DOCSLIB.ORG

Gene Duplication: the Genomic Trade in Spare Parts Matthew Hurles

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gene Duplication: the Genomic Trade in Spare Parts Matthew Hurles Primer Gene Duplication: The Genomic Trade in Spare Parts Matthew Hurles f necessity is the mother of change. Gene duplication provides is the widespread existence of gene invention, then its father is an opportunities to explore this forbidden families. Members of a gene family that Iinveterate tinkerer, with a large evolutionary space more widely by share a common ancestor as a result garage full of spare parts. Innovation generating duplicates of a gene that of a duplication event are denoted as (like homicide) requires motive and can ‘wander’ more freely, on condition being paralogous, distinguishing them opportunity. Clearly, the predominant that between them they continue to from orthologous genes in different ‘motive’ during the evolution of a novel supply the original function. genomes, which share a common gene function is to gain a selective Susumu Ohno was the fi rst to ancestor as a result of a speciation advantage. To understand why gene comprehensively elucidate the event. Paralogous genes can often duplications represent the major potential of gene duplication, in his be found clustered within a genome, ‘opportunities’ from which new genes book Evolution by Gene Duplication, although dispersed paralogues, often evolve, we must fi rst consider what published more than 30 years ago with more diverse functions, are also constrains genic evolution. (Ohno 1970). The prescience of common. The vast majority of genes in every Ohno’s book is highlighted by the genome are selectively constrained, fact that his book has almost certainly in that most nucleotide changes that been cited more times in the past fi ve Copyright: © 2004 Matthew Hurles. This is an alter the fi tness of the organism are years than in the fi rst fi ve years after its open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which deleterious. How do we know this? publication. permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduc- Comparisons between genomes clearly tion in any medium, provided the original work is demonstrate that coding sequences What Is the Evidence for the properly cited. diverge at slower rates than non-coding Importance of Gene Duplication? Matthew Hurles is at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Insti- regions, largely due to a defi cit of The primary evidence that tute near Cambridge in the United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected] mutations at positions where a base duplication has played a vital role in change would cause an amino-acid the evolution of new gene functions DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020206 PLoS Biology | http://biology.plosjournals.org July 2004 | Volume 2 | Issue 7 | Page 0900 Whole genome sequences of closely of new biological functions over all classifi ed on the basis of the size of related organisms have allowed evolutionary timescales, it is of great duplication generated, and whether us to identify changes in the gene interest to be able to comprehensively they involve an RNA intermediate complements of species over relatively document the duplicative differences (Figure 1). short evolutionary distances. These that exist between our own species ‘Retrotransposition’ describes the comparisons typically reveal dramatic and our closest relatives, the great integration of reverse transcribed expansions and contractions of apes. The study by Fortna et al. (2004) mature RNAs at random sites in a gene families that can be related to in this issue of PLoS Biology identifi es genome. The resultant duplicated underlying biological differences. For over 3% of around 30,000 genes as genes (retrogenes) lack introns and example, humans and mice differ having undergone lineage-specifi c have poly-A tails. Separated from their in their sensory reliance on sight copy number changes among fi ve regulatory elements, these integrated and smell respectively; colour vision hominoid (humans plus the great apes) sequences rarely give rise to expressed in humans has been signifi cantly species. This is the fi rst time that copy full-length coding sequences, although enhanced by the duplication of an number changes among apes have functional retrogenes have been Opsin gene that allows us to distinguish been assayed for the vast majority of identifi ed in most genomes. light at three different wavelengths, human genes, and we can expect that Tandem duplication of a genomic while mice can distinguish only segment (segmental duplication) the biological consequences of the 140 two. By contrast, a much higher is one of the possible outcomes of human-specifi c copy number changes proportion of the large gene family of ‘unequal crossing over’, which results identifi ed in this study will be heavily olfactory receptors have retained their from homologous recombination investigated over the coming years. functionality in mice, as compared to between paralogous sequences. humans. How Do Duplications Arise? These recombination events can also Given the apparent importance of The various mechanisms by which give rise to the deletion or inversion gene duplication for the