Largest Organisms

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Largest Organisms Largest Organisms It is interesting to learn which are the largest organisms amongst different species. The largest organism found on Earth can be measured using a variety of different methods. When we say largest organism, we have to be clear, which aspect or property of the organism is larger than the others. For example; if we say largest tree we have to be clear, are we talking about a tree which is large by its height or breadth or volume or even age. There might be a tree which is not very tall but very old, say 4000 years old. There might be a tree which is very tall but its age is only 50 years. Which of these two trees should win the largest tree contest? This question shows that organisms should be defined as the largest by volume, mass, height/length and age. 1 Let's discuss a few organisms which have broken all records. By volume and weight, the largest known animal ever to have lived is the Blue whale, an endangered species that can measure 30 m (100 feet) in length and can weigh in excess of 180 tones. There is currently no conclusive evidence that a larger animal has ever existed. The largest land animals today are male Savannah Elephants, with one known example weighing around 12,000 kg (26,400 pounds), though many extinct species, such as dinosaurs, were much larger. I think I am the biggest of all !!! Only on land, inside water I am the largest. 2 The largest living bird is the ostrich, reaching a height of up to 2.5 m (8 feet). Eggs laid by the Ostrich can weigh 1.3 kg and are the largest eggs in the world today. Ostrich are heavy so they cannot fly. The largest living fish is the whale shark, recorded to be upto 12 m long. 3 The Giant Sequoia or the redwood tree is the largest tree by volume. They grow to an average height of 70–85 m (230–280 ft) and 5–7 m (16–23 ft) in diameter. Specimens have been reported to be 93.6 m (307 ft) in height and (not the same individual) 8.85 m (29 ft) in diameter; the largest individual is the General Sherman tree, with a volume of 1489 m3​. 4 Do you know which is the largest living organism on the planet? No it is not the blue whale but a fungus! The honey fungus of the species Armillaria ostoyae, one genetically constant group has been found over an area of more than 8.9 km2 a3.4 square miles) in the Malheur National Forest, Oregon,US. The large clumps of yellow-brown mushrooms that appear above ground are the fruiting bodies of much larger organisms. However, they have very large underground networks of tubular filaments called “mycelia”. I win..I win.. 5 Can you guess which is the strongest creature? The strongest creature on earth is only a bug that fits in the palm of your hand? What about the largest living land mammal? You would think something as massive as an elephant would be able to carry way more weight than a little insect. Yes, it's true. An elephant can carry a lot more weight than a rhinoceros beetle, but the definition of strength we're using here is one of proportional strength. A huge African elephant can only carry up to 25% of its own weight on its back. The rhinoceros beetle can carry 850 times its own weight. There's NO CONTEST. That would be like an elephant carrying 850 elephants on its back. I might look small but am the strongest of all. 6 .
Recommended publications
  • Understanding the Sexual Recruitment of One of the Oldest and Largest Organisms on Earth, the Seagrass Posidonia Oceanica
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Understanding the sexual recruitment of one of the oldest and largest organisms on Earth, the seagrass Posidonia oceanica 1☯ 2☯ 1☯ Laura Guerrero-MeseguerID *, Carlos Sanz-LaÂzaro , Arnaldo MarõÂn 1 Departamento de EcologõÂa e HidrologõÂa. Facultad de BiologõÂa, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain, 2 Departamento de EcologõÂa, PabelloÂn 13, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * [email protected] a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 a1111111111 The seagrass Posidonia oceanica is considered one of the oldest and largest living organ- a1111111111 isms on Earth. Notwithstanding, given the difficulty of monitoring its fruits and seeds in the a1111111111 field, the development of P. oceanica during its sexual recruitment is not completely under- stood. We studied the stages of development of P. oceanica seeds from their dispersion in the fruit interior to their settlement in sediment through histological, ultrastructural and meso- cosm experiments. P. oceanica sexual recruitment can be divided into three main stages OPEN ACCESS that focus on maximising photosynthesis and anchoring the seedlings to the sediment. In Citation: Guerrero-Meseguer L, Sanz-LaÂzaro C, the first stage (fruit dispersion), seeds perform photosynthesis while being transported MarõÂn A (2018) Understanding the sexual recruitment of one of the oldest and largest inside the fruit along the sea surface. In the second stage (seed adhesion), seeds develop organisms on Earth, the seagrass Posidonia adhesive microscopic hairs that cover the primary and secondary roots and favour seed oceanica. PLoS ONE 13(11): e0207345. https://doi. adhesion to the substrate. In the last stage (seedling anchorage), roots attach the seedlings org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207345 to the substrate by orienting them towards the direction of light to maximise photosynthesis.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anthropocene Biosphere
