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Esocid Stocking: an Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review Esocid Stocking: an Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review

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Esocid Stocking: an Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review Esocid Stocking: an Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review Esocid Stocking: An Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review Esocid Stocking: An Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review S. J. Kerr and T. A. Lasenby Fisheries Section Fish and Wildlife Branch Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources March 2001 This publication should be cited as follows: Kerr, S. J. and T. A. Lasenby. 2001. Esocid stocking: An annotated bibliography and literature review. Fish and Wildlife Branch, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 138 p. + appendices. Printed in Ontario, Canada (0.3 k P. R. 01 31 03) MNR 51489 ISBN 0-7794-0809-8 Copies of this publication are available from: Fish and Wildlife Branch Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources P. O. Box 7000 300 Water Street, Peterborough Ontario. K9J 8M5 Cette publication spécialisée n'est disponible qu'en anglais Cover drawing by Ruth E. Grant, Brockville, Ontario. Preface This bibliography and literature review is the seventh in a set of reference documents developed in conjunction with a review of fish stocking policies and guidelines in the Province of Ontario. It has been prepared to summarize information pertaining to the current state of knowledge regarding esocids (northern pike and muskellunge) in a form which can readily be utilized by field staff and stocking proponents. Material cited in this bibliography includes papers published in scientific journals, magazines and periodicals as well as “gray” literature such as file reports from Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) field offices. Unpublished literature was obtained by soliciting information (i.e., unpublished data and file reports) from field biologists from across Ontario. Most published information was obtained from a literature search at the MNR corporate library in Peterborough. Twenty-one major fisheries journals were reviewed as part of this exercise. These included Aquaculture (1972-1998), California Fish and Game (1917-2000), Copeia (1913- 2000), Environmental Biology of Fishes (1976-2000), Fishery Bulletin (1963-2000), Fisheries Management (1975-1984), Journal of Freshwater Ecology (1981-2000), New York Fish and Game Journal (1954-1985), North American Journal of Fisheries Management (1981-2000), Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada/Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (1950-2000), Progressive Fish Culturist (1940-2000), and Transactions of the American Fisheries Society (1929-2000). Searches were also made of other publications including Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Transactions of the North American Fish and Wildlife Conference, Transactions of the Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference, United States Department of the Interior Fisheries Technical Papers, FAO Fisheries Technical Papers and Circulars, and reports published under the Canadian Technical Report Series of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Some material was obtained by a search on the Fish and Fisheries Worldwide database (1971-2000) via the Internet. Information from over 370 sources has been assembled. Abstracts from published papers have been included wherever possible. In cases where abstracts were not available, an attempt has been made to extract pertinent material from the document to provide a synopsis of the findings. In some cases, we were unable to obtain a copy of the document but have simply included the citation. Some unpublished data has been included but has not been cited. (i) Table of Contents Preface . .(i) Table of Contents . .(ii) History of Esocid Stocking in Ontario . .1 Synthesis of Selected Literature . .5 Annotated Bibliography . .19 Acknowledgements . .129 Subject Key . .131 Subject Index . .133 Appendix 1. Muskellunge stocking in Ontario waters, 1925-2000. Appendix 2. Muskellunge transfers in Ontario waters. Appendix 3. Ontario lakes containing introduced muskellunge populations. (ii) History of Esocid Stocking in Ontario Waters History of Esocid Stocking in Ontario Waters Although muskellunge propagation in Canada dates back to 1877 (MacCrimmon et al. 1974), muskellunge culture and stocking in Ontario was first reported in 1927. Between 1927 and 1937 these early efforts were conducted at a temporary (portable) facility situated on the Pigeon River at Omemee, Ontario (Buie 1960, Tripp 1965). A second temporary facility, situated on the Scugog River at Sturgeon Lake was operated in 1929. In 1934, these efforts were supplemented by a collection of muskellunge eggs from Beaver Creek, Crowe Lake (Hastings County) which were reared at the Belleville fish hatchery. The Deer Lake fish culture station, a pond