Ms. Scovia Mbabazi, a member of Basooka Kwavuula Women’s group Kyadobe village in Nabiswera sub-county, Nakasongola district, chops elephant grass for feeding her animals, 2014. Annual Report Annual Report 2014/15 2014/15

Africa Innovati ons Insti tute Africa Innovati ons Insti tute Plot 1544, Koire Close, Bukoto Old Kiira Road, Plot 1544, Koire Close, Bukoto Old Kiira Road, P.O. Box 34981, Kampala, Uganda, P.O. Box 34981, Kampala, Uganda, www.afrii.org www.afrii.org Africa Innovations Institute (www.afrii.org) is a non governmental center of excellence dedicated to research and innovations for the betterment of resource poor farmers and SMEs, and the sustainability of the environment.

Technical editing by Professor G.W. Otim-Nape

C Africa Innovations Institute. All rights reserved.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 i Table of Contents

Acknowledgments...... iii Chairman’s word...... v Acronyms...... vii 1. Africa Innovations Institute...... 1 1.1 Who We Are ...... 1 1.2. Where We Work...... 1 1.3. Our Vision, Mission and Objectives...... 1 1.4. How We Work...... 2 1.5. Key areas of work...... 2 1.5.1 Applied research and innovation development...... 2 1.5.2 Facilitating access to and utilization of knowledge and innovations...... 2 1.5.3 Capacity and Institutional Development...... 3 1.6. Our Programmes...... 3 1.6.1 Commodity Value Chains...... 3 1.6.2 Climate Change...... 3 1.6.3 Infectious Diseases Management...... 3 1.6.4 Agriculture, Environment and Human Welfare...... 3 1.6.5. Capacity and Institutional Development Programme...... 3 1.7. Cross-cutting issues...... 4 1.7.1 Collaboration, Partnerships and Linkages...... 4 1.7.2 Gender and equity concerns:...... 4 2. Commodity Value Chains Programme...... 5 2.1 Introduction...... 6 2.2 The Cassava Adding Value for Africa project (C:AVA)...... 6 2.2.1. Introduction...... 6 2.2.2. Market opportunities studies...... 8 2.2.3. Pricing of HQCF...... 9 2.2.4. Major Achievements of CAVA Phase 1:...... 9 2.2.4.1. Institutional strengthening:...... 9 2.2.4.2. Production of fresh cassava roots for processing...... 10 2.2.4.3. Processing of HQCC, HQCF and other products (Gari, Tapioca, starch ...... 11 2.2.4.3.1. Community based processing (CPGs ...... 11 2.2.4.3.2. Adapting and improvement of processing equipment...... 12 2.2.4.3.3. Building capacity to fabricate locally improved equipment...... 12 2.2.4.3.4. Promoting Flash drying technology...... 13 2.2.4.3.5. Developing infrastructure to support sun drying ...... 13 2.2.4.3.6. Quantity of HQCF produced...... 14 2.2.4.3.7. Processing of Gari, tapioca and starch ...... 15 2.2.4.3.8. Quality standards...... 15 2.2.4.3. 9. Certification of HQCF by Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS)...... 15 2.2.4.3.10. Quality of processed HQCF...... 16 2.2.4.4. Market outlets for the processed HQCF and HQCC...... 18 2.2.4.4.1. Agri-food industries - composite flour market...... 18 2.2.4.4.2. Market outlets...... 18 2.2.4.5. Number of beneficiaries from HQCF processing...... 21 2.2.4.6. Promoting investments in the cassava industry...... 21 2.2.4.6.1. Expos and shows...... 22 2.2.4.6.2. Stakeholder meetings ...... 22 2.2.4.6.3. Investment packs...... 22 2.2.4.6.4. Business plan development for investment in flash drying...... 23 2.2.4.6.6. Linkages to financial and other institutions and service provider...... 23

ii African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 2.2.4.6.7. Information, EC materials...... 23 2.2.4.6.8. Awareness and alliance building...... 23 2.2.4.7. Forging partnership with other institutions and programmes...... 24 2.2.4.7.1. Agricultural Technology Transfer cassava value chain project (AgriTT)...... 24 2.2.4.7.2. The cassava seed system project...... 24 2.2.4.7.3. Participatory Ecological Land Use Management (PELUM)...... 24 2.2.4.7.5. Uganda Investment Authority (UIA)...... 24 2.2.4.7.6 KILIMO Trust - Development of Inclusive Markets in Trade and Agriculture (DIMAT) project...... 24 2.2.4.7.6. Vredesailaden Country Office East Africa (VECO EA):...... 24 2.2.4.7.7. ACET - Uganda Cassava Study...... 26 2.2.5. Success stories...... 25 2.2.5.1. Introduction...... 25 2.2.5.2. Mr. Eugene Ekinyu (RIP)...... 25 2.2.5.3. Michael Ikara...... 26 2.2.5.4. Mrs Zaituni Emuutu...... 26 2.2.5.6. Joseph Engwedu...... 27 2.2.6. Lessons learnt...... 27 2.2.7. Implications for the future CAVA 2 project...... 29 2.2.8. Impact Evaluation of the C:AVA project...... 31 2.2.8.1. Introduction and Evaluation Methodology...... 31 2.2.8.2 Main Findings...... 31 2.2.8.3. Implications and Conclusions...... 35 2.2.8.4. Overall Lessons, Strategic Conclusions and Recommendations:...... 37 2.3. The Cassava Adding Value for Africa Project – Phase II (CAVA II)...... 39 2.3.1. Introduction...... 39 2.3.3. Facilitating business opportunity meetings for investors...... 40 2.3.4. Developing Capacity of Stakeholders...... 41 2.3.5. Strengthening capacity of implementation partners...... 41 2.3.6. Supporting value chain actors in business management and meeting HQCF quality...... control...... 42 2.3.7. Strengthening capacity for fabricating and maintaining equipment...... 42 2.3.8. Expanding HQCF processing capacity...... 43 2.3.8.1. Recruitment of new SME processors...... 43 2.3.8.2. Recruitment of new Community Based Processing Groups (CPGs)...... 43 2.3.8.3. Repair of old and faulty processing equipment...... 43 2.3.8.4. Expanding processors’ sun drying capacity...... 47 2.3.9. Introducing efficient flash dryers technology into Uganda...... 48 2.3.10. Creating demand for fresh cassava roots (FCRs) from smallholder farmers for HQCF processing...... 48 2.3.11. Building capacity of cassava processors in business development and management...... 49 2.3.11.1. Introduction...... 49 2.3.11.2. Methodology...... 49 2.3.11.3. Findings and Recommendations...... 49 2.3.11.3.1. Characteristics of processing entities...... 49 2.3.11.3.2. Strengths and weaknesses of HQCF processors...... 50 2.3.11.3.3. Challenges and threats facing cassava processors...... 51 2.3.11.3.4. Opportunities and interventions required to address weaknesses and threats...... 52 2.3.11.3.5. Performance of processing entities...... 53 2.3.11.3.6. Link between capacity and performance of processing entities...... 54 2.3.11.4. Discussions and Recommendations...... 56 2.3.12. Building synergies with other projects - Cassava Seed Systems project...... 59

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 iii 2.3.12.1. Demonstrations and training in seed production...... 59 2.3.12.2. Promoting good quality seed production and management practices...... 59 2.4. Cassava Growth Markets Project...... 59 2.4.1. Background...... 59 2.4.2. Key activities and achievements...... 60 2.4.2.1. The impact of processing methods on acidity and level of cyanide in cassava flour...... 60 2.4.2.1.1. Introduction...... 60 2.4.2.1.2. Materials and methods...... 60 2.4.2.1.3. Results and discussions...... 62 2.4.2.2. Local acceptability of high quality cassava flour in Eastern Uganda...... 64 2.4.2.2.1. Introduction...... 64 2.4.2.2.3. Results and discussions...... 64 2.4.2.3. Technologies for improving efficiency of drying cassava chips and grits...... 65 2.4.2.3.1. The effects of screenhouse solar drying on drying efficiency of cassava chips...... 65 2.4.2.3.2. Results...... 66 2.5. Delivery System for Commercializing Quality Cassava Planting Materials in Uganda...... 69 2.5.1. Introduction:...... 69 2.5.2. Key outputs and challenges encountered...... 71 2.5.3. Enhancing the Capacity of Cassava Seed Entrepreneurs (CSEs)...... 71 2.5.3.1. Stakeholder awareness workshops...... 71 2.5.3.2. A checklist for selecting CSEs produced...... 71 2.5.3.3. Sites for CSEs characterized and selected...... 72 2.5.3.4. Business and agronomic modules developed:...... 72 2.5.3.5. Study visit to Tanzania conducted...... 72 2.5.3.6. Trainings of CSEs on disease and insect pest management, agronomy, protocols and standards conducted...... 75 2.5.3.7. Monitoring and Evaluation workshop:...... 75 2.5.3.8. Roadmap for the cassava seed system project...... 75 2.5.4. CSEs Producing, Distributing and Selling Certified Cassava Seed Profitably...... 76 2.5.4.1. Six cassava demonstration fields established using quality planting materials...... 77 2.5.4.2. At least 36 acres of land prepared to receive basic seed...... 77 2.5.4.3. Situation analysis report of ongoing seed multiplication initiatives produced...... 77 2.5.4.4. Training workshop for CSEs on financing CCS activities conducted...... 78 3. Climate Change Programme...... 79 3.1. Introduction...... 81 3.2. Securing livelihoods to the impacts of climate change...... 81 3.2.1. Introduce and promote functional and sustainable village level innovation platforms...... 81 3.2.2. Piloting appropriate technologies at innovators farms...... 83 3.2.2.1. Climate smart piggery production innovations...... 83 3.2.2.2. Climate smart poultry production innovations...... 91 3.2.2.3. Integrated climate smart banana management innovations...... 93 3.2.2.4. Integrated climate smart tomato production innovations...... 94 3.2.2.5. Integrated cassava value chain innovations...... 94 3.2.2.6. Mobilizing local savings and borrowing for investments...... 95 3.2.3. Monitoring and Evaluation of the Interventions...... 96 3.2.3.1. Climate smart piggery intervention...... 96 3.2.3.1.1. Appreciation of the FBT technology...... 96 3.3.3.1.2. Challenges faced by farmers...... 97 3.2.3.2. Climate smart poultry innovations - Kroiler chicken...... 100 3.2.3.3. Tomato Innovation center in Semuto Sub County, Nakasekke district...... 102

iv African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 3.2.3.4. Climate smart banana production innovations...... 102 3.2.4. Capacity Building and Farmer Visits...... 103 3.2.4.1. Feedback and knowledge translation workshops...... 103 3.2.5.Lessons learnt that inform future work ...... 104 3.2.6. Challenges met and how they were dddressed...... 106 3.2.6.1. Institutional development...... 106 3.2.6.2. Piloting climate smart technologies...... 107 3.2.7. Research to policy workshop: Addressing climate change impacts on agriculture systems in Uganda...... 107 3.2.7.1. Introduction...... 107 3.2.7.2. Purpose and objectives...... 108 3.2.7.3. Participation...... 108 3.2.7.4. Issues covered...... 109 3.2.7.5. Recommendations...... 109 3.2.7.6. Proposed actions for agriculture stakeholders...... 109 3.2.7.7. Proposed actions for AfrII...... 110 3.3 Support to School and Community Woodlot Programme, Kole District ...... 110 3.3.1. Introduction...... 110 3.3.2. Project Goal and objectives...... 110 3.3.3. Progress on Achievement of Project Objective...... 110 3.3.3.1. Stakeholder meeting...... 111 3.3.3.2. Establish and manage central nurseries for production Eucalyptushybrid clones in Kole district...... 111 3.3.3.3. Project sustainability...... 116 3.3.3.4. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) ...... 116 3.3.3.5. Challenges...... 116 4. Administration...... 118 4.1 Organogram of the Africa Innovations Institute...... 118 4.2. Current Members of AfrII Governing Council...... 118 4.3. Current Staff...... 119 5. Financial Report 2014...... 121 5.1. Income and expenditure...... 121 5.2. Growth in income and expenditure: 2008-2014...... 121 6. Audit Report 2014 ...... 123 6.1. STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2014...... 124 6.2. STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2014...... 125 6.3. STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN NET ASSETS AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2014...... 126 7. References...... 127

