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Accentuated Eccentric Training: Effects on Horizontal Jump Distance and Muscle Strength Among Young Adults

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Accentuated Eccentric Training: Effects on Horizontal Jump Distance and Muscle Strength Among Young Adults MOJ Yoga & Physical Therapy Research Article Open Access Accentuated eccentric training: effects on horizontal jump distance and muscle strength among young adults Abstract Volume 3 Issue 3 - 2018 Accentuated eccentric loading is a training method in which greater load is applied during 1 1 eccentric phase in comparison to concentric phase of a coupled eccentric‒concentric action. Nizar Abdul Majeedkutty, Pang Shi Yiing, 2 The aim of this study was to evaluate the training effects of accentuated eccentric load Anila Paul countermovement jump on horizontal jump distance and muscle strength of lower extremity 1Department of Physiotherapy, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, among young adults. This study was designed as a randomized controlled trial with pretest Malaysia and post‒test model. The subjects were randomly categorized into a control group (n=15) 2Department of Physiotherapy, Medical Trust College of that underwent body‒mass countermovement jump and an intervention group (n=15) Physiotherapy, India submitted to Accentuated Eccentric Training. 30 subjects including 16 males and 14 females participated in the four‒week long training. Accentuated Eccentric Training group showed Correspondence: Nizar Abdul Majeedkutty, Department of significant improvement in horizontal jump distance and maximum muscle strength of lower Physiotherapy, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, Tel extremities. An increase in horizontal jump distance (+13.15%) and 5RM squat strength was 0060163702375, Email [email protected] noted (+23.14%) after four weeks of training. In conclusion, it would appear that Accentuated Eccentric Training enhance athletic performance in young adults. Application of accentuated Received: May 04, 2018 | Published: June 12, 2018 eccentric loading could be further investigated for its effects on agility and exercise induced muscle damage in athletes of different sports. Keywords: accentuated eccentric loading, countermovement jump, horizontal jump distance, maximum muscle strength Introduction comparison to concentric phase of a movement. It is hypothesized that a greater concentric force will be developed through higher loading in Efficient and effective training methods are continually sought eccentric action. It is believed that AEL involving coupled concentric after by physiotherapists, coaches, and athletes to enhance sports and overloaded eccentric muscle actions could optimize the effects 1 performance, Resisted movement training is used in athletic of stretch‒shortening cycle (SSC). An additional mechanical stimulus conditioning to enhance power and athletic performance by was given during eccentric phase in order to produce greater force executing a movement important to sport with added resistance that and power output during concentric phase in SSC activities. AEL is not excessive and does not adversely affect the movement pattern. augments the negative work of eccentric phase, thereby increasing Traditional weight training exercises performed slowly with heavy the positive work of concentric phase to overcome the negative work. resistance are well suited to enhance strength but may not be optimal Countermovement is described as a movement in a direction opposite for power development requiring higher velocity because there are to the goal direction. Some tasks such as throwing and jumping considerable portions of deceleration during the motion, whereas start with countermovement in order to improve performance. resisted movement training can allow for acceleration throughout Countermovement is commonly observed in actions involving SSC. 2 the range of motion. Eccentric exercises are frequently applied in The pre‒stretch in countermovement leads to higher speed and strength and conditioning program by giving external resistance to the greater force production in athletic performance. The spring‒like targeted muscles in the direction which is opposite the muscle pull. mechanism found in SSC actions,5 could be applied to explain the 3 According to, eccentric exercises improve maximal and explosive superior results gained in actions involving countermovement. The muscle strength, shift the optimal muscle length, improve muscle coil of spring immediately rebounds and jumps off the surface in an coordination and induce muscular adaptations. There are few different opposite direction after it is released from compression. The spring training modalities derived from eccentric exercises such as “pure jumps higher or farther by increasing the compression speed and eccentric” and “coupled eccentric‒concentric” manner. Accentuated compression force applied on the spring. This is known as the “rate eccentric loading (AEL) is one of the extended concepts from eccentric of loading”. Studies related to the acute and chronic effects brought exercises. Accentuated eccentric loading is a training method in by AEL were inconclusive, mostly due to differences in selecting which greater load is applied during eccentric phase in comparison to subjects, exercise, load prescription, and method of providing AEL.5 concentric phase of a coupled eccentric‒concentric action. The aim of some studies demonstrated that the AEL protocol could acutely this study was to evaluate the training effects of accentuated eccentric enhance athletic performance while some studies showed the contrary load countermovement jump on horizontal jump distance and results. Therefore, further research should be conducted to evaluate maximum muscle strength of lower extremity among young adults. the training effects of AEL among untrained subjects because training 4 According to, AEL was described as magnitude of eccentric load the untrained individual is the initial step of novice training programs. is higher than that of concentric load while maintaining the natural Moreover, there is lack of study conducted to investigate the effects mechanism of movements involving concentric and eccentric action. of AEL on standing long jump (broad jump) performance. Standing It means that an additional load is applied during eccentric phase in long jump is an athletic event and becomes one of the annual events Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com MOJ Yoga Physical Ther. 2018;3(3):59‒62. 59 ©2018 Majeedkutty et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Copyright: Accentuated eccentric training: effects on horizontal jump distance and muscle strength among young 60 adults ©2018 Majeedkutty et al. in Norwegian Championship since 1995. In addition, it is frequently Three attempts were allowed. It is a time and cost‒efficient method implemented in training regimen to improve athletic performance, without requiring any high‒technology equipment. Standing long especially lower body strength and explosive power. The authors from jump test could be used as a tool to measure lower limb power when a study suggested trainers should use long jump training instead of laboratory method is not feasible.8 conducted a study to investigate the vertical jump to improve swimming start performance. According to,6 feasibility of standing long jump test to assess the lower limb power sprinting speed in rugby could be enhanced by increasing lower body in elite sportsmen when the Wingate test is not practical to be applied strength. Some studies have demonstrated that standing long jump has and indicated that standing long jump test is a reliable and accurate strong correlation with sprinting by sharing common physiological method for the assessment. and biochemical determinants.7 Therefore, more studies related to improving jump performance are encouraged in order to benefit the 5‒repetition maximum strength test (5RM squat test) athletes who reach plateau stage of performance and athletes who 5RM Squat Test is proclaimed to be a reliable instrument to assess just recover from injury and wish to reach targeted performance muscular strength in recreational sports. Subjects had preparatory with minimizing injury risk in a short period. The aim of this study session with 20 repetitions of standing back extension exercise and was to evaluate the training effects of accentuated eccentric load 20 repetitions of squat without load. Before test session, the bar was countermovement jump on horizontal jump distance and maximum placed on the rack according to the height of subjects. Subjects were muscle strength of lower extremity among young adults. advised to wear tight weight belt to minimize the risk of injury. A pre‒ familiarization session without additional weight was scheduled prior Methods to actual test. Subjects were instructed to dismount the bar from the We adopted a randomized controlled trial design to determine rack, place on the back shoulder and stand in an upright position with the effects of accentuated eccentric training. Participants had been feet shoulder‒width apart. It was followed by squat until reaching categorized into intervention group (Accentuated Eccentric Jump) approximately 110° of knee flexion with greater trochanter of femur and control group (Body Mass Jump) using block randomization and superior border of patella were in same horizontal plane. Then, to ensure that roughly equal numbers of samples are randomly subjects ascend to original position according to verbal sign given assigned to the two groups in a way that both known and unknown by assessor. The load was increased with 5‒10kg for every
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