The Flagship Report 01

GLOBAL REPORT 2017 ENDING VIOLENCE IN CHILDHOOD

OVERVIEW

Know Violence in Childhood: A Global Learning Initiative OVERVIEW

CHAPTER – 1 CHAPTER – 2 CHAPTER – 3 TIME TO END VIOLENCE ON AGGRESSION VIOLENCE A GLOBAL SCALE AND FEAR IN THE IN CHILDHOOD CHILDHOOD YEARS

CHAPTER – 4 CHAPTER – 5 CHAPTER – 6 NO SAFE PLACE STRATEGIES FOR ESSENTIAL PREVENTION PUBLIC ACTION

The images running through the Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017 steadily completing a child’s sweater, reflect the need to embrace children in stronger and carefully interwoven strategies for violence-prevention. They have been designed and created by Sarah Naqvi, a textile artist from India.

Suggested citation: Know Violence in Childhood. 2017. Ending Violence in Childhood: Overview. Global Report 2017. Know Violence in Childhood. New Delhi, India.

Communication design strategy, Lopez Design, New Delhi, India. GLOBAL REPORT 2017 ENDING VIOLENCE IN CHILDHOOD

OVERVIEW ii Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

KNOW VIOLENCE IN CHILDHOOD: A Global Learning Initiative

This Report is an output of Know the Journal of Psychology, Health and Violence in Childhood – an Medicine (March 2017), background independent global learning initiative. papers and an annotated bibliography The Initiative makes the case for have been produced during the ending violence in childhood across Initiative’s three years. the world. By examining existing data and commissioning new research, the The Initiative also organized a series Initiative has synthesized knowledge of regional meetings in Central on the causes and consequences of Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, Latin childhood violence, and identified America, and South Asia which evidence-based strategies to prevent brought together researchers, childhood violence. practitioners and policy makers to address issues of childhood violence Bringing together a diverse, salient to their regions. multidisciplinary group of researchers and experts, the Initiative organized Partners of Know Violence in its work around three Learning Childhood include FXB USA, Inc., the Groups – Homes and Families, Public Health Foundation of India, Schools, and Communities and Public and the University of Delaware. Spaces. Forty-four papers from over a Financial support has been provided hundred authors at universities and by an anonymous donor, American institutions around the world were Jewish World Service, the Bernard commissioned. These papers, in turn, van Leer Foundation, the IKEA drew on over 3,100 articles, books and Foundation, the NOVO Foundation, reports, including over 170 systematic OAK Foundation, the Robert Wood reviews of evidence on preventing Johnson Foundation, the UBS childhood violence. A special issue of Foundation and UNICEF.

Steering Committee Lincoln Chen (Chair), Kathleen Cravero-Kristoffersson, Michael Feigelson and Marta Santos Pais

Global Co-Chairs A.K. Shiva Kumar and Baroness Vivien Stern

Learning Group Co-Chairs Patrick Burton, Nancy Guerra, Robert Muggah, Maureen Samms-Vaughan and Charlotte Watts

Executive Director Ramya Subrahmanian

Senior Research Adviser Lorraine Sherr

Editor Peter Stalker

Research Soumya Kapoor Mehta, Neeta Misra, Bhagya Sivaraman

Data analysis Ilhom Akobirshoev, Nina Badgaiyan Overview iii

FOREWORD

For a large proportion of the world’s geographies, disciplines and population, life is better than it was sectors can unite academics, policy 30 years ago. Incomes have risen makers and practitioners to end significantly. Life expectancy has childhood violence. increased. Fewer people are living in extreme poverty. Fewer mothers die The Report finds large gaps in global in childbirth. The global community knowledge and evidence related to has also moved in many directions to different dimensions of childhood make the world a more peaceful place violence. It therefore calls for much for all. greater investment in data, research and evaluation to break the silence And yet, at least three out of every around violence and to promote public four of the world’s children – 1.7 action across the world. billion – had experienced some form of inter-personal violence, cruelty or Defining and measuring childhood abuse in their daily lives in a previous violence is not easy. The Report makes year, regardless of whether they lived a beginning by using estimated in rich countries or poor, in the global prevalence rates to develop a global North or the global South. picture of violence in childhood. It calls for States to invest in It is unfortunate that a culture of strengthening data systems to report silence surrounds violence. As a result, on all forms of violence experienced violence against children is still largely by children across ages and settings. invisible in the development discourse. This Report also calls for global and Violence violates the dignity and rights local actions to promote child rights of children, and robs them of the joys and prevent violence. It advocates a of childhood. Childhood violence also shift away from seeing violence as disrupts the formation of capabilities, a series of discrete episodes towards and imposes huge financial and recognizing that it is a thread running human costs on individuals through the everyday lives of children and societies. everywhere.

The tide is however turning. The Violence breeds fear. And freedom 1989 United Nations Convention from fear is as fundamental to life as on the Rights of the Child, ratified freedom from want and freedom from by all but one of the UN member hunger. We firmly believe that ending states, has been the inspiration for childhood violence should become a national governments and others priority for the world to achieve truly to end violence against children. sustainable human development. With ending violence being a clearly articulated priority of the Sustainable Development Goals, we have a unique opportunity to break the cycle of violence, especially for children and women who bear the brunt of it. A.K. Shiva Kumar Vivien Stern This Report has marshalled global evidence to show how Global Co-Chairs collaboration and learning across Know Violence in Childhood iv Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Ending Violence in Childhood researchers from around the world to Global Report 2017 is the product of bring together the evidence and shape a collective effort of Know Violence the key messages of the Report. in Childhood, an independent time- bound global learning initiative, Lorraine Sherr served as the Senior and many external advisers and Research Adviser and brought her contributors. The findings, analysis considerable experience to bear on our and policy recommendations of this work, including overseeing the Special Report are those of Know Violence Issue of the Journal of Psychology, in Childhood and the authors who Health and Medicine brought out by prepared background papers, and the Initiative in March 2017. may not necessarily represent the viewpoints of the members of the Over 100 researchers contributed Steering Committee or the financial background papers to the Initiative, supporters of this Report. collaborating across disciplines, institutions and geographies to We have received support and identify gaps in knowledge, and guidance from eminent individuals to bring together information on and organizations around the key issues relating to violence in world. We would like to begin by childhood. Many participated in acknowledging the leadership meetings and provided peer feedback role that the late Peter Bell played on papers. Our grateful thanks go in launching us on this journey. to Naeemah Abrahams, Thomas Susan Bissell, Director of the Global P. Abt, Rahul Ahluwalia, Elizabeth Partnership to End Violence against Allen, Jeannie Annan, Kim Ashburn, Children, was instrumental in the Loraine J. Bacchus, Rodrigo Serrano- establishment of the Initiative Berthet, Theresa S. Betancourt, Sarah along with others including Robert Bott, Rachel Bray, Isabelle Brodie, Alexander Butchart, Michael Feigelson, Felicity L. Brown, Monica Bulger, Betzy Geeta Rao Gupta and Lisa Jordan. Butron, Claudia Cappa, Marilyn A. Campbell, Flavia Carbonari, Marisa Our Steering Committee Chair, Casale, Yasmin Iles-Caven, Ko Ling Lincoln Chen, and members Kathleen Chan, Alejandro Cid, Kelly Clarke, Cravero-Kristoffersson, Michael Lucie Cluver, Manuela Colombini, Feigelson and Marta Santos Pais, Sarah Cook, Rose Davies, Ashley have played a strategic role in Deanne, Bianca Dekel, Charlene shaping the work of the Initiative Coore-Desai, Karen Devries, Jenny and guiding it to completion. We are Doubt, Michael P. Dunne, Genette particularly thankful to Lincoln Chen Ellis, Mary Ellsberg, Lonnie Embleton, for his intellectual guidance and Valeria Esquivel, Kristin Fox, wise counsel, and to Marta Santos Natasha Gandhi, Katherine Gannett, Pais for the constant encouragement Frances Gardner, Michelle L. Gatton, and confidence vested in us. Elizabeth T. Gershoff, Jean Golding, Leah Goldmann, Anne M. de Graaff, We are thankful to the Chairs of our Alessandra Guedes, Andrea Harris, three Learning Groups who helped Natasha Hollis, Emma Howarth, determine the research framework Zuhayr Kafaar, Andrea Kaufmann, that has informed this Report. Huma Kidwai, Melissa Kimber, Sunita Patrick Burton, Nancy Guerra, Robert Kishor, Louise Knight, Howard Kress, Muggah, Maureen Samms-Vaughan Michael Lambert, Cayleigh Lawrence, and Charlotte Watts galvanized Ha Thi Hai Le, Soraya Lester, Lezanne Overview v

Leoschut, Ruti Levtov, Pamela S. feedback on the statistical measures Lilleston, Renato Sérgio de Lima, used in the Report. Jen MacGregor, Harriet MacMillan, Bernadette Madrid, Catherine Our Global Associates helped us to Maternowska, Lauren Maxwell, Jill R. build on the academic learning with McTavish, Franziska Meinck, Ersilia opportunities to engage with diverse Menesini, Claudia Garcia-Moreno, actors across different regions of the Alison Morris, Virginia Morrow, world. Victoria Schmidt and Azamat Dipak Naker, Anastasia Neijhoft, Shambilov brought perspectives Huong Thanh Nguyen, Tia Palermo, from Central and Eastern Europe Praveetha Patalay, Jenny Pearce, and Central Asia, Olaya Hanashiro Sydonnie Shakespeare-Pellington, and Oscar Vilhena Vieira facilitated Kirrily Pells, Amber Peterman, Max discussions in Latin America, Petzold, Margarita Quintanilla, Bernadette Madrid and Ravi K. Charles Ransford, Shamika Ravi, Jody- Verma infused East and South Asian Ann Reece, Gabriela Reyes, Kathryn J. perspectives, respectively, and Roberts, Beth L. Rubenstein, Christina Theophane Nikyema collaborated Salmivalli, Ria Singh Sawhney, with us closely from Eastern Africa. Victoria Schmidt, Noel Shadowen, We owe them a debt of gratitude Jennifer McCleary-Sills, Gary Slutkin, for their unwavering solidarity and Lindsay Stark, Heidi Stöckl, Nam T. support. In East Asia, Stephen Blight, Tran, Manuel Contreras Urbina, Juan Irene Cheah, Michael P. Dunne, Carlos Garzón-Vergara, Ravi K.Verma, Lauren Rumble, Sarah Norton Staal Andrés Villaveces, Heidi Loening- and others took our work forward Voysey, Amita Vyas, Sophie D. Walsh, with other research institutions Catherine L. Ward, Nadine Wathen, in the region to create a new Bronwyn Wex, Abigail Williams, network for applied research. Other Sian Williams, Alys Willman, and participants at the regional meetings Jennifer Zelaya. are too numerous to list here, but their contributions are gratefully The Report’s statistical resources acknowledged. Detailed participant relied on the expertise of the leading lists are available on our website at: international data-providers in http://www.knowviolenceinchildhood. their specialized fields – UNICEF, org/about/download. UN Women and UNFPA. We express our special gratitude to Ilhom Other close partners who we gratefully Akobirshoev and A.K. Nandakumar, acknowledge include Jo Boyden, Sarah who provided intellectual and Cook, Florence Martin, and Joanna statistical support for the econometric Rubinstein. They were always available imputation exercise conducted for for advice and inputs, and contributed this Report. We are particularly in immeasurable ways to the Initiative. thankful to Peter Adamson, Carmen The UNICEF Office of Research – Barroso, Susan Bissell, Maria Innocenti also organized a key meeting Calivis, Juncal Plazaola Castano, that informed our work, exploring Ted Chaiban, Andrew Claypole, pathways between social protection and Florence Gaspar, Geeta Rao Gupta, violence-prevention. Manuel Eisner, Saraswathi Menon, Theresa Kilbane, Berit Kieselbach, Baroness Doreen Milorad Kovacevic, Shahrashoub Massey, Catherine Maternowska and Razavi, Joanna Rubinstein, Rachel Christopher Mikton are owed special Snow and Cornelius Williams, who mention for formative discussions at provided valuable technical and other different stages of our work. vi Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

