TEST 2 MODEL HINTS GS PAPER 1 History & Culture - Unit IV and Unit V ------3 MARKERS 1

MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2 MPPSC 2020 MAINS TEST SERIES MAINS MENTORSHIP PROGRAM (MMP) TEST 2 MODEL HINTS GS PAPER 1 History & Culture - Unit IV and Unit V ------3 MARKERS 1. This question consists of very short answer type question. Each question is to be answered in 1 line (10 Words). There is no internal choice. Each question carries 3 marks.

(a) Bhimbetka

 Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh is a striking site of both Paleolithic and Mesolithic painting.  Bhimbetka is derived from "bhimbaithka" meaning "the sitting place of Bhima" from Mahabharata.  Bhimbetka rock shelters were discovered and revealed to the world by VS Wakankar in 1957.  Its a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

(b) Avantibai (1831-1858)

Model Hints  Avanitbai or Avanti bai Lodhi was the wife of Maharaja Vikramaditya Singh, the ruler of the Ramgarh estate, which at present comes under Mandla Distt, Madhya Pradesh.  Role in revolt of 1857: She fought against the British in 1857 and scarificed her life . (c) Chandelas

Model Hints Chandel Dynasty (9th -13th Century AD)  The Chandela or Chandel is a Rajput clan in Central India  Nannuk founded the Chandel dynasty in Bundelkhand Bundelkhand was known as Jejakbhukti.

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2  Their Capitals were at Khajuraho and Mahoba.  Initially Chandels were the feudal ( Samant) under Pratiharas.  Chandelas also captured fort Kalinjar.  Chandelas assumed to be the decendents of saint Chadrodaya.  The Chandelas built the most famous Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho in 1050 A.D. (d) Omkareshwar

Model Hints  Omkareshwar is a Hindu temple dedicated to God Shiva.  It is one of the 12 revered Jyotirlinga shrines of Shiva. It is on an island called Mandhata or Shivapuri in the Narmada river;  The shape of the island is said to be like the Hindu ॐ symbol. (e) Sanchi  Location: Sanchi, Raisen District  Sanchi is synonymous with Buddhist Stupas - hemispherical structures typically containing relics of the Buddha or his followers.  Historically Sanchi (Ancient Name is Kakanodbot or Kaknya) has been a place of Shaiv community. Later on it became a famous site of Buddhist religion.  Emperor Ashoka built the great stupa and made the town of Sanchi sacred as well as popular in 3rd century BC.  A British cavalry officer General Taylor rediscovered and revived the sacredness of the town in 1818.

Supplementary Notes  UNESCO has given the status of 'World Heritage Site' to the Mahastupa. (Stupa -1)  The lion capital of Ashokan pillar can be found at the archeological museum  Home to the Gupta temple, one of the earliest examples of temple architecture  The evolution of temple architecture is seen in the Gupta temple in the Stupa premises that were built in 5th Century  Today around 50 monuments remain on the hill of Sanchi, narrating the rise and fall of Buddhist art and architecture  The corridor(Jungla) around the Stupa was built in Shunga era.  Jataka stories are carved on the walls of this stupas.  One inscription about the minister of Chandragupta Vikramaditya is also stood here.  In 2012, Buddha university was setup in Sanchi. Sanchi Stupa : Facts Type Buddhist monument Status UNESCO World Heritage Site Year of Construction 3rd century BCE Commissioned by Ashoka Architectural Style Buddhist style , Houses 4 Gateways That Showcase Buddha‟s Life Through Intricate Carvings Also Known as Great Stupa (Maha Stupa) ; Stupa No. 1 (in Sanchi) Dimensions 54 feet (height) and 120 feet (dome diameter) Material Used Brick , Wooden corridors and Stone

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2

(f) Makhan Lal Chaturvedi

Model Hints

 Chaturvedi was born in a Bavali village of Hoshangabad district.  He was the editor of the nationalist journals Prabha, Pratap and Karmaveer.  He was awarded the first Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi for his work "Him Taringini" in 1955.

 One of his famous poem is "Pushpa ki Abhilasha"

------6 MARKERS

2. Write the answers of the following questions in 5-6 lines (50 words) each.

(a) Briefly discuss the Khajuraho Group of Temples

Model Hints  The Khajuraho Group of Temples (Hindu temples and Jain temples) is located in Chhatarpur district, Madhya Pradesh, India.

 They are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The temples are famous for their Nagara-style architectural symbolism and their erotic Sculptures.

 The Khajuraho group of monuments was built during the rule of the Chandela dynasty.

 The temples are grouped into three categories depending on their orientation – the Western Group of Temples, the Eastern Group of Temples and the Southern Group of Temples.

 These temples are dedicated to several Hindu Gods and Goddesses along with deities in Jain beliefs.

