Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies

Volume 221

Series Editors Robert J. Howlett, Bournemouth University and KES International, Shoreham-by-Sea, UK Lakhmi C. Jain, KES International, Shoreham-by-Sea, UK The Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies book series encompasses the topics of knowledge, intelligence, innovation and sustainability. The aim of the series is to make available a platform for the publication of books on all aspects of single and multi-disciplinary research on these themes in order to make the latest results available in a readily-accessible form. Volumes on interdisciplinary research combining two or more of these areas is particularly sought. The series covers systems and paradigms that employ knowledge and intelligence in a broad sense. Its scope is systems having embedded knowledge and intelligence, which may be applied to the solution of world problems in industry, the environment and the community. It also focusses on the knowledge-transfer methodologies and innovation strategies employed to make this happen effectively. The combination of intelligent systems tools and a broad range of applications introduces a need for a synergy of disciplines from science, technology, business and the humanities. The series will include conference proceedings, edited collections, monographs, hand- books, reference books, and other relevant types of book in areas of science and technology where smart systems and technologies can offer innovative solutions. High quality content is an essential feature for all book proposals accepted for the series. It is expected that editors of all accepted volumes will ensure that contributions are subjected to an appropriate level of reviewing process and adhere to KES quality principles. Indexed by SCOPUS, EI Compendex, INSPEC, WTI Frankfurt eG, zbMATH, Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST), SCImago, DBLP. All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of Science.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8767 Amaresh Chakrabarti · Ravi Poovaiah · Prasad Bokil · Vivek Kant Editors

Design for Tomorrow—Volume 1 Proceedings of ICoRD 2021 Editors Amaresh Chakrabarti Ravi Poovaiah Centre for Product Design IDC School of Design and Manufacturing Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Mumbai, India Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Vivek Kant Prasad Bokil IDC School of Design IDC School of Design Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai, India Mumbai, India

ISSN 2190-3018 ISSN 2190-3026 (electronic) Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies ISBN 978-981-16-0040-1 ISBN 978-981-16-0041-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0041-8

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore About the Conference

Design is ubiquitous; it pervades all spheres of life and has been around as long as life has taken up the task of purposefully changing the world around it. Research into design and the emergence of a research community in this area have been relatively new. Its development has been inﬂuenced by the multiple facets of design (human, artefact, process, organisation, the micro- and macro-economy and the ecology by which design is shaped) and the associated diversiﬁcation of the community depending on the facets of focus or that of their applications. Design is complex, balancing the needs of multiple stakeholders and requiring a multitude of areas of knowledge to be utilised, with resources spread across space and time. ICoRD’21 is the eighth in a series of conferences intended to be held every two years in India to bring together the international community from diverse areas of design practice, education and research. It aims to showcase cutting-edge research about design to the stakeholders; aid the ongoing process of developing and extending the collective vision through emerging research challenges and questions; and provide a platform for interaction, collaboration and development of the community in order for it to take up the challenges to realise the vision. The conference is intended for all stakeholders of design and, in particular for its practitioners, researchers, pupils and educators. The collection of papers in these two book volumes constitutes the Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Research into Design (ICoRD’21) held on virtual platform during 7 to 10 January 2021 at the IDC School of Design, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai. ICoRD series was initiated by Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing (CPDM) at Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, in 2006. Since then it has been hosted in 2009 and 2011 (both at IISc), 2013 (at IIT Madras), 2015 (IISc), 2017 (IIT Guwahati) and 2019 (IISc). CPDM has pioneered design research in India for the last two decades. IISc is one of India’s leading science and technology institutions and is one of the Institutes of Eminence decreed by MHRD, Government of India. ICoRD’21 has been organised jointly by IDC, IIT Bombay, and CPDM, IISc Bangalore. ICoRD’21 has been hosted on virtual platform by IDC School of Design, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India. IDC School of Design has overseen the inception of design in a free India for the past 50 years. IIT Bombay is v vi About the Conference one of India’s leading technological institutions and is decreed by the Government of India as an Institute of National Importance. As a city, Mumbai serves as a home to a variety of technological and service sectors. The theme of ICoRD’21 has been “Design for Tomorrow”. The world as we know it in our times is increasingly becoming connected. In this interconnected world, design has to address new challenges of merging the cyber and the physical, the smart and the mundane, and the technology and the human. As a result, there is an increasing need for strategising and thinking about design for a better tomorrow. Our theme for ICoRD’21 serves as a provocation for the design community to think about rapid changes in the near future to usher in a better tomorrow. The conference contained: • Keynote presentations from eminent (inter)national experts and practitioners • Presentations of refereed papers as podium presentations • Panel discussions to present perspectives on topics of general interest • A series of workshops on topics of special interest • Networking sessions for young researchers. Sponsors

Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Springer

vii Endorsers

The Design Society, UK Design Research Society, UK

ix Conference Organisation

Steering Committee

Balan Gurumoorthy, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Cees de Bont, Loughborough University, UK John Gero, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USA Kota Harinarayana, National Aeronautical Laboratories, India Panos Papalambros, University of Michigan, USA Steve Culley, University of Bath, UK

