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Biomethanation: a Unique and Sustainable Approach To Power-to-Gas Biomethanation: A Unique and Sustainable Approach to Renewable Natural Gas and other products Kevin Harrison & Nancy Dowe National Renewable Energy Laboratory AGA/EPA 2019 Renewable Natural Gas Workshop Peppermill Reno – Reno, NV September 24, 2019 NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Me,an LCOE $/MWh $3,60 359 330 Advanced e,ner,gy techn 1ologaes are :providi'ng re,al-wo1 rld s,olutions by: 300 • Becoming increasingly cost-competitive 270 ., Boosting the US. energy ·ndustry 240 • Providing jobs ~or American workers 2 10 180 150 S135 1.20 23 $11 102 Coal (8%) 90 83 60 O , ...... _. o 1n d C cl { 27) 50 Utill Scale olar (86 ) 30 .___ _____________________________________ _ $ 5 Wind (67 o) 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015, 2'016 20 7 Rt I 6 Source: lmard's lOl 7 L v llzed Co r ofEn rgy Analysis, V r ion L 2 No m 20 7 https://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-2017/ New U.S. Electricity Generating Capacity Additions, 2010-2018 Recent U.S. Electricity 100% 90% ....... Wind .,:,:g ''New ,Capacity'' 80% -00 c:: 0 E ,:, 70% 'Cl <( >, 60% -~ 32% ro C. 50% NG uro ~ 40% ;a: 0 30% ~ .cro Far from {{alternative,,, (J) 20% ren,ewable en,ergy and 10% Solar 0% natural gas is the new 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2016 normal in the United States ■ Solar ■ Natural Gas ■ Coal ■ Wind Othar Source. Wood Macken~e Power & Renewables FERC (All o her tec:hnolog1osl The Need for Long-Duration Energy Storage Figure 4. Total Renewable Generation Serving California Load by Resource Type 100 000 Estlm te BTM Solar 90,000 14% BTM Solar Solar 13, 18 80,000 Wind Geothermal ■ Solar 70,000 31% Small Hydro 30,262 60,000 Biomass J: ~ '!let.id t.:) 50,000 M Wind 40,000 29% 27,838 30,000 20,000 1 Geothermal 3,249 10,000 4% Small Hyd o % 4,347 0 I Biomass I I 1983 I 8,04 2002 2006 20 1 2015 2018 Ff5l Ca lfCf ,a RPS e bliYled RPSmcreased to ZO%by 2010 RPS aeased RPS increased RPS1ooe.1~ (?OO(i by 20m CSI Initiated Global warm11g to 33%by 2020 lo 50% by 2030 to 60% b'{ 2030 Sokltlons Acl of n Source: Ca lifo rnia Energy Commission, staff analysis November 2018 H2@Scale Initiative Conventional Storage Hydrogen Benefits of ~Vehicle Renewable H2 ~ • Enables higher Upgrading penetration of Oil / renewable electricity Biomass • Electrolyzer can provide grid services Ammonia/ • H2 provides Fertilizer flexibility • O2 is a byproduct, too Growing Electric Grid • Infra structure • transportation sector Reduces• fossil fuel 2.5M miles End Use consumption Scale- able, non-toxic, low temperature process 10 MM tons H2 /year in U.S. https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/h2scale Storing Renewable Electricity as Molecules ] ______________________________________________ ---------- l!i!lir 100 □ I ·---------------------------------------------~- 1 Ma11th 100 ..., Over 130 billion cubic ~-------------------------- 1Day feet of natural gas _____________ _,_ storage capacity exists in 1 .,- --- Southern California. E-101.:ir o.:m. To put this in O.ol perspective, this is enough to supply all of 0.001 --+- the gas-fired generation 1 kWll 10 klMI 100 kWh Ml.Wh 10 MWh 100 MWil 1 <rWh 10 GWl!J 100 r.ffl ~ 1 T\1'1,111 lOTWh 1 TW'h in the region for more than two months. Electricity, transportation, feedstock and heat - SoCalGas • NG has high energy density ~7x greater than H2 • Existing national energy transmission system • Flexibility in energy use • Shifting RE with seasonal energy storage • High scalability of P2G and RNG Production Wind and Solar Curtailment Totals Wind and solar curtailment totals by month 800,000 250,000 700,000 225,000 714,445 California ISO Thru 200,000 600,000 August ~ 175,000 .c 500,000 ~ e., 150,000 ... 