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Does Adding Heavy Load Eccentric Training to Rehabilitation of Patients with Unilateral Subacromial Impingement Result in Better Outcome? a Randomized, Clinical Trial

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Does Adding Heavy Load Eccentric Training to Rehabilitation of Patients with Unilateral Subacromial Impingement Result in Better Outcome? a Randomized, Clinical Trial Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc DOI 10.1007/s00167-012-2012-8 SHOULDER Does adding heavy load eccentric training to rehabilitation of patients with unilateral subacromial impingement result in better outcome? A randomized, clinical trial Annelies G. Maenhout • Nele N. Mahieu • Martine De Muynck • Lieven F. De Wilde • Ann M. Cools Received: 27 December 2011 / Accepted: 12 April 2012 Ó Springer-Verlag 2012 Abstract significantly decreased. The TT ? ET group showed a Purpose To investigate superior value of adding heavy 15 % higher gain in abduction strength at 90° of scapular load eccentric training to conservative treatment in patients abduction. Chi-square tests showed patients’ self-rated with subacromial impingement. perception of improvement was similar in both groups. Methods Sixty-one patients with subacromial impinge- Conclusion Adding heavy load eccentric training resulted ment were included and randomly allocated to the tradi- in a higher gain in isometric strength at 90° of scapular tional rotator cuff training (TT) group (n = 30, mean abduction, but was not superior for decreasing pain and age = 39.4 ± 13.1 years) or traditional rotator training improving shoulder function. This study showed that the combined with heavy load eccentric training (TT ? ET) combination of a limited amount of physiotherapy sessions group (n = 31, mean age = 40.2 ± 12.9 years). Isometric combined with a daily home exercise programme is highly strength was measured to abduction at 0°,45° and 90° of effective in patients with impingement. scapular abduction and to internal and external rotation. The Level of evidence II. SPADI questionnaire was used to measure shoulder pain and function. Patients rated subjective perception of improve- Keywords Shoulder impingement syndrome Á ment. Outcome was assessed at baseline, at 6 and 12 weeks Physiotherapy Á Eccentric training Á Tendon after start of the intervention. Both groups received 9 phys- iotherapy treatments over 12 weeks. At home, the TT group performed traditional rotator cuff strengthening exercises Introduction 1x/day. The TT ? ET group performed the same exercises 1x/day and a heavy load eccentric exercise 2x/day. In current clinical practice, shoulder patients make up a Results After treatment, isometric strength had signifi- large part of total patient population [6]. Disorders of the cantly increased in all directions, and SPADI score had rotator cuff are the most common cause of shoulder pain [37]. When Neer introduced the term ‘‘subacromial impingement’’ in 1972, this referred to mechanical abra- The protocol of this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Ghent University Hospital (Registration number: sion of the subacromial structures against the anterior B67020084347) and is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov undersurface of the acromion and coracoacromial ligament (NTC00782522). [26]. The supraspinatus tendon is usually the most affected structure due to its position in the subacromial space. & A. G. Maenhout ( ) Á N. N. Mahieu Á A. M. Cools Histological examinations of the supraspinatus tendon in Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, 3B3, De Pintelaan 185, patients with impingement syndrome have shown degen- 9000 Ghent, Belgium erative changes, similar to the changes found in Achilles e-mail: [email protected] and patellar tendinosis [16]. The presence of tendon degeneration in patients with M. De Muynck Á L. F. De Wilde Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physical Medicine and impingement could have important implications for treat- Rehabilitation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium ment. Possibly physiotherapy should not only focus on 123 Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc decreasing impingement, but should additionally address abduction was chosen to calculate sample size as this test is this tendon degeneration. In patella and Achilles tendin- used for manual muscle testing of the supraspinatus. To opathy, eccentric training has shown to not only decrease detect a difference between groups of 10 % with a proba- pain and improve function but also repair tendon tissue bility level of a = 0.05 and a statistical power of P = 0.80, [18, 24, 28]. The Achilles tendon was shown to respond to 27 subjects were required in each group. A difference in eccentric training load with an increased collagen pro- isometric strength of 10 % or more was previously reported duction [18]. As to rotator cuff tendinopathy, three studies to be clinically significant [36]. All subjects were recruited have been executed and have shown promising clinical by a specialized shoulder surgeon based on a thorough results [4, 7, 14]. Jonsson et al. [14] investigated the effect history and physical examination. The surgeon referred for of an eccentric empty can (thumb down) abduction exer- technical investigation when there