Many people helped us as reviewers (PHFI), and the University of Delaware. of the Report. In addition to several We specially acknowledge Silvana of the people listed above, we would Paternostro and Karina Weinstein at like to acknowledge Ramatu Bangura, FXB USA, K. Srinath Reddy and Sutapa Claudia Cappa, Michael Gibbons, Neogi at PHFI, and Nancy Guerra Maureen Greenwood-Basken, Kendra and the team at the University of Gregson, Rodrigo Guerrero, Ghazal Delaware. Without the support of many Keshavarzian, Brigette de Lay, Anna individuals in all these organizations, Maembe, Siddiqur Osmani, Christina the Initiative would not have succeeded Polzot and colleagues at Oxfam, in fulfilling its objectives in the time- Vivek Singh and Aisha Yousafzai, frame we had set ourselves. A special who responded positively to our thanks to Poonam Muttreja and the request for review and encouraged Population Foundation of India, New us towards completion. Others Delhi, for housing the team. offered us platforms to present our work. Britta Holmberg and Paula The Know Violence in Childhood Guillet de Monthoux organized an team brought together exceptional early dissemination opportunity in individuals at different points Stockholm, Sweden. Rinchen Chophel of our journey, all of whose offered advice and a platform contributions have been invaluable. for collaboration. We acknowledge the important contributions of Mark Aurigemma, UNICEF has been a key partner in Nina Badgaiyan, Sheena Chadha, our work. At headquarters, we would J.J. Divino, Soumya Kapoor Mehta, like to acknowledge the support Neeta Misra, Sudeshna Mukherjee, and guidance of Claudia Cappa, Ted Jonathan Rich and Bhagya Sivaraman, Chaiban, Madeline Eisner, Theresa in India and the USA. Julie Harrod and Kilbane and Cornelius Williams. Anwesha Rana provided professional Stephen Blight and Kendra Gregson copy-editing services. The teams at supported outreach in East Asia and Addictive Media, Lopez Design and the Pacific and South Asia. At UNICEF NDTV Ltd. in New Delhi, helped us India, we would like to specially realize the communications potential acknowledge Javier Aguilar, Louis- of our collective outputs. Georges Arsenault, Joachim Theis and Serena Tommasino. We owe much to Peter Stalker who has played a vital role in shaping Many partners supported us actively this Report. as part of our communications outreach. They include Twitter Lastly, my deepest personal gratitude and Without Violence. We thank is reserved for A.K. Shiva Kumar and the several resource persons who Baroness Vivien Stern who provided participated in a Twitter Chat on untiring and dynamic leadership. Child Online Safety in December 2016. A special mention goes to Joanna Mikulski, Nadja Nickel, Fabio Venturini and Lisa Witter, for ongoing advice and support. Ramya Subrahmanian We received tremendous support from our host institutions, FXB USA, Inc., Executive Director the Public Health Foundation of India Know Violence in Childhood Overview vii

ACRONYMS

CAF Corporación Andina de Fomento CCTV Closed-circuit TV CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CEE-CIS Central Eastern Europe-Commonwealth of Independent States CELCIS Centre for Excellence for Looked After Children in Scotland CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child DHS Demographic and Health Survey EAP East Asia and the Pacific ESA Eastern and Southern Africa GDP Gross domestic product GNI Gross national income GSHS Global School-based Student Health Survey HBSC Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Study HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immune deficiency syndrome IC Industrialized Countries ILO International Labour Organization IOM International Organization for Migration ITU International Telecommunications Union LAC Latin America and the Caribbean MENA Middle East and North Africa MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey NGO Non-governmental organization OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development SA South Asia SDG Sustainable Development Goal SEL Social emotional learning UN SRSG United Nations Special Representative of the Secretary-General UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Fund UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNOHCHR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights UNSD United Nations Statistical Division US United States USAID US Agency for International Development VAC Violence against Children VAW Violence against Women VIC Violence in Childhood WCA Western and Central Africa WHO World Health Organization viii Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

CONTENTS OF THE GLOBAL REPORT 2017

Foreword Acknowledgements Acronyms

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CHAPTER – 1 Time to end violence in childhood The scope of this Report A multidimensional problem The scale of violence in childhood Impacts of violence in childhood Realizing children’s rights to a violence-free childhood A human development perspective Action to end violence

CHAPTER – 2 Violence on a global scale Measuring violence Indicators of inter-personal violence Scale of the problem Data for State action

CHAPTER – 3 Aggression and fear in the childhood years Prenatal period and birth Early childhood (0–4 years) Middle childhood (5–9 years) Adolescence (10–19 years) Sexual violence in adolescence Prejudice and discrimination Children’s responses to violence Overview ix

CHAPTER – 4 No safe place Homes and families Institutional care Schools Online and cyberspace Communities and public spaces Society and culture

CHAPTER – 5 Strategies for prevention Enhance individual capacities Embed violence-prevention in institutions and services Eliminate the root causes of violence Benefits of investment in violence-prevention Key programming principles

CHAPTER – 6 Essential public action Actions to prevent childhood violence The promise of a future free from violence

NOTES AND REFERENCES Notes References

STATISTICAL TABLES 1 Key indicators of inter-personal violence in childhood, 2015 2 Estimated numbers of children exposed to inter-personal violence, 2015 3 Population 0-19 years (in thousands) 2015 4 Key indicators related to violence in childhood 5 Governance effectiveness indicators x Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

ENDING VIOLENCE IN CHILDHOOD Overview 1

Children are all too often victims of persistent violence. But this need not be the case: concerted efforts and collective action can end violence in childhood within a single generation.

Stark violence – the violence of news whether they lived in rich countries headlines – is just the tip of the or poor, in the global North or the iceberg. Hundreds of thousands of global South.1 (FIGURE 1) This figure children are caught up with armed includes 1.3 billion boys and girls who forces and groups, forced to flee experienced corporal punishment (often alone) from war, exposed to at home, 261 million schoolchildren abuse in refugee camps, or trafficked who experienced peer violence, and into labour or sexual exploitation. 100,000 children who were victims of The Report estimates These extreme manifestations of homicide in the past year. In addition, that in 2015, at least violence are the cumulative outcomes it includes 18 million adolescent girls three out of four of of children being routinely exposed aged 15–19 who had ever experienced the world’s children to neglect and abuse. sexual abuse at some point in their – 1.7 billion – had childhood, and 55 million adolescent experienced inter- Many millions of children all over girls in the same age-group who had personal violence in the world are subjected to violence experienced physical violence since a previous year. in their everyday lives. Such violence age 15. While each form of violence takes place in homes, in families, in differs in terms of scale and impact, schools, in institutions and on city all can have harmful effects. Such streets – where they can be subject violence is often hidden in the mesh to all manner of violence, whether in of familial and intimate relationships. the form of beating, bullying, corporal punishment, sexual violence or even This Report argues that preventing murder. For many children, there is hidden forms of everyday violence can no safe place. create the foundations for children to lead fuller, richer and more peaceful Estimates generated by Know Violence lives. In 2006, the landmark World in Childhood suggest that in 2015, at Report on Violence against Children least three out of every four of the called for the prioritization of world’s children – 1.7 billion – had violence-prevention.2 Since then, there experienced some form of violence has been a groundswell of progress3 in a previous year, regardless of and many nations have taken action.4

FIGURE 1: Global burden of violence against children, 2015.

Corporal Punishment 1-14 years 1,333

Bullying 13 -15 years 138

Physical Fights 13 -15 years 123

Physical Violence: Adolescent girls 15 -19 years 55

Sexual Violence: Adolescent girls 15 -19 years 18

Child Homicide 0 -19 years 0.1

Children abused in a previous year (in millions)

Source: Shiva Kumar and others 2017 for Know Violence in Childhood 2017. 2 Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

Key messages

1. Violence against children is universal. 5. Proven strategies to prevent childhood It occurs in all countries, rich or poor, violence cluster into three groups: global North or South. • Enhance individual capacities of 2. Violence features in every stage of parents, caregivers and children. childhood, from prenatal to age 18, • Embed violence-prevention in and it is experienced differently by boys institutions and services. and girls. • Eliminate the root causes of violence. 3. Childhood violence inhibits the formation of capabilities and imposes 6. Immediate actions to end childhood substantial human and financial costs violence should include: on individuals, families, communities • Breaking the silence. and societies. • Strengthening violence-prevention 4. Efforts to end violence against women systems. need to be accelerated in order to end • Improving knowledge and evidence. childhood violence.

The UN’s Sustainable Development violence in more than one setting.7 Goals (SDGs) embed in their vision This Report therefore uses the term the rights of children to lead lives “violence in childhood” to highlight free of violence and fear, providing these inter-connections of experience a unique opportunity for concerted and impact. It draws attention to the global action. The INSPIRE technical links between violence experienced by package of strategies, endorsed by ten children and violence against women. international agencies, is yet another Violence against children often co- example of collaborative efforts to occurs with attacks on their mothers. end violence against children.5 This Witnessing family violence – which momentum needs to be accelerated almost always victimizes women – and sustained. can leave significant though invisible scars on children. Global efforts to address violence against children have been inspired This Report specifically addresses and driven by the 1989 United Nations issues of inter-personal violence A substantial (UN) Convention on the Rights of the against children: violence perpetrated number of children Child (CRC), which has been ratified by adults and caregivers, and peer are “poly-victimized” by all but one UN member state.6 In violence (perpetrated by children – that is, exposed to keeping with the spirit of the CRC, against children). It does not address more than one form this Report uses the term “violence” forms of violence such as female of violence in more to cover behaviour that can result genital mutilation/cutting, which are than one setting. in physical or psychological harm specific to some communities and for children. This includes violence regions. Two further categories are witnessed by children. outside the scope of this Report: self- directed violence (such as suicide and Most forms of violence manifest in self-harm), and collective violence inter-connected ways in children’s (inflicted by entities such as states, lives – spilling across settings organized political parties, terrorist including the home, residential organizations and other armed institutions, schools, online and in groups). Finally, this Report does not the community – and throughout address issues related to slavery, childhood. A substantial number of exploitation and trafficking, which children are “poly-victimized” – that have been the subject of other recent is, exposed to more than one form of global reports.8 Overview 3

The magnitude The extent of data gaps makes forming an integrated view of childhood of violence violence a challenge. Yet without such an integrated view, establishing Reliable data on inter-personal a global conversation about ending violence in childhood are difficult violence is not easy. Know Violence in to obtain. This is partly because Childhood has therefore estimated the such violence takes place within scale of childhood violence globally relationships and is hidden by a and across regions. strong culture of silence. Fearing potential stigma or retribution, many To address the problem of data children and women are reluctant gaps, Know Violence in Childhood to report abuse. There are also has used the econometric method significant gaps in the availability of multiple imputation to arrive at of comparable international data. national estimates of missing values Use of violence Most widely reported are data on of prevalence rates for six indicators to discipline child homicide rates which are of violence against children: child children remains available for 172 countries. Data on homicide rate, corporal punishment widespread across bullying in schools is available for 106 at home, violence among peers (an all global regions. countries, and on physical fights for indicator each on bullying and physical 104 countries. There are 77 countries fights) and violence experienced by that have collected information adolescent girls (physical violence on corporal punishment at home. since age 15 and forced sexual violence Forty-two countries have data on including in childhood). In addition, physical violence experienced by values have been imputed where adolescent girls since age 15, and 40 national data were missing for violence countries on sexual violence ever against women. experienced by adolescent girls (aged 15–19). Only six countries report The picture of childhood violence data on male experience of physical that emerges is disturbing. Millions violence since age 15, and four report of children experience inter-personal on sexual violence ever experienced violence across all regions of the by adolescent boys (aged 15–19). world.9 (FIGURE 2) There are 91 countries that report data on physical and sexual violence In 2015, child homicide rates (0‑19 against women. years) varied across regions of the

FIGURE 2: Regional burden of violence against children, 2015.