    ANR0010.1177/2053019615591020The Anthropocene ReviewWilliams et al. 591020research-article2015 Review The Anthropocene Review 1 –24 The Anthropocene biosphere © The Author(s) 2015 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/2053019615591020 anr.sagepub.com Mark Williams,1 Jan Zalasiewicz,1 PK Haff,2 Christian Schwägerl,3 Anthony D Barnosky4,5,6 and Erle C Ellis7 Abstract The geological record preserves evidence for two fundamental stages in the evolution of Earth’s biosphere, a microbial stage from ~3.5 to 0.65 Ga, and a metazoan stage evident by c. 650 Ma. We suggest that the modern biosphere differs significantly from these previous stages and shows early signs of a new, third stage of biosphere evolution characterised by: (1) global homogenisation of flora and fauna; (2) a single species (Homo sapiens) commandeering 25–40% of net primary production and also mining fossil net primary production (fossil fuels) to break through the photosynthetic energy barrier; (3) human-directed evolution of other species; and (4) increasing interaction of the biosphere with the technosphere (the global emergent system that includes humans, technological artefacts, and associated social and technological networks). These unique features of today’s biosphere may herald a new era in the planet’s history that could persist over geological timescales. Keywords biosphere, evolution, global ecosystem, neobiotic species, planetary state, production and consumption, technosphere Introduction Humans transport organisms around the globe (McNeely, 2001 and references therein), con- struct unique agricultural and urban ‘anthromes’ for organisms to live in (e.g. Ellis, 2013; Ellis et al., 2012, 2013a, 2013b), and have concentrated biomass into a particular set of plants and animals (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • New Version of Labour Ministry's Mobile App Offers 33 Services
    www.thepeninsula.qa Saturday 18 January 2020 Volume 24 | Number 8140 23 Jumada I - 1441 2 Riyals BUSINESS | 13 SPORT | 18 US-China trade deal Al Ghazali to ease global guides What uncertainty: A Pleasure IMF Chief to win New version of Labour Ministry’s mobile app offers 33 services SANAULLAH ATAULLAH The e-services of THE PENINSULA ‘Amerni’ application The Ministry of Administrative Devel- include housing opment, Labour and Social Affairs has launched the third patch of electronic application follow up, services for ‘Amerni’ application on smart phones in Arabic and English to rent allowance follow save time and efforts of users — indi- up, house purchase- viduals and companies. The third patch includes five new ownership request, services. As of now, the app offers a total and title deed re- of 33 services including 21 services for individuals and 12 services for com- quest, among others. panies, said the Ministry in a post ‘Mobile Application Guide’ published on its website. Android Users, in both languages Arabic The users will now be able to file and English. The user guide is intended complaints against violating manpower to inform the users how to use an recruitment offices. The domestic e-services application - Amerni - for Al Sadd crowned Qatar Cup champions workers can also file formal complaints, the Ministry of Administrative Devel- in addition to other services provided opment, Labour and Social Affairs in Al Sadd’s players and officials pose with the Qatar Cup trophy at Al Sadd Stadium, yesterday. Al Sadd defeated Al Duhail by the Labour Relations Department. Qatar.
    [Show full text]
  • Structure of Mediterranean 'Cnidarian Populations In
    Homage to Ramon Marga/et,· or, Why there is such p/easure in studying nature 243 (J. D. Ros & N. Prat, eds.). 1991 . Oec% gia aquatica, 10: 243-254 STRUCTURE OF 'CNIDARIAN POPULATIONS IN MEDITERRANEAN SUBLITTORAL BENTHIC COMMUNITIES AS A RESUL T OF ADAPTATION TO DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 2 JOSEP-MARIA GILIl & ENRIe BALLESTEROs .• 1 Insti t de Ciencies del Mar (CSIC). Passeig Nacional, s/n. 08039 Barcelona. Spain 2 � Centre d'Estudis Avanc;:atsde Blanes (CSIC). Camí de Santa Barbara, s/n. 17300 Blanes. Spain Received: March 1990 SUMMARY The presence and abundance of Cnidarians, extremely cornmon in Mediterranean sublittoral benthic communities, exerts a profound effect on the entire structure of such communities, although the roles of Anthozoans and Hydrozoans differ in accordance with their different biological characteristics. Structural differences in benthic cnidarian populations were observed in three sublittoral cornmunities located within 100 m of each other yet differing considerably in light intensity and water movement. Species-area and Shannon's diversity-area curves were computed for each community from reticulate samples constituted by 18 subsamples 2 of 289 cm . Species-area curves were fitted to semilogarithmic functions, while diversity-area curves were fitted to Michaelis-Menten functions by the method of least squares. Species richness, species distribution, alpha-diversity, and pattem diversity were estimated from the fitted curves. Patch size for Anthozoans was smaller than that for Hydrozoans in all three communities. Diversity was greatest in the cornmunities with the lowest and with the highest light intensity and water flow levels, but species richness was highest in the intermediate community.