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 v Acronyms

AfrII: Africa Innovations Institute DLS: Deep Litter System ACET: African Centre for Economic EAC: East African Community Transformation EAPPA: Eastern Agro producers and AgriTT: Agricultural Technology Transfer Processors Association ASARECA Association for Strengthening EAAPP: East African Productivity Projects Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization Africa FBT: Fermented Bed Technology ATONU: Improving Nutrition Outcomes FMD: Foot and Mouth Disease through Optimized Agricultural Investments FGDs: Focus Group Discussions ACP: African Caribbean and Pacific FRI: Food Research Institute AFAMCOS: Arapai Farmers Cooperative FUNAAB: Federal University of Nigeria in Society Abeokuta AFOSEN: Agency for Food Security Network DFID-UK: Department for International ACAGA: Alito Cassava Growers Association Development ASF: African Swine Fever DIMAT: Development of Inclusive Markets in BDA: Business Development Advisor Trade and Agriculture BMGF: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation GAPs: Good Agricultural Practices BSc: Bachelor of Science GPS: Global Positioning System CAADP: Comprehensive African Agricultural GMP: Good Manufacturing Practices Development Porgramme GHP: Good Hygiene Practice CAVA: Cassava Adding Value for Africa GLF: Group Link Farmer CAVA II: Cassava Adding Value for Africa-II HACCP: Hazardous Analysis Critical Control CM: Country Manager Point CPG: Community Processing Group HCN: Hydrocyanic Acid CBB: Cassava Bacteria Blight HH: Household CBOs: Community Based Organizations HP: Horse Power CBSD: Cassava Brown Streak Disease HFIAS: Household Food Insecurity Access CDD: Community Driven Development Scale CCS Certified Cassava Seed HQCF: High Quality Cassava Flour CSS: Cassava Seed System HQCG: High Quality Cassava Grits COHAD: Children of Hope and Dignity IEC: Information Education and CSE: Cassava Seed Entrepreneur Communication DCO: District Commercial Officer IDRC: International Development Research DAO: District Agricultural Officer Center DSIP: Development Strategy and Investment IITA: International Institute for Tropical Plan Agriculture DLGs: District Local Governments IMO: Indigenous Micro Organism DLSP: District Livelihood Support Programme KIs: Key Informants

vi African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 MC: Management Committee USD: United States Dollar MACDO: Matilong Community Development UNBS: Uganda National Bureau of Standards Organization UNIMA: University of Malawi MAAIF: Ministry of Agriculture Animal UK: United Kingdom Industry and Fisheries WHO: World Health Organization M&E: Monitoring and Evaluation UOG: University of Greenwich MoU: Memorandum of Understanding WB: World Bank MT: Metric Tonnes VSLA: Village Savings and Loan Association MSc: Master of Science NAADS: National Agricultural Advisory Services NADIFA: Nakasongola District Farmers Association NGO: Non Governmental Organization NRI: Natural Resources Institute NARO: National Agricultural Research Organization NaCRRI: National Crops Resources Research Institute NSCS: National Seed Certification Services PATA: Pallisa Agricultural Training Association P’KWI: Popular Knowledge Women Initiative QDPM: Quality Declared Planting Material SACCOs: Savings and Credit Co-operative Organizations SBA: Starch Based Adhesive SDG: Sustainable Development Goals SME: Small and Medium Enterprise SHFs: Small Holder Farmers TERUDO: Teso Rural Development Organization TCIP-U: Tropical Crops Initiative Partnership Uganda TFNC: Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre TOSCI: Tanzania Official Seed Certification Institute TZX: Tanzania Shilling USA: United States of America USAID: United States Agency for International Development

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 vii Acknowledgement

e would like to appreciate the Medicine (LSHTM), UK Worganizations, institutions, societies, • Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda donors and development partners without • Michigan State University, USA whom our work would have been impossible. • Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), Uganda Special gratitude goes to the following for their • Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food, financial support to AfrII: South Sudan • The Government of Uganda • Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic • The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Development (MFPED), Uganda (BMGF), USA • Ministry of Water and Environment, Uganda • Department for International Development • Naliendelle Agricultural Research Institute, (DFID), UK Tanzania • The International Development Research • National Agricultural Research Organization Centre (IDRC), Canada (NARO), Uganda • The Rockefeller Foundation, USA • National Institute for Scientific and • The European Union through Industrial Research (NISIR), Zambia • Austrian Development Agency • National Semi-Arid Resources Research • The United Nations Food and Agricultural Institute Serere, Uganda Organization (FAO) • Swaziland Agricultural Development • The United Nations Development Programmes (SADP) Programme (UNDP) • Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), • The Asden Trust, UK Tanzania • The Sainsbury Family Charitable Trust, UK • Tanzania Food and Nutrition Research Centre (TFNC), Tanzania Special thanks also go to the following • The Comprehensive African Agricultural partners with whom we either collaborated Development Programme (CAADP), African on projects or provided technical input in the Union implementation of their projects: • The Federal University of Agriculture, • ACDI/VOCA, Agribusiness Systems Abeokuta (FENAAB), Nigeria International, USA • The Natural Resources Institute, University • Association for Strengthening Agricultural of Greenwich, UK Research in Eastern and Central Africa (AS • The Roots and Tuber Crops Research ARECA) Institute Trivandriwa, India • Caribbean Agricultural Research and • Uganda National Bureau of Standard Development Institute, Trinidad and Tobago (UNBS) (CARDI), the Caribbean • Zonal Agricultural Research and • Chancellor College, University of Malawi Development Institute, Ngetta • Council for Scientific and Industrial Research • Conservation International Foundation (CSIR), Ghana (CIF), USA • Department of Agriculture, UNITECH, The • Africa Center for Economic Transformation University of South Pacific (ACET), Accra Ghana • Farm Africa, UK • Food and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Last but not least, we would like to appreciate Network (FANRPAN), Pretoria, South Africa the Board, management and the entire staff of • Gulu University AfrII for their continued tireless and unwavering • Institute of Technology, Austria dedication, hard work and innovativeness that • International Crop Research Institute for is key in making AfrII a centre of excellence. We the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) pray that the Almighty blesses each and every • International Society for Tropical Root Crops one of you, now and forever. • Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health (LCIRAH), UK • London School of Hygiene and Tropical

viii African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 From the Chairman

am delighted to present the AfrII 2014/15 At the institutional level, the Board revised and I Annual Report. In this year we focused our introduced new policies taking into account efforts mainly on value chains development, changes that have occurred since then as the climate change and Capacity Building Institute grows and expands its operations. Programs. For some, it was the first time we I commend the entire Governance Board: were doing them and we saw a lot of growth management and staff of AfrII for enabling in these areas. which has enabled the Institute to register remarkable progress and achievement. During the year under review, AfrII continued to grow, registering developments in scale This report is quite detailed. It however only and scope of activities, participation and gives you a glimpse of what we have done and partnerships towards our programs. We boast are doing, but please you are welcome to read of our programs and projects that have greatly more about our worth. This issue is dedicated contributed improving peoples lives. We are to women who work tirelessly to produce and therefore grateful to partners and stakeholders cook food for the family. We commend them. that have supported us all through this journey. Enjoy the read! We are particularly grateful to all our partners who have either supported or worked with us Thank you. during the year. The continued support from them has enabled us to achieve this much.

AfrII has taken it upon itself to go an extra mile into market developments to ensure that farmers and SMEs increase their income. We Professor Otim-Nape, G.W. have looked at other issues surrounding the Chairman/CEO homes including the livelihood opportunities, Africa Innovations Institute and nutrition. Our interventions have impacted the whole household and the community at large.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 ix 1 Africa Innovations Institute 1.1. Who We Are Secretariat located in Kampala, through which national and international level activities The Africa Innovations Institute (AfrII) is an are conducted and field level operations indigenous, not-for-profit, non-governmental are coordinated. Current operations cover center of excellence based in Kampala, Uganda. Uganda, South Sudan, Burundi, Democratic Established in 2005, AfrII undertakes research Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Malawi, and innovations development on agriculture Zambia, Nigeria and Kenya. In Uganda, the and food systems to ensure sustainable institute operates throughout the country increase in small holder farmers‘income, food and has field offices in Kumi town in Eastern and nutrition security as well as environemental Uganda, Luwero town in Central Uganda and sustainabilty in Eastern Africa. The Institute Lira town in Northern Uganda. brings together leading innovations experts

in agriculture, nutrition, and food systems to adequately explore global science and develop 1.3. Our Vision, Mission and best innovations for accelerated agricultural Objectives development in Africa. Vision: “Smallholder farmers enjoying It networks and is in partnership with many increased incomes and are sure of food and African, European and American institutions for nutrition security” implementation of research and development Mission: “To undertake innovative agricultural projects. research and commercialization of innovations that transform the lives and incomes of 1.2. Where We Work smallholder farmers while ensuring food and nutrition security and environmental The Africa Innovations Institute has a sustainability”

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 1 Objectives agricultural and environment sustainability, 1. To generate and accelerate utilization of integrating nutrition into agricultural projects knowledge and innovations for sustainable and building capacity of early career scientists agricultural development and advancement through training, mentorship and student of science and technology in Africa. thesis supervision. 2. To facilitate learning, and bridge information gaps through managing our knowledge base, publishing our research findings, sharing of lessons learnt and holding of conferences, seminars and camps. 3. To promote entrepreneurship and accelerate transformation of knowledge and innovations into agri-business ventures through partnerships and linkages with the private sector players in agriculture and industry. 4. To promote and participate in capacity development in agriculture, research, science, and innovations for sustainability of the agricultural sector. Figure 2: Ms. Angela Ajam, a Scientist at AfrII, 5. To undertake any other actions that will analyses soil sample for nutrient content enhance the achievement of our objectives, mission and vision. In doing this, AfrII forges SMART partnerships with a wider community of actors including public, private, civil society, philanthropic 1.4. How We Work and funding organizations who can help The Africa Innovations Institute realizes that for in addressing the challenges of translating agriculture to contribute to the achievement research results into goods and services. of the SDGs and CAADP goals of accelerated agricultural growth, poverty reduction and food 1.5. Key areas of work and nutition security, innovative approaches are needed. Such approaches would call for 1.5.1. Applied research and transforming the research results or inventions innovation development into innovations which ensure that farmers and agri-businessmen use and turn new The institute focuses on generating and knowledge and technologies into goods and transforming knowledge, practices and services, which result into food on their plates approaches into innovations for sustainable or income into their pockets. This is the area income, food and nutrition security of farming AfrII aims to address and to bridge the gap. communities. 1.5.2. Facilitating access to and To do this, AfrII undertakes innovative research and provides technical backstopping utilization of knowledge and to farmers, private companies and other innovations actors along the agricultural value chain. It This is an important strategic priority area for also works with the end users to develop the institute. Our work in this area is geared markets; connects producers and processors towards enhancing stakeholder capacity to to markets and sources of services; forms collectively innovate for increased efficiency institutional arrangements that unite groups and profitability of their commodities. of enterprising farmers, processors and other entrepreneurs and helps link them with Innovation in this context entails putting potential partners and other services. It also information and knowledge into use, undertakes applied and adaptive research on whether it is new, accumulated or simply

2 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 used in creative ways. To this end, the Africa Climate change is a big challenge and threat Innovations Institute works on two fronts to agricultural development in the region. The by facilitating access to, as well as building weather is variable and unpredictable with capacity of smallholder farmers and SMEs frequent episode of unusual weather events to utilize knowledge and innovation to boost such as floods, drought and hailstones. This production capacity and unblock agricultural programme seeks to develop and enhance system challenges. community-based climate change adaptation initiatives and supportive policy measures that 1.5.3. Capacity and Institutional improve food security and health among rural Development communities in the arid and semi-arid regions The capacity building component of our work of Africa. Two projects are undertaken in this is conducted at individual, community and programme i.e.; Adaptation to the impact of institution level. Our aim is to enhance the climate change and variability; and Securing ability of national and regional stakeholders Livelihoods in the cattle Corridor of Uganda. to effectively respond to their mandates; and 1.6.3. Infectious Diseases perhaps more importantly, to enable local actors sustain the momentum of our efforts Management even outside the framework of our project During the last two decades, there have been interventions. incidents of high profile epidemics of human, animals and plant diseases worldwide. The AfrII’s role in building and strengthening burden is worst in Africa in comparison to other capacity has included; continents, making this issue a major threat • Developing research capacity- AfrII engages to food and nutrition security. These burdens in training and mentoring of BSc, MSc can produce a spiral of social, economic and PHD and Post- doctoratal and early career environmental decline so this programme scientists in research approaches, scientific focusses on early detection, monitoring and communications, and research resource response because these are vital in developing mobilization. cost-effective strategies to minimize impact. • Undertaking capacity development for organizations in the region. 1.6.4. Agriculture, Environment • Providing technical assistance on and Human Welfare strengthening institutional structures, systems and monitoring, evaluation and The programme aims at achieving improved learning. human welfare, particularly food and nutrition security, household well-being and 1.6. Our Programmes sustainability of farming and the environment through agriculture. The two projects in this 1.6.1. Commodity Value Chains programme are Improving Nutrition Outcomes Through this programme, AfrII works with key through Optimized Agricultural Investments actors involved in prioritized commodities (ATONU) and the Vital Signs monitoring to address key constraints at both the systems for agricultural and environmental supply and demand side of the value chain; sustainability. support value addition; and enhances participation by smallholder farmers, SMEs 1.6.5. Capacity and Institutional and commercial firms in the value chains; Development Programme and in commercialization of commodities. This Programme supports national and regional The projects undertaken at AfrII under this organizations, programmes and institutions programme are; Cassava: Adding Value for to develop their individual, organizational Africa-II (CAVA II), Cassava seed systems, and societal capacities for implementation Cassava GMarkets, Sesame and Rice Value and sustainable management of selected Chain Development. development programmes, commodities, pests 1.6.2. Climate Change and disease situations. Under this programme,

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 3 three projects are carried out i.e. Enhancing the Science, Technology and innovation Working in partnership Capacity of Root and Tuber Cops in ACP countries; Building Science and Innovations The concept of partnership is in Sustainable Management of Infectious fundamental to what we do- the Diseases in Eastern and Central Africa; Support development of new institutional to the Implementation of the Comprehensive arrangements and improved African Agricultural Development Programme partnerships among stakeholders (CAADP). - remains central to innovations in agricultural production systems and the 1.7. Cross-cutting issues development of the sector as a whole. 1.7.1. Collaboration, Partnerships and Linkages Our research and development work is planned and implemented in close collaboration with numerous international, regional and national partners, institutions and individuals; local community based structures, farmer organizations, the media and academia. International partnerships continue to plays a key role of supporting and promoting the work of AfrII.