West and Central Africa 862 960 460 0.099

Eastern and Southern Africa 817 880 422 0.064

Middle East and North Africa 801 821 342 0.023

South Asia 831 790 294 0.023

Central and Eastern Europe/CIS 620 718 161 0.016

East Asia and the Pacific 713 581 202 0.015

Latin America and the Caribbean 665 638 158 0.113

Industrialized Countries 582 616 83 0.016

Numbers abused per 1,000 chilldren in that age cohort

Corporal punishment Bullying and physical fights Physical and sexual violence against adolescent girls Child homicide (1-14 years) (13-15 years) (15-19 years) (0-19 years)

Source: Shiva Kumar and others 2017 for Know Violence in Childhood 2017. 4 Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

FIGURE 3: Sexual violence against adolescent girls (aged 15-19) by region, 2015.

Eastern and Southern Africa 13

West and Central Africa 12

Middle East and North Africa 9

South Asia 7

World 7

East Asia and the Pacific 5

Central and Eastern Europe/CIS 5

Latin America and the Caribbean 4

Industrialized Countries 2

% of girls aged 15-19 who ever experienced sexual abuse including in childhood

Source: Shiva Kumar and others 2017 for Know Violence in Childhood 2017.

world from an average of 1.5 per fights in schools was relatively small. 100,000 population in the East Asia The proportion of children aged 13-15 and Pacific and 1.6 per 100,000 who reported being involved in a population in industrialized countries physical fight in school one or more and in Central and Eastern Europe- times during the past 12 months Commonwealth of Independent States ranged from 24 per cent in East Asia to 10 per 100,000 population in West and the Pacific to 45 per cent in West and Central Africa and 11.3 per 100,000 and Central Africa. population in Latin America and the Caribbean. Of all forms of inter-personal violence, physical and sexual violence against Use of violence to discipline children adolescent girls varied the most was widespread across all global across regions. The proportion of regions. In 2015, a majority of children girls aged 15-19 who experienced any – three out of every four in the age- physical violence since age 15 was group 1-14 years – had experienced the lowest in industrialized countries violent discipline (psychological and in Central and Eastern Europe- aggression or physical punishment) Commonwealth of Independent States, in the past month. Nearly one child in and the highest in West and Central two (58 per cent) in the industrialized Africa, where more than one-third of countries had experienced some form girls aged 15–19 had experienced some of violent disciplining at home. form of physical violence.

The extent of bullying in schools Sexual violence against girls was varied across regions of the world. most prevalent in Africa where more Nearly one in three children reported than one in every ten adolescent being bullied at least once in the girls aged 15–19 had experienced past two months in schools across some form of sexual violence in their industrialized countries and Latin lifetimes. Adolescent girls were least America and the Caribbean. On sexually abused in the industrialized the other hand, almost every other countries and in Latin America and child had been bullied in schools the Caribbean. (FIGURE 3) across Africa. Children also often suffer violence Unlike other forms of inter-personal at the hands of peers, family and violence, the variation across regions strangers as a result of prejudice and in the prevalence rates of physical discrimination. For instance: Overview 5

● Disability – Children with Unfortunately, the scale and disabilities, including autism magnitude of such violence against spectrum disorders, and learning children are not known. There are and intellectual disabilities, very few nationally representative are particularly vulnerable to surveys that capture the experience Violence features bullying as well as emotional and of violence arising from prejudice in every stage of sexual violence.10 and discrimination. childhood, from ● Appearance – Children who are prenatal to age 18, obese or wear spectacles are more and is experienced likely to be bullied than their Aggression in childhood differently by boys slimmer, non-bespectacled peers.11 and girls. ● Sexual orientation – A high Children can be exposed to violence proportion of lesbian, gay, bisexual at every stage in their growth, even and transgender students experience within the womb. (FIGURE 4) However, homophobic and transphobic both the nature of the violence and violence, particularly in schools.12 its potential impacts vary according ● HIV status – Children and to children’s level of emotional, adolescents with HIV/AIDS can cognitive, and physical development, suffer extreme discrimination, as well as the family context and stigma and punishment.13 community in which they grow up. ● Racial, ethnic or religious identity – Analyses undertaken for this Report In many countries, children can be show that violence features in every bullied and discriminated against, stage of childhood, from prenatal to based on their race, religion or age 18, and is experienced differently ethnic group.14 by boys and girls.15

FIGURE 4: Exposure to violence through stages of childhood.

Prenatal Early Middle Early Late and birth childhood childhood adolescence adolescence 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19

HOME HOME HOME SCHOOL HOME SCHOOL COMMUNITY HOME SCHOOL COMMUNITY Sex-selective abortion Witnessing domestic violence Violent discipline at home Sexual violence Intimate partner violence Witnessing intimate partner Violent discipline at home Corporal punishment at school Bullying by peers at school Sexual violence violence Neglect Witnessing domestic violence Physical fights at school Physical violence Homicide Bullying by peers at school Witnessing domestic violence Homicide Physical fights at school Sexual violence

Source: Know Violence in Childhood 2017. 6 Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

Prenatal period and birth – During their caregivers: for children under the prenatal period until birth, the one year, the offender is likely to health and well-being of the foetus be the mother; for older children, As they grow older and newborn child are inextricably the offender is more likely to be and enter school, bound up with that of the mother the father. children become who during pregnancy may face more vulnerable physical, sexual or emotional Much of the physical violence against to emotional and violence from her intimate partner children by their caregivers takes physical abuse from or others. On average, between 4 the form of corporal punishment. their peers. and 12 per cent of women had been The extent of such discipline varies physically abused by an intimate considerably around the world. partner during pregnancy in a Physical violence tends to be higher majority of countries for which data for younger age groups and then are available. There is also a risk of tapers off: at age two, between 55 sex-selective abortion – particularly and 60 per cent of girls and boys in societies that undervalue girls and experience physical violence.17 discriminate against women.16 Middle childhood (5–9 years) – Early childhood: (0–4 years) – As Schoolchildren of all ages are subject infants, children are exposed to to corporal punishment which, the most serious crime – murder. compared with parental corporal Around one in every five homicide punishment, is more likely to involve victims among children is below the use of objects, such as canes. the age of four. Most are killed by A study across four countries found

FIGURE 5: Emotional and physical violence is high amongst boys and girls in school, 6-19 years.

Boys Girls

) 19

18

17

Age (6-19 years 16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

100280 60 40 20 0 0406080 100

Prevalence (0-100%)

Emotional violence Physical violence

Notes: Data sources: GSHS, HBSC, PIRLS, TIMSS and systematic review publications. Model shows children’s self-reported exposure. Pooled prevalence estimates at ages 6, 7 and 19 years are from unadjusted meta-analyses, all others are adjusted meta-regression estimates. To read bar graph: age of the child is on the y-axis; prevalence of each form of violence is on the x axis. Prevalence corresponds to the distance of the bar along the x-axis for boys (to the left), and girls (to the right). Forms of violence are overlaid; and the black bars are a 95% confidence interval. For example, for boys aged 8 years, the prevalence of physical violence is 54% (95%CI: 43-65) and the prevalence of emotional violence is 74% (95%CI 63-84%).

Source: Devries and others 2017 for Know Violence in Childhood 2017. Overview 7

that among children aged eight, anorexia, suicide and sexual assault, the proportion witnessing a teacher “sexting”, pornography and grooming administering corporal punishment for sexual exploitation.21 in the past week was over half in Peru and Viet Nam, three-quarters Late adolescence (15–19 years) – in Ethiopia and over nine-tenths Girls continue to experience corporal in India.18 punishment and sexual abuse by parents, caregivers or family members, As they grow older and enter school, and teachers. However, they are now children become more vulnerable also increasingly vulnerable to the kind to emotional and physical abuse of aggression directed towards older from their peers. Both boys and girls women in general. Boys, on the other experience emotional violence – for hand, remain vulnerable to physical which the prevalence rate rises to attacks by family members, teachers, nearly 80 per cent by the age of nine, friends and acquaintances, and are at then declines between ages 12 and greater risk of dying from homicide.22 16, and rises again to over 80 per cent until age 19. There is less physical Sexual violence in adolescence violence but this is notably higher for boys, peaking between the ages Adolescence sees a rise in sexual of eight and 11 at over 50 per cent. violence, particularly for girls. Girls For girls, physical violence from and boys in cultures throughout the other students begins at around world are treated differently from age six, with a prevalence of 25-30 birth onward, but at puberty this per cent. (FIGURE 5) gender divide increases significantly. During adolescence, opportunities Adolescence (10–19 years) – Puberty tend to expand for boys and contract (the biological onset of adolescence) for girls. As boys begin to take brings changes to children’s bodies, advantage of new privileges reserved sexuality, capacities and agency, for men, girls endure new restrictions and social relationships.19 Puberty that are applied to women. Boys gain also opens up opportunities, exposes autonomy, mobility, opportunity and children to risks and makes them power (including power over girls’ vulnerable to intimate relationships, sexual and reproductive lives), while early marriage and childbearing. With girls are correspondingly deprived. the earlier onset of puberty than in previous generations, adolescence has Girls are increasingly socialized into become a longer period of transition gender roles and are under pressure from childhood to adulthood.20 to conform to conventional notions of masculinity and femininity.23 Sexual The period of adolescence can be abuse can also occur with early and further divided into two phases: forced marriages, as well as in dating early and late. relationships. In some countries, mostly in Africa, nearly 30-40 percent Early adolescence (10–14 years) – of adolescent girls become victims of During this stage, children become sexual violence before the age of 15.24 Adolescence sees more independent, and interact with a rise in sexual wider groups of people. Boys are Far less is known about sexual violence violence, particularly more likely than girls to be physically experienced by boys, probably because for girls. attacked or suffer intentional and in many societies boys who report unintentional injuries. There is also being victims of such abuse are more an increase in fighting between likely to be stigmatized than girls, children, sometimes with knives or and are less likely to report it.25 Recent firearms. Early adolescence is also surveys suggest that up to 20 per cent the age at which children become of adolescent boys in countries such as vulnerable to online violence via Haiti and Kenya may be facing sexual cyberbullying, sites that promote violence by the age of 19.26 8 Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

The perpetration of sexual violence shame and blame themselves, and can also start in adolescence. can be at greater risk of repeated According to recent surveys, a suicide attempts.34 But there are also relatively large proportion of men implications for perpetration: children report that they were teenagers who bully at school, for example, are (younger than 15 in some cases) more likely to be violent later in life.35 when they first perpetrated rape.27 Adults whose health and education have been compromised by childhood Impacts of violence violence may also struggle to find in childhood secure employment.36 Violence in childhood can be transmitted through While each form of violence differs generations – from parent to child or in terms of scale and impact, all can sibling to sibling – although only a have harmful effects. Violence in small proportion of those who witness childhood can be deeply destructive. or experience abuse and violence go on to perpetrate violence as adults.37 The damage goes far beyond immediate trauma and fear, Intergenerational transmission can extending through many aspects of a start even before birth. The most child’s life, affecting her or his health immediate risk for the unborn child and education, and restricting future is domestic violence against the opportunities. Violence can lead to mother by a partner, spouse or other depression and behavioural problems, member of the family.38 Whether they post-traumatic stress, anxiety and are suffering or witnessing abuse, eating disorders. These impacts children who grow up with violence on mental health can make young in the home learn early and powerful people more vulnerable to substance lessons about the use of violence to abuse, and poor reproductive and dominate others.39 sexual health.28 Beyond the human costs, there are Another consequence is poor also financial consequences. Violence educational achievement. Children in childhood is wrong in itself, and with a history of maltreatment may must be eliminated. But governments have impaired mental well-being that can be reassured that doing the From a human affects their academic performance.29 right thing also makes financial development Learning can also be impaired by sense. It has been estimated that perspective, all acts corporal punishment, since children the annual costs of physical, sexual of violence, more who fear being physically harmed by and psychological violence against so against children, their teachers tend to dislike or avoid children (measured indirectly as are a violation of school.30 Another major concern at losses in future productivity) are human dignity and school is bullying: bullied adolescents 2–5 per cent of global GDP40 – in the human rights. miss more school and have poorer highest scenario, the figure rises to school achievements than non-bullied 8 per cent, or about US$7 trillion.41 peers. Bullying also adversely affects the bully – both bully and victim can have significantly lower academic Childhood violence and achievement and poorer health than human development their peers.31 From a human development The impacts of childhood violence can perspective, all acts of violence, more extend well into adulthood.32 Many so against children, are a violation social, health and economic problems of human dignity and human rights. can be traced back to childhood It therefore becomes incumbent experiences.33 Young people who have on the State to protect children, experienced sexual abuse often feel guarantee their constitutional rights, Overview 9

and prevent any form of childhood domestic violence as a necessary abuse even if it occurs in the privacy component of efforts to end violence of homes. in childhood.