    [Show full text]
  • Vietnamese Delegation Led by Deputy Prime Minister Concludes Visit
    Established 1914 Volume XIX, Number 53 12th Waxing of Nayon 1373 ME Monday, 13 June, 2011 Four political objectives Four economic objectives Four social objectives * Stability of the State, community peace and tran- * Building of modern industrialized nation through the agricultural devel- * Uplift of the morale and morality of the entire nation quillity, prevalence of law and order opment, and all-round development of other sectors of the economy * Uplift of national prestige and integrity and preservation * Strengthening of national solidarity * Proper evolution of the market-oriented economic system and safeguarding of cultural heritage and national char- * Building and strengthening of discipline-flourish- * Development of the economy inviting participation in terms of technical acter ing democracy system know-how and investment from sources inside the country and abroad * Flourishing of Union Spirit, the true patriotism * Building of a new modern developed nation in * The initiative to shape the national economy must be kept in the hands of * Uplift of health, fitness and education standards of the accord with the Constitution the State and the national peoples entire nation Vietnamese delegation led by Deputy Prime Minister concludes visit YANGON, 12 June—Visiting Vietnamese del- egation led by Special Envoy of the Prime Minister of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Deputy Prime Min- ister Mr Hoang Trung Hai, attended the opening of Viglacera showroom and resident rep office on Gyobyu Street, near Aungsan Stadium, in Mingala Taungnyunt Township, here this morning. The deputy prime minister spoke on the occa- sion and formally opened the showroom and the resi- dent rep office together with Union Commerce Minis- ter U Win Myint, Yangon Region Chief Minister U Myint Swe.
    [Show full text]
  • Viewed for Over 30 Years As for Ecologists
    Reports Ecology, 89(12), 2008, pp. 3261–3267 Ó 2008 by the Ecological Society of America AN EXPERIMENTAL DISTURBANCE ALTERS FISH SIZE STRUCTURE BUT NOT FOOD CHAIN LENGTH IN STREAMS 1 ANNIKA W. WALTERS AND DAVID M. POST Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208106, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106 USA Abstract. Streams experience frequent natural disturbance and are undergoing consid- erable anthropogenic disturbance due to dam construction and water diversion. Disturbance is known to impact community structure, but its effect on food chain length is still a matter of considerable debate. Theoretical models show that longer food chains are less resilient to disturbance, so food chain length is predicted to be shorter following a disturbance event. Here we experimentally test the effect of disturbance on food chain length in streams by diverting stream flow. We found that our experimental low-flow disturbance did not alter food chain length. We did see an effect on body-size structure in our food webs suggesting that food chain length may be an insensitive indicator of disturbance. We suggest that habitat heterogeneity and food web complexity buffer the effect of disturbance on food chain length. The theoretical predictions of disturbance on food chain length are only likely to be seen in homogeneous systems that closely approximate the linear food chains the models are based upon. Key words: disturbance; food chain length; food web; stream community; water diversion. INTRODUCTION longer than floods, increase in intensity with time, and Disturbance is a key force structuring ecological can isolate sections of the stream (Boulton et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth, Death, and Resource Competition in Sessile Organisms
    Growth, death, and resource competition in sessile organisms Edward D. Leea,1 , Christopher P. Kempesa, and Geoffrey B. Westa aSanta Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501 Edited by Nils Chr. Stenseth, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and approved February 24, 2021 (received for review October 8, 2020) Population-level scaling in ecological systems arises from individ- and size (25–27) and build on allometric dependence of growth, ual growth and death with competitive constraints. We build on a mortality, and resource acquisition (28–36). In an alternative set minimal dynamical model of metabolic growth where the tension of approaches, mechanism-free maximum entropy principles can between individual growth and mortality determines population capture demographic patterns by fixing a few population “state size distribution. We then separately include resource competition variables” to predict measured properties (37). Across these based on shared capture area. By varying rates of growth, death, examples, forests are particularly well-studied empirically across and competitive attrition, we connect regular and random spatial diverse species, sizes, and environments (38, 39) and grounded patterns across sessile organisms from forests to ants, termites, on predicted theoretical regularities in space and demogra- and fairy circles. Then, we consider transient temporal dynamics phy such as in the context of metabolic scaling (40–43) and in the context of asymmetric competition, such as canopy shad- mechanical or hydraulic limits (44–47). ing or large colony dominance, whose effects primarily weaken Here, we build on previous work on forest growth and struc- the smaller of two competitors. When such competition couples ture to consider sessile organisms more broadly in the context of slow timescales of growth to fast competitive death, it generates both spatial structure and demographic dynamics.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification Systems Change As Scientists Learn More