Our work is financed through contributions from private donors, enterprises and foundations, and through general fund-raising efforts. And the Institute continues to explore the possibilities of collaboration with local and international organizations around the globe. Additionally, the work of AfrII has benefitted from partnerships with sub sector associations, saving and credit cooperatives, micro finance institutions, private sector actors in various industries 1.7.2. Gender and equity concerns Our work is continually guided towards promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment. Within our framework we integrate specific key concerns of women in our sectoral response and mainstream gender as a cross-cutting issue in all our programmes. This component is manned by experienced and committed staff with an earnest passion for gender issues.

4 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 Commodity Value Chains 2 Programme

Mr Francis Alacho, the CAVA Project Country Manager, receiving a book manual of CAVA Project Management from FUNAAB.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 5 2.1. Introduction has an industrial potential as raw materials for bakery, biscuits, starch, beverages, livestock Recent studies have revealed that food feed, packaging, breweries and pharmaceutical staples command the largest market share in industries. The project is funded by the Bill and the region (Table1). Evidence suggests that, Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF). following liberalization, this market potential is a growing and unfulfilled demand for most The C: AVA I Project was implemented from African food crops in local, regional and 2008/9 to 31 March 2014. The project aimed international markets. Despite this potential at developing value chains for High Quality Table 1: Food Staples: Largest Market Potential Cassava flour (HQCF) in Uganda so as to improve (COMESA, 2009) the livelihoods and incomes of at least 16,000 Market value smallholder farmers as direct beneficiaries COMESA Region US $ billions Percent including women and disadvantaged groups. Traditional exports 8.6 13 The project is also implemented in other African Nontraditional 7.9 12 countries namely Nigeria; Ghana; Tanzania and exports Malawi, and the Natural Resources Institute, Food staples 50 75 Total 66.5 100 University of Greenwich. UK. The C: AVA I project successfully piloted commercialization of staple commodities and development of value chains for HQCF, by responding to market opportunities remains supporting farmer processors to establish a key challenge to commercialization of HQCF processing sites and to process HQCF in agriculture in Africa. Yet smallholder farmers in Eastern, Northern and Central Uganda. Further, Africa have not been able to respond effectively it facilitated processors to supply, on contract to market signals and exploit opportunities arrangements, HQCF to end-user industries because of a number of structural and such as rural bakeries, beer breweries and institutional constraints that limit market biscuit manufacturers who use it to make participation. composite flour, beer and biscuits respectively.

Through this programme, AfrII works with key The project also supported a partnership with actors along the value chains of prioritized the end user industries and worked with them commodities to address key constraints at to develop alternative products using high both supply and demand side of the value quality cassava flour (HQCF). It also supported chain. It supports value addition; enhances and worked with smallholder farmers to participation by smallholder farmers SMEs and improve production and to supply own commercial firms in the value chain. cassava roots and process them into HQCF. The project is implemented countrywide with specific focus in the districts in Bukedi, Teso, 2.2. The Cassava Adding Value Lango regions namely Kibuku, Pallisa, Budaka, for Africa project (C:AVA) Bukedea, Kumi, Soroti, Serere, Ngora, Oyam, Kole and Lira. The C:AVA I project ended 31 2.2.1. Introduction. March 2014 and was succeeded by the C:AVA The Cassava: Adding Value for Africa (C: phase two project (C:AVA II). AVA) project supports adding value and commercialization of cassava in Africa. The This project originally aimed to significantly crop is the most important staple and the improve the livelihoods and incomes of at back bone of food security in Uganda. It is least 16,000 smallholder households as important for its high yielding ability, drought direct beneficiaries including women and resilience, high carbohydrate content and long disadvantaged groups. After the strategy storability of roots in the ground with minimum refresh in 2012 the number of target deterioration. In Uganda, it is seen as a pro- beneficiaries was reduced to 7,762 consisting poor vehicle for economic transformation; of 4,032 farmers and 3,730 farmer processors.

6 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 It aimed to achieve this by promoting the use of end users; and (c) end users to adopt use of HQCF as a versatile raw material for which of HQCF in the manufacture of various end diverse markets had been identified in pilot products, such as biscuits, bakeries products, studies. The project focused on three potent paper boards, and other products. intervention points: (i) ensuring a consistent A generalized value chain for HQCF is supply of raw materials; (ii) developing presented in Fig.4. The chain involves farmers, viable intermediaries acting as secondary farmer/processors, village processing units, processors or bulking agents in value chains intermediaries and end users. Grits are and (iii) driving market demand and building prepared by drying grated cassava, which is market share (in, for example, bakery industry, then milled and sieved to produce HQCF. components of traditional foods, plywood and paperboard applications). These intervention The vision of success is that by April 2014, areas were subsequently modified as 4,032 farmers would be selling fresh cassava summarized in Table 2. It supported (a) roots and benefitting annually by an average farmers and farmer/processors in production Table 2: Original and modified objectives of C:AVA before and during project implementation Original objectives Modified objectives during implementation 1 Ensuring a consistent supply of fresh cassava roots To tailor identified demand and sun drying as raw material for processing by intermediaries processing capacity of the identified farmer/ processor associations 2 Developing viable intermediaries acting as To maintain HQCF product quality secondary processors or bulking agents in value chains 3 Driving market demand and building market share Develop a sustainable value chain to end-user (in, for example, bakery industry or paperboard industries applications).

of $102 by end of March 31st 2014 and that and primary processing of cassava and HQCF; 3,730 farmer processors would be benefitting (b) intermediaries to meet the requirements annually by an average of $125 by end of

Farmers/Farmer Processors (often working Intermediaries in groups, two options: Roots End user: e.g. bakeries A. Buys roots from farmer A. Farmer sells roots to an and processes to HQCF replacing 10%-30% of intermediary and sells to end users wheat with HQCF B. Farmer/processors Grits HQCF processes roots into grits Or and sells often using End user: e.g. making service of a Village B. Buys grits from farmer Processing Unit to “instant” fufu or other and mills to HQCF (acting grate/dewater roots traditional products as market HQCF Grated intermediary/bulking Roots roots agent) and sells to end End user: e.g. industrial Village Processing Units users use in plywood products Provides grating/pressing service to farmer/processor

Figure 4: Generalized value chain for High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF)

2Farmer-processors are farming households who process their own cassava production into cassava grits. 3Village Processing Units are enterprises based at the village level that offer a processing service (typically grating or milling) to farmer-processors. These are likely to be micro-scale entrepreneurs typically employing 1-2 people or using family labour. 4Intermediaries are likely to be small-medium scale enterprises. Their primary function is to act as bulking agents to purchase either root or grits from farmers/farmer-processors.. They may also provide secondary processing services such as milling grits to flour/or even in some cases mechanical drying of grits. They sell high HQCF. 5End Users also enterprises, often medium in sized who are users of HQCF. They include bakeries, plywood manufacturers and food processing and marketing companies selling and packaging traditional processed products.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 7 March 31st 2014. Further, at least 2,016 tons composite flours that were initially showing of High Quality Cassava Grits (HQCG) and High very low potential market, now has a high Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF) of consistent potential market demand. Surprisingly the quality would be produced and sold to end anticipated high demand from wheat millers user industries by March 31st 2014 and offer to make composite flours is non-existent. The additional employment to 300 persons. In three new major markets for animal feed, addition there would be additional benefits paper board and breweries that were non- including: employment at the village and existent in 2009 are likely to account for 36% intermediary level, reduced raw material costs of the market share by 2019. This is mainly due for end users, reduced need to import wheat, to the high costs of substitutes i.e. maize bran development of the capacity to upgrade for feed, high costs of importing corn starch other, similar food ingredient value chains, for paperboard and the need to utilize more and, where comparative advantage exists, local resource for the breweries. Market for aggressive exporting. plywood does not feature because they are already utilizing cheaper low quality cassava 2.2.2. Market opportunities studies. flour. C: AVA 2 is therefore designed to meet A market value chain analysis done between the expected HQCF demand of over 30,000 April to June 2009, (AfrII 2009) established the tons per annum as shown in the Table 3. market opportunities in 6 segments totalling to 13,400 tons per annum, (Table 3). The main 2.2.3. Pricing of HQCF market opportunities were rural bakeries, The price of HQCF is based on the general biscuit industry, urban bakeries, wheat flour principle of 80% of the price of wheat flour. milling and composite flour millers. These Based on this in 2009, the pricing was market opportunities are based on partial estimated to be in the range of US $ 446-526 substitution, with HQCF, of competing per ton during the project preparation. products in various industries. Subsequent market studies were done in May 2012. During implementation a farmer participatory cost benefit analysis was done which showed that the cost of producing 1 kg of HQCF was As shown in Table 3 the two studies confirmed between UGX 850-1,080 per kg. Based on this the market opportunities earlier identified in the selling price has been between UGX 1300- 2009. These studies showed that the bakeries 1700 per kg (averaging US $ 600 per ton) thus and biscuit manufacturing have had consistent making it more competitive than corn starch potential demand. They also revealed that

Table 3: Market opportunities for HQCF from 2009-2013 and projections to 2019 Market segment Opportunity for HQCF Market opportunity(tons) 2009 2012 2013 2019 Rural bakeries 5 -10% substitution 300 0 1,000 7,000 Biscuits 25% - 35% substitution 2000 250 300 4,000 Urban bakeries 5 to10 % substitution 7,500 0 2000 7,000 Wheat millers Perhaps 5% substitution 3,500 0 0 0 Composite flour Very limited <100 700 700 2,000 Ply wood textiles small 250 0 0 Animal feed 0 1,600 1,500 6,000 Paper board 0 500 500 1,400 Breweries 0 2,000 2,000 3,750 Total 13,400 5,300 8,000 31,150

1 Banana, maize, rice and wheat based foods have taken increasing market share in rapidly urbanising and affluent Ugandans. The reason for this is that these products have become associated with western style urban ‘progress’ and sophistication in the minds of consumers.