Advisory Committee

S. Saleem Ahmed, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India Tracy Bhamra, Loughborough University, UK K. S. Bhanumathi, Kovair, India Henri Christiaans, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea Anjan Das, Confederation of Indian Industry, India U. B. Desai, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, India Kees Dorst, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Srinivasan Dwarakanath, Airbus, India Prem Shankar Goel, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Anil K. Gupta, Honey Bee Network, SRISTI and GIAN, India Imre Horvath, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands Jitendra Jadhav, CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore, India Arun Jaura, Michelin, India Deep Kapuria, The Hi-Tech Gears, India Yong Se Kim, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea Ananda Kumar, LPerspective, India Larry Leifer, Stanford University, USA

xi xii Conference Organisation

Banshildar Majhi, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufac- turing, Kancheepuram, India Udayant Malhoutra, Dynamatic Technologies Limited, Bangalore, India K. Rajalakshmi Menon, Centre for Airborne Systems, Defence Research and Development Organisation, India Arabinda Mitra, Ofﬁce of PSA to GOI India T. S. Mruthyunjaya, Chairman Emeritus, CPDM, Indian Institute of Science, India M. Muruganant, Indus University, India Nagahanumaiah„ Central Manufacturing Technology Institute, India Shailesh Nayak, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Srinivas Nidamarthi, ABB Ltd., Michigan, USA Sudarsan Rachuri, Department of Energy, USA P. Radhakrishnan, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, India V.Bhujanga Rao, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India B. Ravi, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Soﬁa Ritzén, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Rajkumar Roy, City, University of London, UK Al Salour, The Boeing Company, USA Raman Saxena, USID Foundation, India Reena Sharma, Defence Research and Development Organisation, India Vijay Srinivasan, National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA B. N. Suresh, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology, India Kristin L. Wood, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore

Conference Chair

Ravi Poovaiah, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India

Programme Chair

Amaresh Chakrabarti, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

Vice-Chairs

Prasad Bokil, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Vivek Kant, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Conference Organisation xiii

Co-chairs

Lucienne Blessing, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore Monica Bordegoni, Politecnico Di Milano, Italy Debkumar Chakrabarti, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India John Clarkson, University of Cambridge, UK Benoit Eynard, University of Technology of Compiègne, France Tim Mcaloone, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Yukari Nagai, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan Luciana Pereira, Federal University of ABC, Brazil Raghu Prakash, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India Sandro Wartzack, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany

International Programme Committee

Shakuntala Acharya, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India Soﬁane Achiche, Polytechnique Montréal, Canada Rajat Agrawal, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India Janet Allen, University of Oklahoma, USA Manish Arora, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Sandipan Bandyopadhyay, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India Niccolò Becattini, Politecnico Di Milano, Italy Alessandro Bertoni, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden Marco Bertoni, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden Mehul Bhatt, Örebro University, Sweden Ritwij Bhowmik, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India Braj Bhushan, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India Abhijit Biswas, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Pradipta Biswas, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Jeremy Bonvoisin, University of Bath, UK Yuri Borgianni, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy David C. Brown, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA Francesco Buonamici, University of Florence, Italy Felician Campean, University of Bradford, UK Gaetano Cascini, Politecnico Di Milano, Italy Philip Cash, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Amaresh Chakrabarti, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Jayanta Chatterjee, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India Yong Chen, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China Peter Childs, Imperial College London, UK François Cluzel, University of Paris-Saclay, France Nathan Crilly, University of Cambridge, UK xiv Conference Organisation

Umberto Cugini, Politecnico Di Milano, Italy Pranab K. Dan, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India Amarendra Kumar Das, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India Suman Devadula, MIT World Peace University, India Debayan Dhar, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India Jay Dhariwal, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India J. E. Diwakar, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Alex Duffy, University of Strathclyde, UK Raghu Echempati, Kettering University, USA Claudia Eckert, The Pennsylvania State University, USA Boris Eisenbart, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia Yvonne Eriksson, Mälardalen University, Sweden Georges Fadel, Clemson University, USA Mario Fargnoli, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Francesco Ferrise, Politecnico Di Milano, Italy Susan Finger, Carnegie Mellon University, USA Kikuo Fujita, Osaka University, Japan L. S. Ganesh, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India Georgi V. Georgiev, University of Oulu, Finland Detlef Gerhard, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany Kilian Gericke, University of Rostock, Germany Ashitava Ghosal, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Philippe Girard, University of Bordeaux, France Milane G. Goncalves, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands Ravindra Goonetilleke, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Lapo Governi, University of Florence, Italy Serena Graziosi, Politecnico Di Milano, Italy Matthias Guertler, University of Technology Sydney, Australia Bala Murali Gunji, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India Sean Hanna, University College London, UK Bisheshwar Haorongbam, National Institute of Design Assam, India Peter Hehenberger, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Austria Ben Hicks, University of Bristol, UK Stephan Husung, :Em Engineering Methods AG, Darmstadt, Germany David Inkermann, Technical University of Clausthal, Germany William Ion, University of Strathclyde, UK Ashok Iyer, Manipal Academy of Higher Education—Dubai Campus, UAE Santosh Jagtap, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden R. Jayaganthan, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India Camille Jean, Arts et Métiers, France Shiva Ji, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, India Anirudha Joshi, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Purba Joshi, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Iestyn Jowers, The Open University, UK Conference Organisation xv