    KEY CONCEPT Classification systems change as scientists learn more. BEFORE, you learned NOW, you will learn • Scientists give each species • About the connection between a unique scientific name new discoveries and taxonomy • There are seven levels of • About three domains classification • About six kingdoms •Dichotomous keys help us identify organisms VOCABULARY THINK ABOUT domain p. 221 How do scientists Plantae p. 223 define kingdoms? Animalia p. 223 Protista p. 223 Look at this photograph of a Fungi p. 223 sea urchin. It lives its life buried Archaea p. 223 Bacteria p. 223 in or slowly moving across the ocean floor. The sea urchin’s mouth is located on its under- side. It feeds on food particles that settle on or are buried in the ocean floor. The sea urchin doesn’t appear to have much in common with a tiger, an alligator, even a human. Yet all of these organisms belong in the same kingdom, called Animalia. Why do you think scientists would group these organisms together? Taxonomy changes as scientists make discoveries. The list of species continues to grow as scientists discover new species. In addition, taxonomists are learning more about the evolutionary history of species. As you read in Section 7.1, new knowledge resulted in the reclassification of species such as the giant panda. Both the names of species and the groups into which they are arranged may change as a result of discoveries about the evolution of these species. Early scientists described two large groups of organisms—plants and animals. Plants were described as green and nonmoving.
    [Show full text]
  • General Knowledge Trivia Questions #118
    GENERAL KNOWLEDGE TRIVIA QUESTIONS #118 ( www.TriviaChamp.com ) 1> In a game of standard poker, which of the following is the winning hand? a. Four of a Kind b. Straight Flush c. Two Pair d. Full House 2> What oversized, eccentric detective was created by mystery writer Rex Stout in 1934? a. Sam Spade b. Philip Marlowe c. Hercule Poirot d. Nero Wolfe 3> Tom Cruise starred in all of these films except one. Can you spot it? a. Vanilla Sky b. Knight and Day c. A Few Good Men d. The Peacemaker 4> According to the Guinness Book of World Records, who was the shortest man in recorded history? a. Junrey Balawing b. Jyoti Amge c. Gul Mohammed d. Chandra Bahadur Dangi 5> Introduced in 1950, what was the first universal credit card? a. MasterCard b. American Express c. Diners Club d. VISA 6> What phobia is defined as the fear of thunder and lightning? a. Ligyrophobia b. Potophobia c. Theophobia d. Ceraunophobia 7> According to the geologic time scale, in which Phanerozoic era do we currently live? a. Mesozoic Era b. Paleozoic Era c. Cambrian Era d. Cenozoic Era 8> Not only is Rhode Island the smallest state in the US, it also has the shortest state motto at one word. Can you identify it? a. Courage b. Unity c. Independence d. Hope 9> Directed by Steven Spielberg and released in 1985, who did Oprah Winfrey play in the film "The Color Purple"? a. Sofia Johnson b. Nettie Harris c. Miss Millie d. Celie Harris 10> What physical property of a diamond do carats measure? a.
    [Show full text]
  • Armillaria Root Rot Fungi Host Single-Stranded RNA Viruses
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Armillaria root rot fungi host single‑stranded RNA viruses Riikka Linnakoski1,5, Suvi Sutela1,5, Martin P. A. Coetzee2, Tuan A. Duong2, Igor N. Pavlov3,4, Yulia A. Litovka3,4, Jarkko Hantula1, Brenda D. Wingfeld2 & Eeva J. Vainio1* Species of Armillaria are distributed globally and include some of the most important pathogens of forest and ornamental trees. Some of them form large long‑living clones that are considered as one of the largest organisms on earth and are capable of long‑range spore‑mediated transfer as well as vegetative spread by drought‑resistant hyphal cords called rhizomorphs. However, the virus community infecting these species has remained unknown. In this study we used dsRNA screening and high‑throughput sequencing to search for possible virus infections in a collection of Armillaria isolates representing three diferent species: Armillaria mellea from South Africa, A. borealis from Finland and Russia (Siberia) and A. cepistipes from Finland. Our analysis revealed the presence of both negative‑ sense RNA viruses and positive‑sense RNA viruses, while no dsRNA viruses were detected. The viruses included putative new members of virus families Mymonaviridae, Botourmiaviridae and Virgaviridae and members of a recently discovered virus group tentatively named “ambiviruses” with ambisense bicistronic genomic organization. We demonstrated that Armillaria isolates can be cured of viruses by thermal treatment, which enables the examination of virus efects on host growth and phenotype using isogenic virus‑infected and virus‑free strains. Te fungal genus Armillaria (Fr.) Staude includes more than 40 described species1. Tey are mainly known as notorious plant pathogens of managed natural forests and plantations of non-native tree species that infect hundreds of diferent plants, including economically important conifers (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Are Cetacea Ecologically Important?