An essential starting point for Computing the VIC Index allows State action is robust and regular for examining country-level measurement, which in turn can associations of childhood violence help to track progress towards ending with broader macro-level indicators Violence can be violence over time. Ideally, such of human development. For instance, prevented even at low measurement should cover children according to the human development levels of income, so across different age groups and perspective, higher levels of per capita low-income countries record all forms of violence across income do not necessarily imply need not wait to different settings. The requirement greater freedoms for people. This is become rich before for countries to report on progress so with freedom from fear or ending ending violence relating to the SDG indicators childhood violence as well. Similarly, in childhood. provides an excellent opportunity for the Index allows for extending the governments to strengthen their data analysis of childhood violence to the gathering systems on violence. performance of nations on different dimensions of human development Composite indices, like the human including respect for human rights, development index42 can help to draw rule of law, and good governance. public attention to critical concerns of society. A newly constructed The VIC Index shows that violence in Violence in Childhood (VIC) Index childhood occurs in every country, commissioned for this Report seeks no matter how rich or poor. The to do precisely this, using available weak association between a country’s and imputed data across several income level and magnitude of indicators.43 The Index combines childhood violence is revealed in the indicators covering two dimensions: distribution of countries according violence against children and violence to their ranking on the VIC Index and against women. The inclusion of the their GNI per capita. (FIGURE 6) The latter is in recognition of the harmful two curves reveal that the disparity effects on children of witnessing among countries is much greater in violence against women, and income than in childhood violence. reinforces the importance of ending In other words, there is no predictable

FIGURE 6: Disparity between countries is much greater in income than in the VIC Index.

x 45 125

VIC Inde 40

100

30 75

50 GNI per capita (in US$ thousands) 20 25

0 168 countries ranked by VIC Index and GNI per capita

VIC Index GNI per capita

The chart shows two separate distribution of countries. The upper curve shows their ranking according to VIC Index and the lower curve represents their ranking according to GNI per capita. The two curves reveal that disparity among countries is much greater in income than in VIC Index. There is no predictable association between the level of per capita income in a country and childhood violence.

Source: Shiva Kumar and others 2017 for Know Violence in Childhood 2017. 10 Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

FIGURE 7: Childhood violence tends to be lower in countries FIGURE 8: Childhood violence tends to be lower in countries where more children under-5 survive. where more girls complete secondary education. x 50 x 50 VIC Inde VIC Inde 40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0150 00 150 0620 40 0 80 100

Under-5 mortality rate Percentage of females with at least secondary education (probability of dying between birth and exactly 5 years of age expressed per 1,000 live births)

Central and Eastern Europe/CIS Latin America and the Caribbean Eastern and Southern Africa South Asia East Asia and the Pacific Middle East and North Africa Industrialized Countries West and Central Africa Note: Figures for under-5 mortality rate are from UNICEF’s State of the World’s Children 2015. Figures for population with at least secondary education are from Barro, Robert and Jong-Wha Lee 2013. “A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010” Journal of Development Economics, vol. 104, pp. 184-198. Source: Shiva Kumar and others 2017 for Know Violence in Childhood 2017.

association between a country’s level Ending violence in childhood is likely of per capita income and the level of to become a reality when nations violence in childhood. achieve greater political stability with a higher respect for rule of law This analysis has two important – countries with better governance implications for policy makers. are more likely to end violence in First, that violence can be prevented childhood. The strong association, even at low levels of income, so for instance, between the VIC Index low-income countries need not wait and the Fragile State Index 44 confirms to become rich before eliminating that situations of conflict expose violence in childhood. Second, high- children to abuse and acts of violence. income countries cannot afford to A similarly high correlation of the become complacent: violence against VIC Index with the World Bank’s women and children can persist in governance indicators indicates spite of greater prosperity, improved that countries where governments Childhood violence is standards of living, and better are more effective in service lower in countries that living conditions. delivery and where rights are better are committed to a assured are more likely to reduce human development The VIC Index also helps establish childhood violence.45 agenda. that childhood violence is lower in countries that are committed to a Two clear messages emerge from human development agenda and that the analysis using the VIC Index to prioritize child health and education, highlight the close linkages between particularly for girls. Violence in childhood violence and human childhood thus tends to be lower development across countries. in countries that have higher rates One, violence in childhood cannot of child survival and where more be ended unless human rights and girls are going to secondary school. human development are accorded (FIGURE 7) (FIGURE 8) greater priority by nation-states. Overview 11

Two, development cannot be sustained such as taboos on sexuality can unless the world makes a concerted silence disclosure and contribute to effort to end childhood violence. the persistence of violence.48

Children may be exposed to multiple A multidimensional forms of violence in many settings challenge with overlapping risk factors. Ending violence in childhood thus requires a The starting point to end violence concerted and integrated effort in all is a more informed understanding contexts and at all levels. of its multiple dimensions. Violence emerges out of a complex interplay between individual aggression Realizing children’s and more deeply rooted structural rights to a violence-free drivers and factors that increase the risks of violence. Some are childhood Social and cultural individual factors, such as mental norms that condone health issues and poor impulse There is now better understanding wife-beating and control. Others may be relational, of the extent and nature of the undermine the including marital or relationship abuse to which children are exposed, rights of girls and stress and economic hardship. Still and the implications for their women contribute others may reflect broader social development and well-being. The to the persistence pressures, particularly in “fragile” international community is therefore of violence. communities. For instance, intimate in a stronger position to act to end partner violence is more common violence in childhood. in households whose members suffer from poor mental health Such actions can be seen as an and substance abuse, compounded intrinsic component of a “rights by unemployment and poverty – revolution” which has extended the and in settings where there are rule of law to cover violence within high levels of social isolation and the most private of places – the home. community violence.46 The CRC encapsulates such aspirations and recognizes that children are the Violence may not be directly caused foundation for sustainable societies. by circumstances such as deprivation, Children are not objects to be cared inequality and injustice. Nevertheless, for, but persons with rights of some of these factors may create the their own that must be articulated conditions for violence. For instance, and enforced. in some countries of Latin America, community-based violence can Children can, and often do, pursue emerge from the discrimination many aspects of these rights and stress caused by social and themselves.49 Indeed, they often have economic inequalities.47 a strong sense of fairness and justice. Interactions with older children reveal The risks may also be greater when that they are not always passive social norms uphold violence as victims in the face of violence.50 While an acceptable way to express social some might seek help, others may be control and power. Intimate partner left with no options but to run away violence, for example, is often or use violence to defend themselves associated with norms that reinforce against the instigators. Very young men’s sexual entitlement and their children, however, may simply not right to control women, as well as have the ability to express themselves norms that prioritize family privacy and, to that extent, may be helpless. and shift blame on to the victims. Such children rely on responsible Moreover, social and cultural norms adults and on society to intervene 12 Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

FIGURE 9: The Sustainable Development Goals and child rights.

No Poverty SDG 1 Peace, Justice and Strong Zero Hunger Institutions SDG SDG 2 16

Sustainable Good Health Cities and and Well-being Communities SDG SDG 3 11

Clean Water Quality and Sanitation Education SDG SDG 6 4 Gender Equality SDG 5

Source: Adapted from United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and End Violence Against Children. The Global Partnership - Strategy 2016-2020.

Targets for ending violence against children Target 16.2 end abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence and torture against children. Target 5.2 eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation. Target 5.3 eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage, and female genital mutilation. Target 8.7 take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms. Target 4.7 ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge…(for) promotion of a culture of peace and non‑violence. Target 4.a provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all. Targets to reduce the impact of violence in families, communities and all settings Target 16.1 significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere Target 11.2 provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all. Target 11.7 provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in particular for women and children. Targets to ensure access to fair and effective institutions and to justice for all Target 16.3 promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all. Target 16.9 by 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration. Target 16.a strengthen relevant national institutions, including through incorporation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime. Overview 13

on their behalf. Moreover, even older Protecting children from violence children in many societies may not be is thus understood as a much allowed to express themselves without broader obligation – for every fear, or may not be taken seriously state and society. The human when they do. development approach underscores the responsibility of the State for The imperative of ending violence ending violence. Violence is not a against children has now been private matter that should be left recognized within the UN SDGs. to families to resolve, but a matter While the CRC presents a vision and of human rights that states have a framework for the realization of child duty to uphold. State intervention rights, the SDGs lay out the pathway is also important because many for achieving these rights. Adopted by acts of violence generate negative the UN in September 2015, the SDGs externalities for society as a whole. set targets for ending all forms of violence and related deaths, abuse, Another reason for state intervention exploitation, trafficking and violence stems from the responsibility of against children.51 The SDGs also the State to uphold constitutional explicitly embed children’s well-being commitments, including the need to in a wider framework of sustainable preserve and protect the dignity of human development. (FIGURE 9) women and children. Laws banning corporal punishment or domestic violence need to be enacted and Enhancing children’s enforced because they reflect public capabilities recognition that harsh punishment impairs capabilities in a long-term A human development approach and frequently irreversible way. provides an overarching framework within which to focus on what Prevention is possible. Governments children are capable of doing or are beginning to realize that even becoming in the real world. These small measures to prevent violence capabilities would include, for can greatly improve children’s instance, the capability to lead a long prospects, and also enhance the Experience from and healthy life, to be well-nourished, returns on existing investments across the world to enjoy bodily integrity and not be in education and health. Many, demonstrates that abused, and to engage in various have started to do so.52 Moreover, violence in childhood forms of social interaction. They several campaigns, national and can be prevented. also include the capability to play, to international, to end violence have laugh, to enjoy recreational activities, been organized by a wide range of and more broadly, to enjoy childhood. international organizations.53 These campaigns demonstrate that attitudes Childhood violence disrupts the and social norms can – and do – shift formation of these capabilities. over time, as exemplified by Sweden’s Violence breeds fear, violates the remarkable success story in reducing dignity and rights of children and robs corporal punishment.54 them of the joys of childhood. Freedom from fear is as fundamental to life as freedom from want and freedom from Prevention strategies hunger, and is essential for harnessing human potential. Both the CRC and the Experience from across the world SDGs thus implicitly adopt a “human demonstrates that violence in development” approach – paying childhood can be prevented. Some attention to what children are capable previous approaches have been of doing or becoming, and helping quite limited, dealing with violence them realize their full potential. primarily as series of separate 14 Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

incidents, failing to recognize kin networks, with non-family members its deep social and economic such as employers, or with foster or roots. However, evidence shows adoptive parents. that responses need to be more broadly-based, supporting parents Some homes expose children to and children while investing greater risks than others. For instance, in more peaceful communities, violence can occur in both rich and schools and public services. This poor households, but the risks are Report points to several promising greater when families are under stress strategies. These are clustered into from poverty. Such stress can sap three groups. (FIGURE 10) parents’ energy, as well as their sense of competence and control. Similarly, Enhance individual violence in the home is likely to be capacities aggravated when parents suffer from depression and abuse substances such Children may be raised in diverse as drugs and alcohol. Children may living arrangements, with or also develop violent tendencies where without both biological parents. parental or adult monitoring is weak, These arrangements may include and adult caregivers serve as aggressive living with extended family and role models.

FIGURE 10: Prevention of childhood violence – a strategic framework.