Tero Juuti, University of Tampere, Finland Pratul Kalita, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India Udo Kannengiesser, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria Sougata Karmakar, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India Sonal Keshwani, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Mohammed Rajik Khan, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India Maaike Kleinsmann, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands Edwin Koh, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore Christian Köhler, Saarland University of Applied Sciences, Germany Saptarshi Kolay, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India Lauri Koskela, University of Huddersﬁeld, UK Srinivas Kota, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India Dieter Krause, Hamburg University of Technology, Germany Vinayak Krishnamurthy, Texas A&M University, USA Rishikesha Krishnan, Indian Institute of Management Indore, India Tore Kristensen, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark Peter Krogh, Aarhus University, Denmark Petter Krus, Linköping University, Sweden Jyoti Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Udaya Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India Senthil Kumaran, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufac- turing, Kancheepuram, India Guillaume Lamé, University of Paris-Saclay, France Tobias Larsson, Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden Sang Leigh, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Torben Lenau, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Rungtai Lin, National Taiwan University of Arts, Taiwan Ying Liu, Cardiff University, UK Ying Chieh Liu, Chang Gung University, Taiwan Joaquim Lloveras, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Spain Jianxi Luo, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore N. Madhusudanan, Corporate Technology, Siemens, India Johan Malmqvist, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Monto Mani, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India M. Manivannan, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India Nicolas Maranzana, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, France Dorian Marjanovi´c, University of Zagreb, Croatia Christian Marxt, ETH Zürich, Switzerland Yoshiyuki Matsuoka, Keio University, Japan Deepak John Matthew, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, India Jason Matthews, University of the West of England, UK Christopher Mccomb, The Pennsylvania State University, USA Alison Mckay, University of Leeds, UK Gavin Melles, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia xvi Conference Organisation

Subhas Mondal, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, India Charu Monga, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India Prabir Mukhopadhyay, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India Elena Mulet, Universitat Jaume I, Spain Raguraman Munusamy, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kancheepuram, India Tamotsu Murakami, University of Tokyo, Japan Ramanathan Muthuganapathy, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India Nanki Nath, National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad, India Oscar Nespoli, University of Waterloo, Canada Susanne Nilsson, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Josef Oehmen, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark Prasad Onkar, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, India Swati Pal, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Massimo Panarotto, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Jitesh Panchal, Purdue University, USA Koumudi Patil, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India Neven Pavkovic, University of Zagreb, Croatia Vesna Popovic, Queensland University of Technology, Australia Sebastien Proulx, The Ohio State University, USA Ravi Punekar, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India K. Radhakrishnan, Central Institute of Technology, India Palaniappan Ramu, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India B. S. C. Ranjan, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Balkrishna Rao, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India N. V. Chalapathi Rao, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India P. V. M. Rao, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India N. Venkata Reddy, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, India Caterina Rizzi, University of Bergamo, Italy Sergio Rizzuti, University of Calabria, Italy Paul Rodgers, University of Strathclyde, UK Serge Rohmer, University of Technology of Troyes, France Anna Öhrwall Rönnbäck, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden Federico Rotini, University of Florence, Italy Satyaki Roy, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India Tomohiko Sakao, Linköping University, Sweden B. Santhi, National Institute of Technology Goa, India Gurunathan Saravana Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India Biplab Sarkar, Nokia, India Prabir Sarkar, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, India Peer Sathikh, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Keiichi Sato, Illinois Institute of Technology, USA Michael Schabacker, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany Conference Organisation xvii

Dirk Schaefer, University of Liverpool, UK Vinodh Sekar, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India Harivardhini Selvakumar, PES University, India Dibakar Sen, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Joy Sen, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India Anshuman Sharma, TCS, India Apurbba Kumar Sharma, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India Arlindo Silva, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore Inderdeep Singh, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India Sumer Singh, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Vishal Singh, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Ricardo Sosa, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand Mario Storga, University of Zagreb, Croatia Eswaran Subrahmanian, Carnegie Mellon University, USA Shankar Subramanian, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India Abinash Swain, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India Puneet Tandon, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufac- turing, Jabalpur, India Asokan Thondiyath, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India Anshuman Tripathy, Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, India Yasushi Umeda, University of Tokyo, Japan Paul Varghese, Trysquare Engineers and Builders, India Nilesh Vasa, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India Gokula Vasantha, Edinburgh Napier University, UK Srikanth Vedantam, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India Srinivasan Venkataraman, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India Alok Verma, Old Dominion University, USA Nikola Vukasinovic, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Fedja Vukic, University of Zagreb, Croatia Parag Vyas, GrauBär Design Studios, India Robert Wendrich, University of Twente, Netherlands Andrew Wodehouse, University of Strathclyde, UK Pradeep Yammiyavar, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India Yong Zeng, Concordia University, Canada