461,054 ::, 400,000 _g 125,000 401,493 1ro 100,000 300,000 O'l 308,421 Q) Curtailed MWh ~ 75,000 200,000 187,722 100,000 :::: 111 1 I II .. 111 11 I I I I I I I I - Jan '17 Jul '17 Jan '18 I Jul '18 Jan '19 Jul '19 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 http://www.caiso.com/informed/Pages/ManagingOversupply.aspx Year MWh MT kg H2 MT CO2 Solar and wind curtailed by year 2015 187,722 3,754 19,992 Production only assume: 50 kWh/kg H 2 2016 308,421 6,168 32,846 Thru August of 2019 alone, over 2017 401,493 8,030 42,757 76,000 Metric Tons of CO2 could have been recycled! 2018 461,054 9,221 49,100 2019 714,445 14,289 76,085 Waste-to-Energy: Biogas Sources of CO2 End Uses: Heat, fuel, chemical feedstock Re-electrification via fuel cells Solar Energy Meets SoCalGas’ or gas-fired power plants Rule 30 gas Wind Energy quality standard NG Storage Other Low-Carbon (...__]Network HHV R30: 970-1150 CO R30: 3% max e - Heat 2 H R30: 0.1% Biogas Sources O Renewable 2 2 Trigger* Wastewater Electrolysis CH 4 *SoCalGas doe not Fermentation have a shut-off Landfill H Water limit, but this level Energy Crops 2 BIOMETHANATION triggers additional Manure REACTOR study/testing. Biogas Supply CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O CO2 (~40%) CH (~60%) 4 Nutrient Supply Renewable Hydrogen Production Step 1: Using renewable electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen in an electrolyzer ½” dia. H2 tube at 400 psig Rules of Thumb • MW-scale: 50 – 55 kWh make 1 kg of H2 1 MW electrolyzer, ~400 kg /day - • e 2H2O + e 2H2 + O2 + Heat • 1 kg H2 ~1 gallon of gasoline (gge) Electrolyzer – Electricity Grid Support _44 - PJM RegD Command ! 42 - Electrolyzer AC Power -~ 40 38 Q.~ u 36 <C :U 34 N Electrolyzer systems are f... 32 1 Sample flexible electrical loads that per second can help stabilize the tcu 30 -LLI 0 10 20 30 40 electrical grid and enable Time (min) higher penetrations of renewable electricity. Supporting grid stability • Typical utility profile to validate performance • System response, not just stack • 120 kW PEM stack operating on NREL’s electrolyzer stack test bed • Flexible demand side management tool could be used to provide frequency response service Source: Harrison K., Mann M., Terlip D., and Peters M., NREL/FS-5600-54658 Biomethanation – RNG Production from CO2 Step 2: Using the renewable H2 (from Step 1) and CO2 in a downstream biomethanation process to produce renewable methane and water Biocatalyst 4H2 + CO2 CH4 + 2H2O + Heat Benefits of Biomethanation • Recycles CO2 …. As well as the CH4 o Ethanol, dairies, wastewater, breweries, fossil • Meets (SoCalGas’) pipeline quality standards o 998 BTU/CF, 0.89% CO2, 0.4% H2 • Scale-able, non-toxic, self-replicating biocatalyst, • Low temperature (65°C) systems Rule of Thumb: 10MWe of electrolysis feeding a bioreactor can produce ~500 scfm (12,000 Nm3 or 440 MMBTU per day/6 g/L-hr) of methane and recycles ~20 tons of CO2 per day H2 & RNG Systems at NREL Electrolyzer System H2 and RNG R&D Site Today, 250 kW PEM stack #1) 350 and 700 bar pre-cooled H2 dispensing system 5 kg H2 / hr #2) Diaphragm and piston compressors 30 bar H2 Pressure #3) 700 L bioreactor – operates at 18 bar (260 psig) Up to 70 bar max and 60 - 65oC with agitation, recirculation loop and (4) Power Supplies cell recycle Current-sharing mode #4) 200, 400 & 900 bar storage - 350 kg Total 4000 Adc at 250 Vdc #3 #1 #2 #4 Varying Input Gas Flows 7 Step-up and step-down response 6 5 shown J 4 i Bioreactor can load follow like an Carbon Dioxide 3 electrolyzer 2 Gas Flow Rate (kg/hr)Gas Flow Rate Hydrogen 1 Challenge: Low density gas, like H2, 0 is difficult to monitor 2:52:48 PM 3:07:12 PM 3:21:36 PM 3:36:00 PM 3:50:24 PM Time 7 Goal: Maintain > 98% methane 6 production under varying input 5 A1•--~ gas flows 4 Carbon Dioxide 3 ~ .__. fttJ.8'1 ••• , f 7 2 Trace CO2, H2 and H2S remaining 2 1 Cd f Hydrogen Maintain H:C Ratio L ■ C a•n- Gas Flow Rate (kg/hr) GasFlowRate 0 3:47:31 PM 3:54:43 PM 4:01:55 PM 4:09:07 PM 4:16:19 PM 4:23:31 PM 4:30:43 PM Ideally 4:1 H2 to CO2 / Time \ SoCalGas – 700L Bioreactor Start-up After 24 hours of total 100 operation conversion reached 92% 90 Increased Agitation During this start- 80 up phase the Started new biocatalyst grew 70 to 10x the initial Day at lower population agitation 60 Increased Agitation reached Agitation 50% of maximum 50 RPM Flow rates 20% of 40 rated Percentage (%) Percentage Low Agitation Methane 0.6 kg/hr H2 Reactor pressure 4 30 bar during this 3.0 kg/hr CO2 CO2 time 20 18 bar (260 psig) max. 10 Day 1 Day 2 Day 4 0 Day 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 Hours of Operation Increasing Pressure to Improve Conversion Conversion reached -0-% Conversion 100 -0-Methane 98% 90 CO2 Conversion = % CH4 80 % CH4 + %CO2 70 Increased Increased Pressure to 7 Bar Increased 60 Pressure to 6 Bar Agitation Operational State 50 ,_____,A~-...... 50% r , Start pressure 5 bar 40 Returned to low Percentage (%) (%) Percentage 30 agitation rate 20 0.6 kg/hr H2 10 3.0 kg/hr CO2 0 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 Hours of Operation Biocatalyst – Methanogenic Archaea Growth Requirements Long Term Stability • Capable of daily startup • Seawater environment • “Load” following • Salts and minerals • Robust • 60 ‒ 65oC Electrochaea’s proprietary • Self-replicating • Anaerobic conditions biocatalyst is a selectively • Fast recovery during • Feedgas: CO and H evolved – not genetically 2 2 start/stop cycles modified – strain of methanogenic archaea, a Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus single-celled microorganism that has populated Earth for Efficient 98.6% of carbon goes into methane billions of years Productive VVD* of 800, H2 mass-transfer limited http://www.electrochaea.com/ Quick return to methane production within technology/ Responsive seconds/minutes Selective 100% methane, no intermediates Tolerant to oxygen, H S, CO, Sulfate, Ammonia, Robust 2 particulates Simple Moderate temperature range (60 ‒ 65°C) ectrochaea Challenge – Reducing the Cost of H2 4.5 r;:== 4.20 R&D Advances ■ Other Costs u4· _0•, .::.:: - ·........- ,41').
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