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c l E s t v e e o f l e n o i n n n s o - violence m c r l i p u s e m o a r t i v r i r - e t f c e p s u f s o v r o c t o e h i e s e n o i v o t e s n li n i e n o s e n a n r t e l li u s i t c z e o io s u at m v u a lt io d a n n fe u n m a i t re co e c i n y s g t n h ee n e Fr a o in a Ch o s lth r ti se e tu vic th t es i te o a ns n a i nd lim s E erv ices

Source: Know Violence in Childhood 2017. Overview 15

Equip parents and adult caregivers to ideas that challenge prevailing and unequal gender norms have Well-informed parents and caregivers helped prepare both boys and girls for can both prevent violence and create equitable and violence-free intimate a nurturing environment free from relationships.60 Such programmes fear for children to realize their have also shaped children’s attitudes, full potential. Backed by knowledge equipped them to deal with peer and services, they can create safe, violence and discrimination, and supportive and stimulating spaces enabled them to take responsible for caregiving. Parents and adult decisions. Services such as child caregivers should be made aware helplines can provide children with of both the impact of harsh discipline direct, confidential counselling on their children and alternative and support in the event of risk or Violence is interwoven ways to control children’s behaviour. exposure to violence.61 into the everyday lives They also need to be alert to their of children and women, children’s safety. Embed violence-prevention so its prevention should in institutions and services be built into all of the Home visitation programmes, institutions and services individual and group parenting Violence-prevention is not the sole that address their programmes, and improved paediatric responsibility of “child protection” everyday needs. care have helped create positive services. Violence is interwoven into approaches to parenting55 and reduce the everyday lives of children and child maltreatment. Similarly, women, so its prevention should community mobilization and be built into all of the institutions economic empowerment of parents and services that address their (particularly women) combined everyday needs. with gender equality training have successfully reduced intimate partner Prevent institutionalization violence. For instance, well-designed cash-transfer programmes can While growing up in stable, nurturing (by mitigating income deprivation) families is associated with the best help to improve strained relationships outcomes for children, this is not that are exacerbated by economic always possible. For some children, uncertainty and hardship, and also family care is neither assured nor reduce transactional sex among may it be in their best interests.62 adolescent girls.56 Millions of children live in Empower children institutions,63 despite the overwhelming evidence that Children must be at the heart institutional care denies children of violence-prevention efforts. their rights and cannot meet their There may be several situations in a needs.64 Children in such institutions child’s everyday life when protective show negative cognitive outcomes adults are not present. It is therefore including impaired growth65 and important to build children’s poor attachment,66 with placement at capacities to think for themselves and young ages and long duration of stay act in their own interests.57 Well- further increasing the risk of harm designed pre-school programmes have and negative impacts.67,68 Children in succeeded in imparting appropriate institutions are also at significantly cognitive, social-emotional, inter- greater risk of physical and sexual personal and social skills.58 Well- abuse than those in foster care or the structured school curricula and general population.69 Children with enrichment programmes that disabilities are particularly at risk70 enhance self-awareness and – they are often abandoned within improve self-management have institutions without stimulation reduced children’s vulnerability to or human contact, and often victimization.59 Exposing children physically restrained.71 16 Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

Deinstitutionalization – taking violence as a symptom of a disturbed children out of residential institutions ecosystem and targets interventions and placing them into appropriate at students, parents, teachers family-based care arrangements – is and classrooms, and the wider essential to ending violence against community.79 Experience also suggests children.72 The UN Guidelines for that eliminating corporal punishment the Alternative Care of Children73 from schools, for instance, will emphasize the responsibility of states require the support not just of to provide adequate family care teachers and the education sector through preventative and remedial but also the involvement of families, services, such promoting positive children, and community members.80 parent-child relationships, providing parenting classes and other social Teachers should be at the centre of care services (including financial this transformation. In addition to support, substance abuse treatment preventing violence, teachers need and services for children and families to develop a good understanding with disabilities). Most high-income of child development and acquire countries have dismantled large-scale non-cognitive “soft” skills including institutions, while many middle- the ability to monitor and manage and low-income countries are in the feelings, control impulses and develop process of reforming their alternative positive behaviour.81 Governments care systems to support family-based should also address the problem of alternative care.74 under-resourcing, both in terms of human resources and finances that Transform school cultures schools face in many countries. This can go a long way towards mitigating Violence is influenced by a school’s stress felt by teachers and equipping ethos.75 Certain classroom, teacher them with appropriate skills. and school characteristics may inhibit or fuel bullying and physical Ensure online safety fights.76 A school that tolerates unjust practices signals to the child that Children’s access to and use of violence is acceptable. In some cases, internet and mobile technologies this may happen because the schools is rising around the world.82,83 The The most effective and teachers themselves are under internet offers children many new response is a whole- pressure. Teachers may exercise possibilities for learning and growth. school approach that extreme authority to control the Children can use the internet to treats violence as a class and demand absolute obedience circumvent rigid social hierarchies, symptom of a disturbed while taking out their frustrations seek out information and amplify ecosystem and on children.77 their voices. The anonymity of the targets interventions internet also provides opportunities at students, parents, Schools and other institutions for girls and sexual minorities to teachers and should become centres of non- find vital information and connect classrooms, and the violence. They should discourage with others.84,85,86,87 wider community. hierarchical systems that condone violent behaviour and bullying. Nevertheless, digital violence such After school and other programmes as phone or email persecution, to stop bullying, prevent peer harassment on social networks and victimization and dating violence, objectionable recording of videos as well as campaigns to end corporal for “sextortion” 88,89 expose children punishment, offer many lessons for to violence, trauma and aggression. transforming the culture of schools.78 Online violence is linked with offline violence. Indeed, most aspects of a The most effective response is a child’s experience have an offline whole-school approach that treats dimension.90,91 For instance, online Overview 17

violence (including sexual harassment violence by ensuring early detection, of women and girls) is often an early response, and appropriate extension of offline violence.92 rehabilitation following trauma.

Children are also vulnerable to Childhood violence can be effectively random targeting by perpetrators prevented when health professionals, of online violence.93 “Grooming” whether offering emergency, occurs when a stranger “befriends” antenatal or primary health care, a young person online with the intent are equipped with standard screening of physical or sexual exploitation.94 tools and trained to arrange Healthcare Additionally, even though viewing appropriate referral and treatment if professionals have a child pornography does not entail they detect exposure to violence and special role to play in contact with children, it does involve trauma.101 For example, emergency preventing childhood real child victims and perpetuates services and primary-care providers violence, because a wider culture of violence are likely to see children who have children come into against children.95 been injured, or women who have contact with healthcare been raped. In high-income countries, systems even before Online systems have been used such events typically trigger support they enter the world. proactively to promote children’s from a range of specialized services, safety on- and offline. Results are including those for child protection. better when parents and teachers are able to support children with Health systems are more effective appropriate guidance. Several in preventing violence when programmes have strengthened services offer links to safe spaces children’s capacities to use the for women and children.102 Violence- internet to their advantage in an age- prevention is also better when appropriate way.96 Online technology perpetrators, particularly young applications have been used to enable perpetrators, can access counselling girls and women to map and create services for controlling aggression. alerts about rape. They have also been Prevention is also promoted when used to record and raise awareness information is collected in a safe about sexual harassment of girls and confidential way, and used to and women online.97 Mobile phone inform policies, monitor services technology is helping to increase and improve responses. public safety for women.98 Eliminate the root causes The internet can also be used to of violence make institutions more accountable for protecting children’s rights. Societies and governments should Crowd-sourcing websites and services address many of the root causes of for recording cases of violence and violence in order to establish violence- abuse against children demonstrate free communities and change adverse the potential for coordinated social norms. responses from child protection and other services.99,100 Free communities from violence

Prioritize violence-prevention in Both rural and urban communities health services can foster violence. While cities are engines of prosperity and offer better Healthcare professionals have a opportunities for health, education special role to play in preventing and employment than rural areas, childhood violence, because children rapid urbanization in particular has come into contact with healthcare contributed to high levels of violence. systems even before they enter Parts of many cities present major the world. These professionals are risks.103 The highest rates of violence ideally placed to prevent childhood are typically found in neighbourhoods 18 Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

with low levels of social cohesion for their energy, and strengthen and few informal systems of social community cohesion.109 Disputes regulation and control.104 This can be resolved through formal creates fear and mistrust, especially justice institutions, community- among young people. Under these based mediation and arbitration, circumstances, they may be attracted particularly in marginalized to gangs which offer them a sense neighbourhoods. Police can work of belonging. effectively in partnership with communities to help increase levels Young people living and working on of trust as well as the reporting and the streets are particularly vulnerable prevention of crime and violence.110 Reshaping the to abuse and exploitation.105 They physical environment are often stigmatized as juvenile Reshaping the physical environment to create safe public delinquents, and their presence on to create safe public spaces can also spaces can help the street is frequently criminalized. help reduce violence. An important reduce violence. Public spaces may also pose risks principle is to design streets, parks, of sexual violence for girls,106 often bus stops, sports fields, squares leading to school dropout and and parking lots according to the reinforcing cultural practices such safety needs of women and children. as early marriage. In addition to proper lighting and signage, safe community spaces Violence thrives in communities should have clear, well-kept paths controlled by criminal organizations, and good visibility with low, wide street gangs, vigilantes and sidewalks for strollers, wheelchairs paramilitary groups.107 There is ample and walkers, and easy access evidence, particularly from Latin to clean, secure, child-friendly America, of strategies that reduce toilets. Offering people easy access violence by strengthening systems to services and employment of formal justice supplemented with opportunities via public transport community-based mediation.108 Local links that connect parks, libraries authorities can target hotspots with a and community centres to low- range of services and resources, offer income neighbourhoods can reduce young people more productive outlets stress and frustration.111

FIGURE 11: Countries where boys and girls (aged 15–19) justify men beating their wives or partners are less likely to end violence in childhood. x x 50 50 VIC Inde VIC Inde 40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0620 40 080 100 0620 40 0 80

Attitude towards wife-beating (girls) Attitude towards wife-beating (boys)

Central and Eastern Europe/CIS Latin America and the Caribbean Eastern and Southern Africa South Asia East Asia and the Pacific Middle East and North Africa Industrialized Countries West and Central Africa

Source: Shiva Kumar and others 2017 for Know Violence in Childhood 2017. Overview 19

Regulating firearms and alcohol abuse norms are not rigid. Norms that is equally important for preventing endorse physical punishment of violence. States should ban gun use children may now be weakening. by children, starting with laws that Globally, only around three in ten prescribe the appropriate minimum adults now believe that physical age – at least 18 years, or more – for punishment is necessary to properly possessing or purchasing a gun. raise a child.119 Countries with lower Similarly, a comprehensive alcohol levels of childhood violence tend policy should make alcohol more to have a positive attitude towards expensive and establish and enforce women and greater respect for gender a minimum age for purchase.112 equality. Both men and women in these countries believe less in the use Change adverse social norms of physical punishment to “discipline” children and wives.120 In many societies, social norms may legitimize acts of violence.113 Such Committed community activists behaviour becomes the accepted or and opinion leaders are known to even expected response in cases of make a difference, as shown by small disputes, perceived slights or successful peer influence programmes insults. Norms based on patriarchy that impart specific skills for reinforce male authority and preventing violence to volunteers demand women’s submission to that who themselves might have been authority. It is not surprising that a involved in acts of violence. Such significant proportion of women in volunteers often emerge as trusted low- and middle-income countries and credible community leaders and agree that wife-beating by a partner find themselves in a strong position is justified.114 Children also absorb to persuade others. Public opinion these norms especially when it is steadily moving against bullying, comes to the justification for men corporal punishment and other forms beating their wives and partners. of abuse. (FIGURE 11) In all such cases, there comes a In contexts where violence is “tipping point” when an idea gains normalized, any failure on the part sufficient momentum and rapidly of a victim to respond in self-defence proliferates to become a new social maybe seen as a sign of weakness, norm. The move, for instance, by a with an associated risk of further single teacher or a group of respected victimization.115 Parents may even teachers to stop using corporal Countries with a positive expect teachers to discipline their punishment in the classroom can attitude towards women children as a way of reinforcing snowball into a wider movement, and greater respect for compliant behaviour in the home.116 especially when other teachers see gender equality tend The use of violence to discipline improvements in attendance rates to have lower levels of children belonging to disadvantaged and student grades.121 childhood violence. socio-economic communities that lack social power is often normalized as a Enacting and enforcing appropriate way to support children’s learning and laws are also necessary to change development.117 Norms that discourage social norms. Governments should homosexuality may lead adolescents repeal discriminatory laws, to engage in self-harm and even stringently enforce positive laws and commit suicide.118 introduce new legislation to reduce the power inequalities underpinning Social norms may appear difficult to violence against women and change, but in fact norms on violence children. Such legislation would are constantly shifting. Beliefs and include measures to promote equal 20 Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