Organising Committee

Shakuntala Acharya, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India Rupa Agarwal, National Institute of Fashion Technology, India Prasad Bokil, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Vivek Kant, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Ajanta Sen, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Avinash Shende, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India xviii Conference Organisation

Web Admin

Roopa Narayan Sahoo, IDC, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India

Student Organising Committee

Abdul Mohsin Ali, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India Shivalika Bansal, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Apoorv Naresh Bhatt, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Kaushik Bhattacharya, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Debajit Brahma, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Spandan Das, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India Deepshikha Dash, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Arshiya Gahlot, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Felnunmoi Gangte, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Anubhav Gangwar, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Divya Gaur, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Kiran Ghadge, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Bhavana Ghanta, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Puneeth K. S., Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Anirvina Karnala, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Ishaan Kaushal, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Shreya Kondvilkar, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India John Kujur, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Anurag Kumar Singh, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Siddharth Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India Anubhab Majumder, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Saikat Mondal, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Deblina Pandit, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Arivukkarasu Periyasamy, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Stuti Prakashkumar, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Subin Raj, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Priyanka Rawal, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Madhuri S„ Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Nishath Salma, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Pratiti Sarkar, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Rounak Sengupta, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Namrita Sharma, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India Shivangi, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Sanjay Singh, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Paridhi Subbaian Kaliamoorthy, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India JayaSurya Sudakaran, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Charu Tripathi, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Preface

Design is ubiquitous; it pervades all spheres of life and has been around ever since life has been engaged in purposefully changing the world around it. While some designs have transcended time, most designs are in a perpetual process of being evolved. Research into design and the emergence of a research community in this area have been relatively new. Its development has been influenced by the multiple facets of design (human, artefact, process, organisation, ecology, micro- and macro- economy by which design is shaped and which it shapes in turn) and the associated diversification of the community depending on the facets of focus or that of their applications. Design is complex, balancing the needs of multiple stakeholders and requiring a multitude of areas of knowledge to be utilised, with resources spread across space and time. The collection of papers in these two book volumes constitutes the Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Research into Design (ICoRD’21) held at Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India, (this time on virtual platform), during 7–10 January 2021. ICoRD’21 is the eight in a series of biennial conferences held in India to bring together the international community from diverse areas of design practice, teaching and research. The goals are to share cutting-edge research about design among its stakeholders; aid the ongoing process of developing a collective vision through emerging research challenges and questions; and provide a platform for interaction, collaboration and development of the community in order for it to address the global and local challenges by forming and realising the collective vision. The conference is intended for all stakeholders of design and, in particular, for its practitioners, researchers, teachers and students. Five hundred and fifty-four abstracts were submitted to ICoRD’21, from which 529 were accepted for full paper submission. A total of 295 full papers were submitted, which were reviewed by experts from the ICoRD’21 International Programme Committee comprising 238 members from over 149 institutions or organisations from 27 countries spanning five continents. Finally, 234 full papers, authored by 460 researchers (460 unique authors, actually 606 authors’ entries in 236 papers) from 21 countries spanning 5 continents, were selected for presentation at the conference and for publication as chapters in this book. ICoRD has steadily grown over the