8 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 and wheat flour but not attractive to breweries in all these aspects and is now acting as a and animal feed manufacturers. One- Stop-Centre and service provider in Penetration of the later markets would require areas that support cassava commercialization a reduction in the cost of production so as and industrialization especially in areas to make it more competitive with potential of processing, quality control and market substitutes. The breweries has put the project development and linkages. AfrII’s field on notice to arrange supply of 2,000 tons presence was strengthened with opening of per year of HQCC based on the favourable the Kumi field office in the C:AVA project area. laboratory tests carried out on the samples from four C:AVA processing sites. The sample In the first 3 years, field implementation was tests were carried out in their laboratories in undertaken by the NGOs: Vision Terudo, Nairobi and Germany. MACDO, FADEP-EU. Whereas these NGOs were strong in mobilization of farmers groups and 2.2.4. Major Achievements of CAVA cassava filed management, they had limited Phase 1: experience, knowledge and skills in HQCF value chain development. The knowledge 2.2.4.1. Institutional strengthening: and skills of extension workers and key farmer Table 4: Number of persons trained, their institutions and areas of training in cassava production and HQCF processing. Topics covered Institution Number of trainees Females Males Common errors in cassava P’KWI,TCIP-U,PATA, FADEPU-EU, MACDO, 11 22 production and rapid stem cuttings Pallisa DLG, Kumi DLG, SOSPPA, Vision Terudo, TCIP-U Training of quality regulators in AfrII, P’KWI, AFAMCOS, SOSPPA, EAPPA, 4 7 cassava production techniques by BUKEDEA DLG UNBS Processing and quality control for OKODE, AFAMCOS, PATA, PELUM, P’KWI, 76 95 HQCF/HQCC SOSPPA,EAPPA, VISION Terudo, MACDO, FADEPU-EU, KAMEKE ACE,TCIP HQCF processing site prototype OKODE, AFAMCOS, PATA, PELUM, P’KWI, 76 94 development SOSPPA,EAPPA, VISION Terudo, MACDO, FADEPU-EU, KAMEKE ACE Requisite HQCF/HQCF schedules, OKODE, AFAMCOS, PATA, PELUM, P’KWI, 76 94 records and instructions SOSPPA,EAPPA, VISION Terudo, MACDO, FADEPU-EU, KAMEKE ACE Meeting UNBS certification AFAMCOS, PATA, PELUM, P’KWI, 50 81 requirements and HQCC and HQCF SOSPPA,EAPPA, VISION Terudo, MACDO, specifications FADEPU-EU, KAMEKE ACE Cassava processing and agro Nakasongola DLG, Nakasongola District 17 13 processing technologies Farmers association, ACAPROMA

There was strong capacity building of local institutions. The major institutions trainers was strengthened through training that benefitted were AfrII, Vision Terudo, of trainers on cassava agronomy, pest and MACDO, FADEPU-EU, AFAMCOS, PATA, disease control, designing and setting up of P’KWI, SOSPPA and EAPPA Table 4. AfrII HQCF processing units (based on sun drying was the Uganda implementer of the C:AVA technology), processing safety and quality project and was strong in cassava production control, as shown in Table 4. aspects with limited experience, knowledge and skills in cassava processing, marketing, Training were also conducted in the areas of business development and cassava product equipment fabrication and repair, business development aspects . During the project development, market and linkages and product period, Afrll developed strong capabilities development using HQCF (Table 5). AfrII and

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 9 the trained extension workers undertook were abandoned after the first year. Based on trainings of the beneficiary farmers and farmer observations by C:AVA staff and farmers, NASE processors who are members of PATA, PKWI, 3 (Migyera) showed strong field tolerance SOSSPA, EAPPA and AFAMCOS Associations to CBSD. Studies done in May and July 2013

Table 5: The number of persons trained, their institutions and topics covered in the training (equipment fabrication and maintenance, value addition and cassava business development. Topics covered Institution/ Number of trainees Females Males Fabrication of cassava graters Africa Innovations Institute, Tonnet Agro- 0 3 (800 kg/hour) and press with engineering Co Ltd, Makerere University Agricultural 50 t hydraulic jack (500 kg). Research Institute. Repair and maintenance of AFAMCOS, PATA, P’KWI, SOSPPA,EAPPA, VISION 40 64 processing equipment Terudo, MACDO, FADEPU-EU, KAMEKE ACE Baking using a mixture of AFAMCOS, P’KWI, PATA FADEPU-EU, MACDO vision 97 91 HQCF and wheat flour Terudo, SOSPPA Business development OKODE, AFAMCOS, PATA, PELUM, P’KWI, 76 94 SOSPPA,EAPPA, VISION Terudo, MACDO, FADEPU- EU, KAMEKE ACE

and cooperatives. Currently there is a critical confirmed that NASE 3 showed the least leaf number of trainers who are well equipped with and stem symptoms as well as roots necrosis all aspects of HQCF processing, marketing, (Table 6). Farmers were advised to abandon product development and utilization as shown the susceptible varieties and switch to NASE in Table 5. The project also strengthened the 3. Since then fresh cassava root production ability of the associations to operate as legal has been consistent, available and has been entities that can execute business transactions able to meet the amounts required for HQCF involving contracts. processing at a stable price. 2.2.4.2. Production of fresh cassava roots Apart from its low conversion ratio (4 kg of for processing. fresh cassava root to 1 kg of HQCF), Nase 3 is After the trainers had acquired knowledge and resistant to CMD, has high level of tolerance skills on common errors in cassava production to CBSD, has white flour and other properties and rapid stem cuttings, they were able to train preferred by most end-users. This has made it more beneficiary farmers in PATA, SOSPPA and quite popular among farmers and end users. P’KWI. As a result, several farmers adopted improved cassava farming practices which The trend in volume of fresh cassava roots increased their fresh cassava roots yield from produced for processing from 2009-2014 is 12 to 20 tons per hectare. shown in Fig. 5. Cassava root production for HQCF processing started slowly in 2010; it An attempt was also made to distribute new picked up in 2012 as farmers gain more interest improved cassava lines (TME 14 and Akena) and by 2013, about 8,000 metric tons of fresh but they proved highly susceptible to CBSD and roots were being produced for processing. This

Table 6: Incidence of CBSD (%) on cassava varieties in selected villages implementing CAVA project Location Nandere village Natoto B village Kakuja central village Field No. NASE 3 NAM (TME -series) NASE 3 BIBINA NASE 3 KABARATA KERE (TME-series) (TME-series) 1 6 - 0 88 0 - 2 0 100 0 100 0 - 3 5 - 0 - 0 - 4 4 - 0 - 0 100 5 4 100 0 100 0 - 6 6 - 0 100 0 - 7 0 - 0 67 0 50 8 0 - 0 97 0 - 9 8 - 0 87 0 - 10 5 - 0 100 0 - MEAN 4 100 0 92 0 75

10 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 figure reached 11, 000 tons by 2014. The rapid formed a processing cluster. This was usually at increase in the volume of cassava produced for the parish level. The members of these groups processing was triggered by the demand for (Farmer-processors) were supported to grow HQCF by end users. This stimulated farmers’ their own cassava for processing. interest in producing cassava since they had ready market and could produce, sell and get Several processing clusters formed Processing money readily. Association or Cooperative at the sub-county or district levels’ and were supported to acquire, 2.2.4.3. Processing of HQCC, HQCF and set up processing machines and operate an other products (Gari, Tapioca, starch) HQCF Processing Center(s) (Fig 6). This consists 2.3.4.3.1. Community based processing of a processing shade, machines such as a (CPGs). grater (s), chipper(s), a dewatering machine, a set of sun drying racks, a store and sometimes This was the main strategy adopted for a hammer mill and an underground septic tank implementing the CAVA project - phase one for disposing waste water and other materials. (CAVA I). Through this strategy, farmers were The unit is all enclosed in a perimeter fence organized into groups and several groups to exclude stray animals and other unwanted members. Many of these processing units are certified by UNBS and NEMA.

The processers were trained to produce HQCF and linked to end user markets to whom they would sell their products. They processed HQCF using sun drying technology but later solar drying technology was introduced. 2.2.4.3.2. Adapting and improvement of processing equipment. In the Uganda C:AVA strategy it was decided that processing would be based on equipment existing in the three processing associations before the project implementation started in 2009 mainly by SASAKAWA Global 2000 Fig. 6 Cassava Processing Centre and IITA. This equipment had been acquired

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 11 versions of the press and grater based on IITA prototypes. But even these were made out of ordinary steel with a five ton hydraulic press. With this set of equipment, the quantities were still limited due to the slow dewatering process that would take two –three (2-3) hours. A decision was therefore made by the project management to carry out a regional training in Lilongwe Malawi for Uganda, Malawi and Tanzania potential fabricators. Two engineers from Tonnet Agro-Engineering Co Ltd and Makerere University Agricultural Research Institute Kabanyolo (MUARIK) together with the Country Manager participated in the training. The outcome of this training was a Malawi grater and press prototypes with Fig. 7 Screw press before C:AVA specifications which each country adapted through other earlier projects. During to their local conditions. The transition of implementation, it was realized that the the press types is illustrated in Figs 6a, 6b as equipment were not well suited to production described.

Fig 6a Malawi press prototype Fig 6b Improved screw press by Tonnet

of HQCF. They were not made of stainless 2.2.4.3.3. Building capacity to fabricate steel and were rudimentary with very limited locally improved equipment. processing capacity. (Fig 7) For instance the screw press could not dewater more than As a follow up of the training of fabricators in 200 kg of grated cassava at a go and needed Malawi, local capacity had been strengthened a lot of manual energy that only men would to fabricate processing equipment. Tonnet handle. With such a set of equipment, it was Agro-Engineering Co Ltd in Kampala, had not possible to produce HQCF that met the fabricated and supplied 26 cassava graters and technical specifications and quantities were 26 presses by March 2013 since 2010. While too small to support aggressive promotional IRVIN Global Ltd in Soroti had fabricated 10 activities and the immediate demands. graters and 9 presses by March September 2013. All the above have Malawi or modified To this end Tonnet Agro-engineering Company specifications. There is now adequate local Ltd (Tonet) was asked to fabricate improved capacity to fabricate and supply HQCF processing equipment as well as carry out after

12 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 sales service, regular repairs and servicing. tech Engineering Services in Kampala. NAADs organized a West Nile two-week training for 12 The organizations that have procured the fabricators of graters and presses facilitated by above equipment are from Uganda, Rwanda IRVIN international. and Burundi. In Uganda, Mukono ZARDI procured 2 graters and 1 press from IRVIN However, the quality of all equipment locally Global Ltd for Kisalizi farmers in ACAPROMA fabricated has remained an issue and C:AVA- association in Nakasongola. Daniel Musiitwa Uganda has recognized the need to bring has also ordered for a grater and press. FAO various fabricators together to share on

Table 7: Sun drying space in the HQCF processing sites, 2014. Sn Association Processing site Bamboo racks sun Metallic termite-proof Raised concrete drying space (sq. m) racks (sq.m) (sq.m) 1. PATA Kadama 220 300 0 2. PATA Buseta 260 118 0 3. PATA Kagumu 150 0 0 4. P’KWI Kachede 220 53 0 5. P’KWI Kotiokot 190 48 0 6. P’KWI Kobale 200 0 0 7. SOSPPA Abuket 250 61 0 8. EAPPA Kyere 180 137 0 9. EAPPA Odapaeta 160 89 0 10. AFAMCOS Arapai 0 0 504 Total 1,830 806 504 was linked to IRVIN Global Ltd to procure experiences, agree on specifications and on motorized graters and hydraulic presses while how to improve quality at the commencement Afro-General Engineers and Contractors Ltd in of C:AVA II. UNBS was approached on this Iganga was recommended for cassava chippers. issue and advised that the fabricators can start Due to increasing demand for HQCC, PATA on self-regulation. took 2 chippers for repair in Iganga and P’KWI took 1 chipper for repairs in Soroti. Another fabricator identified for chippers is Agro-

Fig7. Grated Cassava being dried on wooden sun drying racks at PATA Processing Site, Serere district.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 13 2.2.4.3.4. Promoting Flash drying was need for appropriate infrastructure. The technology. type and durability of sun drying racks has transitioned from wooden materials to fully C:AVA made several presentations in the designed metal structures and welded –mesh form of investor packs developed by the for drying trays in order to progressively project to private sector players (such as

Table 8. Production of HQCC and HQCF per site from April 2009 to March 2014 Processing site Quantities of HQCF and HQCC produced (tons) 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 Kadama 2 35 194 209 277 Buseta 0 50 91 152 164 Kameke ACE 0 0 0 0 97 Kachede 5 32 69 207 198 Kotiokot 0 20 35 123 93 Kobale 0 14 0 0 0 Abuket 0 42 227 392 351 Kyere 1 28 165 147 195 Odapaeta 0 0 25 69 78 Arapai 0 0 0 0 260 Loro 0 0 0 0 63 Kisalizi 0 0 0 0 26 TCIP-U 0 0 0 0 120 Bar 0 0 0 0 35 Total 8 220 805 1299 1957 Target 75 216 792 1296 2016 Achievement (%) 10 102 102 100 97

TCIP, WindWood Millers Ltd, Masindi District increasing its lifespan and withstand termite Farmers Association, Katon manufacturers, destruction. Britannia, Riham and Balaji Group East Africa Ltd), on the opportunities in investing in flash In the first 3 years, the infrastructure exclusively drying. So far TCIP has signed an MoU with consisted of raised poles and bamboo racks AfrII/C:AVA to prepare for the procurement totaling to 1, 830 m2 with a capacity to process and installation of a six cyclone flash drier from 4.5 tons of HQCF per day. However these were Nigeria. TCIP and Wind Wood Millers Ltd have susceptible to termites. The capacity was prepared draft business plans that have been further boosted by constructing an additional shared with the C:AVA Project management 806.1 m2 termite resistant raised sun drying for installation of 3 ton/day flash dryers. racks and 504 m2 sq. M of raised concrete platform constructed by World Vision Uganda Katon Manufacturers Ltd has expressed for AFAMCOS (Table 7). interest in partnering with an investor interested in procuring a flash dryer and will 2.2.4.3.6. Amount of HQCF produced. be willing to provide managerial skills. Balaji, Over the five year period, a total of 4,289.05 Riham and Britannia have expressed interest to tons of HQCF and HQCC were processed in buy HQCF from flash dryer investors who can 14 processing sites of which 10 were directly produce certified HQCF with a UNBS quality under C:AVA-Uganda (Table 8). Initially the main mark. Balaji group East Africa Ltd has invested product was HQCF for use as a raw material in paper board and biscuit manufacturing and for the end-user industries. The main HQCF has requested for samples for trial runs in the and HQCC producers were Kadama, Kachede, paper board factory. Abuket and Arapai processing associations 2.2.4.3.5. Developing infrastructure to (Table 8). In the other sites, mostly from our support sun drying. partners, C:AVA provided technical training in HQCF/HQCC processing, quality control, To successfully undertake and support sun product development business development drying technology for HQCF processing there and market linkages.