 Among the temples that are standing till now, 6 are dedicated to Lord Shiva, 8 to Lord Vishnu, 1 each to Lord Ganesha and the Sun God, while 3 are dedicated to Jain Tirthankaras.

 The largest of the temples is the Kandariya Mahadeo Temple that is dedicated to the glory of lord Shiva.

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2

(b) Write a short note on Jhanda Satyagrah.

Model Hints

Jhanda Satyagraha(1923)  On march 1923, in Jabalpur a dispute arosed among local authorities about the hoisting of the tricolor flag.  The dispute started when the British deputy commissioner was enraged and ordered to take down the flagwhich was hoisted by the congress members at municipality building at Jabalpur on 8th march 1923.  In defiance of the government ban, the district Congress Committee started the Satyagraha, which was led by pandit Sunderlal Sharma, Subhadra kumari Chauhan,Nathuram Modi .  Satyagrahi were prosecuted in which Pandit Sundarlal Sharma was imprisoned for six months  .Later Nagpur was made the centre of Satyagrah.  On 18 August,1923 the British authorities allowed volunteers to take out the procession with national flag which was headed by Makhanlal Chaturvedi,Vallabh Bhai Patel and Babu Rajendra Prasad.

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2 (c) Give an account of famous religous places of Madhya Pradesh.

Model Hints Madhya Pradesh is famous for holy places and Hindu temples such as Bhojeshwar temple complex, list of temples in Chitrakoot, famous temples of Amarkantak, Khajuraho group of temples, popular temples in Ujjain and must see temples of Orchha.

 Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga: Ujjain: Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga temple is one of the twelve Jyotirlingam of Lord Shiva and most sacred abodes of Lord Shiva in India.  Omkareshwar Temple, Omkareshwar: Omkareshwar Temple is also one of the 12 Jyotirlinga shrines of Lord Shiva in India, located in the island on the south bank of Narmada river. Amareshwar or Mamleshwar and Omkareshwar both are consider jyotirling and equally sacred.  Bhojeshwar Temple, Bhojpur: Bhojeshwar Temple of Lord Shiva house the tallest limestone lingam and the temple is designated as a Monument of National Importance.  Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho: Kandariya Mahadeva Temple is the largest Hindu temple in Khajuraho, located in the Chhatarpur district. The temple is part of the Khajuraho Group of Monuments and one of the most popular UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India.  Chaturbhuj Temple, Orchha: Chaturbhuj Temple is the most fabulous temple in the complex, dedicated to Lord Vishnu. Orchha town lies on the bank of Betwa river and famous for Orchha Fort, Ram Raja Temple an Laxminarayan Temple.  Maa Sharda Devi Temple, Maihar: Maa Sharda devi temple is the most famous temple of mother goddess in Madhya Pradesh. The temple is situated on Trikuta hill and also has rope way system.  Bijasan Mata Temple, Salkanpur: Bijasan Mata Temple in Salkanpur is a sacred shrine of goddess and a must visit temples in Madhya Pradesh.  Bharat Milap Mandir, Chitrakoot:Bharat Milap Mandir is one of the famous temple in Chitrakoot, The religious town of Chitrakoot is situated in the Bundelkhand region and known for a number of temples and sites.  Narmadeshwar Temple, Amarkantak: Narmada Udgam Temple in Amarkantak is the prime tourist attraction along with unique natural heritage area, rich variety of flora and Yantra Mandir.  Chausath Yogini Temple at Jabalpur is the abode of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati along with 64 yoginis. The temple is located near the famous Marble Rocks in Bhedaghat.

(d) Write a brief note on the buildings of Mandu.

Model Hints  The group of monuments of Mandu are situated south-east of Dhar in Madhya Pradesh.  There are more than 60 monuments including fort wall protected and declared as monuments of national importance. The most significant ones are described below:  Darwazas: Mandu is the largest fortified city of medieval India. The wall encompassing Mandu has 12

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2 major gates or darwazas.  Jahaz Mahal: This palace is located between two artificial lakes. It was built by Ghiyas-ud-din-Khilji, and it served as a harem for the sultan, with a reportedly aggregation of 15000 ladies inside.  Hindola Mahal: This Swing palace has sloping sidewalls.  Hoshang Shah’s Tomb: This tomb is said to be India‟s first marble structure and one of the best examples of Afghan architecture. It is truly Islamic in architecture with a beautifully proportioned dome, intricate marble lattice work and porticoed courts and towers. The Hoshang Shah‟s tomb may have been used as a template for building the Taj Mahal.  Jama Masjid: Built on the rubble of the Hindu Temples, the most is a simple structure with large courtyards and grand entrances.  Rewa Kund: Rewa Kund was a reservoir that supplied water to the Rani Roopmati‟s Pavilion. It was constructed by her lover Baz Bahadur.  Rani Roopmati’s Pavillion: It was actually an army observation post. Rani Roopmati – the love interest of Baaz Bahadur lived here and is said to have gazed at the Baz Bahadur‟s Palace – situated below and also at Narmada river, flowing through the Nimar plains far below, a river which the queen revered.  Baz Bahadur’s Palace: Built by Baz Bahadur, this 16th-century structure is famous for its large courtyards encompassed by large halls and high terraces. It is situated below Roopmati‟s Pavilion and can be seen from the pavilion. ------15 MARKERS

3. Answer the following questions in about 200 words each.

(a) Write a note of World Heritage Sites of Madhya Pradesh.