FIGURE 12: Actions to prevent childhood violence.

ak the silen

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S

t

r

e

n

e g

Actions c

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e to prevent d

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v childhood e i o d l e violence n n a

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Source: Know Violence in Childhood 2017.

inheritance, equal rights in marriage Broadly speaking, urgent actions to and assure childcare support. It prevent childhood violence are needed should also include the effective along three critical fronts. (FIGURE 12) regulation of alcohol and firearms. Break the silence

Essential public action Breaking the silence around childhood violence is essential in order to Many positive benefits can accrue to prevent it. Violence needs to be made children who grow up in a non-violent visible, using public forums and the world, free from fear and insecurity, media to reveal the magnitude of the and surrounded by caring adults and problem, build awareness and educate friendly peers. the public. Overview 21

Advocacy should draw particular Strengthen violence- attention to children who are prevention systems particularly vulnerable because of their characteristics (such as sexual Violence is chronic, invisible and orientation, disability or ethnicity) manifests itself in many ways in the and in particular contexts (such everyday lives of women and children. as humanitarian crises, including It therefore cannot be prevented by conflict and post-conflict situations). the efforts of one sector alone.

Advocacy and communication The key sectors dealing directly should focus on highlighting forms with children and their families of violence that are not socially and communities should coordinate sanctioned, such as rape, incest their responses. Professionals in and other serious forms of abuse. health, education, social welfare, Alternative approaches to disciplining child protection, law, governance, and conflict-resolution should be planning and policing can together prioritized and publicized. Gender and build a sound prevention platform. social norms that belittle the dignity They should use this to address the and freedoms of women should risks that shape children’s experience be challenged. Closer cooperation of violence, while also ensuring between the movements concerned strong systems of referral for women with violence against children and and children who are victims of, or those concerned with violence against threatened by, violence. women can add further impetus to breaking the culture of silence around The key objective is prevention. childhood violence. Service-providers who are in contact with communities, families and Ending violence demands a children need to promote alternative strong action alliance between all forms of discipline and methods for stakeholders. To start with, support dealing with aggression. Violence- to national, regional and global prevention modules should be movements to end violence in integrated into training programmes childhood must become a priority. for health workers, schoolteachers,

INSPIRE: The violence-prevention package

In 2016, ten major international evidence to help countries, communities organizations and campaigns launched and other stakeholders, including the INSPIRE, an evidence-based resource private sector, to intensify their efforts package of seven strategies to end violence to end violence. against children. Additionally, INSPIRE emphasizes two The seven strategies are: important cross-cutting activities that help connect and strengthen the seven • Implementation and enforcement of laws; strategies. These are: intersectoral • Norms and values; activities and coordination, emphasizing • Safe environments; the roles of multiple sectors in coming • Parent and caregiver support; together to develop an integrated • Income and economic strengthening; platform of concerted actions to • Response and support services; and end violence; and monitoring and • Education and life skills. evaluation to track progress and ensure The package identifies a select group of effective investments. strategies backed by the best available Source: WHO 2016. 22 Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

social workers and police officers. culture. Useful insights can also be Violence-prevention should be part gained from economic analyses that of college curricula across disciplines illuminate the inter-connections – law, medicine, public health, social between deprivation, inequalities work – to create a workforce that is and childhood violence. A thorough conscious of children’s vulnerability understanding of the gendered and equipped to address violence. nature of violence and its links with Professional associations can also gender inequality and gender roles, provide leadership on violence- stereotypes and myths can help design prevention to their members. effective strategies to protect women and girls. Boys remain vastly neglected Investing in violence-prevention even though there is growing evidence can greatly increase the returns to suggest that, depending on their on existing investments in health, age and the setting, they experience education and social services – considerable degrees of violence. and improve sustainability. Both national governments and donors Well-designed studies can – including bilateral agencies, generate evidence to improve the multilateral agencies and foundations functioning of the criminal justice – should earmark dedicated and and legal systems including better sufficient resources across sectors implementation of laws, legal for preventing childhood violence, responses to domestic and family based on clearly articulated violence- violence across jurisdictions, and prevention plans. interactions between the police and child protection systems. Improve knowledge and evidence Operations research can offer useful insights into designing Implementing the violence-prevention service responses that are culturally agenda demands immediate actions appropriate in reaching particularly Investing in violence- to build knowledge, support research vulnerable groups of women and prevention can greatly and encourage evaluation to bridge children, and are at the same time increase the returns on policy and practice. efficient, effective and sustainable. existing investments in health, education and Specialized research can throw An explicit aim should be to encourage social services – and light on the social determinants of an evaluation culture using robust improve sustainability violence against women and children methodologies that combine of human development. – especially its linkages with social quantitative and qualitative methods. inequality, denial of freedoms, lack This can build a better understanding of opportunities, unequal access of how change can be generated and to resources, discrimination and sustained to end childhood violence. Overview 23

The promise of a future This is a promising moment for leaders, governments and free of violence communities across the world to make a significant difference in Children should grow up in a very the lives of children and the future different world by 2030 – the target of societies. Even as the crises year for the SDGs. Positive social facing children across the world are norms should ensure freedom from increasingly apparent, so are the fear. Domestic violence should become opportunities to prevent childhood Working together a scourge of the past. Enhanced social violence. Working together can help can help build a just, and economic security should enable the world realize the aspirations of violence-free and parents, both mothers and fathers, Agenda 2030 and the SDGs of building equitable world for to better care for their children. a just, violence-free and equitable all – a world worthy And finally, children should have world for all – a world worthy of of its children. safe spaces in which to live, play, its children. study and travel. This is not a distant dream. It can be realized if efforts are made to prevent and end violence in childhood – starting now. 24 Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

NOTES AND REFERENCES Overview 25

NOTES

1 Shiva Kumar and others 2017. 11 Iles-Caven and others 2017; Lumeng and 2 Pinheiro 2006. others 2010. 3. The establishment of the office of the UN 12 UNESCO 2012; Kosciw and others 2012; Special Representative on Violence against Espelage and others 2015. Children at the global level, along with 13 World Vision 2005. regional bodies, as well as the Special 14 De Oliveira and others 2015. See also Rapporteurs on Children and Armed Conflict www.nobullying.com and the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution 15 Stöckl and others 2017; Devries and and Child Pornography, has led to increased others 2017. global awareness and dialogue on the issue 16 In India, ratio of male to females in the across multiple dimensions including population was 107.6; in China, the figure was conflict and sexual exploitation. Movements 106.3. This contrasts with the figure for the such as the Global Initiative to End All world which was 101.8. See UN Department of Corporal Punishment of Children have Economic and Social Statistics - https://esa. succeeded in getting countries to develop un.org/unpd/wpp/dataquery/. Accessed 20 legislation that protects children’s rights. May 2017. Alliances to address online violence, such as 17 Devries and others 2017. WeProtect, underscore the determination of a 18 Pells and Morrow 2017. wide range of actors across public and private 19 Blum and others 2014. sectors to address cross-border threats to 20 Abbey and McAuslan 2004; Black and children posed by new technologies and others 2011. rapidly expanding access to the internet. 21 Sexting is defined as “the creating, sharing The End Violence campaign and the Global and forwarding of sexually suggestive Partnership to End Violence Against Children nude or nearly nude images by teenagers.” have given further impetus to global efforts See UNICEF 2012. to end violence against children. 22 Ellsberg and others 2017. 4 Many governments have introduced 23 Ellsberg and others 2017. legislation to prohibit corporal punishment. 24 UNICEF 2014. Thus far, 52 states have prohibited corporal 25 Stoltenborgh and others 2011. punishment in all settings including the 26 See https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/ home. A further 54 states are committed vacs. Accessed 1 May 2017. to achieving a complete legal ban. To date, 27 Fulu and Heise 2015. corporal punishment is fully prohibited in 28 Ribeiro and others 2009. schools in 129 states, in penal institutions in 29 Romano and others 2015. 138 states, and in alternative care settings 30 Ogando Portela and Pells 2015. and day-care. And in 59 states corporal 31 Nakamoto and Schwartz 2010. punishment is fully prohibited. More and 32 Felitti 2009. more countries are ratifying the Optional 33 Anda and others 2006. Protocols to the Convention on the Rights 34 Brodsky and Stanley 2008; Evans and others of the Child. See Global Initiative to End All 2005; Thompson and others 2012. Corporal Punishment of Children 2017. 35 Ttofi and others 2012; Klomek and 5 WHO 2016. Elonheimo 2015. 6 UNGA 1989. 36 Zielinski 2009. 7 Finkelhor and others 2007; Samms-Vaughan 37 Salter and others 2003. and Lambert 2017; Leoschut and Kafaar 2017. 38 Donovan and others 2016; Hill and 8 Hawke and Raphael 2016; UNODC 2016. others 2016. 9 The Report uses these estimated prevalence 39 Durrant and Ensom 2012. rates to arrive at the number of children 40 Pereznieto and others 2014. across the world experiencing these different 41 Pereznieto and others 2014. forms of violence in a year. See Shiva Kumar 42 The Human Development Index is published and others 2017. by the United Nations Development Program 10 American Psychiatric Association 2000; (UNDP). See http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/ Kavale and Forness 1996; Yousafzai and human-development-index-hdi. Accessed 20 others 2005. June 2017. 26 Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