14 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 drying capacity they have particularly in new During the course of the project implementation, areas and regions such as Arapai in Soroti, Loro a niche market for safe good quality cassava in Oyam, Kisalizi in Nakasongola district. flour grew exponentially hence accounting for 2.2.4.3.7. Processing of Gari, tapioca and 50% of the market share in table 8 and figure starch. 8. Initially for composite flours, HQCF was promoted but consumers preferred flour from In PATA, besides HQCF, there has been

HQCC. As a result the processing sites added a new process line for HQCC based on the same processing of other products namely gari, food safety management principles of HACCP, tapioca and starch. Gari is a versatile product Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for foods because during HQCF processing the wet and drinks, Good Hygiene Practice (GHP) and cake meant for HQCF can be fermented if the quality control checks so as to meet the market weather is cloudy. The gari market is in Kampala and consumer demands. where the buyer packages and re-brands and puts it in the supermarket shelves. There is As shown in Table 8 the project has been able to also a dealer from Nairobi, Kenya who takes more or else meet its targets with 2013/2014 weekly deliveries by bus from Mbale to Nairobi. achievement of 97 %. A major achievement Table 9: List of approved EAC standards for was made from 2011/12 when the quantity cassava and cassava based products of HQCF and HQCC processd increased from Sn Code Name of standard 220 to 805 tons. The trend in volume of HQCF 1 DEAS 776-2012 Production and handling processed from 2009-2014 is shown in Figure of fresh cassava- code of 8. The volume of HQCF processed started practice slowly in 2009/10; it picked up in 2011/12 2 DEAS 778-2012 Fresh bitter cassava -specification as processors gained more experience and 3 DEAS 779-2012 High quality cassava flour- interest and by 2013, about 805 metric tons specification of HQCF were being produced. This figure 4 DEAS 780-2012 Fresh cassava leaves- reached close to 2,000 tons by 2013/14. specification The rapid increase in the volume of HQCF 5 DEAS 781-2012 Biscuits–specification processed was made possible by increasing 6 DEAS 782-2012 Composite flour- the number of processors and expanding the specification 7 DEAS 48-2012 Bread–specification

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 15 Tapioca is sold locally while the starch is sold to in the application of the harmonized Islamic University in Uganda and neighboring standards and secondary schools for science teaching. Starch 3. Increase effectiveness of the regulators is derived from the de-watering effluents. in monitoring compliance to the EAC harmonized cassava standards. 2.2.4.3.8. Quality standards At the beginning of C:AVA in Uganda, there The target countries for the UNBS project were were no UNBS standards for HQCF except for Uganda and Tanzania. In Uganda, the selected general cassava flour that was not related to target areas were beneficiaries of the C:AVA HQCF. During the project life, C:AVA worked project. These were: (i) P’KWI with 82 farmer with Uganda National Bureau of Standards groups in Bukedea district comprising 1,640 (UNBS), Association for Strengthening farmer/cassava processors; (ii) AFAMCOS with Agricultural Research in East and Central Africa 300 farmer/cassava processors in Soroti and (ASARECA) and other East African National Amuria districts; (iii) SOSPPA in Serere district Bureaus of Standards and developed seven with 320 cassava farmers/processors and (iv) East African Community (EAC) Standards PATA with 875 farmer/ cassava processors (Table 9) to support investments in the cassava in Pallisa, Kibuku and Budaka districts. The industry and facilitate national, regional and main outcome of this project was that the international trade in cassava products. It is processors produce HQCF products that meet important to note that the biscuit, composite EAC specifications and standards (Table 10). flour and bread specifications were not new but were modified to allow for the inclusion of Further with support from AfrII, UNBS sent a different levels of HQCF as desired by the end- team of quality auditors regularly to inspect user industries and consumers. The approved the HQCF processing sites. They made several EAC standards for cassava and cassava based inspection visits and provided advice on how products are shown (Table 9). the sites should be reorganized to meet the 2.2.4.3.9. Certification of HQCF by Uganda certification requirements based along the National Bureau of Standards (UNBS). Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) concept. They also organized trainings for After industrial tests and trials, several end- quality control committee members of the users showed enthusiasm to utilize HQCF as HQCF processing sites. a raw material in their industries. However all food industries are obliged by law to utilize In addition, several industries have taken products that have been certified with a quality samples for testing in hi-tech laboratories mark and found to be safe and fit for human in Denmark, Germany and Kenya. Ugandan consumption. These are biscuit manufacturers, industries have also taken samples to test bakeries, breweries, animal feed millers and for their quality specifications. The quality of composite flour millers. The food industry is HQCF tested in the UNBS laboratory showed keen and requires low levels of cyanogenic improvements in the quality specifications, compounds in the HQCF. According to the EAC particularly in areas of moisture content, standards the specification for cyanide must biochemical properties, moulds and bacterial be below 10 ppm but some industries require counts. One of the breweries found that all the considerably lower level of cyanide. The samples sent from 4 processing sites passed food industries insisted that they could only their tests in Germany and has asked AfrII take large quantities of HQCF that had been to initially work out a delivery mechanism of certified with a UNBS quality standard mark. 2,000 t per annum. AfrII approached UNBS who wrote a proposal to ASARECA which was funded. The objectives As a result of training and awareness creation of the project were: of the cassava products EAC harmonized 1. Enhance access and availability of standards, the attitude of the processors information on harmonized East African became more positive and they continued Community cassava products standards, contacting UNBS on their own seeking for 2. Enhance capacity of the value chain actors

16 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 advice and certification. A total of 11 C:AVA- 2.2.4.3.10. Quality of processed HQCF. Uganda quality regulators in cassava production Apart from profitability of HQCF processed techniques were also passed out by UNBS using sun drying technology, the product

proved consistently of very high quality over after 3 subsequent trainings with certificates. the two trial periods. Laboratory analysis The AfrII Food Technologist also had a 2 month results done at NRI, University of Greenwich, safety and HACCP training in the USA funded UK (Tables 10) show the superior quality of the by UASID and is now a certified HACCP trainer. product. Table 10. Laboratory test results from NRI UK for HQCF quality parameters for samples from different processors using sun drying technology, Uganda - June 2012 Association/ Company pH % MC Particle Size Color Odor Foreign matter Test results, June 2012 Kachede-P’KWI 6.4 9.4 ok creamy white slight none Buseta-PATA 6.5 10.6 ok creamy white slight none Kadama-PATA 6.3 13.1 fail creamy white yes Large particles Odapaeta-EAPPA/SOSPA 6.6 10.9 ok creamy white yes - strong none Kyere-EAPPA/SOSPA 6.4 10.6 ok creamy white yes - strong none Abuket-EAPPA/SOSPA 6.4 10.0 ok White none none FGI (Arapai) 6.0 11.3 ok Beige yes dark particles

Test results, Dec.2012 Kachede-P’KWI 6.4 13.4 borderline white Slight none Buseta-PATA ------Kadama-PATA 6.6 13.4 borderline creamy white Slight none Odapaeta-EAPPA/SOSPA ------Kyere-EAPPA/SOSPA 6.3 11.1 ok creamy white Slight none Abuket-EAPPA/SOSPA 6.2 10.9 ok white Slight none FGI (Arapai) 5.1 10.5 ok creamy/beige none none

The processors have got their own brand names and most are certified. They are now The product produced by all the processors aware of the benefits of hygiene and sanitation had excellent pH, moisture content, and the in food and drinks manufacturing and are now particle size was good except for the product paying for the handlers to be checked by the from Kadama – PATA which failed in the June respective district health personnel to be test and was borderline in the December 2012 certified fit to handle food processing. tests just like for Kachede -PIKWI. In addition

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 17 the colour of the product was white or creamy 2012/13 and by 2014, close to 2,000 metric white for all the products, and the odour was tons of HQCF and HQCC were being marketed none or slight for most processors except for annually. The rapid increase in volume Odapaeta and Kyeere -EAPPA/SOSPA which marketed is due to opening of new markets had strong odour. There was no foreign matter as more end users adopted use of HQCF and in samples from all the processors except HQCC. Table 11. Market shares of HQCF and HQCC produced from April 2009 to March 2014 Year End users Rural Urban Biscuits Agri foods Paper board Breweries Total bakeries bakeries manufactures industries manufactures 2009/10 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 2010/11 27 0 133 61 0 0 220 2011/12 276 0 2 361 167 0 805 2012/13 336 302 0 456 205 0 1299 2013/14 496 0 0 1293 155 13 1957 Total 1142 302 135 2171 527 13 4289 Market 27 7 3 51 12 0.3 share (%)

for Kadama-PATA and FGI (Arapai) which respectively had large and dark particles in the The main market outlets for the HQCF and HQCC June 2012 sample but this had been sorted out are shown in Table 11. The main markets are by December. The results demonstrates the agri foods industries that mill composite flours, superiority of HQCF produced by Community rural bakeries and paper board manufactures Based Processors using sun drying technology. followed by other smaller ones such as urban bakeries, biscuits manufactures and breweries 2.2.4.4. Market outlets for the processed (Table 11). The first three respectively control HQCF and HQCC. about one half, a quarter and about one tenth 2.2.4.4.1. Volume marketed. of the total markets available. The rest control about one tenth of the total market. The trend of volume of HQCF and HQCC marketed annually from 2009-2014 is shown in Figure 9. The volume started slowly in 2.2.4.4.2. Market outlets. 2009/10; it picked up in 2011/12 as more end Agri-food industries - composite flour users appreciated the product. Rapid increase market: was witnessed from 2011/12 through to

Figure 10a Variety of HQCF products by local processors. Figure 10b local bakery explains how to make cakes using HQCF

18 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 This is driven by the growing population of the Certification and Quality Mark which costs urban middle and high income class who prefer them about US $ 4,000 in addition to regular to consume safe, quality, nutritious and health laboratory tests; The cost of packaging material foods. Another major enabling factor is the imported from Kenya attracts a high import tax availability of EAC standard for composite flour which is passed on to the consumers. Increasing mix of wheat flour and cassava flour for bread quantities of the composite flours are now and biscuit manufacture. Some of the major exported for consumption to Ugandans in the composite flour millers include: Maganjo Grain diaspora. The millers often get orders of 40 to Millers, Family Diet Limited, East African Basic 100 tons per month which they have failed to Foods, NUMA Feeds ltd, MACO ltd, SESACO meet due to the limited capital outlay. In 2014 ltd, EDRAC ltd, Busia Millers Ltd and Akiba there was an expression of interest to export Products Ltd. 400 tons per month to Botswana, TCIP-U had an order to export 100 ton per month and The millers process and package the composite Family Diet Ltd got an order of 40 tons per flours in sizes that range from 1 to 50kg month. according to customer requirements. These composite flour packages are mostly sold in Rural bakeries the 45 listed supermarkets in Uganda with a This market includes small bakeries and home negligible amount sold by retailers. Some of baking cottages mainly operating in Eastern the major supermarkets selling composite Uganda. Twenty five rural bakeries from Soroti, flours include Nakumatt, Uchumi, Tuskys, Jinja, Mbale, Kachede, Kadama, Abuket and Shoprite, Quality Supermarkets among others. Ongino were trained over the past 5 years. In Generally the supermarket outlets provide total 188 individuals were trained to use HQCF shelf space to the millers and pay them after in baking. This market has been favoured by selling the flour. This tends to slow down their the hike in wheat prices in the last 3 years as cash flows and capacity to expand to meet the well as the preferred taste by local consumers growing market demand. The farm gate price of the baked products with an inclusion of of the HQCC is between US $ 400 to 520 per HQCF.