xix xx Preface last seven editions, from a humble beginning in 2006 with 30 papers and 60 participants, through 75 papers and 100 participants in ICoRD’09, 100 papers and 150 participants in ICoRD’11, 114 papers and 170 participants in ICoRD’13, 118 papers and 200 participants in ICoRD’15, 178 papers and 230 participants in ICoRD’17 and 169 papers and 352 participants in ICoRD’19. All papers were presented in ICoRD’21 in the podium mode. It had keynotes from prominent researchers and practitioners from around the world such as Steve Eppinger, MIT, USA; Punya Mishra, Arizona State University, USA; Armand Hatchuel, MinesParisTech, France; Tetsuo Tomiyama, International Professional University, Tokyo, Japan; Paul Hekkert, TU Delft, The Netherlands; Tomas Ramos, Nova University, Lisbon, Portugal; Dibakar Sen, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, etc. The chapters in the three book volumes together cover all three major areas of products and processes: functionality, form and human factors. The spectrum of topics ranges from those focusing on early stages such as creativity and synthesis, through those that are primarily considered in later stages of the product life cycle, such as safety, reliability or manufacturability, to those that are relevant across the whole product life cycle, such as collaboration, communication, design management, knowledge management, cost, environment and product life cycle management. Issues of delivery of research into design, in terms of its two major arms: design education and practice, are both highlighted in the chapters of the book volumes. Foundational topics such as the nature of design theory and research methodology are also major areas of focus. It is particularly encouraging to see in the chapters the variety of areas of application of research into design—aerospace, health care, automotive, biomedical and so on. The theme of ICoRD’21 is ‘Design for Tomorrow’. The world as we know it in our times is increasingly becoming connected. In this interconnected world, design has to address new challenges of merging the cyber and the physical, the smart and the mundane, and the technology and the human. As a result, there is an increasing need for strategising and thinking about design for a better tomorrow. Our theme for ICoRD’21 serves as a provocation for the design community to think about rapid changes in the near future to usher in a better tomorrow. ICoRD’21 is organised jointly by IDC, IIT Bombay, and CPDM, IISc Bangalore. IDC School of Design has overseen the inception of design in a free India for the past 50 years. IIT Bombay is one of India’s leading technological institutions and is decreed by the Government of India as an Institute of National Importance. As a city, Mumbai serves as a home to a variety of technological and service sectors. On behalf of the Steering Committee, Advisory Committee, Organising Commit- tees and Co-Chairs, we thank all the authors, delegates, institutions and organisations that participated in the conference. We also thank the members of the International Programme Committee for their support in reviewing the papers for ICoRD’21, which is essential for maintaining the quality of the conference, and for their support in putting this book together. We are thankful to the Design Society and Design Research Society for their kind endorsement of ICoRD’21. We thank Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay Preface xxi and its IDC School of Design, and Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, and its Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing (CPDM), for their support of this event. We also wish to place on record and acknowledge the enormous support provided by the Student Organising Committee in managing the review process, in preparation of the conference programme and this book and the conference as a whole. In particular, we wish to thank Mr. Apoorv Bhatt, Mr. Roopa Narayan Sahoo and Ms. Nishath Salma for their valuable contributions. We also thank the large and dedicated group of student volunteers of IIT Bombay, IISc Bangalore, IIT Guwa- hati and other institutions in the organisation of the conference. Finally, we thank Springer, especially its Editor Ms. Swati Meherishi and its editorial support team, for their wonderful support, including their sponsoring of Springer book vouchers for the Winners of Distinguished Paper Awards at ICoRD’21.

Bengaluru/Mumbai, India Amaresh Chakrabarti Ravi Poovaiah Prasad Bokil Vivek Kant Contents

Part I Human Factors in Design (Physical and Cognitive Ergonomics; Design for Emotions, etc.) 1 The Role of Letter Anatomy in Type Design: An Eye-Tracking Study of Bengali Letters ...... 3 Subhajit Chandra and D. Udaya Kumar 2 Factors to Look into for Designing Interiors of Long-Distance Pilgrimage Buses in India: A Survey-Based Study ...... 17 G. Chinmaya Krishnan and Debkumar Chakrabarti 3 Effect of Tool Handle Design Parameters on Upper Extremity Muscle Performance in Periodontology ...... 25 Vibha Bhatia, Jagiit Singh Randhawa, Parveen Kalra, Ashish Jain, and Vishakha Grover 4 An Experimental Investigation on Postural Risks in Floor Mopping ...... 39 Mohammed Rajik Khan and Gouri Naik 5 Development of Novel Biodynamic Model of the Seated Occupants ...... 51 Veeresalingam Guruguntla and Mohit Lal 6 Urge for Human-Centered Design Intervention for Harvesting Aquatic Food Crops ...... 59 Jitesh Singh Chauhan and Sougata Karmakar 7 Research Design for Simplifying Anthropometric Data Collection Process Using PCA ...... 71 Amare Wibneh, Ashish Kumar Singh, and Sougata Karmakar 8 An Attempt to Understand Social Relationships Using Facial Expression Electromyography Analysis ...... 83 Quentin Ehkirch, Saya Kakiuchi, Yuki Motomura, Susumu Matsumae, and Akane Matsumae xxiii xxiv Contents

9 Design Using Storytelling and Play to Give Psychological Support to Children and Caregivers Battling Cancer and Other Chronic Illness ...... 97 Aditi Sit, Aditi Singh, and Parag Anand 10 Mental Imagery for Multisensory Designers: Insights for Non-visual Design Cognition ...... 109 Ingrid Monteiro Maciel, Guilherme Felicio, Edmar Thomaz da Silva, Emília Villani, Petter Krus, and Luciana Pereira 11 The Inﬂuence of Personal Traits on Indian Millennial’s Adoption of 3D Printed Fashion Products ...... 119 Indranil Saha and Deepak John Mathew 12 Inclusive Design—Designing Barrier-Free Public Spaces ...... 133 Suhani Arora and Aditi Deshpande 13 Memes that Evoke Emotions: A Neurodesign Strategy for Brand Communication and Experience ...... 147 Anirban Chowdhury and Prasun Chakraborty 14 Design of a Low Cost Adjustable Seating System for Comfort of Weaver in ‘de Sign Loom: A Semi-Automatic Handloom’ ...... 157 Manohar Mahato and Amarendra Kumar Das 15 Redesigning Walker for Elderly ...... 167 Nilanjana Bairagi and Prathmesh Mahajani 16 It is not a Driverless Car!—A Framework for Interacting with the AI in Autonomous Vehicles ...... 179 Peer M. Sathikh and Guan Yi Tan 17 MONEY TALKS: “Back to the Future”—Challenges in Banknote Design ...... 191 Rukmini Dahanukar 18 A Field Investigation of the Average Indoor Thermal Comfort Parameters on the Railway Pantry Car Kitchen at the Different Cooking Period ...... 203 Md. Sarfaraz Alam, Arunachalam Muthiah, and Urmi Salve 19 Visual Framework of Color Analysis of Shop Signs in India ...... 213 Nanki Nath 20 Physical Space Acting as a Catalyst for Improving Mental Health Especially for Teenage Students ...... 231 Aavrati Kushwaha and Mayur Hajare Contents xxv