evolution genes become duplicated are often of intervening sequences. Recent DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020206.g001 Figure 1. Mechanism of Gene Duplication A two-exon gene is fl anked by two Alu elements and a neighbouring replication termination site. Recombination between the two Alu elements leads to a tandem duplication event, as does a replication error instigated by the replication termination site. Retrotransposition of the mRNA of the gene leads to the random integration of an intron-less paralogue at a distinct genomic location. PLoS Biology | http://biology.plosjournals.org July 2004 | Volume 2 | Issue 7 | Page 0901 evidence suggests that the explosion duplications, because duplication So what are the relative contributions of segmental duplications in recent breakpoints are enriched at replication of these different mechanisms? Not primate evolution has been caused in termination sites (Koszul et al. 2004). all interspersed duplicate genes are part by the rapid proliferation of Alu Genome duplication events generated by retrotransposition. elements about 40 MYA. Alu elements generate a duplicate for every gene The initially tandem arrangement of are derived from the 7SL RNA gene in the genome, representing a huge segmental duplications can be broken and represent the most frequent opportunity for a step-change in up by subsequent rearrangements. dispersed repeat in the human organismal complexity. However, In keeping with this hypothesis, genome, with the approximately genome duplication presents duplicated genes in a tandem 1 million copies of the 300-bp Alu signifi cant problems for the faithful arrangement typically represent more element representing around 10% transmission of a genome from recent duplication events (Friedman of the entire genome. The striking one generation to the next, and is and Hughes 2003). Recent analyses enrichment of Alu elements at the consequently a rare event, at least suggest that 70% of non-functional junctions between duplicated and in Metazoa. In principle, genome duplicated genes (pseudogenes) single copy sequences implicates duplications should be easily identifi ed in the human genome result from unequal crossing over between these through the coincident emergence retrotransposition rather than any repeats in the generation of segmental within a phylogeny of many gene DNA-based process (Torrents et al. duplications (Bailey et al. 2003). families. Unfortunately, this signal is 2003). The observation of segmental complicated by subsequent piecemeal duplication events with no evidence for loss and gain of gene family members. What Fates Befall a Recently homology-driven unequal crossing over Consequently, there is heated Duplicated Gene? suggests that segmental duplications debate over possible ancient genome A duplicated gene newly arisen can also arise through non-homologous duplication events in early vertebrate in a single genome must overcome mechanisms. A recent screen for evolution and more recently in teleost substantial hurdles before it can be spontaneous duplications in yeast fi sh, both of which must have occurred observed in evolutionary comparisons. suggests that replication-dependent hundreds of millions of years ago First, it must become fi xed in the chromosome breakages also play a (McLysaght et al. 2002; Van de Peer et population, and second, it must be signifi cant role in generating tandem al. 2003). preserved over time. Population genetics tells us that for new alleles, fi xation is a rare event, even for new mutations that confer an immediate selective advantage. Nevertheless, it has been estimated that one in a hundred genes is duplicated and fi xed every million years (Lynch and Conery 2000), although it should be clear from the duplication mechanisms described above that it is highly unlikely that duplication rates are constant over time. However, once fi xed, three possible fates are typically envisaged for our gene duplication. Despite the slackened selective constraints, mutations can still destroy the incipient functionality of a duplicated gene: for example, by introducing a premature stop codon or a mutation that destroys the structure of a major protein domain. These degenerative mutations result in the creation of a pseudogene (nonfunctionalization). Over time, the likelihood of such a mutation being introduced increases. Recent studies suggest that there is a relatively DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020206.g002 narrow time window for evolutionary Figure 2. Fates of Duplicate Genes exploration
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Abstracts Genome 10K & Genome Science 29 Aug - 1 Sept 2017 Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Uk