43 Shiva Kumar and others 2017. to achieve intersectoral coordination by 44 The Fragile States Index ranks each country means of the Children’s Act, mandating that based on a sum of scores for 12 indicators, all departments work together, under the with each indicator scored on a scale of 0-10, guidance of a lead department, to implement 0 being the lowest intensity (most stable) and the Act in an integrated manner. 10 being the highest intensity (least stable) 53 There are several international campaigns creating a scale spanning 0-120. Indicators run by United Nations agencies such as the relate to various aspects of state stability and ILO, UNDP, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, strength e.g. demographic pressures, refugees UNODC, UNWomen and WHO. Similarly, and internally displaced people, poverty, international civil society organizations corruption and lack of representation, such as ECPAT International, Girls not Brides, human rights and rule of law. Oxfam, Plan International, Save the Children, 45 The Voice and Accountability rank reflects and Together for Girls, and initiatives perceptions of the extent to which a country’s such as the Global Initiative to End All citizens are able to participate in selecting Corporal Punishment of Children and Global their government, as well as freedom of Partnership to End Violence Against Children, expression, freedom of association, and a run powerful advocacy campaigns to keep the free media. spotlight on childhood violence. 46 Lundgren and Amin 2015. 54 Sweden was the first country in the world 47 Muggah and Alvarado 2016. to introduce a ban on corporal punishment 48 Stoltenborgh and others 2011. in 1979. The Swedish ban on all forms of 49 When they do get opportunities, however, violent and emotionally abusive treatment their voices can have far-reaching impact. of children can be seen as a result of legal The 2030 agenda was developed with the reforms introduced as early as the late active participation of more than 800,000 19th century. The explicit ban on corporal children from around the regions, resulting punishment in home environments is in the inclusion of ending violence as an considered a legal success, resulting in low outcome area (See http://www.un.org/ (8 per cent) parental acceptance of corporal en/development/desa/news/sustainable/ punishment along with reduced rates of children-summit.html. Accessed 20 serious abuse and assault as well as violent May 2017). deaths compared with other industrialized 50 Pells and Morrow 2017. countries. Parents in Sweden today are 51 The SDGs are also in line with the “Whole arguably a lot less likely to use physical Child” approach – developed by the punishment as part of parenting than 35 Association for Supervision and Curriculum years ago, and are also less likely to do so Development (ASCD) and the US Centers for compared to parents in most other countries. Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – which (See Leviner 2013). espouses that “each child, in each school, 55 Eshel and others 2006. in each of our communities deserves to 56 Peterman and others 2017. be healthy, safe, engaged, supported, and 57 Osher and others 2003. challenged.” 58 Williams and Davies 2017. 52 Mathews and others 2014. South Africa is 59 Brenick and others 2014; Baker-Henningham widely acknowledged as a country that has and Walker 2009. invested in a broad-based violence prevention 60 Foshee and others 2004; Taylor and others system. Besides a special Children’s Act 2011; UNFPA 2015; Keller and others 2017. (108) that falls under the Constitution of 61 Bazan 2011. the country, it has enacted a law that aims 62 Martin and Zulaika 2016. to protect children in cases of domestic 63 Pinheiro 2006; Save the Children 2009. violence (the Domestic Violence Act); a law 64 Mulheir 2012; Berens and Nelson 2015; that categorizes sexual offences and sets Rosenthal 2017. out ages of consent to sexual activity (the 65 Van Ijzendoorn and others 2007. Sexual Offences Act); and a Child Justice 66 Vorria and others 2003; Zeanah and Act which regulates the criminal justice others 2005. system in the country in a manner that 67 Van Ijzendoorn and others 2007. cases pertaining to children accused of 68 Sherr and others 2016. having committed offences are discussed 69 Euser and others 2014. separate from the system. It has also tried 70 Better Care Network and EveryChild 2012. Overview 27

71 Mathews and others 2015. 92 ITU and UNESCO 2015. 72 UNGA 2010. 93 Ybarra and Mitchell 2004. 73 UNGA 2010. 94 UNICEF 2012. 74 Greenberg and Partskhaldze 2014; Better Care 95 Livingstone and Smith 2014; SRSG 2014. Network and UNICEF 2015. 96 UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre 2011. 75 Naker 2017. 97 See www.takebackthetech.net 76 Menesini and Salmivalli 2017. 98 Harrassmap in Egypt, and Township Mamas 77 Symeonidis 2015. in South Africa. 78 Cid 2017; Lester and others 2017. See also 99 Mattila 2011. www.coe.int/en/web/children/corporal- 100 UNICEF 2012. punishment. Accessed 29 June 2017. 101 Resnick and others 2004. 79 Naker 2017; Espelage and others 2004; Cohen 102 Day and Pierce-Weeks 2013. 2006; Gottfredson and others 2005; Freiberg 103 Braga 2015. 1999; Kasen and others 2004; Johnson 2009; 104 Muggah 2017. Steffgen and others 2013; Karwowski 2008; 105 Embleton 2017. Devries and others 2015. 106 Action Aid 2011. 80 Naker 2017; Parkes and Heslop 2013. 107 Garzón-Vergara 2017. 81 World Bank 2015. 108 OECD 2011; World Bank 2010. 82 Lenhart 2015. 109 Carbonari and others 2017. 83 UNESCO 2014. 110 Bakrania 2013; World Bank 2010. 84 Bachan and Raftree 2011. 111 Villaveces 2017. 85 Livingstone and Mason 2015. 112 Villaveces 2017. 86 See www.youngafricalive.com 113 Lilleston and others 2017. 87 ITU and UNESCO 2015. 114 UNICEF 2014. 88 Popadić and Kuzmanović 2013. 115 Anderson 2000; Wilkinson 2006. 89 Sextortion is defined as “threats to expose 116 Naker 2005. a sexual image in order to make a person 117 Pells and Morrow 2017. do something or for other reasons, such 118 DiStefano 2008. as revenge or humiliation”. See Wolak and 119 UNICEF 2014. Finkelhor 2016. 120 Shiva Kumar and others 2017. 90 Livingstone and Smith 2014; SRSG 2014. 121 Lilleston and others 2017. 91 Livingstone and Bulger 2013. 28 Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

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STATISTICAL TABLE Overview 35

TABLE 1: Key indicators of inter-personal violence in childhood, 2015.

Corporal punishment Peer violence Violence against at homea in schoolsb adolescent girlsc Child Violence Physical Sexual homicide rate against (%) Bullying Physical fights violence violence (per 100,000)d womene (15 years Country (1-14 years) (13-15 years) (13-15 years) (15-19 years) (15-19 years) (0-19 years) and above)

Afghanistan 74.4 48.1 35.4 24.0 7.0 8.0 30.9 Albania 76.9 43.3 47.9 22.5 7.9 2.0 22.7 Algeria 86.3 52.0 48.0 20.6 6.7 2.0 9.2 Antigua and Barbuda 67.1 25.0 48.0 14.5 6.3 2.9 17.9 Argentina 72.4 25.0 34.0 16.8 4.2 3.0 1.9 Armenia 69.9 10.0 51.0 19.0 5.1 1.0 12.9 Australia 62.8 39.6 48.8 12.3 3.3 1.0 2.0 Austria 55.7 41.0 37.0 4.1 1.0 - 3.0 Azerbaijan 76.8 36.0 37.7 9.0 0.4 3.0 10.2 Bahamas 60.7 44.3 39.2 8.9 3.5 5.0 16.3 Bangladesh 82.3 64.5 53.6 28.6 12.7 1.0 50.7 Barbados 75.1 13.0 38.0 18.4 8.1 3.0 11.0 Belarus 64.5 25.8 38.8 13.8 7.7 1.0 13.9 Belgium 59.1 37.0 37.0 10.8 3.2 1.0 6.0 Belize 65.1 31.0 36.0 17.6 9.5 6.0 12.9 Benin 91.1 42.0 32.0 31.1 9.8 5.0 25.0 Bhutan 82.4 29.6 25.5 17.7 5.2 1.0 14.2 Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 70.0 30.0 33.0 37.0 5.0 7.0 24.0 Botswana 86.5 52.0 48.0 27.4 12.1 7.0 18.1 Brazil 68.3 31.6 28.0 14.0 5.5 17.0 8.1 Brunei Darussalam 54.0 31.1 37.1 6.2 4.6 - 9.7 Bulgaria 54.8 23.7 30.3 6.2 3.4 1.0 6.0 Burkina Faso 82.7 40.6 47.5 21.0 9.3 5.0 9.6 Burundi 96.8 70.3 48.3 35.2 12.4 5.0 31.4 Cabo Verde 74.2 22.4 24.1 16.0 5.4 1.0 7.8 Cambodia 71.8 22.0 14.0 21.0 0.3 4.0 8.0 Cameroon 85.0 53.3 36.4 45.0 22.0 5.0 32.6 Canada 60.0 32.0 34.0 4.5 1.6 2.0 1.3 Central African Republic 92.0 50.8 46.6 42.5 16.4 5.0 26.3 Chad 71.1 56.6 39.8 39.6 16.9 4.0 30.9 Chile 69.0 15.0 29.0 12.1 3.9 2.0 5.9 China 70.2 29.0 19.0 12.8 4.9 1.0 13.9 Colombia 66.9 32.0 33.0 13.0 3.0 13.0 8.6 Comoros 77.1 29.2 29.4 11.0 5.0 5.0 4.8 Congo 82.5 48.5 45.7 32.3 11.8 5.0 22.1 Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 81.6 54.8 45.9 56.0 21.0 14.0 20.7 Costa Rica 45.6 19.0 22.0 1.2 5.4 5.0 9.3 Côte d'Ivoire 90.9 53.3 48.0 33.0 5.0 9.0 22.9 Croatia 65.1 16.0 39.0 10.1 2.6 - 3.0 Cuba 36.0 27.8 34.5 2.3 3.0 2.0 13.8 Cyprus 59.7 33.0 46.8 2.8 3.7 - 3.0 Czech Republic 46.2 16.0 43.0 2.5 0.8 - 4.0 Denmark 58.9 17.0 27.0 4.6 1.6 - 4.0 Dominican Republic 62.9 26.6 30.4 13.0 8.0 4.0 10.4 Ecuador 66.6 29.0 34.0 5.7 6.0 6.0 10.1 Egypt 93.0 70.0 45.0 40.0 14.1 1.0 14.0 El Salvador 52.0 30.8 29.2 4.8 7.0 27.0 7.7 Estonia 66.4 37.0 28.0 18.0 4.4 1.0 2.0 Ethiopia 87.5 50.2 50.6 33.7 12.9 6.0 26.3 Fiji 72.0 42.0 47.0 15.7 9.6 2.0 24.0 Finland 70.7 28.0 28.0 11.3 1.7 1.0 5.0 France 59.4 32.0 33.0 2.4 0.2 - 5.0 Gambia 90.3 44.6 44.2 34.3 12.2 6.0 20.7 Georgia 66.9 38.9 48.1 6.1 6.3 1.0 12.0 36 Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

Corporal punishment Peer violence Violence against at homea in schoolsb adolescent girlsc Child Violence Physical Sexual homicide rate against (%) Bullying Physical fights violence violence (per 100,000)d womene (15 years Country (1-14 years) (13-15 years) (13-15 years) (15-19 years) (15-19 years) (0-19 years) and above)

Germany 57.9 30.0 20.0 8.1 - - 3.0 Ghana 93.6 62.0 53.0 32.0 17.0 5.0 20.0 Greece 73.1 29.0 51.0 15.7 2.2 - 6.0 Guatemala 64.8 36.2 36.3 6.4 3.0 22.0 9.9 Guinea 83.6 45.6 42.8 31.0 10.6 5.0 26.5 Guinea-Bissau 82.4 46.5 38.3 34.9 11.9 6.0 28.1 Guyana 69.7 38.0 38.0 19.2 7.7 6.0 21.2 Honduras 76.5 32.0 28.0 15.0 6.0 13.0 10.9 Hungary 70.2 24.0 41.0 11.5 2.0 1.0 6.0 Iceland 61.6 16.0 28.0 5.1 0.6 - 1.8 India 84.1 40.3 33.8 21.0 5.0 2.0 23.9 Indonesia 73.7 50.0 34.0 22.0 4.7 1.0 17.4 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 66.5 27.5 34.9 7.1 6.0 2.0 7.3 Iraq 79.0 28.0 37.0 23.8 9.0 4.0 11.9 Ireland 70.2 26.0 35.0 8.7 3.6 - 3.0 Israel 61.0 37.7 45.1 4.7 2.5 1.0 3.1 Italy 58.1 9.0 35.0 4.9 3.0 - 6.0 Jamaica 84.5 40.0 50.0 23.1 11.0 13.0 17.0 Japan 60.1 36.8 38.3 5.6 5.5 - 5.5 Jordan 90.2 41.0 47.0 31.0 8.1 3.0 14.1 Kazakhstan 52.7 41.0 35.3 4.0 1.0 1.0 14.8 Kenya 83.8 57.0 48.0 27.0 11.0 3.0 34.0 Kiribati 81.0 37.0 35.0 30.0 15.1 3.1 36.1 Korea (Republic of) 67.3 36.0 44.9 11.4 3.1 1.0 4.8 Kuwait 76.8 28.0 45.0 26.1 2.9 - 6.0 Kyrgyzstan 57.1 33.3 31.9 6.0 0.1 - 17.1 Lao People's Democratic Republic 75.7 27.5 28.7 13.9 4.8 3.0 6.0 Latvia 54.1 43.0 39.0 5.5 2.7 1.0 5.0 Lebanon 81.9 25.0 49.0 17.5 2.9 1.0 4.0 Lesotho 82.5 51.1 39.7 34.2 15.8 18.0 27.3 Liberia 90.0 50.2 47.0 39.0 13.0 4.0 36.3 Libya 75.2 35.0 40.0 20.3 5.0 1.0 11.3 Lithuania 64.9 52.0 38.0 8.7 2.1 1.0 4.0 Luxembourg 56.0 28.0 32.0 4.9 1.8 - 3.0 Madagascar 66.9 38.2 20.6 15.2 6.5 8.0 15.3 Malawi 72.4 45.0 23.0 21.0 18.0 1.0 22.1 Malaysia 69.3 21.0 30.0 19.8 9.3 1.0 14.3 Maldives 71.7 37.0 30.0 9.2 2.3 1.0 6.4 Mali 72.7 46.0 39.7 26.2 12.4 5.0 26.6 Malta 64.3 27.2 43.4 4.4 4.3 - 4.0 Mauritania 80.0 47.0 58.0 24.0 8.8 3.0 18.1 Mauritius 70.1 36.0 36.0 11.8 2.8 1.0 10.0 Mexico 63.1 29.1 39.5 6.6 0.8 7.0 6.6 Moldova (Republic of) 75.6 38.3 45.9 14.0 7.0 1.0 11.5 Mongolia 49.3 31.0 44.0 8.5 7.3 2.0 16.5 Montenegro 69.3 25.9 38.5 11.6 2.5 1.0 6.9 Morocco 90.8 1.0 9.0 26.4 7.0 1.0 13.8 Mozambique 97.5 47.5 39.4 22.0 9.0 7.0 27.7 Myanmar 72.3 19.0 15.0 22.5 10.7 7.0 21.3 Namibia 86.1 52.0 50.0 32.0 10.7 6.0 15.9 Nepal 81.7 42.7 33.3 10.0 11.0 1.0 14.3 Netherlands 61.7 21.0 31.0 9.4 4.4 - 5.0 New Zealand 62.2 23.3 34.8 5.9 1.2 1.0 4.9 Nicaragua 74.1 25.7 28.6 12.0 7.0 4.0 9.3 Overview 37