21 Exploring the OSH Scenario in Floating Solar PV Projects in India and Opportunities for Ergonomics Design Interventions ...... 245 Abhijit Sen and Sougata Karmakar 22 Musculoskeletal Disorders and Ergonomic Risk Assessment of Postures Adopted by Handcrafted Kalash Polishers, Northeast India ...... 257 Krishna Chaitanya Mallampalli and Swati Pal 23 Calligraphic Typesetting Exploration of Religious Scriptures to Resurrect the Emotional and Spiritual Connection Originally Existed in the Traditional Penmanship ...... 267 Abhay Verma and Abhijit Padun 24 Para, Adda and Residents of Kolkata: Need for Design of New Neighbourhoods Accommodating Cultural Legacies ...... 279 Suryendu Dasgupta and Megha Tyagi 25 A Comparative Study of Design Methodologies to Integrate Ergonomics Requirements into Design ...... 291 Krishna Chaitanya Mallampalli, Debayan Dhar, and Swati Pal 26 The Relationship Between the Pose of Virtual Character and Virtual Character’s Personality ...... 303 Chun Yang Su and Chun Heng Ho

Part II Design of/for User Interfaces, User Experience and Human Computer Interaction 27 Eye Tracking to Understand Impact of Aging on Mobile Phone Applications ...... 315 Antony William Joseph, D. V. Jeevitha Shree, Kamal Preet Singh Saluja, Abhishek Mukhopadhyay, Ramaswami Murugesh, and Pradipta Biswas 28 Analyzing Ocular Parameters for Web Browsing and Graph Visualization ...... 327 Somnath Arjun, Kamal Preet Saluja, and Pradipta Biswas 29 Defining the Non-user: A Classification of Reasons for Non-use .... 339 Laura Augustin, Björn Kokoschko, Andrea Wolffram, and Michael Schabacker 30 Usability Analysis of Warning Icons in Passenger Car Dashboards in India Using Modified System Usability Scale (SUS) ...... 351 Sourav Bhattacharya and Dhananjay Singh Bisht xxvi Contents

31 What Does the HCI Design Industry Expect from an Entrant? Findings from Interviews with Indian UX Design Team Leads ..... 363 Surbhi Pratap and Jyoti Kumar 32 Development and Evaluation of Usability Heuristics for Voice User Interfaces ...... 375 Lokesh Fulfagar, Anupriya Gupta, Arpit Mathur, and Abhishek Shrivastava 33 Liquid Interactions: A Conceptual Interaction Framework for the Future Now ...... 387 Shweta Chaudhary, Archana Balaji, and Sunil Ganesh 34 Designing a Donation Portal to Help Underprivileged Indians ..... 399 Arushi Jindal and Anirban Chowdhury 35 Evaluation and Redesign of SAP Portal for University Students . . . 413 Yukta Sharma and Anirban Chowdhury 36 LinkedIn Students: An Extension of LinkedIn Designed for College Students to Enhance Their Job-Hunting Experience ...... 423 Paromita Loha and Anirban Chowdhury 37 Mobile User Experience (UX) Design Guidelines Considering the Need for Accessibility ...... 437 Poornima Kapoor 38 i-HAWA: An Interactive Device for Providing Cognitive Breaks in the Workspace ...... 451 Anamika Bhatt, Saurav Vaishnav, Muskan Surana, and Naveen Kumar 39 Speculating Cybernetic Cities in a Posthuman Era: Design of Internet of Bodies (IoB) ...... 465 Srinjoy Ghosh and Mohd Saim Nasim Lari 40 How Ethical Are Persuasive Design Practices? A Proposal for Assessment of Ethics in HCI Design ...... 475 Sanju Ahuja and Jyoti Kumar 41 Assessment of Knowledge, Behavior, and Practices of Maternal and Child Health of Rural Pregnant Women ...... 489 Rohit Kumar and Shatarupa Thakurta Roy 42 Enhancing User Experience of E-commerce Platforms—A Case Study of B2C Applications in the Indian Market ...... 503 Megha Agrawal and Debayan Dhar Contents xxvii

43 Affecting Technology Consumption—Role of Designers in Ushering Behaviour Change ...... 517 Arzoo Khare and Debayan Dhar