Figure 11 Variety of HQCF products ton. After cleaning, packaging and labelling, From a commercial perspective, wheat flour the composite flour is sold between US $ costs on average UGX 2,500 per kg (US$ 1.0 per 1600-2000 per ton. kg) from the handful of large millers in Uganda. In contrast HQCF is currently offered between The main challenges faced by the composite UGX1400-1700 (US$ 0.55-0.65 per kg) per flour millers include acquisition of UNBS kg, therefore HQCF moves a huge economic

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 19 sense in bakery. Some of the bakeries that one of the main advantages is that only 150 have taken to use of HQCF is COHAD based in kg of HQCF are required for 1,000 litres of Kumi, is small scale but fully commercialized. water as compared to 200 kg of corn starch to It produces muffins with 50 % HQCF, mandazis obtain a similar type of adhesive. This would and doughnuts with 30 % HQCF and sells its correspond to a 25% cost reduction, assuming products in a radius of 50 km as shown in the that the price for HQCF and corn starch is captions below (Fig 10b). the same. During the C:AVA II investment study several companies expressed a lack of knowledge on how to use HQCF, i.e. mixing it COHAD statement July 16 2013 with other ingredients such as water, borax, and caustic soda and needed to be given -We use 30% in our mandazi and doughnuts. technical assistance in the form of factsheets, -We use 50% in our muffins (queen cakes). -We use 60% in our biscuits. or preferably on-site training will. Plans are -HQCF is adding value to these products and underway to do this. is helping us reduce the cost now the price of Urban bakeries flour has been significantly increased (taxed). (Source: CoHAD presentation, CAVA Planning These are bakeries in Kampala and other major meeting,2013) towns. This outlet has been cautious in using HQCF. Currently C:AVA-Uganda is developing an MoU with Kampala Capital City Authority to carry out an intensive training and promotion Paperboard manufacturing of use of HQCF in baking. This is one of the most promising market Biscuit manufacturers outlets but has remained limited due to The C:AVA project had made a major problems experienced by the manufacturer market penetration when one of the biscuit who had adopted its use and competition manufacturers (Riham) started using and from a cartel of corn starch importers from developed a biscuit based on HQCF. This India who also own the majority of paperboard market was lost when UNBS confiscated a manufacturing industries. consignment of 10 tons from their stores because the HQCF lot had no quality mark. According to the market research in 2012, Due to the difficulty in getting certification and two of the smaller paperboard companies in a quality mark from UNBS, the orders from the Uganda already use cassava starch for their biscuit manufacturers fizzled out. However, SBAs. One sourced HQCF from a C:AVA group this market is still promising because the biscuit (100-200 MT per annum), the other from manufacturers and the C:AVA project have Mombasa. According to this manufacturer, been involved in activities that will facilitate Table 12: Possible biscuit manufacturing – cost savings due to HQCF use Different scenarios using wheat flour and HQCF Value (UGX) Scenario 1 (baseline): 100% biscuit / wheat flour; 100 kg @ UGX 1,880/kg 188,000 Cost savings 0 Scenario 2 (10% HQCF): 90% biscuit / wheat flour; 90 kg @ UGX 1,880/kg 169,200 10% HQCF; 10 kg @ UGX1,500/kg 15,000 Total cost: 184,200 Cost savings (compared to scenario 1) 2% Scenario 3 (20% HQCF) 80% biscuit / wheat flour; 80kg @ UGX 1,880/kg 150,400 20% HQCF; 20kg @ UGX 1,200/kg 24,000 Total cost: 174,400 Cost savings (compared to scenario 1) 7.2%

Source AfrII 2013

20 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 the use of HQCF in biscuit manufacturing. Procurement Officer and Agri-business They participated in standard setting meetings Manager to visit the C:AVA processing sites at the East African Community level. The to verify the capacity to process HQCF/HQCC. standards include use of HQCF in biscuits Thereafter they requested for samples from under certification. Possible scenarios for use Arapai/AFAMCOS, Abuket/SOSPPA, Kachede/ of HQCF in biscuit manufacturing have been P’KWI and Kadama/PATA which they sent studied (Table 12). Assuming a company uses to Germany for testing in the laboratories.

Costs of HQCF (sun dried) and projected market prices, Uganda 900

800

700 Capital costs 600 Other sun drying costs F

C Wet mash processing

Q 500 H

Farmer's margin T /

$ 400 Cost of FCR S

U HQCF price Biscuit 300 HQCF price Rural 200 wheat flour

100

0 Oct-10 Mar-11 Jun-11 Sep 2011 Dec 2011

Assumptions Cassava yield: 12-20 t/ha Cost of labour: US$1 per day

Figure 12: Profitability of sun drying technology in production of HQCF (Source: Hellena 2012) a total of 200 MT of biscuit flour per month, They have been satisfied with the test results scenario 2 would lead to a cost saving of US $ and have expressed interest to enter into a 10,880 per month or US $ 130,560 per annum. contract for supply of 2,000 tons per annum. The total annual demand of HQCF would be C:AVA Uganda is currently working out a of the order of 480 MT if a 20% inclusion rate strategy with the processors in the 3 regions to were to be assumed. Scenario 3 where HQCF meet this order. The main challenge is the low price is reduced to UGX 1,200 per kg would price being offered. There is need to develop even be more attractive (AfrII 2013). The strategies to reduce processing costs to break calculations are based on one mix (i.e. batch) into this market with an anticipated demand of of biscuit dough consisting of 100 kg of flour the order of 4,000 tons per annum. and 40 kg of other ingredients (sugar, oil, etc). Potential of exports for animal feed manufacture: Breweries. An importer from China working in partnership with a Ugandan company is carrying out a During the Uganda C:AVA II investment study, reconnaissance for processing and export of the potential HQCF/HQCC market demand 5,000 tons per month of HQCC for animal feed in the breweries was put at 3,750 tons per in China. Initially they want to commence with annum. This market was pursued by the 200 tons per month and gradually expand the project. A presentation was made to one of processing capacity. C:AVA Uganda advised the interested breweries who subsequently them to consider setting up a processing plant. asked for a sample that they tested in a Nairobi If this leads to a feasibility study, it will be a laboratory. The results were meeting their major area of focus that fits with the proposed quality requirements and they dispatched strategy in C:AVA II. a team consisting of the Quality Controller,

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 21 2.2.4.4.3. Profitability of HQCF from sun institutions and resources and lobbying. drying technology. 2.2.4.6.1. Expos and shows: The costs and profitability of processing HQCF AfrII through C:AVA project participated in a using sun drying technology in Uganda is number of expos and events both nationally shown (Fig. 12). The results show that when all and regionally. The national events were other factors (capital, fresh roots, processing, arranged by AfrII with the participation of drying costs), processors still retain some good selected beneficiary associations while the margins throughout the year, the greatest regional ones were facilitated by the service margin being realized during December, when providers. The most recent ones to be held the price offered by the biscuit manufactures in September 2013 and March 2014 were the was highest. Therefore processors should Domestic Investor Expo 2013 and SME Event always strive to access the highest price 2014. possible. The product remains profitable even when prices are lowest such as in October 2010 and March 2011.

2.2.4.5. Number of beneficiaries from HQCF processing. The two main categories of beneficiaries that were being tracked during the project life were farmers and farmer processors already defined in chapter 2. The beneficiary numbers achieved against set targets are presented in table 13. The numbers for 2013/14 were achieved because of expansion to new processing sites that included Kameke ACE, Loro, Bar, Kisalizi and TCIP-U Table 13: Cumulative number of farmers and Figure 13. Visitors to the AfrII’s stall inspect farmer processors from April 2009 to March and admire HQCF and products during the 2014. September 2013 Domestic Investor Expo 2013, Year No. of No. of farmer processors Hotel Africana, Kampala farmers Target Achieved Target Achieved 2009/10 250 225 31 31 2.2.4.6.2. Stakeholder meetings. 2010/11 432 1342 400 1969 Several project meetings were held starting 2011/12 1584 2800 1465 2463 with the launch workshop in 2009 attended by 2012/13 2592 3100 2398 2650 sixty one participants drawn from Government 2013/14 4032 4078 3730 3737 Ministries and parastatal organizations, 1These were farmer groups Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), farmers’ organizations, the business community and 2.2.4.6. Promoting investments in the the media. cassava industry A number of activities were undertaken to Towards the end of C:AVA I in July 2013 a promote investments in the cassava industry. national workshop was held to seek input These included attendance in expos and into C:AVA II design. During the workshop, shows, stakeholder meetings, presentation of presentations were presented by the investment packs, development of business beneficiary associations and end-user plans, linkages to financial institutions, industries. development of IEC materials, creating awareness and alliances, leveraging other 2.2.4.6.3. Investment packs:

22 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 Following a cost-benefit analysis which showed facilities from financial institutions are: a) that HQCF processing was profitable using flash processing centers; b) bulking and marketing drying, an investment pack was developed centers c) intermediaries or SMEs and d) to promote the investment opportunities. End-users. The finantial institution expressed This investment pack was presented to interest in financing the HQCF value chain prospective investors that included Britannia as they have vast experience in value chain biscuits, Riham biscuits, Katon paperboard financing i.e. Epuripur, sorghum through Nile manufacturer, Tropical Crops Initiative Uganda, Breweries Ltd. Its major condition for accessing Masindi District Farmers Association and credit was to have a closed value chain where Windwood Millers Ltd. the buyer can guarantee a market and a formal contract with producers. 2.2.4.6. 4. Business plan development for investment in flash drying. The interest rate is 12 % for agro-processing TCIP-U and WindWood Millers Ltd have equipment and 25 % for running capital prepared their draft business plans for though negotiable. A meeting was organized investment in flash drying which have been between Post Bank, Eastern Agro-Producers shared with the project. and Processors Association (EAPPA), Kameke 2.2.4.6.5. HQCF shop in Kumi. Area Co-operative Enterprise, Family Diet Ltd and TCIP-U on how to access credit facilities for A meeting with COHAD was held on how to investment in the processing and marketing of set up a shop in Kumi town for their bakery Cassava products. After the meeting Family products made out of HQCF in partnership Diet Ltd signed a contract with EAPPA to supply with AfrII. This would help create more 5 t per month and Kameke ACE in Pallisa to awareness of HQCF to the locals, increase supply 5 t per month of improved cassava chips.

Figure 14. Signing of MOU with potential investors (a) Tropical Crops (Uganda) Ltd; (b) Windwood Millers Ltd consumption and utilization of cassava based Family Diet Ltd. Family Diet Ltd and TCIP U are products, increased market for HQCF and in negotiations with Post Bank to access the improve AfrII and C:AVA visibility in the areas loan facility. The finance institution also asked of operation. C:AVA would fund promotion, C:AVA to explore the issue of guaranteeing the create awareness and conduct more training loans. Other finance institutions willing to give on inclusion of HQCF in baking. loans for players in the value chain include 2.2.4.6.6. Linkages to financial and other Housing Finance Bank, Uganda Development service provider. Bank and Centenary Bank. The actors targeted for accessing the credit

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 23 2.2.4.7. Forging partnership with other timely access to disease-free cassava planting institutions and programmes. material by small-scale farmers resident in cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) and 2.2.4.7.1. Agricultural Technology Transfer cassava mosaic disease (CMD) affected areas (AgriTT). of Uganda. It started in November 2013 and This 3 year project is funded by DFID-UK will run for 4 years. It is recognized that quality through DFID-China. The project aims to work seeds can boost agricultural production by with 40 farmer groups in 4 districts (Kiryadongo, over 40%. In Uganda over 96% of cassava

Figure 16. Potential Partners (a) VECO EA (b) Sefs Word Vision Uganda

Masindi, Buliisa and Hoima) to utilize new farmers access cassava planting materials technologies from China to grow and process from their own saved seed or from fellow cassava in Uganda. It is implemented by farmers whether these are improved varieties MAAIF, AfrII and Makerere University and the or landraces. This poses several challenges, district local governments of Masindi,Hoima, particularly due to the lack of consideration Kiryandongo and Bulissa. for health status and quality of the planting materials. 2.2.4.7.2. The cassava seed system project: This project, funded by the BMGF, aims to The project ensures that seed entrepreneurs improve food security, increase profits and have access to clean cassava seed that they can multiply and sell profitably. The National Seed Certification Services (NSCS) is responsible for the regulation and certification of basic and quality declared planting materials. 2.2.4.7.3. Participatory Ecological Land Use Management (PELUM) The project carried out two sets of trainings in HQCF processing for participants sponsored by PELUM Uganda, an association of NGOs in Uganda. 2.2.4.7.4. Uganda Investment Authority (UIA) Figure 15. Partners on Cassava Seed System A draft Concept note and MoU was developed project in project in a group photo after a to support cassava processing in Nakaseke, meeting on progress of the project. Nakasongola, Busoga and Bukedi regions

24 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 where UIA has a project on cassava value addition. 2.2.4.7.5. KILIMO Trust - Development of Inclusive Markets in Trade and Agriculture (DIMAT) project. Kilimo Trust in partnership with UNDP are implimenting the Development of Inclusive Markets in Trade and Agriculture (DIMAT) in Uganda. This four year project (2011-2014) involves analysis and mapping of strategic value chains, linking producer groups with the market, providing customized business development services among other things.

