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Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout
English by Alain Stout For the Textile Industry Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout Compiled and created by: Alain Stout in 2015 Official E-Book: 10-3-3016 Website: www.TakodaBrand.com Social Media: @TakodaBrand Location: Rotterdam, Holland Sources: www.wikipedia.com www.sensiseeds.nl Translated by: Microsoft Translator via http://www.bing.com/translator Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout Table of Contents For Word .............................................................................................................................. 5 Textile in General ................................................................................................................. 7 Manufacture ....................................................................................................................... 8 History ................................................................................................................................ 9 Raw materials .................................................................................................................... 9 Techniques ......................................................................................................................... 9 Applications ...................................................................................................................... 10 Textile trade in Netherlands and Belgium .................................................................... 11 Textile industry ................................................................................................................... -
Animal Fiber Metrology
ANIMAL FIBER METROLOGY Chris Lupton Texas Agr iLife R esearc h The Texas A&M System San Angelo IRAQ AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION REVITALIZATION GROUP San Angelo, Texas October 21, 2009 Animal fiber program • Develop and evaluate improved ppgrocedures for measuring value- determining characteristics of animal fibers. • Collaborate in research ppjrojects that require fiber production and quality to be quantified. Animal fiber program • Project Leader: Chris Lupton • Research Associate: Faron Pfeiffer • Research Assistant: Sue Engdahl • Student Assistants: Eddie Swinney, Gary Henson, Kendra Franke (ASU) • (Graduate students, ASU and TAMU) • Plus administrative , secretarial , bookkeeping , and maintenance support from the unit and CS. Species we work with Muskox (qiviut), rabbit, dog, cattle, mice, et al. U. S. animal fiber testing labs • One commercial and 3 academic labs. • Our AgriLife Research lab is well equipped and staffed. • Consequently, there are plenty of opportunities for collaboration with AgriLife Research, USDA, ARS, and other scientists in academia on projects that have high national priority. Total sheep and lambs, 1908 to 2009 60000 1942, 56.2m 50000 40000 ands ss 30000 er, thou er, 2009, 5.75m in U.S. bb 0.87 m in Texas 20000 Num 10000 0 1908 1918 1928 1938 1948 1958 1968 1978 1988 1998 Year (January data) Number of operations with sheep 300000 250000 241,590 200000 150000 Number 100000 82,330 50000 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year Sheep operations in Texas 25000 20000 19,500 15000 Number 10000 7000 5000 0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year National sheep and goat operations (farms) and trends 2008 data • Sheep 82,330. -
World Bank Document
Repcrit No. 519a-NEP FILE COPY Agyricultural Sector Survey of Nepal: The General Report (In l-wo Volumes) Public Disclosure Authorized Volume II: Annexes 1-8 Deccmber 20, 1974 South Asia Projects Department Noit for Public Use Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Doclment of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Public Disclosure Authorized lnteinational Development Association This report was prepared for official use only by the Bank Group. It may not be ptiblished, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the report. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS US$1 = Nepalese Rupees (Rs) 10.56 Rs 1 US$0.094 = Indian Rupees (IR) 0.726 Rs 1,000,000 = US$94.340 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Metric System 1 kilogram (kg) = 2.20 pounds 1 quintal = 100 kg = 220 pounds 1 metric ton (m ton) = 1,000 kg = 2,204.62 pounds = 0.98 long ton 1 meter (m) = 39.37 inches = 3.28 feet = 1.09 yards 1 kilometer (km) = 0.62 mile 1 bigha = 0.68 ha 2 = 1.7 acres 1 hectare (ha) 2 = 10,000 m = 2.47 acres 1 square kilometer (km ) = 100 ha = 0.39 square mile Crop Year: June 1 - May 31 Financial Year: July 16 - July 15 (exact dates vary with lunar calendar) ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADBN Agricultural Development Bank of Nepal ANC = Agricultural Marketing Corporation CEDA = Center for Economic 1)evelopment and Administration, Tribhuvan University DA = Department of Agriculture DF = Department of Forestry DIHM = Department of Irrigation, llydrology and Meteorology -
A Review on Chemical Behaviour of Natural Fiber Composites
Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 14(4), 2016, 2223-2238 ISSN 0972-768X www.sadgurupublications.com A REVIEW ON CHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITES A. LAKSHUMU NAIDU* and P. S. V. RAMANA RAOa GMR Institute of Technology, RAJAM (A.P.) INDIA aCenturion University of Technology & Management, PARLAKHEMUNDI (Odisha) INDIA ABSTRACT This paper outlines the chemical properties of natural fibers composites and discusses the latest trends in chemical modifications. In recent years, natural fibers reinforced composites have received a strong attention because of their light weight, nonabrasive, combustible, nontoxic, low cost and biodegradable properties. Chemical treatment of the natural fibers can clean the fiber surface, chemically modify the surface, stop the moisture absorption process and increase the surface roughness. A number of specific chemicals are used for chemical modifications of these composites. Such chemically modified are being used increasingly for engineering applications (particularly under hard working conditions). Thus, it becomes necessary to take care of the chemical properties of composites to ensure their long term stable behaviour in the practical applications. The detailed test results and observations are presented and conclusions are drawn. Key words: Chemical properties, Chemical treatment, Composites. INTRODUCTION Because of the improvement and development of innovation, the need of material having profoundly particular properties is expanding step by step and this test interest can't be satisfy by utilization of polymers, clay and metal composites. Accordingly, as of late composite materials are utilized as elective as a part of a few light weight and high quality applications. Composites are commonly happening or designed materials which are produced from two or more constituents. -
Natural Fibers and Biopolymers Characterization: a Future Potential Composite Material
Journal of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING – Strojnícky časopis, VOL 68 (2018), NO 1, 33 - 50 NATURAL FIBERS AND BIOPOLYMERS CHARACTERIZATION: A FUTURE POTENTIAL COMPOSITE MATERIAL LALIT Ranakoti1*, MAYANK Pokhriyal1,, ANKUR Kumar1 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand *email: [email protected] Abstract: Now days, green composite materials are now gaining popularity for the various industrial applications. It is a combination of naturally occurring reinforcement like jute, sisal, flax, hemp, and kenaf; and matrix materials like biopolymers or bio resins which have been derived from starch, and vegetable oils. It is becoming more desirable due to its properties like biodegradability, renewability and environment friendly. The present paper presents the various natural fibers and their combinations with biopolymers. The paper also reflects the key issue related to hydrophilic nature of natural fibers and their remedies for a good fiber and bio polymer adhesion. Furthermore the strategy used and major attributes of the green composite are also discussed. KEYWORDS: natural fibers, biopolymers, chemical treatment, green composite 1 Introduction Composite material has wide spectrum in industrial and engineering fields using suitable material like metal [1-2], polymers and ceramics so as to obtain optimum strength, these materials are being used according to the growing need of the society. Transition of Industries towards production of green composite is taking place due to the increasing demand of consumer, to reduce the use of synthetic material, higher sustainability, biodegradability, friendly to environment and recyclability, inexpensive, low density etc. [3, 4]. Natural fibers are biologically occurring materials which have two main sources (a) agriculture production and (b) production residue of crops when they are processed for the primary uses [5]. -
Natural Fiber a Spin.Off Directory! Sponsored By
Winter 2016 Special Advertising Section Natural Fiber A Spin.Off Directory! Sponsored by The Nubby Silk Yarn Collection: ThePink Nubby Beds Silk YarnBrown Collection: Mountain Lights Pretty Place Looking Glass Falls ThePink Nubby Beds Silk YarnBrown Collection: Mountain Lights PrettyBat Cave Place LookingSliding Rock Glass Splash Falls WhitePink Beds Tail Deer Brown Mountain Lights Echoview Dryer Balls PrettyBat Cave Place LookingSliding Rock Glass Splash Falls Echoview Dryer Balls BatWhite Cave Tail Deer Sliding Rock Splash White Tail Deer Echoview Dryer Balls ANGORA GOAT, PHOTO PROVIDED BY BILL LANE: MOHAIR AND MORE The Biltmore Homespun Yarn Series: TheCoolidge Biltmore Red Homespun Inspired YarnDevil's Series: Courthouse Fire CoolidgeAsheville BluesRed Inspired Tune I Devil'sSliding CourthouseRock Splash Fire . Echoview Baby Blanket AshevilleThe Biltmore Blues Homespun Tune II Yarn Series: elcome to Spin Off ’s annual fiber directory, our one-stop guide to fiber resources throughout the Asheville Blues Tune I Devil'sSliding CourthouseRock Splash Fire Echoview Baby Blanket Coolidge Red Inspired world. Supporting the shepherds, farmers, and horticulturists who preserve the rare breeds of sheep, Asheville Blues Tune II Sliding Rock Splash W Asheville Blues Tune I cultivate shades of natural colored cotton, and nurture the silk worms means that we will continue to have Echoview Baby Blanket Asheville Blues Tune II Echoview is a Weaverville, NC, based innovative fiber choices when it comes time to select a fiber for a project. So enjoy your ability to choose your fiber, and Echoviewprocessing is and a Weaverville, manufacturing NC, hub. based Our innovativeproducts are fiber the enjoy poring over these listings and fantasizing about your next foray into the land of natural fiber. -