Part III Design Aesthetics, Semiotics, Semantics 44 Visual Features of Ethnic Handloom Products for Retention of the Unique Traditional Signatures Along with Detection of Authenticity ...... 531 Chirapriya Mondal and Sougata Karmakar 45 Visual Alankars: Toward a Decolonized Visual Design Framework ...... 543 Raina Singh and Saurabh Tewari 46 Typeface Design for Cultural Identity—An Exploration with Assamese Typeface Design and Its Future Scope ...... 555 Abhijit Padun and Amarendra Kumar Das 47 Impact of Indian Culture-Oriented Color, Material, and Finish (CMF) Design on Contemporary Products ...... 567 Supriya Ugale and Nachiket Thakur 48 A Visual Analysis of Motifs and Patterns of Ghanasyam House Sivasagar, Assam, India ...... 579 Saurav Khuttiya Deori and Utpal Barua 49 Brand Style DNA in Consumer Products: Decoding Strategies from a Design Perspective ...... 593 Shoubhik Dutta Roy and Wricha Mishra 50 Product Semantics: The Emotional Design Language ...... 607 Lakshay Gaur and Subhajit Chandra 51 Design of a Railway Station: Creative Expression of Cultural Heritage Identity ...... 619 Somya Mishra and Debkumar Chakrabarti 52 Language and Colour ...... 631 Shekhar Bhattacharjee 53 A Review: Representation of Women in Commercial Advertising and Impact in Indian Society ...... 641 Swarnadeep Nath and Bhaskar Saha 54 An Approach to Identify Indigenous Color Palette: A Case Study of Majuli ...... 655 Sunanda Sahu xxviii Contents

55 Competitive Branding of Sustainable Domestic Products: A Product Semantics Approach ...... 665 Rik Bhattacharjee and Saurabh Tewari 56 PowerPost: A Framework for Designing Visual Political Communication ...... 675 Anik Ghosh and Saurabh Tewari 57 Principles of Complementarity in Designing Balanced Urban Space: Cases of Sociocultural Spaces of Kolkata ...... 687 Tanima Bhattacharya and Joy Sen 58 Dots and Lines: Indian Folk and Tribal Art Inspired Activities for Kids ...... 701 Rinki Sambhani and Saurabh Tewari 59 The Creative Prints of Somnath Hore: A Review ...... 715 Namrita Sharma and Utpal Barua 60 Androgynous Fashion from the Concept to Consumers: An Empirical Study ...... 727 Indranil Saha, Akanksha, and Diotima Basu 61 Spectacles of the Temporal City: An Analysis of the Effects of Festivals on Identity in an Urban Context ...... 739 Anusmita Das and Amarendra Kumar Das 62 Implementation of Digital Techniques Process Through the Storyboard for Better Understanding in Visual Narratives ..... 753 Yendrembam Suresh Singh and Bhaskar Saha 63 Inﬂuence of Sync Sound Recording Technologies on Aesthetics of Voice and Sound Design in the Hindi Cinema ...... 765 Hitesh Chaurasia 64 Protest as Performance: The Staging of CAA Protests ...... 779 Neelakantan Keshavan, Saroj Boipai, and Devi Meghana Karanam 65 Reconstruction of Vanishing Indigenous Cultural Threads of Naamghar in Assam ...... 793 Charu Monga and Amarendra Kumar Das 66 A Thematic Analysis of Grafﬁti in Urban Spaces by Using Indic Scripts for Experiments and Exploration for Academic Educational Project ...... 807 Siddhesh Sushil Shirsekar 67 Study and Revival Strategies for Traditional Art Form: Case of Sindhudurg ...... 819 Priyanka Mangaonkar-Vaiude and Minu Joshi Contents xxix

Part IV Eco-design, Sustainable Manufacturing, Design for Sustainability 68 Mapping the Topoi of Sustainable—Design—Thinking in Indian Context ...... 835 Asit J. Bhatt 69 Bio-bricks: Circular Economy and New Products ...... 845 Priyabrata Rautray, Avik Roy, Deepak John Mathew, and Boris Eisenbart 70 Sustainable Design and Development of Stubble Removing Agricultural Machine for Stopping the Burning of Paddy Stubble ...... 859 Harmanpreet Singh, Prabir Sarkar, Harpreet Singh, and Fateh Singh 71 A Three-Phase Quality Function Deployment Approach for Conceptualizing a Sustainable Product Life Cycle: Case Study of a Blower Heater ...... 869 Prashant Kumar Singh and Prabir Sarkar 72 Bio-architecture of Living Root Bridges ...... 881 Srinidhi Ravishankar and Shiva Ji 73 Eco-Design, Craftsmanship and Sustainability ...... 889 Monikuntala Das and Amarendra Kumar Das 74 Identifying Criteria for the Selection of Ecodesign Methods to Integrate into SMEs Product Development ...... 901 Björn Kokoschko, Laura Augustin, and Michael Schabacker 75 A Study on Design Concept for Comfortability of Dokhona—For Sustainability of Bodo Traditional Wear and Culture ...... 911 Chaitali Brahma, Bhaskar Saha, and Debkumar Chakrabarti 76 Design of Bamboo Shelter Kit for Post-disaster Temporary Shelter Response ...... 923 Kankana Narayan Dev and Amarendra Kumar Das 77 Review of Building Energy Code and Its Implementation in Residential Sector: A Global Outlook ...... 935 Kratika Piparsania and Pratul Ch. Kalita 78 Exploring Two Housing Typologies in the Vernacular Architecture of Assam ...... 949 Srinidhi Ravishankar and Shiva Ji xxx Contents