    Genome 10K c ABSTRACTS GENOME 10K & GENOME SCIENCE 29 AUG - 1 SEPT 2017 NORWICH RESEARCH PARK, NORWICH, UK Genome 10K c 48 KEYNOTE SPEAKERS ............................................................................................................................... 1 Dr Adam Phillippy: Towards the gapless assembly of complete vertebrate genomes .................... 1 Prof Kathy Belov: Saving the Tasmanian devil from extinction ......................................................... 1 Prof Peter Holland: Homeobox genes and animal evolution: from duplication to divergence ........ 2 Dr Hilary Burton: Genomics in healthcare: the challenges of complexity .......................................... 2 INVITED SPEAKERS ................................................................................................................................. 3 Vertebrate Genomics ........................................................................................................................... 3 Alex Cagan: Comparative genomics of animal domestication .......................................................... 3 Plant Genomics .................................................................................................................................... 4 Ksenia Krasileva: Evolution of plant Immune receptors ..................................................................... 4 Andrea Harper: Using Associative Transcriptomics to predict tolerance to ash dieback disease in European ash trees ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Effects on Microsatellite Diversity in Wild Emmer Wheat (Triticum Dicoccoides) at the Yehudiyya Microsite, Israel
    Heredity (2003) 90, 150–156 & 2003 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0018-067X/03 $25.00 www.nature.com/hdy Genetic effects on microsatellite diversity in wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) at the Yehudiyya microsite, Israel Y-C Li1,3, T Fahima1,MSRo¨der2, VM Kirzhner1, A Beiles1, AB Korol1 and E Nevo1 1Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel; 2Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany This study investigated allele size constraints and clustering, diversity. Genome B appeared to have a larger average and genetic effects on microsatellite (simple sequence repeat number (ARN), but lower variance in repeat number 2 repeat, SSR) diversity at 28 loci comprising seven types of (sARN), and smaller number of alleles per locus than genome tandem repeated dinucleotide motifs in a natural population A. SSRs with compound motifs showed larger ARN than of wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, from a shade vs those with perfect motifs. The effects of replication slippage sun microsite in Yehudiyya, northeast of the Sea of Galilee, and recombinational effects (eg, unequal crossing over) on Israel. It was found that allele distribution at SSR loci is SSR diversity varied with SSR motifs. Ecological stresses clustered and constrained with lower or higher boundary. (sun vs shade) may affect mutational mechanisms, influen- This may imply that SSR have functional significance and cing the level of SSR diversity by both processes. natural constraints.
    [Show full text]
  • "Evolutionary Emergence of Genes Through Retrotransposition"
    Evolutionary Emergence of Advanced article Genes Through Article Contents . Introduction Retrotransposition . Gene Alteration Following Retrotransposon Insertion . Retrotransposon Recruitment by Host Genome . Retrotransposon-mediated Gene Duplication Richard Cordaux, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France . Conclusion Mark A Batzer, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0020783 Louisiana, USA Variation in the number of genes among species indicates that new genes are continuously generated over evolutionary times. Evidence is accumulating that transposable elements, including retrotransposons (which account for about 90% of all transposable elements inserted in primate genomes), are potent mediators of new gene origination. Retrotransposons have fostered genetic innovation during human and primate evolution through: (i) alteration of structure and/or expression of pre-existing genes following their insertion, (ii) recruitment (or domestication) of their coding sequence by the host genome and (iii) their ability to mediate gene duplication via ectopic recombination, sequence transduction and gene retrotransposition. Introduction genes, respectively, and de novo origination from previ- ously noncoding genomic sequence. Genome sequencing Variation in the number of genes among species indicates projects have also highlighted that new gene structures can that new genes are continuously generated over evolution- arise as a result of the activity of transposable elements ary times. Although the emergence of new genes and (TEs), which are mobile genetic units or ‘jumping genes’ functions is of central importance to the evolution of that have been bombarding the genomes of most species species, studies on the formation of genetic innovations during evolution. For example, there are over three million have only recently become possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Capture of a Recombination Activating Sequence from Mammalian Cells