Police Microanalysis M
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 25 Article 11 Issue 5 January-February Winter 1935 Police Microanalysis M. Edwin O'Neill Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation M. Edwin O'Neill, Police Microanalysis, 25 Am. Inst. Crim. L. & Criminology 835 (1934-1935) This Criminology is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. POLICE SCIENCE It is interesting to note that there is a prevailing tendency, in all races, in the distribution of the pattern types among the digits. Whorls tend to be concentrated on digits I and IV, with a significant superiority of the right hand in this respect; digit II leads in the possession of arches, and radial loops also occur most commonly on digit II. Racial departures from this typical behavior must again be revealed in groups of individuals, just as the behavior itself is demon- strable only statistically. Another significant contribution by Poll to the technology of finger-print analysis is the construction of what he terms a "dactylodiagram," based on the frequencies of whorls and arches in specified finger pairs of right and left hands; for the detailed procedure reference must be made to the original publications. One expression of the result is the "lambda angle," in which racial dif- ferences are demonstrable, this being the figure cited in the press notices of Poll's work. -
Fiber Identification in Practice
FIBERIDENTIFICATION IN PRACTICE MarthaGoodway* ABSTRACT-Brief case studies of the problems in identification of a wide variety of ethnographic and archaeological fibers are given. The strategy of identification varied with the purpose (choice of treatment, assessment of damage or identification of its cause, or authentication) but most of all with the condition of the fibers. Fibers from ethnographic or archaeological sources tend to be aged, and are sometimes fragmentary or decayed, fossilized or charred. With fibers in such condition, the simpler methods of preparation for microscopic observation were found more successful than the classical biological methods of soaking, clearing and staining. Not all fibers could be identified. Fur fibers from characteristic areas of the pelt were usually diagnostic as to species as well as to genus. Vegetable fibers were often not mophologically specific to species. Unless "guide elements" were present, or special limitations on species distribution were known, the identification of the genus of a vegetable fiber was often the best that could be done. Instructions for an optical test for flax, and a report form for the observation of fur and wool fibers, are included. The identification of fibers in archaeological and ethnographic objects in practice is a great deal more difficult than the texts on fiber identification lead one to believe. For example, the solubility tests which are a mainstay of synthetic fiber identification are of no use since archaeological and ethnographic fibers are natural ones. The various chloroiodine stains, Herzberg's and others which stain cellulose red, violet or blue and ligno-cellulose yellow, seldom act on old and dessicated fiber unless at nodes or points of fracture. -
Get to Know Exotic Fiber!
Get to know Exotic Fiber! In this article we will go over how camel, alpaca, yak and vicuna fiber is made into yarn. As we have all been learning, we can make fiber out of just about anything. These exotic fibers range from great everyday items to once in a lifetime chance to even see. In this article we will touch on camel, alpaca, yak and vicuna fiber. Camelids refers to the biological family that contain camels, alpacas and vicunas. In general, camelids are two-toed, longer necked, herbivores that have adapted to match their environment. Yaks are part of the bovidae family which also contain cattle, sheep, goats, antelopes and several other species. Yaks can get up to 7 feet tall and weight upwards of 1,300 pounds. Domesticated yaks are considerably smaller. Lets start with Camels! The Bactrian Camel, which produces the finest fiber, are commonly found in Mongolia. They can live up to 50 years and be over 7 feet tall at the hump. These two-humped herbivores hair is mainly imported from Mongolia. In ancient times, China, Iraq, and Afghanistan were some of the first countries to utilize camel fiber. Bactrian Camels are double coated to withstand both high mountain winters and summers in the desert sand. The coarse guard hairs can be paired with sheep wool, while the undercoat is very soft and a great insulator. Every spring Bactrian Camels naturally shed their winter coats, making it easier to turn into yarn. Back when camel caravans were the main form of transportation of people and goods, a "trailer" was a person that followed behind the caravan collecting the fibers. -
Natural Fibers As Viable Sources for the Development of Structural, Semi-Structural, and Technological Materials – a Review