Figure 17. Hon David Wakikona, Minister of The project collaborated with in areas of State for Trade, Uganda (extreme left) prepares training in HQCF processing and marketing. to deliver his keynote address and to launch the report on the Uganda Cassava Study during the 2.2.4.7.6. Vredesailaden Country Office East on report launch and dissemination workshop, Africa (VECO EA): Golf View Hotel, Kampala, 2014. VECO-EA will collaborate with AfrII to learn and recommendations on cassava was used from the C:AVA experiences. Through this to produce a Uganda country report that CAVA will access and work with the farmers highlighted the linkages between smallholder and organisations developed by VECO-EA poverty reduction, promoting sustainable which has 8,000 farmers organised into 53 development using productivity improvements rural producer organizations at sub county and value-addition along crop value chains level in 8 districts of Kibuku, Pallisa, Bugiri, agenda. Ngora, Tororo, Busia, Iganga and Luuka. 2.2.4.7.7. ACET - Uganda Cassava Study 2.2.5. Success stories AfrII was contracted by African Centre for 2.2.5.1. Introduction. Economic Transformation (ACET) to undertake HQCF has been profitable enterprise and a this study. The overall objective of the study cheap substitute for wheat flour, along the was to find out how to increase cassava value chain. Farmers in Eastern Uganda were smallholder productivity and to improve post- able to produce and supply increased amounts production value (storage, processing, and of cassava roots to processing centers, which market access—domestic or foreign) in order boosted the production of HQCF in the region. to improve the incomes and food security This also facilitated the development of of smallholders in Uganda. It also aims to more reliable markets for processed cassava increase agriculture’s contribution to an products, thus supporting increased incomes overall economic transformation that reduces for the smallholder farmers as summarized poverty in the whole country. This was done below. More details of these stories are given by looking at cassava and their products in in the evaluation and impact section of this Uganda from the point of view of: (a) increasing report. Selected examples of success stories productivity on-farm; and (b) increasing are summarized below. value-capture or value-addition along the product value chain (both on-farm and off- 2.2.5.2. Mr. Eugene Ekinyu (RIP). farm). This helped identify interventions in Mr. Eugene Ekinyu (RIP) a farmer from Serere the production of cassava in Uganda that can district and a beneficiary of the project through be effective in improving productivity and SOSSPA, was able to sell over 45 tons of HQCF raising the incomes and resilience (including by 2011. The participation of Mr. Ekinyu and food security) of smallholders. The findings

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 25 Fig. 18. Mr. Ekinyu (RIP) from SOSPA, prepares and fries his HQCF the income from which he used to buy a truck and house

members of his association led to increased and better housing is illustrated in the captions incomes. “I have managed to educate my below (Fig 19). children. Other members of the association have been able to construct iron sheet-roofed 2.2.5.4. Mrs Zaituni Emuutu. homes and educate their children, while others Mrs Zaituni Emuutu, a member of P’KWI, have bought land to expand their farms” Mr. also benefitted from processing and selling Ekinyu from SOSPA. HQCF to local bakeries and other markets. Through the reinvestment of her profits from 2.2.5.3. Michael Ikara. the project, she was able to start up a thriving In Bukedea district, Michael Ikara, a member of orange garden and livestock farm illustrated (P’KWI) was able to learn improved methods below (Fig 20). of growing cassava. This knowledge boosted both the quality and quantity of his yields, She also trained other farmers for a small and facilitated Mr. Ikara’s gradual increase in fee. One of the trainees had this to say “I am financial gain from farming to trading in HQCF. going to transfer the new skills and knowledge By 2011, he had sold over 6 tons of HQCF to acquired to my fellow farmers and together the existing markets. As a result of his great we shall translate the knowledge into practice. success, Mr. Ikara was able to invest his profits According to my experience during the two in the acquisition of land, expansion of cassava day training, team work is the best way to go production, and construction of a permanent in order to achieve High Quality Cassava Flour home for his family. His improved practices within 24 hours. Fortunately, the market is

Figure 19. Improved housing structure built by Mr. Ikara using income from sale of HQCF

26 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 Fig 20. Mrs Emuutu bought land and Ox ploughs and set up a citrus orchard with income from HQCF readily available and the price is better than Amidha Abdallah, a resident of Soroti District the usual flour we have been making. So, we are sure that our determination and effort will 2.2.6. Lessons learnt pay off”. 1. Involving local NGOs requires direct 2.2.5.6. Joseph Engwedu supervision by AfrII, AfrII was originally mandated to supervise local service providers, Joseph Engwedu, an entrepreneur in the to implement the project due to weaknesses baking industry substituted wheat flour for in the contract issued to them. However , it HQCF in his brand of bread “Fena Bread”, a proved difficult difficult for AfrII to effectively product of Josa investments. On discovering supervise the NGOs and ensure the timely the high demand for the HQCF product, Mr. achievement of project deliverables. Therefore, Engwedu was able to fully adopt the use of in order for the project to work efficiently at HQF in producing bread for his market in national level, national institutions like AfrII Eastern Uganda. should directly engage local service providers to implement activities. He asserted, “I was surprised by the delicacy of bread I made with the partial substitution of HQCF. Now I know that using HQCF will ultimately widen my market base” “The bread is a bit heavier than the one we usually make using wheat flour, the gold colour of ready bread has also become more attractive and the taste is ok. These plus the fact that it costs less than the wheat flour qualifies it to be a suitable substitute with which we can address the challenge of fluctuating prices for wheat flour that has for long affected our business”

Some bread consumers in Soroti who tasted bread made from a combination of wheat flour and HQCF had a positive feedback. “It tasted like they had added some eggs to the usual mixture, the texture was also much thicker and Fig.21. Members of Community Processing heavier than the usual bread. I consumed just Group in Alito sub-county turns over their 2 instead of the three tosses for a meal” Says grated cassava as it dries on raised drying racks dry.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 27 should specialize in cassava root production 2. Demonstrating potential use of HQCF to end and increasing yield, while the few emerging users creates demand for the product. The farmers with entrepreneurial skills and SMEs gradual increase in demand for HQCF was a can invest in processing. Business models result of demonstrating the benefits of utilizing should then be strengthened to instill HQCF as a partial substitute for competing raw responsibility and build trust between root materials such as corn starch and wheat flour suppliers and processors. to end users. This demonstration involved the development of customized investor packs 6. Recover starch loss during dewatering. projecting the financial savings, outlining the According to results of labaratory analysis, social impact of the investment and conducting HQCF has approximately 50 % less starch than trials. This showed that it is possible to develop HQCC. It is believed that this starch is lost and expand market for cassava products if the during de-watering in the HQCF processing end user can clearly see the benefits. procedure. This starch can be recovered from the effluent as a bi-product. 3. Conducting trial rans with end users leads to adoption. Supporting end users to conduct 7. Encourage equity and transparency in the trials in utilizing HQCF as a raw material for their CPGs. Most of the associations were grappling industrial products led to creation of interest with governance issues which were having an in HQCF once these trials were successful. impact on the participation of other members. However, due to the fact that adoption of Only a few well established farmers (especially HQCF involves extra costs and risks such as the founders and their families) were changing of production lines or formulas, benefiting from the activity. Therefore, early there was a recurring need for assurance on identification of these members within an the consistency of the quantity and quality of association and providing them incentives to HQCF. This is a key aspect to address in order allow other members participate is necessary. to ensure market creation for HQCF.

4. End users require ready raw materials not investment to produce it. Though the end users were interested in the product and could clearly see the benefits of investment, they were reluctant to take on the extra responsibility of investing in the processing of HQCF. Thus, the project would see more success in identifying and supporting SMEs/investors to specialize in processing of HQCF rather than focusing on end users integrating in the value chain.

5. Encourage specialisation along the value chain farmers cant be both producers and processors. In a bid to develop the HQCF value chain, smallholder farmers were supported Fig.22. Members of Kyere Processing Group, by the project to vertically integrate into Serere district demostrates value added processing and utilization of HQCF. However products they have made from HQCE. our experience has shown that transforming ordinary small scale farmers into processors, agri-business dealers and product developers is 8. Building and cementing a good working a gradual process that cannot be accomplished relation with the government and government in a short project life. Thus the project needs agencies greatly helps to galvanize support for to encourage specialization along the various the project. segments of the HQCF value chain. Farmers

28 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 9. Stimulate local use of the product. The quality and consumed by the poor had a great training of rural SMEs to utilize HQCF provided influence on the adoption of HQCF as araw an instant market for HQCF as their demand material for industr.ial products. End users in the was easily satisfied by the processors. Kyere food industry who are largely influenced by the processing site in Serere, has been supplying perceptions of their consumers were reluctant at least 2-5 bags of HQCF weekly within Kyere to adopt HQCF, particularly the bakery industry Trading Centre. The proceeds from these where wheat flour is considered superior to supplies enabled the site to process and deliver cassava flour. However, where demonstration HQCC to Family Diet which resulted in the of HQCF processing and sensory testing of award of a supply contract. Thus creation of various bakery products from HQCF have been markets at rural level to absorb some of HQCF carried out interest and appreciation of HQCF produced by processors provided an incentive by both the end users and the consumers has and working capital for increasing production been achieved. Thus changing this perception and quality to meet urban market demand. through sensory tasting, promotions and creation of awareness is the key to boosting 10. Sun drying based on community processing acceptance and utilization of HQCF in food and SMEs is a viable, effective and profitable industries, especially bakery. technology for drying HQCF. The sun drying technology based on the HACCP procedure 14. Financial institutions are willing to enabled production of HQCF that was provide value chain financing. Thiss is if the compliant to quality standards. relationships among actors in the value chain is formalized with contracts. Thus contractual 11. Promote setting up and use of permanent agreements between farmers, processors and drying ralks. Sun drying trays forged out of markets in the HQCF value chain can increase bamboo and wood were vulnerable to attack access to financial services for all the actors. by vermin such as termites. The project hence promoted metallic drying trays, which were 15. Always seek buy-in from stakeholders. found to be more durable and economical but Advocacy and publicity campaigns promoting were more expensive and limited the available the benefits of the project to the local sun drying space. farmers were also instrumental in seeking a buy-in from stakeholders. Thus supporting 12. Build and support local capacity to fabricate association members to set up processing sites equipment. Farming Associations were through cost sharing by different stakeholders originally selected on the assumption that in the community is instrumental in ensuring they had existing equipments for processing. utilization of the facility by members and However, the equipments were found to be backstopping by the local government. rudimentary and not of food grade. Based on this, AFRII and NRI agreed to acquire better 2.2.7. Implications for the CAVA 2 equipment from Tonnet Agro-Engineering Co project Ltd which were found to be ineffective during project evaluation. Attempts to build the 1. Promote investment in flash drying. C:AVA capacities of fabricators in forging stainless 2 shall promote investment in flash drying by steel equipment was constrained by regular SMEs so as to address the need for end users breakdowns. Therefore, it is important to build to have an assured source, quantity and quality capacity of fabricators and support them to HQCF. This will involve conducting study tours continuously interact with processors so as for interested SMEs with developed business to make suitable, effective and more efficient plans to demonstrate flash drying technology equipment. for HQCF processing in countries where it’s working. In addition, risks of investment by the 13. Change perception of the public on the SMEs will be minimized by providing incentives inferiority of cassava products. The negative and buying out some of their risks. perception on cassava products that are poor

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 29 2. Recover starch from the effluent. The HQCC value chain actors through formal HQCF processing procedure should be revised contracts/MOUs should be promoted using so as to recover starch from the effluent. This approaches that will increase the level of trust may involve the inclusion of a container to trap and commitment among the key players in effluent from the press and then allowing for the value chain. This should enable C:AVA to the starch content isto settle before decanting. become an enabler in the value chain. AfrII This recovered starch could be added in the should also be supported to become a one- HQCF to increase starch content if high starch stop-center for information regarding cassava is required or sold as a bi-product. This would commercialization and use as an industrial significantly add value per unit processed. crop. The AfrII websites should be further developed to cater for this and be linked to 3. Reduce costs of HQCC/HQCF processing. the main C:AVA site. Mass promotion of HQCF/ A direct intervention should be made in HQCC and other cassava products will be reduction of costs of HQCC/HQCF processing emphasized through exhibitions, stakeholder through supporting fabricators to make forums and media as there is need for more improved processing equipment (graters, exposure of the products to the public. chippers etc) with high efficiency. Research should develop CBSD resistant varieties with high dry matter content and thus lower conversion ratios. Fabricators of cassava processing equipment should be supported to form a platform to promote continuous sharing and learning; and lobby for standard specifications for cassava equipment. This platform will thus be linked to UNBS and the Uganda Association of Professional Engineers to develop the standards and certify them.

4. Use existing processing sites as community based incubation centers. Existing processing sites should be used as community based incubation centers for training, demonstration and meeting local demands within the catchment area; and recruitment centers for SMEs and investors in HQCF processing. Any new community based processing units should be set up as cooperatives to minimize dominance by founders in order to promote equity. MOUs between the C:AVA project and supported processors (including processing associations and SMEs) will be developed to spell out the contributions of each partner and lay out the exit strategy. The project will work closely with local government agencies such as DCOs, local health inspectors and DAOs to enhance their collaboration and ensure their support to the HQCF processing sites. In C:AVA 2 or other future projects, government should always be integrated in the process.

