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Screening of Biogas Methanation in Denmark Aalborg Universitet Screening of biogas methanation in Denmark Resources, technologies and renewable energy integration Skov, Iva Ridjan; Nielsen, Steffen; Nørholm, Malte Skovgaard; Vestergaard, Johann Pálmason Publication date: 2019 Link to publication from Aalborg University Citation for published version (APA): Skov, I. R., Nielsen, S., Nørholm, M. S., & Vestergaard, J. P. (2019). Screening of biogas methanation in Denmark: Resources, technologies and renewable energy integration. Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. ? Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. ? You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain ? You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: September 28, 2021 SCREENING OF BIOGAS METHANATION IN DENMARK Resources, technologies and renewable energy integration Screening of biogas Abstract methanation in Denmark – This report provides an overview Resources, technologies and of existing biogas resources and renewable energy integration biogas production in Denmark. The analysis includes mapping of April, 2019 manure, straw and municipal waste across municipalities in © The Authors the country. Furthermore, it presents research and Iva Ridjan Skov development of biogas upgrading Steffen Nielsen and biogas methanation technologies at existing plants Malte Skovgaard Nørholm including the status of electrolysis technologies. The Johann Pálmason Vestergaard potential for renewable energy integration was analysed for 3 Danish scenarios: reference Aalborg University 2020 as well as 2035 and 2050. Department of Planning We regard biogas methanation as one of the key technologies Publisher: in future renewable energy Department of Planning systems. Aalborg University Rendsburggade 14 9000 Aalborg This report is prepared as a part Denmark of Task 2.5 in the EUDP Biocat Roslev project ISBN 978-87-93541-09-2 1 CONTENT SUMMARY ......................................................................................................3 BIOGAS RESOURCES ........................................................................................5 Introduction and approach ...........................................................................5 Mapping of manure and bedding ...................................................................6 Mapping of straw ........................................................................................7 Mapping of biodegradable municipal waste .................................................... 8 Municipal distribution of biogas sources ........................................................ 9 BIOGAS PRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 12 Biogas production status in Denmark .......................................................... 15 STATE-OF-THE-ART OF BIOGAS PURIFICATION AND BIOGAS METHANATION ............... 19 Biogas upgrading (purification) by CO2 removal ........................................... 19 Electro-methane by hydrogen addition ......................................................... 22 Electrolytic Hydrogen .............................................................................. 23 Biogas methanation ................................................................................ 28 Regulation abilities ................................................................................. 32 BIOGAS TO METHANOL, DME AND JET FUELS ..................................................... 34 INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY BY P2G VIA BIOGAS METHANATION ............... 36 Renewable energy integration in the 2020 reference scenario ....................... 38 Renewable energy integration in the 2035 scenario ...................................... 43 Renewable energy integration in the 2050 scenario ...................................... 45 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 48 2 SUMMARY The biogas production in Denmark has increased by more than 55% from 1980 to 2017, where the biogas production reached 11.16 PJ. From 2015 to 2017, the biogas production has increased by 44% and it has increased further in 2018. In the last 6 years, the number of biogas upgrading plants have increased from 6 to 33 plants that deliver methane to the gas network. Denmark has become a mature market for biogas upgrading technologies. Biogas methanation in Denmark has gained interest in the last couple of years, with currently 3 demonstration plants in operation; two with biological methanation and one with catalytic methanation. This report shows the biogas resource potential by mapping manure and bedding, straw and biodegradable municipal waste in all Danish municipalities. The results show that the biogas potential for manure and bedding is 27,632,435 tons and 2,315,437 tons (incl. dry matter), respectively. For straw (8 most common types), the potential is 3,728,967 tons (incl. dry matter) and for biodegradable waste, it is 2,960,387 tons. Denmark is rich in biomass resources per capita, making the biogas potential high. The methane potential from biogas in Denmark ranges from 32 PJ to 107 PJ, including electro-methane from biogas methanation with electrolytic hydrogen based on different sources. This means that, in the future, the role of biogas methanation could be high depending on the resources actually available. In this report, the total potentials for electro-methane are 25.56 PJ in 2020, 33.5 PJ in 2035 and 55 PJ in 2050, assuming that the full biogas potential is methanised with the addition of hydrogen. While biogas upgrade is a rather mature technology and has a variety of processes that can be used for this purpose, the biogas methanation technology is emerging. The production of electrolytic hydrogen from alkaline electrolysis is the most mature process; however, it shows limitations to dynamic operation if operated under atmospheric pressure and on large scale. PEM electrolysis is now a commercially available technology that is getting more widespread on the market due to its flexible operation. SOEC is still in the development phase and the technology is yet to be commercialized. Once hydrogen is produced, the methanation of the carbon dioxide part of biogas takes place. Catalytic methanation is a commercialized process, while biological methanation only recently has reached a commercial level. The upscaling of the technology is the next step towards the large-scale implementation of power-to-gas (P2G) via biogas methanation. This report includes the state-of-the-art of biogas upgrading, biogas methanation and electrolysis as well as possible pathways of producing other end-fuels from biogas. An analysis has been conducted of the integration of renewable energy into the Danish energy system via biogas methanation with electrolytic hydrogen. The 3 analysis shows that biogas methanation increases the integration of renewable energy. In the reference 2020 model, if all the biogas available in the system is Methanated, by adding 100% buffer capacity and one week of hydrogen storage, electricity produced by offshore wind is increased by 22% in comparison with the constant operation of electrolysis for biogas methanation and no hydrogen storage. Furthermore, methanising all biogas in the system and installing buffer capacity for electrolysis can increase total intermittent electricity share in the energy system by 11%. In the case of the 2050 Danish energy system model, it is possible to integrate 9% more wind, with biogas methanation (including 100% buffer for electrolysis and one week of hydrogen storage) than in the case of no biogas methanation in the system. The drop in the integration rate from 22% in 2020 model to 9% in 2050 model is due to the already installed electrolysis capacity for the liquid fuel production in the 2050 model. Similar results are in the case of 2035 model. The additional electrolysis capacity and storage support the integration of renewables, while the results are more sensitive to additional capacity than to the increased storage capacity. Due to the increased electricity consumption, adding biogas methanation to the system increases the electricity system market price. The level of increase depends on the different scenarios and modelled years, but the maximum increase is by 12 €/MWh of electricity in some hours of the year. Biogas methanation is to play a role in the smart energy system, which requires cross-sectorial connections and electricity storage in the form of heat, gas and liquid fuels. The biogas methanation plants need to be dimensioned with the appropriate hydrogen storage and additional capacity of electrolysis in order to help the renewable energy integration. 4 BIOGAS RESOURCES This chapter includes a mapping of the biogas potentials from manure, straw and organic municipal waste in Denmark.
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