, memorial lunch, Iraq: nephew Gewargis Peyous Is'haq in Amman, contributed by his Jordan; and several cousins elsewhere. parish, at the church A 40th Day mass, too, was celebrated in basement for the Fraidoon's memory at St. Thomas Church in handful of Assyrian mourners living in Calgary and Turlock, California, on November 30, followed by a for some Canadian parishioners and friends. lunch offered by his family - Lujiya, Bernadette, The late Fraidoon was born on February 25, and Zala, who were also present on the occasion ­ 1922, in Kermanshah, Iran, and his family at the Assyrian American Association of Modesto emigrated to Iraq when he was three years old. He Club in Ceres. Zakaria 0. Zakaria played two lived 53 years in Iraq and the last 19 years in sentimental hymnal tunes on the saxophone. Calgary. He received his elem en ta ry education in Shamasha Aibert Benjamin read a sketch of the Raabi Elisha Qaasha Oshana's Assyrian late Fraidoon's life and Shimshon Warda, program Evangelical School in Gailani Camp, Baghdad, and host, and Sargis Shallou eulogized him, while Fr. had his last year of schooling at Raabi Yacoub Kamal Bidawid spoke of life, death, and faith in Bet-Yacoub's Union School in Habbaniya. He lived our lives. in Habbaniya for 24 years, 15 of which he worked -- Submitted by Miklwel K. Pius as a clerk for the Royal Air Force, and five for the Iraqi Works Department. He also lived and worked 17 years in Baghdad and eight years in Canada, retiring in 1986. An avid sports fan, the late Fraidoon was a soccer goalkeeper from 1939 to 1951 for top Assyrian teams in Habbaniya, such as Tigers, Arsenals, C.C. (Civil Cantonment), and R.A.F. Employees (Assyrian) Club, and coached young players for three years after he "hung up his boots". He was also a tennis, basketball, and volleyball player, as well as a winner of the Habbaniya towli (backgammon) championship for 1939. He served as sports secretary for the Employees Club in 1945 and was its treasurer • during 1946-51. Fraidoon was married on November 29, 1947. He and his wife Lujiya had been looking forward to celebrating their Golden Anniversary. Fraidoon was a very honest and conscientious man, loyal to his family and friends. He worked hard and, helped by his saintly wife, raised four intelligent children, Jacob E, Yohanan of 51. Pauls, Australia (on the left) putting all of them through higher education. A with Julius N. Shabbas. OUf paths crossed in San witty man with a dry sense of humor, he had a Francisco during the first week of November 1997. With remarkable memory. He could remember faces, his lovely wife, Penny, they visited relatives and friends names, and dates from bygone decades and relate in the United States. and attended the Assyrian events in detail like a story teller, especially about American National Federation convention in Detroit. 37 ~~~.:I~~~~ :,5';;pf~\ ~~

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