    Gene Therapy (1999) 6, 1819–1825 1999 Stockton Press All rights reserved 0969-7128/99 $15.00 http://www.stockton-press.co.uk/gt Capture of a recombination activating sequence from mammalian cells P Olson and R Dornburg The Dorrance H Hamilton Laboratories, Center for Human Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall, 1020 Locust Street, Rm 329, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA We have developed a genetic trap for identifying revealed a putative recombination signal (CCCACCC). sequences that promote homologous DNA recombination. When this heptamer or an abbreviated form (CCCACC) The trap employs a retroviral vector that normally disables were reinserted into the vector, they stimulated vector itself after one round of replication. Insertion of defined repair and other DNA rearrangements. Mutant forms of DNA sequences into the vector induced the repair of a 300 these oligomers (eg CCCAACC or CCWACWS) did not. base pair deletion, which restored its ability to replicate. Our data suggest that the recombination events occurred Tests of random sequence libraries made in the vector within 48 h after transfection. Keywords: recombination; retroviral vector; vector stability; gene conversion; gene therapy Introduction scripts are still made from the intact left LTR, but reverse transcription copies the deletion to both LTRs, disabling Recognition of cis-acting DNA signals occupies a central the daughter provirus.15–17 We found that the SIN vectors role in both site-specific and general recombination path- that could escape this programmed disablement did so 1–6 ways. Signals in site-specific pathways define the by recombinationally repairing the U3-deleted LTR.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploiting High Throughput DNA Sequencing Data for Genomic Analysis
    Exploiting high throughput DNA sequencing data for genomic analysis Markus Hsi-Yang Fritz Darwin College A dissertation submitted to the University of Cambridge for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 14th October 2011 Markus Hsi-Yang Fritz EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute Wellcome Trust Genome Campus Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD United Kingdom email: [email protected] This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except where specifically indicated in the text. No part of this work has been submitted or is currently being submitted for any other qualification. This document does not exceed the word limit of 60,000 words1 as defined by the Biology Degree Committee. Markus Hsi-Yang Fritz 14th October 2011 1 excluding bibliography, figures, appendices etc. To an exceptional scientist — my Dad. Exploiting high throughput DNA sequencing data for genomic analysis Summary Markus Hsi-Yang Fritz Darwin College The last few years have witnessed a drastic increase in genomic data. This has been facilitated by the shift away from the Sanger sequencing tech- nique to an array of high-throughput methods — so-called next-generation sequencing technologies. This enormous growth of available DNA data has been a tremendous boon to large-scale genomics studies and has rapidly advanced fields such as environmental genomics, ancient DNA research, population genomics and disease association. On the other hand, however, researchers and sequence archives are now facing an enormous data deluge. Critically, the rate of sequencing data accumulation is now outstripping advances in hard drive capacity, network bandwidth and processing power.
    [Show full text]
  • Conversion Between 100-Million-Year-Old Duplicated Genes Contributes to Rice Subspecies Divergence
    Wei et al. BMC Genomics (2021) 22:460 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07776-y RESEARCH Open Access Conversion between 100-million-year-old duplicated genes contributes to rice subspecies divergence Chendan Wei1†, Zhenyi Wang1†, Jianyu Wang1†, Jia Teng1, Shaoqi Shen1, Qimeng Xiao1, Shoutong Bao1, Yishan Feng1, Yan Zhang1, Yuxian Li1, Sangrong Sun1, Yuanshuai Yue1, Chunyang Wu1, Yanli Wang1, Tianning Zhou1, Wenbo Xu1, Jigao Yu2,3, Li Wang1* and Jinpeng Wang1,2,3* Abstract Background: Duplicated gene pairs produced by ancient polyploidy maintain high sequence similarity over a long period of time and may result from illegitimate recombination between homeologous chromosomes. The genomes of Asian cultivated rice Oryza sativa ssp. indica (XI) and Oryza sativa ssp. japonica (GJ) have recently been updated, providing new opportunities for investigating ongoing gene conversion events and their impact on genome evolution. Results: Using comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses, we evaluated gene conversion rates between duplicated genes produced by polyploidization 100 million years ago (mya) in GJ and XI. At least 5.19–5.77% of genes duplicated across the three rice genomes were affected by whole-gene conversion after the divergence of GJ and XI at ~ 0.4 mya, with more (7.77–9.53%) showing conversion of only portions of genes. Independently converted duplicates surviving in the genomes of different subspecies often use the same donor genes. The ongoing gene conversion frequency was higher near chromosome termini, with a single pair of homoeologous chromosomes, 11 and 12, in each rice genome being most affected. Notably, ongoing gene conversion has maintained similarity between very ancient duplicates, provided opportunities for further gene conversion, and accelerated rice divergence.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome Organization/ Human