was doubt upon the cise for the supraspinatus without additional treatment in 9 diagnosis. The inclusion criteria were: aged over 18 years, patients with impingement. Five patients were satisfied unilateral pain for at least 3 months in the anterolateral with treatment and showed less pain and better function region of the shoulder, painful arc, 2 out of 3 impingement after 12 weeks of training. Bernhardsson et al. [4] inves- tests positive (Hawkins [10], Jobe [13] and/or Neer [25]), 2 tigated the effect of eccentric rotator cuff training in 10 out of 4 resistance tests painful (full can (thumb up) subjects with subacromial impingement and showed abduction at 90°, resisted abduction at 0°, resisted external decreased pain in 8 of 10 subjects and better function in all or internal rotation with the arm adducted) and pain with subjects after 12 weeks. Due to small sample size and the palpation of the supraspinatus and/or infraspinatus tendon lack of a control group in both studies, conclusions cannot insertion [8]. The exclusion criteria were as follows: be drawn. Recently, Camargo et al. [7] showed good results demonstration of partial or full ruptures of the rotator cuff with an isokinetic eccentric training programme in a larger by technical investigation (either ultrasound or MRI), his- group of patients with impingement (n = 20). Still it tory of shoulder surgery, shoulder fracture or dislocation, remains unclear whether eccentric training would sub- traumatic onset of the pain, osteoarthritis, frozen shoulder, stantially augment results of traditional conservative traumatic glenohumeral instability or shoulder nerve inju- treatment. ries. Patients with concomitant disorders, such as cervical The aim of this study was to examine superior value of pathology or systemic musculoskeletal disease, were also adding heavy load eccentric training to conservative excluded from the study. No physical therapy nor corti- rehabilitation with respect to increasing strength and costeroid injections could have been received within decreasing pain and dysfunction. The hypothesis was first, 2 months prior to the study. that both groups would have increased strength and The Committee on Ethics of Ghent University approved decreased pain and dysfunction after rehabilitation and the study, and informed consent was obtained from each second, that adding eccentric training would lead to supe- subject. rior results. Intervention Materials and methods The TT group performed two traditional rotator cuff strengthening exercises at home: internal and external Prior to the intervention, baseline outcome measurements rotation resisted with an elastic band (Thera-Band, The were performed. Subsequently, patients were randomly Hygienic Corporation, Akron, OH, USA) [Fig. 2 allocated to the traditional rotator cuff strength training (‘‘Appendix’’)]. Each exercise was performed once a day (TT) group or the TT combined with heavy load eccentric for 3 sets of 10 repetitions. Patients were instructed to training (TT ? ET) group. All exercises were performed at perform the exercises at a speed of 600/repetition (200 con- home for 12 weeks. Both groups attended one physio- centric phase, 200 isometric phase and 200 eccentric phase). therapy session (300) a week during the first period of Colour of the band was chosen so that the patient did not 6 weeks and one every 2 weeks during the last period of experience significantly more pain during the exercise than 6 weeks (9 sessions in total). Outcome variables were at rest. Load was increased by changing colour of the reassessed at 6 and at 12 weeks after the start of the elastic band as soon as pain decreased. intervention. The TT ? ET group performed the same exercises as the TT group and in addition to that a heavy load eccentric Setting and participants exercise. The eccentric phase of full can (thumb up) abduction in the scapular plane was performed with a Sample size was estimated based on variability of pilot dumbbell weight [Fig. 3 (‘‘Appendix’’)]. Patients were data. Isometric strength to abduction at 90° of scapular instructed to perform the eccentric phase at a speed of 123 Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 500/repetition. Three sets of 15 repetitions were performed inclinometer (model ACU360, Lafayette Instrument Co.; twice a day [1]. Starting position of the eccentric phase at Lafayette, IN, USA). At 0° of abduction, the arm was along full scapular abduction had to be pain free, and, if not, the body with the elbow flexed 90° and the lower arm patients were advised to stretch out the arm at a slightly pointing in anterior direction. The HHD was placed against lower degree of scapular abduction. Dosing the eccentric the lateral epicondyle. At 45° and 90° of abduction, the arm exercises was based on the pain monitoring model [34, 35]. was in a full can position with the elbow extended, and the Three conditions had to be met: HHD was placed at the radial distal part of the lower arm. External and internal rotation strength were measured with 1. During the last set of 15 repetitions, the patient should the arm along the body, the elbow flexed 90° and the lower feel pain exceeding the pain at rest, but no more than a arm again pointing forward. The HHD was placed against score of 5 on the VAS (0–10) is allowed.
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