Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies
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Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies Volume 221 Series Editors Robert J. Howlett, Bournemouth University and KES International, Shoreham-by-Sea, UK Lakhmi C. Jain, KES International, Shoreham-by-Sea, UK The Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies book series encompasses the topics of knowledge, intelligence, innovation and sustainability. The aim of the series is to make available a platform for the publication of books on all aspects of single and multi-disciplinary research on these themes in order to make the latest results available in a readily-accessible form. Volumes on interdisciplinary research combining two or more of these areas is particularly sought. The series covers systems and paradigms that employ knowledge and intelligence in a broad sense. Its scope is systems having embedded knowledge and intelligence, which may be applied to the solution of world problems in industry, the environment and the community. It also focusses on the knowledge-transfer methodologies and innovation strategies employed to make this happen effectively. The combination of intelligent systems tools and a broad range of applications introduces a need for a synergy of disciplines from science, technology, business and the humanities. The series will include conference proceedings, edited collections, monographs, hand- books, reference books, and other relevant types of book in areas of science and technology where smart systems and technologies can offer innovative solutions. High quality content is an essential feature for all book proposals accepted for the series. It is expected that editors of all accepted volumes will ensure that contributions are subjected to an appropriate level of reviewing process and adhere to KES quality principles. Indexed by SCOPUS, EI Compendex, INSPEC, WTI Frankfurt eG, zbMATH, Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST), SCImago, DBLP. All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of Science. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8767 Amaresh Chakrabarti · Ravi Poovaiah · Prasad Bokil · Vivek Kant Editors Design for Tomorrow—Volume 1 Proceedings of ICoRD 2021 Editors Amaresh Chakrabarti Ravi Poovaiah Centre for Product Design IDC School of Design and Manufacturing Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Mumbai, India Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Vivek Kant Prasad Bokil IDC School of Design IDC School of Design Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai, India Mumbai, India ISSN 2190-3018 ISSN 2190-3026 (electronic) Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies ISBN 978-981-16-0040-1 ISBN 978-981-16-0041-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0041-8 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore About the Conference Design is ubiquitous; it pervades all spheres of life and has been around as long as life has taken up the task of purposefully changing the world around it. Research into design and the emergence of a research community in this area have been rela- tively new. Its development has been influenced by the multiple facets of design (human, artefact, process, organisation, the micro- and macro-economy and the ecology by which design is shaped) and the associated diversification of the commu- nity depending on the facets of focus or that of their applications. Design is complex, balancing the needs of multiple stakeholders and requiring a multitude of areas of knowledge to be utilised, with resources spread across space and time. ICoRD’21 is the eighth in a series of conferences intended to be held every two years in India to bring together the international community from diverse areas of design practice, education and research. It aims to showcase cutting-edge research about design to the stakeholders; aid the ongoing process of developing and extending the collective vision through emerging research challenges and ques- tions; and provide a platform for interaction, collaboration and development of the community in order for it to take up the challenges to realise the vision. The confer- ence is intended for all stakeholders of design and, in particular for its practitioners, researchers, pupils and educators. The collection of papers in these two book volumes constitutes the Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Research into Design (ICoRD’21) held on virtual platform during 7 to 10 January 2021 at the IDC School of Design, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai. ICoRD series was initiated by Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing (CPDM) at Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, in 2006. Since then it has been hosted in 2009 and 2011 (both at IISc), 2013 (at IIT Madras), 2015 (IISc), 2017 (IIT Guwahati) and 2019 (IISc). CPDM has pioneered design research in India for the last two decades. IISc is one of India’s leading science and technology institutions and is one of the Institutes of Eminence decreed by MHRD, Government of India. ICoRD’21 has been organised jointly by IDC, IIT Bombay, and CPDM, IISc Bangalore. ICoRD’21 has been hosted on virtual platform by IDC School of Design, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India. IDC School of Design has overseen the inception of design in a free India for the past 50 years. IIT Bombay is v vi About the Conference one of India’s leading technological institutions and is decreed by the Government of India as an Institute of National Importance. As a city, Mumbai serves as a home to a variety of technological and service sectors. The theme of ICoRD’21 has been “Design for Tomorrow”. The world as we know it in our times is increasingly becoming connected. In this interconnected world, design has to address new challenges of merging the cyber and the physical, the smart and the mundane, and the technology and the human. As a result, there is an increasing need for strategising and thinking about design for a better tomorrow. Our theme for ICoRD’21 serves as a provocation for the design community to think about rapid changes in the near future to usher in a better tomorrow. The conference contained: • Keynote presentations from eminent (inter)national experts and practitioners • Presentations of refereed papers as podium presentations • Panel discussions to present perspectives on topics of general interest • A series of workshops on topics of special interest • Networking sessions for young researchers. Sponsors Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Springer vii Endorsers The Design Society, UK Design Research Society, UK ix Conference Organisation Steering Committee Balan Gurumoorthy, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Cees de Bont, Loughborough University, UK John Gero, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USA Kota Harinarayana, National Aeronautical Laboratories, India Panos Papalambros, University of Michigan, USA Steve Culley, University of Bath, UK Advisory Committee S. Saleem Ahmed, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India Tracy Bhamra, Loughborough University, UK K. S. Bhanumathi, Kovair, India Henri Christiaans, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea Anjan Das, Confederation of Indian Industry, India U. B. Desai, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, India Kees Dorst, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Srinivasan Dwarakanath, Airbus, India Prem Shankar Goel, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Anil K. Gupta, Honey Bee Network, SRISTI and GIAN, India Imre Horvath, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands Jitendra Jadhav, CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore, India Arun Jaura, Michelin, India Deep Kapuria, The Hi-Tech Gears, India Yong Se Kim, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea Ananda Kumar, LPerspective, India Larry Leifer, Stanford University, USA xi xii Conference Organisation Banshildar Majhi, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufac- turing,