    Margaret Barnes, Aberdeen Univers ARE CETACEA ECOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT? STEVEN KATONA College of the Atlantic, Bar Harbor. Maine, USA 04609 and HAL WHITEHEAD Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 411 ABSTRACT In undisturbed ecosystems, cetacean biomass is similar to that of other smaller site classes and ceiacea"s may be useful indicators of ecos)stem health and productivity. Cetaceans are important in energ) flux uithin marine and selected freshwater systems, hut usually do not affect nutrient cycling to a significant degree. Cctacean CiirGdSSfi pro\ide imporIan1 food sources for terrestrial and bcnthic scab- engers. Feeding grey whales disturb local benthic environments on a scale equivalent to major geological forces. Living cetaceans are colonized by a diverse fauna of commensal and parasitic invertebrates. Seabirds and some fishes benefit from feeding associations with cetaceans. Cetacean sounds are prominent in the ocean and could be useful as cues to other animals. Fishes and invertebrates do not show noticeable adaptations to cetacean predat rs hut cetaceans themselves display defensive adapt- ations aeainst killer whales. W%a'. line has altered ecosvstem structure in Antarctica and other places, and thewhaling industry caused profoundecologicaleffects, esneciallv on some oceanic islands. Cetacean entanglement in fishing gear can harm local fisheries, but there is no concrete evidence that they harm fisheriesn other ways In some cases they may benefit fishermen by removing species that could compete for commercially hawestable fish INTRODUCTION Whales and dolphins live and feed in almost every part of the marine environ- ment including the great rivers and their estuaries (Platanistidae), continen- tal shelves (Mysticeti, Phocoenidae), deep ocean canyons (Physetertdae, Ziphiidae), tropical oceans (Delphinidae), and even amidst ice in the Arctic (Monodontidae, Balaenidae) or Antarctic (Mysticeti, Orcintnae).
    [Show full text]
  • More Views Give Better Spatial and Temporal Resolution of Whole
    Carmichael’s Concise Review Downloaded from Coming Events More Views Give Better Spatial https://www.cambridge.org/core 2016 and Temporal Resolution of Physics and Chemistry of Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces (PCSI-43) Whole Organisms January 17–21, 2016 Location: Palm Springs, CA www.pcsiconference.org Stephen W. Carmichael Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 24th Australian Conference on Microscopy and Microanalysis January 31–February 4, 2016 [email protected] Melbourne, Australia . IP address: www.acmm2016.org Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICONN) 2016 Light-sheet microscopy methods have recently been developed for high- 170.106.40.40 February 7–11, 2016 Canberra, Australia speed imaging but have limitations, such as limited penetration, that limits www.ausnano.net/iconn2016 specimen volume size. Powerful strategies have been proposed for improving 60th Annual Meeting, Biophysical resolution in light-sheet microscopy, but each has its limitations, such as increased , on Society photo-damage that restricts observation times of dynamic events. More recently 24 Sep 2021 at 16:58:07 February 27–March 2, 2016 Los Angeles, CA Raghav Chhetri, Fernando Amat, Yinan Wan, Burkhard Höckendorf, William www.biophysics.org/Meetings/AnnualMeeting/ tabid/85/Default.aspx Lemon, and Philipp Keller have developed another strategy for resolution enhancement that is based on multiview imaging. Their method provides PITTCON Conference March 6–10, 2016 uniform spatial resolution in all dimensions (isotropy) and is labeled IsoView light- Atlanta, GA sheet microscopy. IsoView light-sheet microscopy rapidly images large specimens http://pittcon.org , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at via simultaneous light-sheet illumination and fluorescence detection along 2016 MRS Spring Meeting four orthogonal directions.
    [Show full text]