    Genome Organization/ Secondary article Human Article Contents . Introduction David H Kass, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA . Sequence Complexity Mark A Batzer, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA . Single-copy Sequences . Repetitive Sequences . The human nuclear genome is a highly complex arrangement of two sets of 23 Macrosatellites, Minisatellites and Microsatellites . chromosomes, or DNA molecules. There are various types of DNA sequences and Gene Families . chromosomal arrangements, including single-copy protein-encoding genes, repetitive Gene Superfamilies . sequences and spacer DNA. Transposable Elements . Pseudogenes . Mitochondrial Genome Introduction . Genome Evolution . Acknowledgements The human nuclear genome contains 3000 million base pairs (bp) of DNA, of which only an estimated 3% possess protein-encoding sequences. As shown in Figure 1, the DNA sequences of the eukaryotic genome can be classified sequences such as the ribosomal RNA genes. Repetitive into several types, including single-copy protein-encoding sequences with no known function include the various genes, DNA that is present in more than one copy highly repeated satellite families, and the dispersed, (repetitive sequences) and intergenic (spacer) DNA. The moderately repeated transposable element families. The most complex of these are the repetitive sequences, some of remainder of the genome consists of spacer DNA, which is which are functional and some of which are without simply a broad category of undefined DNA sequences. function. Functional repetitive sequences are classified into The human nuclear genome consists of 23 pairs of dispersed and/or tandemly repeated gene families that chromosomes, or 46 DNA molecules, of differing sizes either encode proteins (and may include noncoding (Table 1).
    [Show full text]
  • A Long Polymorphic GT Microsatellite Within a Gene Promoter Mediates Non-Imprinted Allele-Specific DNA Methylation of a Cpg Island in a Goldfish Inter-Strain Hybrid
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article A Long Polymorphic GT Microsatellite within a Gene Promoter Mediates Non-Imprinted Allele-Specific DNA Methylation of a CpG Island in a Goldfish Inter-Strain Hybrid 1,2, , 2, 2 Jianbo Zheng * y , Haomang Xu y and Huiwen Cao 1 Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China 2 College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-572-204-5681 These authors equally contributed to this work. y Received: 26 June 2019; Accepted: 6 August 2019; Published: 12 August 2019 Abstract: It is now widely accepted that allele-specific DNA methylation (ASM) commonly occurs at non-imprinted loci. Most of the non-imprinted ASM regions observed both within and outside of the CpG island show a strong correlation with DNA polymorphisms. However, what polymorphic cis-acting elements mediate non-imprinted ASM of the CpG island remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the impact of polymorphic GT microsatellites within the gene promoter on non-imprinted ASM of the local CpG island in goldfish. We generated various goldfish heterozygotes, in which the length of GT microsatellites or some non-repetitive sequences in the promoter of no tail alleles was different. By examining the methylation status of the downstream CpG island in these heterozygotes, we found that polymorphisms of a long GT microsatellite can lead to the ASM of the downstream CpG island during oogenesis and embryogenesis, polymorphisms of short GT microsatellites and non-repetitive sequences in the promoter exhibited no significant effect on the methylation of the CpG island.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Plan 2011-2016
    Strategic Plan 2011-2016 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Strategic Plan 2011-2016 Mission The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute uses genome sequences to advance understanding of the biology of humans and pathogens in order to improve human health. -i- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Strategic Plan 2011-2016 - ii - Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Strategic Plan 2011-2016 CONTENTS Foreword ....................................................................................................................................1 Overview .....................................................................................................................................2 1. History and philosophy ............................................................................................................ 5 2. Organisation of the science ..................................................................................................... 5 3. Developments in the scientific portfolio ................................................................................... 7 4. Summary of the Scientific Programmes 2011 – 2016 .............................................................. 8 4.1 Cancer Genetics and Genomics ................................................................................ 8 4.2 Human Genetics ...................................................................................................... 10 4.3 Pathogen Variation .................................................................................................. 13 4.4 Malaria
    [Show full text]
  • High-Frequency Germ Line Gene Conversion in Transgenic Mice J
    MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY, June 1992, p. 2545-2552 Vol. 12, No. 6 0270-7306/92/062545-08$02.00/0 Copyright ©) 1992, American Society for Microbiology High-Frequency Germ Line Gene Conversion in Transgenic Mice J. RAMANA MURTI, MICHAEL BUMBULIS, AND JOHN C. SCHIMENTI* Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 45106 Received 8 November 1991/Accepted 28 February 1992 Gene conversion is the nonreciprocal transfer of genetic information between two related genes or DNA sequences. It can influence the evolution of gene families, having the capacity to generate both diversity and homogeneity. The potential evolutionary significance of this process is directly related to its frequency in the germ line. While measurement of meiotic inter- and intrachromosomal gene conversion frequency is routine in fungal systems, it has hitherto been impractical in mammals. We have designed a system for identifying and quantitating germ line gene conversion in mice by analyzing transgenic male gametes for a contrived recombination event. Spermatids which undergo the designed intrachromosomal gene conversion produce functional 13-galactosidase (encoded by the lacZ gene), which is visualized by histochemical staining. We observed a high incidence of lacZ-positive spermatids (-2%), which were produced by a combination of meiotic and mitotic conversion events. These results demonstrate that gene conversion in mice is an active recombinational process leading to nonparental gametic haplotypes. This high frequency of intrachromosomal gene conversion seems incompatible with the evolutionary divergence of newly duplicated genes. Hence, a process may exist to uncouple gene pairs from frequent conversion-mediated homogenization. Gene (or DNA) duplication is a major molecular mecha- aptation.
    [Show full text]
  • Somatic and Germinal Recombination of a Direct Repeat in Arabidopsis
    Copyright 0 1992 by the Genetics Society of America Somatic and Germinal Recombination of a Direct Repeatin Arabidopsis Farhah F. Assaad' and Ethan R. Signer Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 Manuscript received April 10, 1992 Accepted for publication June 25, 1992 ABSTRACT Homologous recombination between a pair of directly repeated transgenes was studied in Arabi- dopsis. The test construct included two different internal, non-overlapping deletion alleles of npt (neomycin phosphotransferase) flanking an activeHPT (hygromycin phosphotransferase) gene. This construct was introduced into Arabidopsis by agrobacterium-mediated transformationwith selection for resistance to hygromycin, and two independent single-insert lines were analyzed. Selection for active NPT by resistance to kanamycin gave both fully and partly (chimeric) recombinant seedlings. Rates for one transgenic line were estimatedat <2 X 10-5 events per division for germinal and>1 0-6 events per division for somatic recombination, a much smaller difference than between meiotic and mitotic recombination in yeast. Southern analysis showed that recombinants could be formed by either crossing over or gene conversion. A surprisingly high fraction (at least 2/17) of the recombi- nants, however, appeared to result from the concerted action of two or more independent simple events. Some evolutionary implicationsare discussed. ENOMES are not static but rather in constant suggested for other organisms (HILLISet al. 1991), G dynamic flux. That is especially so in plants, can either remove a mutation from a gene copy or which lack a permanent germline and instead produce conversely allow a new mutation to spread through gametes from somatic lineages. Thus changes in the the repeat population.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Full Text (Pdf)
    http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a paper published in Genome Biology and Evolution. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Cossu, R M., Casola, C., Giacomello, S., Vidalis, A., Scofield, D G. et al. (2017) LTR Retrotransposons Show Low Levels of Unequal Recombination and High Rates of Intraelement Gene Conversion in Large Plant Genomes Genome Biology and Evolution, 9(12): 3449-3462 https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evx260 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-144974 GBE LTR Retrotransposons Show Low Levels of Unequal Recombination and High Rates of Intraelement Gene Conversion in Large Plant Genomes Rosa Maria Cossu1,2,†, Claudio Casola3,†, Stefania Giacomello4,5, Amaryllis Vidalis6,7, Douglas G. Scofield6,8,9,*, and Andrea Zuccolo1,10,* 1Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy 2Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy 3Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University 4Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden 5Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Solna, Sweden 6Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea˚ University, Sweden 7Section of Population Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universitat€ Mu¨ nchen, Freising, Germany 8Department of Ecology and Genetics: Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden 9Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science, Uppsala University, Sweden 10Istituto di Genomica Applicata, Udine, Italy †These authors contributed equally to this work.
    [Show full text]