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Powered Paragliders in Biodiversity Exploration

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Powered Paragliders in Biodiversity Exploration Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 77: 297-305, 2006 Powered paragliders in biodiversity exploration Uso de paramotores para explorar la biodiversidad Mark E. Olson Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado postal 70-367, 04510 México, D. F. México Correspondent: [email protected] Abstract. Transportation technology is key to biodiversity exploration, and innovations often provide new access to biological questions. Powered paragliders are very small powered aircraft developed for recreational use that have great potential for use by scientists. I provide an introduction to these aircraft based on my experience studying tree crowns in tropical Mexico, with the aim of giving suffi cient information that the suitability of powered paragliders for a given research project can be evaluated. The aircraft consists of a parachute-like fabric wing from which the pilot hangs (the paraglider), and a small gasoline motor behind the pilot. The benefi ts of these aircraft include portability, low cost, slow fl ying speed and the consequent ability to fl y relatively safely at low altitudes. Because takeoff and landing are accomplished by running, paramotors can be operated from fi elds that are too rough for airplanes. Because they are so small and the wing has no rigid parts, they are vulnerable to turbulence and must be fl own in very benign weather. Likewise, they are heavy and awkward when on the ground. As a result, they are as excellent observation platforms in localized areas, but inadvisable for transport of people or cargo. Key words: aerial photography, aerial surveys, aviation, exploration technology, fi eld work, fl ight, paramotor, transportation. Resumen. Muchas veces las innovaciones tecnológicas brindan respuestas nuevas a problemas biológicos. Parte clave en la exploración de la biodiversidad es la tecnología del transporte. Los planeadores son aeronaves muy pequeñas desarrolladas con fi nes deportivos que tienen gran potencial de uso por parte de los biólogos. Con el fi n de brindar sufi ciente información que posibilite evaluar la conveniencia de su empleo para determinados fi nes biológicos, aquí se presenta una introducción a estas aeronaves basada en mi experiencia al estudiar las copas de los árboles en el trópico mexicano. La aeronave consiste de una ala de tela que se parece a un paracaídas (parapente), de la cual cuelga el piloto, que lleva un pequeño motor de gasolina en la espalda. Estas aeronaves incluyen varias ventajas, son fáciles de transportar, tienen bajo costo, baja velocidad y la consecuente posibilidad de volar a baja altura de manera relativamente segura. El despegue y el aterrizaje se realizan con los pies; por lo tanto, es posible utilizar campos que serían excesivamente accidentados para una avioneta. No obstante, su ligereza y la ausencia de un ala rígida los hacen vulnerables a la turbulencia, por lo que es necesario que las operaciones se lleven a cabo únicamente cuando las condiciones atmosféricas son benignas; asimismo, son notablemente pesados cuando se está en tierra. Gracias a su combinación particular de características, resultan excelentes plataformas de observación aérea para estudiar pequeñas zonas, pero no se prestan para transporte de personas o de carga. Palabras clave: fotografía aérea, inventarios aéreos, aviación, tecnología exploratoria, trabajo de campo, vuelo, paramotores, transportación. Introduction biological diversity. Inaccessible peaks, rugged canyons and seemingly endless fl ats vastly outnumber the biologists Studying a map of virtually any part of the world reveals available to explore them. In a time when striking novelties the enormity of the effort to understand the distribution of continue to come to light (e.g. Jenkins et al. 2004; Jones et al. 2005; Klass et al. 2002; Turner, 1996), it is clear that countless remarkable discoveries await both in remote and Recibido: 06 diciembre 2005; aceptado: 29 junio 2006 well-studied reaches of the world. As a result, biologists 298 Olson.- Paramotors in biodiversity exploration have enthusiastically adopted technologies that promise practicing daily. There are many feats that highly skilled new access to biodiversity (e.g. Arnold, 1967; Steyermark, sportsmen can accomplish, such as landing on a tennis 1974). court-sized clearing in a forest, that are beyond the This paper reports my experience as a biologist with reach of most biologists, who must use the paramotor a paramotor or powered paraglider, the smallest, lightest, as a tool in their research and cannot dedicate entire and most portable of all powered aircraft. These aircraft days to maximizing their piloting profi ciency. Instead, I have become available only recently, with the development emphasize potential applications that are entirely feasible of special fabrics and the