79 Design for Sustainable Smart Cities; An Impactful Approach Through the Role of Designers Towards Future of Mankind ...... 961 Veera Venkata Atmakuri, Mohd Saim Nasim Lari, and Arun Thangaraj 80 Water, a Product? ...... 971 Shubham Vaidya, Aditi Singh, and Parag Anand About the Editors

Prof. Amaresh Chakrabarti is a Senior Professor and current Chairman for the Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore. He has B.E. in Mechanical Engineering from Indian Institute of Engi- neering Science and Technology, Shibpur, M.E. in Design of Mechanical Systems from Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, and Ph.D. in Engineering Design from the University of Cambridge, UK. He led the Design Synthesis group at the EPSRC funded Engineering Design Centre at the University of Cambridge before joining IISc as an Associate Professor in 2001. His interests are in synthesis, creativity, sustainability, and informatics. He has published 16 books, over 300 peer-reviewed articles, and has 11 patents granted/pending. He has been on the Advisory Board and the Board of Management of the Design Society, UK; member of the CII National Committee on Design India; member of the Jury of India Design Mark; and member of the CII Smart Manufacturing Council India. He founded IDeASLab—India’s ﬁrst Design Observatory. He is the Founding Programme chair for International Conference Series on Research into Design (ICoRD), Conference Chair for the 22nd CIRP Design Conference 2012 and the 3rd International Conference on Design Creativity 2015 (3rd ICDC) and vice-Chair for AI in Design and Design Computing and Cognition Conferences. In 2014, he co-initiated India’s ﬁrst Smart Factory R&D platform.

Prof.RaviPoovaiah is senior faculty member at the Industrial Design Centre (IDC), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay. He has backgrounds in Mechan- ical Engineering, Product Design and Graphic Arts Education having studied respec- tively at IIT Madras and Bombay and at the Rhode Island School of Design (RISD), Providence, USA. His current pedagogic as well as research and design interests are in ﬁelds related to Interaction Design, New Media Design, Visual Design and Product Design and his research interests are in areas related to Visual Language, Informa- tion Visualisation, Visual Narratives, Way Finding Systems, Interaction Devices, Collaborative Social and Learning Environments and Designing for Children. He is involved with building digital resources related to ‘Design Learning’, ‘Folk Tales’, ‘Interactive Systems’, ‘Designing for Children’, ‘Design of Way-ﬁnding Systems’ and ‘Design in India’ with free and open access to networked information. He is xxxi xxxii About the Editors also the co-director of a research project named COSMIC on experimenting with Social Media at IIT Bombay along with collaborative Institutes NTU and NUS in Singapore. Prof. Poovaiah has worked on projects with major industry leaders such as Microsoft, Yahoo, Google India, Motorola India, Indian Oil Corporation, Bharat Petroleum Corporation, Bharat Electronics Limited, Siemens India, among others.

Dr. Prasad Bokil is a mechanical engineer and communication designer with Master’s and Ph.D. in communication design from IDC School of Design, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, India. He teaches courses in typography and graphic design at undergraduate as well as postgraduate levels. His research interests are visual language, visual narratives and game design. He is currently working towards ‘design for wellbeing’. Dr. Bokil also worked as a Research Assistant at IDC, IIT Bombay, where he worked with a team of artisans at studio under guidance of Prof. A. G. Rao to enhance the packaging of some of the products. He is involved in several funded projects, including the Kanimuni project funded by MHRD under the Design Innovation Centre at IIT Guwahati. This project aims to develop educational games to build interest and conﬁdence to learn English, Mathematics, Science and 21st century skills in school students. Dr Bokil has (co-)organised many conferences and workshops, including Typography Day 2013, Himalayan Languages Symposium 2016, ICoRD’17 in 2017, Type Design Workshop 2013, Game Design Workshop 2015, Design Research Workshop 2015, Workshop on Software product development process in Agile environment March 2015, Informatica 2016, Kanimuni: DIC Game Design Workshop 2016, etc.

Dr. Vivek Kant is an Assistant Professor at IDC School of Design, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, India. He is an active researcher in the ﬁeld of systems design, human factors (cognitive ergonomics/cognitive engineering), sociotechncial systems, and history and philosophy of design engineering. Dr. Kant pursued his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Dayalbagh Educational Institute, India in 2004, M.S. in Cognitive Science from University of Allahabad, India in 2008, M.A. in Psychology from University of Connecticut, USA in 2011, and Ph.D. in Systems Design Engineering from University of Waterloo, Canada in 2015. He was a Postdoc- toral Fellow at the Institute of Catastrophe Risk Management, Nanyang Technolog- ical University (NTU), Singapore, and the Division of Sociology, School of Humani- ties and Social Sciences, NTU along with Future Resilient Systems, Singapore-ETH Centre. He has also worked as an Assistant Systems Engineer for Tata Consultancy Services, India.