station with a surface water supply situated near Havelock, Ontario, was constructed in 1938. This facility was the predominant source of hatchery-reared muskellunge from that point until the facility was closed in 1990. Muskellunge reared at the Deer Lake facility originated from eggs collected from wild stocks primarily from Stony Lake, Buckhorn Lake (Deer Bay) and the Crowe River. Annual egg collections ranged from 1.80 to 6.26 million eggs (Table 1). Table 1. Muskellunge egg collections for the Deer Lake fish culture station, 1948-1985. Number of Muskellunge Eggs Collected Year Stony Lake Buckhorn Lake (Deer Bay) Crowe River Total Eggs Collected 1948 - - - 5,285,000 1949 - - - 4,660,000 1950 - - - 4,645,000 1951 - - - 5,060,000 1952 - - - 5,545,000 1953 - - - 4,350,000 1954 - - - 4,960,000 1955 - - - 5,580,000 1956 - - - 6,260,000 1957 - - - 4,400,000 1958 - - - 4,350,000 1959 - - - 5,470,000 1960 - - - 3,960,000 1961 - - - 4,260,000 1962 2,430,000 2,730,000 90,000 5,250,000 1963 2,100,000 1,470,000 190,000 3,760,000 1964 1,770,000 1,230,000 30,000 3,030,000 1965 2,430,000 1,230,000 - 3,660,000 1966 1,830,000 700,000 - 2,530,000 1967 2,400,000 1,920,000 - 4,320,000 1968 2,950,000 1,610,000 - 4,560,000 1969 3,180,000 1,680,000 - 4,860,000 1970 4,080,000 - - 4,080,000 1971 3,740,000 - - 3,740,000 1972 4,050,000 - - 4,050,000 1973 1,800,000 - - 1,800,000 1974 3,180,000 - - 3,180,000 1975 3,000,000 - - 3,000,000 1976 3,282,000 - - 3,282,000 1977 2,821,500 - - 2,821,500 1978 2,920,500 - - 2,920,500 1979 2,983,500 - - 2,983,500 1980 2,404,800 - - 2,404,800 1981 2,100,000 - - 2,100,000 1982 2,481,500 - - 2,481,500 1983 2,707,500 - - 2,707,500 1984 2,707,500 - - 2,707,500 1985 3,477,000 - - 3,477,000 Esocid Stocking: An Annotated Bibliography and Literature Review 1 History of Esocid Stocking in Ontario Waters Muskellunge fingerlings were reared at the Skeleton Lake fish culture station, near Utterson, Ontario, for the first time in 1953. Fry were transferred from the Deer Lake facility and 10,000 were reared to the fingerling stage and stocked. The annual muskellunge culture program commenced in mid April when several pound nets were set in Stony Lake at water temperatures in the 7º C range. When temperatures neared 10º C muskellunge typically moved toward spawning areas where they were captured and, if mature and ripe, artificially spawned. Fertilized eggs were water hardened on site and subsequently transferred to the Deer Lake facility. Eggs were incubated in upwelling bell jars loaded with approximately 2 liters (~ 100,000) of eggs. Hatching typically occurred in 16 days at water temperatures in the 10-12º C range. At the first signs of hatch, eggs were transferred to pails, in lots of 10,000 per pail, and the small (1º C) increase in temperature ensured a complete hatch. Annual hatching success between 1973 and 1986 averaged 53% (Harris 1987). The hatched fry were transferred to trays and swim-up typically occurred in 1-2 weeks. Most fish were stocked as swim-up fry but a small number (e.g., 250-300,000) were retained for fingerling production. These fish were then transferred to ponds which had been fertilized with soybean meal to promote a zooplankton bloom which would provide a food source for the small fish. Once the fry reached sizes of 2-3 cm, their diet changed to fish and they were initially (first 2-3 days) fed sucker fry and, subsequently, minnow fry. This phase was quite labor intensive as a sufficient quantity of minnows needed to be harvested from nearby lakes (Rice, Pigeon and Buckhorn) and fed to the muskellunge on a daily basis. At Deer Lake, muskellunge grew at the rate of 2 cm per week and by early July they had reached approximately 10-12 cm in length and were stocked at 8-10 weeks of age. Many problems were encountered in muskellunge propagation. These included predation (by aquatic insects, snakes birds and other fish), cannibalism, starvation (from poor zooplankton production or lack of suitable forage), parasitism and bacterial infection. Early fish stocking efforts were concentrated in southcentral Ontario particularly in the Kawartha Lakes region (Table 2). In 1952, transfers of juvenile and adult muskellunge from Nogies Creek, Ontario, were initiated. Between 1952 and 1958 (excluding 1956), a total of 1,533 tagged and 520 untagged muskellunge were transferred to Pigeon and Sturgeon lakes (Muir and Sweet 1964). Subsequent studies were made to evaluate post-release movements and the contributions of these fish to the creel (Dursely and Fry 1961). In 1958, an attempt was made to transfer muskellunge fry from the Deer Lake station to Vancouver, British Columbia. Fry were shipped on an aircraft in a plexiglass jar. There was no survival after a transport period of approximately 25 hours, however. An active muskellunge transfer program was conducted in the Sioux Lookout area of northwestern Ontario in the early-mid 1960s. Over 1,000 muskellunge were transferred over a four year period, including introductions to 13 lakes (Armstrong 1963, Semotak and Penney 1966, Penney undated).
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