Model Hints Three sites in Madhya Pradesh have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO:  The Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986)  Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989)  The Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003) The Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986)  The Khajuraho Group of Monuments is situted in chhattarpur District of madhya pradesh.  It is a group of hindu temples known for their nagara-style architectural symbolism and their erotic sculptures.  Location: Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh  Built By : Chandela dynasty Between 950 and 1050 AD

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2

Sanchi Stupa  Stupa means, a dome-shaped building erected as a Buddhist shrine.  Sanci, is a Buddhist complex, famous for its Great Stupa, on a hilltop at Sanchi Town in Raisen District of the State of Madhya Pradesh  It was originally commissioned by the emperor Ashoka in the 2nd century BCE

Bhimbetka rock shelters  These rock shelters were declared a World Heritage Site in 2003.  Bhimbetka Rock shelters are located in Raisen District (Madhya Pradesh)  It gives the sense of the prehistoric paleolithic and mesolithic periods, as well as the historic period. It exhibits the earliest traces of human life on the Indian subcontinent and evidence of Stone Age starting at the site in Acheulian times. Itconsists of seven hills and over 750 rock shelters  Out of around 600 caves , only 12 caves are open for visitors, in Bhimbetka.

OR Briefly describe the main historical tourist places in Madhya Pradesh.

Model Hints

The Great Stupa of Sanchi

 The town of Sanchi is synonymous with Buddhist Stupas - containing relics of the Buddha or his followers.

 The Stupas of Sanchi were constructed on the orders of Emperor Ashoka to preserve and spread the Buddhist philosophy.

 UNESCO has given the status of 'World Heritage Site' to the Mahastupa.

The Khajuraho Group of Temples  The common date palm - khajura - has given khajuraho its name.

 Built between 950-1050 AD by the Chandela Dynasty.

 The temples consist of stunning displays of fine sculptures and exceptional architectural skill, making them one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India.

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2  Based on their geographical location, the temples are categorised into three groups: Eastern, Western and Southern.

 The khajuraho temples belong to the Hindu as well as the Jain religion

Gwalior City  Gwalior is best known for its Hilltop fort, famously described as „the pearl amongst fortresses in India‟.

 Gwalior holds an unparalleled reputation in Sangeet, and has retained Indian traditions and the wealth of music intact over the years. The Gwalior Gharana is one of the oldest Khayal Gharanas and the one to which most classical Indian musicians can trace the origin of their style. Legendary musicians like Tansen and BaijuBawara belonged to Gwalior.

 Gwalior also has a rich history in sports, with the wizard of Hockey, Dhyan Chand, belonging to the city.

 The Vishnu temple at Gwalior fort has the first ever written zero

Bhimbetka Rock Shelters  Bhimbetka is derived from 'Bhimbaithka' meaning 'the sitting place of Bhima', from Mahabharata.

 Out of the 760 rock shelters, 500 are adorned with paintings.

 The painting of an enormous red bison attacking a man is visible only when the sun is just right

 Thousands years old art gallery hides amongst the massive, black boulders of bhimbetka

 These rock shelters were discovered and revealed to the world by V.S. Wakankar in 1957.\

 Cave paintings dating back to approximately 30,000 years.

 Its a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Omkareshwar Temple  Omkareshwar is one of the 12 Jyotirlingas. Omkareshwar, the sacred island, is shaped like Om - the holiest symbol of Hinduism.

 Omkareshwar is adorned with lofty hills, between which the river Narmada forms a serene pool. Above this pool runs a cantilever type 270 ft bridge which further enhances the scenic beauty of this island.

 The three storeyGauri Somnath temple is made in the shape of peahen.

Mandu  City existing since 6th century B.C.

 Houses India‟s biggest fort – the Mandu Fort

 The Jahaz Mahal in Mandu looks like a ship that‟s about to sail.

 The city of Mandu is adorned with Afghan architecture surrounded by baobab trees, native to Africa.

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2  The grand palaces speak of royal romance of Rani Roopmati and Baz Bahadurwhile the gateways (darwazas) speak of a history of imperial conquests. Mahakaleshwar Temple, Ujjain  Dedicated to Lord Shiva, the Mahakaleshwar Temple in Ujjain is one of the most popular holy shrines visited by Hindus in the temple city.