Review Article 2019, 10(10), 682-694 Advanced Materials Letters Natural Fibers as Viable Sources for the Development of Structural, Semi-Structural, and Technological Materials – A Review Chioma E. Njoku1,2,3, Kenneth K. Alaneme2, Joseph A. Omotoyinbo2, Michael O. Daramola3,* 1Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, PMB 1526, Nigeria 2Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, PMB 704, Nigeria 3School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: (+27) 11 717 7536 Received: 11 December 2018, Revised: 23 January 2019, Accepted: 18 February 2019 DOI: 10.5185/amlett.2019.9907 www.vbripress.com/aml Abstract A systematic and critical review on the potentials and viability of naturally occurring fibers as suitable reinforcements for the development of composite systems for structural, semi-structural and technological materials is presented in this article. Globally, the movement towards greater protection of the environment and the use of cost-saving technologies has led to a surge in the consideration of natural (biodegradable) products for the development of technological materials. In this regard, natural fibers have been proven to be good substitutes to synthetic fibers for the development of composites - because they possess similar mechanical and physical characteristics, to the synthetic fibers. In addition, natural fibers are lighter non-toxic and biodegradable. It is on this premise that several studies on their use in a number of applications where composites are desirable have been reported. -
An Examination of Environmental Impacts of Clothing Manufacture, Purchase, Use, and Disposal
Dovetail Partners Consuming Responsibly Report No. 13 An Examination of Environmental Impacts of Clothing Manufacture, Purchase, Use, and Disposal Jim L. Bowyer Ashley McFarland Ed Pepke, Ph.D. Harry Groot Gloria Erickson Chuck Henderson Mark Jacobs Kathryn Fernholz Dovetail Partners, Inc. November 11, 2019 Other Reports in the Consuming Responsibly Series To Date Consuming Responsibly: New Series Introduction – September 2018 Environmental Impacts of Tap vs. Bottled Water – September 2018 E-Waste and How Consumer Choices Can Help to Reduce It – October 2018 Environmental Assessment of Natural vs. Artificial Christmas Trees – November 2018 Comparison of Environmental Impacts of Flooring Alternatives – January 2019 Replacing that Old Refrigerator: A Bigger Decision than You Think – February 2019 Environmental Assessment of Conventional vs. Hybrid vs. Battery-Electric Vehicles – March 2019 Environmental Assessment of Intensive Lawn Care – April 2019 Consumer Food Waste: Environmental Impacts and Changing Course – May 2019 Reducing Home Energy Consumption – July 2019 Bathing and the Environment – August 2019 Environmental Assessment of House Cladding Products – September 2019 Your Television and Energy Consumption – October 2019 An Examination of Environmental Impacts of Clothing Manufacture, Purchase, Use, and Disposal – November 2019 Forthcoming An Environmental Assessment of Transportation Alternatives Paper vs. Plastic vs. Reusable Shopping Bags Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels vs. Fossil Fuels Further Report Titles TBD These reports, as well as the full collection of Dovetail reports and environmental resources, are available at www.dovetailinc.org 1 An Examination of Environmental Impacts of Clothing Manufacture, Purchase, Use, and Disposal Executive Summary Clothing production is dominated by two types of fiber – synthetic (principally polyester) and cotton. These two types of fiber together account for over 80% of fiber used in clothing manufacture. -
Identification of Animal Fibers with Wavelet Texture Analysis
Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2010 Vol I WCE 2010, June 30 - July 2, 2010, London, U.K. Identification of Animal Fibers with Wavelet Texture Analysis Junmin Zhang, Stuart Palmer, and Xungai Wang or rippled; the distance apart of the external margins of the Abstract— This paper presents the use of the wavelet scales, e.g., close, distant or near; and the type of overall transform to extract fiber surface texture features for pattern, e.g., regular, irregular mosaic, waved or chevron. To classifying cashmere and superfine merino wool fibers. develop an automatic method similar to the above system, Extracting features from brightness variations caused by the various authors have used combinations of microscopy and cuticular scale height, shape and interval provides an effective way for characterizing different animal fibers and image analysis together with statistical and neural network subsequently classifying them. This may enable the techniques [6-10]. Cuticular scale characteristics and scale development of a completely automated and objective system height have been used as the main diagnostic features to for animal fiber identification. classify wool and specialty fibers. Scale parameters have been obtained using image Index Terms— Cashmere fibers, image analysis, Merino processing techniques [10, 11]. They objectively describe fibers, wavelet texture analysis. the scale interval and scale shape, and form a basis for classification. However, the measurement of the scale parameters is based on a binary skeleton image, which has I. INTRODUCTION lost all the information of scale height. Converting the SEM Cashmere is an expensive and rare animal fiber used to or LM images into binary thin skeleton images needs produce soft and luxurious apparel.