Corporal punishment Peer violence Violence against at homea in schoolsb adolescent girlsc Child Violence Physical Sexual homicide rate against (%) Bullying Physical fights violence violence (per 100,000)d womene (15 years Country (1-14 years) (13-15 years) (13-15 years) (15-19 years) (15-19 years) (0-19 years) and above)

Niger 81.6 52.6 44.1 31.3 10.5 3.0 34.8 Nigeria 90.8 49.8 48.1 27.0 6.0 14.0 10.9 Norway 52.8 23.0 40.3 5.5 0.5 - 6.0 Oman 63.0 47.0 50.0 12.3 3.3 - 15.2 Pakistan 80.7 41.0 37.0 30.0 10.9 4.0 26.3 Palestine, State of 91.5 56.0 44.0 23.7 6.6 4.5 10.1 Panama 44.9 22.0 31.8 1.6 5.6 15.0 11.7 Papua New Guinea 75.7 56.9 42.5 27.6 12.2 3.0 33.7 Paraguay 64.7 39.8 40.9 15.3 2.0 7.0 15.1 Peru 63.4 47.0 37.0 14.0 5.4 2.0 12.1 Philippines 76.8 48.0 38.0 15.0 5.0 3.0 7.0 Poland 66.8 24.0 32.0 5.9 3.7 1.0 2.0 Portugal 73.5 37.0 27.0 7.9 0.6 - 5.0 Qatar 49.9 42.0 51.0 2.4 3.8 - 7.9 Romania 67.6 41.0 41.0 9.8 3.3 1.0 6.0 Russian Federation 52.7 33.0 37.0 8.4 4.9 2.0 12.4 Rwanda 88.7 57.8 34.8 16.0 12.0 13.0 44.3 Saint Lucia 67.5 25.0 41.0 8.5 4.4 0.4 10.7 Samoa 70.7 74.0 68.0 19.5 5.1 4.1 22.0 Saudi Arabia 68.5 36.2 34.6 10.1 4.5 1.0 5.0 Senegal 85.8 38.4 41.1 29.7 11.8 1.0 25.0 Serbia 43.1 34.7 39.8 15.9 5.3 1.0 13.2 Seychelles 64.7 51.0 43.8 9.7 10.1 11.2 18.8 Sierra Leone 81.7 45.3 34.1 32.6 13.5 9.0 28.6 Slovakia 63.6 25.0 40.0 3.6 3.6 - 6.0 Slovenia 68.4 20.0 40.0 14.5 3.7 - 2.0 Solomon Islands 72.0 67.0 53.0 21.2 11.4 3.0 25.4 South Africa 75.9 37.4 33.5 26.3 7.9 8.0 9.4 Spain 65.8 14.0 35.0 7.8 6.5 - 2.0 Sri Lanka 73.4 38.0 47.0 27.7 9.1 1.0 16.9 Sudan 63.9 40.7 51.0 17.9 13.6 6.0 28.1 Suriname 86.1 26.0 21.0 23.6 5.8 - 7.7 Swaziland 88.3 32.0 19.0 43.0 18.0 16.0 26.5 Sweden 61.6 11.0 30.0 9.3 1.5 - 5.0 Switzerland 54.4 34.0 34.3 5.3 5.9 - 7.2 Syrian Arab Republic 88.5 40.9 51.4 27.6 6.6 1.0 16.6 Tajikistan 77.7 7.0 22.0 7.0 1.0 1.0 15.2 Tanzania (United Republic of) 76.9 28.0 40.0 24.0 13.0 6.0 36.8 Thailand 72.0 27.0 34.0 11.7 2.0 2.0 15.9 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 69.3 20.0 31.0 16.7 4.7 - 6.3 Timor-Leste 87.4 54.0 37.7 30.0 2.0 2.0 31.5 Togo 80.6 47.5 29.0 30.2 11.0 7.0 19.0 Tonga 69.3 50.0 49.0 17.2 7.6 1.5 13.9 Trinidad and Tobago 77.4 15.0 36.0 21.5 12.4 12.0 26.3 Tunisia 93.2 31.0 47.0 27.4 1.4 1.0 6.6 Turkey 72.6 33.1 35.4 14.8 5.7 2.0 11.0 Turkmenistan 37.0 46.6 32.8 6.2 5.7 4.0 20.4 Uganda 80.4 46.0 36.0 54.0 19.0 10.0 34.6 Ukraine 61.2 41.0 39.0 6.0 0.3 1.0 10.6 United Arab Emirates 60.6 23.0 47.0 10.1 4.0 2.0 12.7 United Kingdom 59.5 25.0 33.0 9.4 4.3 - 5.0 United States 53.6 26.0 35.0 4.3 1.4 4.0 9.5 Uruguay 54.6 19.0 26.0 2.7 1.2 2.0 7.1 Uzbekistan 64.2 44.1 44.9 20.1 8.3 1.0 19.5 38 Ending Violence in Childhood: Global Report 2017

Corporal punishment Peer violence Violence against at homea in schoolsb adolescent girlsc Child Violence Physical Sexual homicide rate against (%) Bullying Physical fights violence violence (per 100,000)d womene (15 years Country (1-14 years) (13-15 years) (13-15 years) (15-19 years) (15-19 years) (0-19 years) and above)

Vanuatu 83.5 67.0 51.0 35.8 14.0 3.4 44.0 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 74.9 35.0 30.0 11.6 1.8 20.0 5.6 Viet Nam 68.4 26.0 22.0 12.4 2.4 1.0 9.0 Yemen 79.2 41.0 46.0 42.1 16.1 2.0 23.6 Zambia 80.4 65.0 53.0 33.0 16.0 6.0 43.0 Zimbabwe 62.6 61.0 41.0 23.0 18.0 5.0 27.2

Note: Values in italics denote imputed values.

Definitions a. Corporal punishment at home % of children aged 1-14 who experienced any violent discipline (psychological aggression and/or physical punishment) in the (1-14 years) past month b. Peer violence in schools (13-15 years) Bullying: % of children aged 13-15 who reported being bullied at least once in the past couple of months Physical fights: % of children aged 13-15 who reported being in a physical fight one or more times during the past 12 months c. Violence against adolescent girls Physical violence against adolescent girls (15-19): % of girls aged 15-19 who experienced any physical violence since age 15 (15‑19 years) Sexual violence against adolescent girls (15-19): % of girls aged 15-19 who ever experienced forced sexual intercourse or any other forced sexual acts (including in childhood) d. Child homicide rate (0-19 years) Number of homicide victims among children aged 0-19 per 100,000 population e. Violence against women % of women aged 15 and above who experienced any intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in the last 12 months (15 years and above)

Data Sources: 1. Corporal punishment (home): UNICEF global databases, 2016, based on DHS, MICS and other nationally representative surveys, 2005-2015. 2. Bullying and physical fights (school): HBSC, 2009/2010 and GSHS, 2003-2013. 3. Physical and sexual violence against adolescent girls: UNICEF global databases, 2016, based on DHS, MICS and other nationally representative surveys, 2004-2015. 4. Child homicide rate: Data on homicide rates are from World Health Organization, Global Health Estimates (GHE) Summary Tables: Death by cause, age, sex and region, 2012. WHO, Geneva, 2014. 5. Violence against women: United Nations, 2015. The World's Women 2015: Trends and Statistics. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division. Sales No. E.15.XVII.8, Statistical Annex. Know Violence in Childhood Commissioned Papers

1. Abt, T. 2017. “Towards a Analysis of Age and Sex-specific and Nam T. Tran. 2017. “Temporal the evidence from low-and middle- comprehensive framework for Data.” Manuscript under patterns and predictors of bullying income countries.” Health Policy preventing community violence preparation. Ending Violence in roles among adolescents in Vietnam: and Planning czx033. https://doi. among youth.” Psychology, Health Childhood Global Report 2017. a school-based cohort study.” org/10.1093/heapol/czx033. Accessed & Medicine 22(S1): 266–85. Know Violence in Childhood. Psychology, Health & Medicine 7 May 2017. New Delhi, India. 22(S1): 107–21. 2. Akobirshoev, I. and A.K. 34. Ransford, C. and G. Slutkin. 2017.  Nandakumar. 2017. “Violence 12. Ellsberg, M., A. Vyas, B. Madrid, 23. Leoschut L. and K. Kafaar. 2017.  “Seeing and Treating Violence as a in Childhood: Technical Note on M. Quintanilla, J. Zelaya and “The frequency and predictors of Health Issue.” Background paper. 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If we are to build more peaceful societies, we must start with our children.

The time has come to end violence in been distilled into this Report, and as childhood. This Report documents the well as into academic publications and scale of violence experienced by millions a comprehensive website. of the world’s children in their everyday The joyful experience of childhood should lives and relationships – in their homes, not be darkened by aggression and fear. schools and communities. It presents Violence in childhood can be ended the latest evidence on the causes and through concerted efforts. Prevention the consequences of such violence, and strategies should seek to enhance demonstrates how it can be prevented. individual capacities, embed violence- The Report has been produced by the prevention in institutions and services, Know Violence in Childhood: A Global and eliminate the root causes of violence. Learning Initiative. Researchers and Public action must begin by breaking experts from around the world have the silence that shrouds violence, investigated this sensitive and difficult strengthening violence-prevention subject, which for too long has remained systems, and improving knowledge hidden or taboo. Their findings have and evidence.

"Every child deserves a childhood free from violence. Yet, this heinous crime of our society continues to remain a silent epidemic. Therefore, at a time when the world has shown its commitment to the new Sustainable Development Goals and ending all forms of violence against children, we need reports like this more than ever. This Report brings the knowledge that is important for the development of effective programmes to prevent and address violence and child abuse. This Report helps also to create a blueprint for collective action for change." — Her Majesty Queen Silvia of Sweden

"Violence towards children not only devastates human beings when they are most delicate and vulnerable, it also leaves damages that last throughout people’s lives. By bringing out, through carefully analyzed statistics, the massive dimensions of this terrible phenomenon, and also by drawing attention to the remedial things that can be done to eradicate this evil, the authors of this extraordinarily important Report have put us hugely in their debt.” — Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen

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