 The city, situated on the banks of Shipra River.

 The uniqueness of Mahakaleshwar lies in the fact that it is the only Jyotirlinga which is facing the South, which gives it the name “Dakshinamurti”.It is one of the 12 Jyotirlingas, which are the most sacred abodes of Lord Shiva.

Bhojeshwar Temple  Famous for housing one of the largest lingas in the country, Bhojeshwar Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva whose construction was abandoned before its completion.

 This temple was built by Raja Bhoj during the 11th century and has an 18 feet tall linga.

(b) Write an essay on the achievements and contributions Bhoj Paramara (1010-1055).  Bhoja (reigned c. 1010–1055 CE) was an Indian king from the Paramara dynasty.

 Raja Bhoja, after whom the city of Bhopal is named, is considered to be the greatest scholar-king.

 His kingdom was centered around the Malwa region in central India, where his capital Dhara-nagara (modern Dhar) was located.

 He waged several wars against the Chalukyas of Kalyani (also known as the Western Chalukyas to distinguish them from the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi), the Kalachuris of Tripuri (Chedi region), Chalukya feudatories of Lata, the Chandelas and the Chahamanas (Chauhan).

 Besides his military campaigns Bhoja's patronage of art, literature, temple and architecture also confer on him the reverence and admiration of his contemporaries and later generations, hallmark of a great men. The Udaipur Prashasti describes him as 'Kaviraj'.

 He established a center of Sanskrit studies in the capital called Bhojsala which also had a temple dedicated to Sarasvati, the goddess of learning and knowledge.

 He is also said to have built the Upper Lake in Bhopal by constructing an earthen dam across the Kolans River. The lake was renamed Bhojtaal in 2011. MPPSC 2020 - MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 (Enroll@8999) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com

MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2  His greatest work is the Bhojeshwar temple, a massive Shiva temple which boasts to be the largest Shivling in India. It is located at a place called Bhojpur, around 28 kms from Bhopal, on the banks of the Betwa river.

 Apart from being a great builder Raja Bhoja was a great polymath and many works on architecture, poetry, medicine, science and yoga are attributed to him

 Some of the other very interesting texts attributed to Raja Bhoja are Sarasvatīkaṇṭhabharaṇa, a treatise on Sanskrit grammar for poetic compositions; Vyavaharamanjari a text on Dharmashastras or Hindu law and Charucharya a text on personal hygiene. There are about 84 works attributed to him.

 In his capital city of Dhar or Dharanagari, he is said to have created a great Sanskrit center of learning called Sarasvatisadana or Bharatibhavana, over which he personally presided. Today, this center of learning is popularly called Bhojshala and remains of it can be seen in Dhar even today.

OR Write a note about the Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya, Bhopal.

Model Hints  Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalya (National Museum of Mankind) is a unique museum on the Shyamala Hills Bhopal.  Itsan autonomous organization of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India, began functioning since March, 1977, at New Delhi. By early 1979, the establishment was shifted to Bhopal  The status of the Museum was converted from the 'Subordinate Office' into an ÁutonomousOrganisation in March 1985, and the 'Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya Samiti' was entrusted to control and supervise the programmes and activities of the Sangrahalaya.  It is one of the largest and leading Anthropological Museums in India.  The mandate of the Sangrahalaya include: presentation of an integrated story of bio-cultural evolution of humankind through outdoor and indoor exhibitions by highlighting the richness and diversity of cultural patterns of India and its underlying unity; to act as a centre of research and training in museology and generate a new museum movement in India and to present and preserve variety of cultural life.  IGRMS is also working for national integration, and promote research & training and inter-organizational networking for salvage and revitalization of vanishing, but valuable cultural traditions.  The innovative aspects of the organisation are its open-air and indoor exhibitions. It has 8 (eight) open air exhibitions and 12 indoor galleries. Moreover, Museum activities of this Museum are designed to make informative, educative and entertaining.  The Reference Library of IGRMS provides abundant research opportunities for students, researchers, designers, film makers etc. and it is an important source of documentation for the university community and Museum professionals.  The Museum display has been curated directly- by the folk and tribal communities, camping at site, to MPPSC 2020 - MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 (Enroll@8999) Call: 9953733830 WhatsApp: 7982862964 Mail: [email protected] www.mppscadda.com

MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2 treat a miniature presentation of Indian folk ways display of ecospecific habitation and subsistancepractises in the tribal, coastal, desert and Himalayan habitats.  Through its exhibitions, education programmes and salvage activities, IGRMS demonstrates the aesthetic qualities of India's traditional life styles, and the continued relevance of local traditional knowledge and mores of people to the modern society and cautions the people against unprecedented destruction of ecology and environment, local values and customs.

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MPPSC 2020 – MAINS TEST SERIES 2020 - TEST 2 NOTES

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