adaptation of lightweight given a reasonable level of piloting skill that could be motors. Many biological enterprises can benefi t from an maintained by weekly fl ights. My experience also suggests aerial view, but conventional aircraft such as airplanes that the quality of paramotor instructors varies greatly. and helicopters have many drawbacks, including cost There is no certifi cation process necessary and in most and the diffi culty of transporting them to the fi eld. For countries, a paramotor can be purchased and fl own with some applications, powered paragliders may provide an no legal oversight at all. Therefore, I also record here some effective and economical alternative. The objective of this important insights gained in the fi eld. paper is to provide an introduction to this unfamiliar type A paramotor is made up of two components, the of aircraft, and to comment on biological applications for paraglider and the motor. A paraglider is an infl atable fabric which it can or cannot be useful based on my experience wing with no rigid parts. Infl ation is achieved through ram studying tree crowns in tropical Mexican forests. While air fi lling the open leading edge of the wing (Fig. 2A, B). not a manual for operating a paramotor, I aim to give The wing is made of very light, strong nylon fabric that suffi ciently detailed information that biologists can decide is treated with a coating to make it impermeable and thus if a paramotor is appropriate for a given application. to permit the negative pressure on the upper surface of My use of a powered paraglider is the result of fi eld the wing to generate lift (Babinsky, 1999). The wings are trips in northeast Africa in 1997-98 in which I hired single- usually narrowly elliptic, with 20-50 vertically-oriented engine airplanes to reach remote localities effi ciently fabric ribs binding the upper part of the wing to the lower and safely. After many hours in the air at low altitude, I and maintaining the correct airfoil shape. Somewhat like realized that the fl at-topped acacias so abundant in African a parachute, a series of very strong, thin lines run from forests, despite appearing similar in habit when viewed all over the lower surface of the wing to two webbing from the ground, display an amazing diversity of crown loops called risers, to which the pilot harness is attached arrangements when seen from the air (Fig. 1). How to (Fig. 2C, D). The harness hangs from the risers when in observe the same tree from the ground and from the air fl ight, and the entire weight of the pilot and the engine is on the same day? Helicopters are far too expensive, and supported by the wing. In fl ight, the pilot generally sits airplanes are in general too fast and too diffi cult to work strapped into a fl exible seat. Steering is by means of two with effi ciently in remote areas. For my need to have control lines that connect via cascades of lines to the entire various views of large trees, the ability to take to the air, trailing edge of the wing (in the pilot’s hands in Fig. 2C). but not very high or very fast, is ideal. Pulling on one control spoils the lift on that side of the In the discussion that follows, my intention is to wing slightly, and the paraglider turns in that direction. provide considerations for biologists, not sportsmen Sustained pulling very hard on both control lines will spoil Figure 1. Crowns of fl at topped Acacia trees from northeast Africa. A. From the ground, most species have a similar appearance, with a tall single trunk and a notably fl attened crown. B-D. Aerial views. Despite their apparent similarity from the ground, as seen from above, some fl at-topped Acacia have long, fi nger-like foliage masses (B), rounded, tufted masses (C), or wedge-shaped tables of foliage (D). Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 77: 297-305, 2006 299 from tangling in the propeller during takeoff and landing and prevent elbows, hands, and feet from contacting the propeller during fl ight (Fig. 2D). One of the most attractive features of powered paragliders for biological fi eldwork is their portability. We regularly take to the fi eld a powered paraglider and a large amount of fi eld equipment in a standard bed pickup truck. The wing is simply folded up and carried in a large stuff sack. If space is not available, the propeller can be unbolted from the engine and the cage disassembled. Disassembled, the motor and associated parts can be transported even in a small passenger car and even taken as luggage on airliners. National Geographic photographer George Steinmetz has taken his powered paraglider to many parts of the world in this way. For takeoff, two main techniques are used to infl ate the wing, depending on the amount of wind available. At moderate wind speeds, a “reverse” infl ation may be used. A reverse infl ation is performed with the pilot facing the wing, and allowing the wind to infl ate the wing and loft it over his under constant visual control.
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