5. Collaborate actively with other value chain actors. Collaboration among HQCF/

30 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 2.2.8. Impact Evaluation of the household interviews and Focus Group C:AVA project. Discussions was made up of 325 randomly picked households (out of target of 360) 18 2.2.8.1. Introduction and Evaluation randomly picked groups spread over 9 clusters Methodology out of 72 active groups, and all 4 associations. Data generated was entered and analyzed An end of project evaluation for CAVA was using SPSS & STATA computer applications. Key carried out during August - October, 2014. findings were obtained through comparison This report presents a summary of the main at project area level among the treatment findings; key lessons learnt; recommendations and control groups, and over time. Some and conclusions on the performance of comparisons between Associations were also the project. The logic behind C:AVA theory made. of change is that; if large enterprises start using cassava flour, and large numbers of small farmers can supply this new demand, a 2.2.8.2. Main Findings substantial number of sustainable market led Demographic and socio-economic new livelihood opportunities will be created. characteristics are typical of Ugandan small holder farm households and village locations. At the time of design in 2009, C:AVA Uganda Household size average is 7.4, with nearly was expected to reach and enable 16,000 50:50 male : female; young population (49.6%) farm households to increase their income by below 16 years; 81% basic literacy rates, but a minimum of 50% through regularly supplying on average only 27.3 % with improved housing 10,700 tons of HQCF and grits of consistent (concrete floors and iron sheets on roof); quality into the emerging cassava-based Households that reported increase in income products market. This would simultaneously of over 20% from the project start were 5.2% enable at least two intermediaries to profitably on average. Non CAVA project area realised buy and process smallholder farmers’ cassava larger income reduction rate (averaging 10.2%) roots into HQCF for the plywood, food compared to 1.8% in the CAVA project area. In processing and bakery industries in Uganda. addition, households whose incomes reduced The project was also to ensure that two end in non CAVA area by 20% during the project users have profitably substituted portion of period (2009 - 2014) were 13.5% compared to their annual raw material input demand with only 3.2% in the project areas. HQCF. Farming was reported as the largest major During the strategy refresh meeting in 2012, occupation (85% ) of farmers in the project project targets, objectives and needed area. Atleast 44% of the households engage activities were scaled down partly because of in trading as a minor occupation. Livestock lack of reliable source of good quality disease- owned by HH as farm assets include: chicken free planting material in the country, and high as most kept among the livestock at 51.2 % cost of operating motorized dryers. Revised of total livestock (in terms of numbers) with targets were that the project would benefit cattle at 16.2 % and goats at 15 % as second 7,762 households by April, 2014. and third most kept animals respectively. A total of 4,032 farmers would sell fresh cassava roots and receive benefits of USD 102 per year on average. HQCF would be produced Ownership of mobile phones improved among with consistent quality and purchased by end- households in the CAVA project area since the user industries by 2014 and 300 persons would intervention began. The number of households get additional employment. without any phone reducing from an average 69% in 2009 to 54%. By 2014, the number Evaluation data was obtained from both of households with at-least 2 mobile phones secondary sources (project documents) increased among male household members and primary sources. Sampling frame from from 24.2% in 2009 to 45.6% in 2014. This which data was collected through individual increase doubled among female HH members;

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 31 from 6.3 % in 2009 to 13.2 %. Similar figures in Cassava is major crop grown in both CAVA non-CAVA areas were much lower. & Non-CAVA areas out of the first 8 most important crops. The farmers are mainly engaged in three activities: cassava production, An average of 70% of HH in CAVA areas could processing and marketing. At least 4% of the find a drug shop within walking distance groups engage in production alone; 65% from their homes. This means that HH are engaged in both production and processing now able to “purchase” health care services. and 27% engaged in the entire process until Only 10.5% of the road network within the sale of HQCF. Over 42% of all groups are led by project area is tarred but reported to be in women as chairpersons and overwhelmingly bad condition. Another 42% is both un-tarred 73.7% of treasurers in all farmer groups and in bad condition leaving only 47% in fairly are women. On support services, CAVA is good condition but un-tarred. There is limited supporting the majority of service provision connectivity to the national power grid for to farmer groups and associations and other households in the CAVA project area. Though support is being provided by other partners on average, 25% of households had access such as Vision Terudo, aBi Trust, CIP and to hydroelectric power in their communities, NAADS. Other service providers are Sasakawa, which is significantly higher than the national NASSARU, KADO and FADEP. average now (2014) estimated at 10%.

In terms of farmer level indicators, households that possess between 1-5 acres of farm land constitute 50% of the total sample with 27% owning over 5 acres of CAVA areas. The average farm holding was 2.1 acres, and 1.7 acres in non-CAVA HHs. Cassava was the main food crop grown, with 74.9% in CAVA areas reporting it as number one most important crop followed by sweet potatoes at 37 %. Only 14 % in non-CAVA areas reported cassava as number one crop - but still ranked as number one.

Reduced food self sufficiency, which may lead to insecurity is felt in CAVA areas more around Fig24. A grater (front) and presses (back0 used April up to August. However, less than 20% in processing of cassava by project members felt food insecure at any one time of the year. An average of 58% of various decisions in the Most groups received training in HQCF households are made jointly between female processing. Sun drying has been instrumental and male household members in CAVA areas. in reducing the cost of cassava processing This is slightly more than in the non CAVA areas and at the same time keeping the product where 57% was recorded. from distortions associated with drying on the ground and other post harvest losses. Almost On farmer group organization, an indications all farmer groups (at cluster level) have set of institutional stability, most farmer groups up similar raised beds to sun-dry the cassava. (81%) have formal registration and hold While groups incur initial sunk costs to set a registration certificate from sub-county them up, the cost is offset by the value of using and district authorities. However, with the beds for many subsequent seasons. few exceptions, most of the groups have membership below 25 farming households, Field assistants were able to find processing but relatively low membership turnover. Over equipment in use (Fig25) at various processing 76.4% of the members felt that the groups are clusters for the various associations. functioning well.

32 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 Ultimately increase in the volumes of HQCF will determine the success of clusters, associations, farmer groups and individual households. Due to pressing financial needs it has not been possible for most farmers to process all their cassava into fine HQCF instead they prefer to sell grits earlier on in the value chain. Our observations are that volumes and quality of HQCF will increase as more returns accrue from this process; and more farmer households will be willing to see their produce through to the final stages of the value chain.

According to communities, key benefits from CAVA project are: Fig25. Sun drying of grated Cassava on raized 1) Increase in income that has led to better racks health outcomes, enabled household to Availability and access to this equipment has afford fees, build permanent houses and turned around the fortunes of farmer groups purchase other non-food items; and lowered the cost of processing since most 2) Acquisition of knowledge about cassava of the work is being done in bulk. production and processing from various training sessions attended which has With deepening of rural electrification by translated into increase in yields and Government it is hoped that more of this production as well as income; equipment if availed will increase value 3) Increase in food security; addition and incomes for farmers while 4) Increase in group cohesion and solidarity; reducing the cost of transporting dried cassava 5) Exposure to new markets (schools, hotels, to these (mostly urban based) processing prisons, and rural bakeries). firms. The four aspects that majority desire to see Training provided through farmer groups emphasised and tackled during any follow up has made it possible for quality control at phase are: the household level with innovative ways of 1) Increase access to agricultural loans making it possible. There is also better product through farmer associations or groups. handling and quality control as (Fig 26). In this regard most farmers needed ox ploughs purchase motorcycles to transport the bulk; 2) Better storage facilities for harvested and processed cassava; 3) Increase in access to better processing equipment to produce more HQCF; and 4) Certification of the HQCF by UNBS.

In Cassava production, processing and marketing, 24% of households in CAVA area plant newly released and improved varieties (NASE 13 and NASE 14), compared to 19% among non CAVA households. A large proportion of farmers (42%) in the non CAVA area and 29% in the project area depend on fellow farmers for planting materials, and from Fig26. A member of the Community Processing own farms - initially obtained from research groups sieves grated HQCF to ensure quality and fineness of particles

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 33 Table 13. Cumulative Opinion of contributory factors that have caused the most significant change since project inception 2010 Association Progress EAPPA P’KWI PATA SOSSPA Makers Situation now now Situation compared 2010 to main contributing factors now Situation compared 2010 to main contributing factors now Situation compared 2010 to main contributing factors now Situation compared 2010 to main contributing factors Group farm Considerably 1,3 Considerably 1,4 Considerably 1,2 Moderately 1 - Productivity better better better better improvement Steady supply Considerably 1,3,8 Moderately 1,8 Considerably 1,2,8 Moderately 1,4 of roots, high better better better better quality of roots - own farm and from other sources

Group strength Moderately 1,2,5 A little better 1,4 Considerably 1,4,6 No change 8,9 as measured better better through turnover and profits

Members Moderately 1,2,3 Considerably 1,4,8 Considerably 1,2,3 Moderately 1,8 incomes, from better better better better contribution to group activities Food and Moderately 1,2,3 Considerably 1,2,3 Considerably 1,2,3 Moderately 1,8 nutrition better better better better security Group A little better 1,6,5 Considerably 1,6,5 No change 9 No change 5 functioning - better leadership and governance Change in No change 1,6,2 A little better 5,8,1 No change 1,4,5 No change 5,1 group numbers Women role in Moderately 1,2,3 Considerably 1,5,3 Moderately 1,2,3 Moderately 1,2,3 group activities better better better better and in decision making- production, processing and marketing Access to credit No change No No change 3,8,9 No change No No change No and financial response response response services Group linkages Moderately 1,3,5 A little better 1,6 A little better 1 Moderately 1 and marketing better better collaborations Any other No change No Moderately 3,6 Considerably 1,4,8 Moderately 1 groups / response better better better individuals “copying” the approach from your group?

Key: 1- C:AVA support, 2 – Government support, 3 – Other agencies support, 4 – better economic conditions /better margins from Cassava farming and processing, 5 – Group leadership and governance, 6 – Group cohesion and solidarity, 7 – Support from other NGOs /agencies, 8 – Individual members own efforts, 9 – Remunerative market linkages /relationships

34 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 and Government extension services. Very their first opportunity to participate ina few (2.1% and 0.9% use manure/ fertilizer group and carry out collective/community and herbicides respectively) in cassava processing. production areas, while a significant 16% apply recommended spacing. At least 24% of According to the communities there has been households in the CAVA areas get 3 tons while significant change on the cassava landscape 8%-11% receive 3-6 tons of fresh cassava roots since project inception (Table13). per acre compared to 5% on non CAVA area and 1-3% receiving 3 and 3-6% respectively. Major changes are in increase in farm At least 94% of households agreed that more productivity, volume and quality of roots processing of cassava into HQCF is being done supplied for processing ; household income; now than at the time of the project’s inception. food and nutrition security of beneficiary households; and access to credit, financial Total volume of processed cassava flour stood and other services. There has also been major at 260 tons in the last 12 months in the four improvement in farmers and SME insitutional Associations alone (excluding AFAMACOS, etc). strengthening, partnerships and linkages with Out of this total, about 70 tons were processed outsiders and the market. Great progress into HQCF, HQCG and HQCC. Most of the were also recorded in areas of women associations possessed cassava processing empowerement. The main contributing equipment. However, while the installed factors to these changes are the CAVA project grating / chipping capacity stood at an average intervation of government and other agencies, output of 8 - 10 tons per day, the mostly single group learning and strenght and access to installed press had capacity of 1 - 2 tons per markets (Table13). day. This means that limited quantities of HQCF can be processed at any one day because The challanges facing the cassava value chain pressing has to be done within minutes of are summarised in Table 14. In the production grating to prevent fermentation setting in. Lack segment , the challanges are scarcity of land, of capacity of pressing grated cassava mass lack of good quality planting materials, high is therefore a major limiting factor in HQCF mechanisation costs, and affordable capital. processing. This needs to be looked into a a lack of processing equipment, inappropriate matter of urgency. technologies and problems associated with market for flour and roots. Access to services From group members that participated in the is also a challange for many actors. survey, 43% believed that since the project’s inception, there has been a slight change in processing of cassava with 57% still noting 2.2.8.3. Implications and Conclusions that there hasn’t been much of a difference In terms of effectiveness and impact, at group in the level of processing. Most respondents level 65 % of groups surveyed are engaged felt that overall the project made a significant in both production and processing, and 27 % contribution in the following three areas: are engaged in production, processing and marketing, against only 4 % of groups engaged a) The project has increased the volume of in just fresh tuber production alone. processed cassava by 73% from where the processing was before the project by making available the needed technology to CAVA has successfully introduced quality process the cassava into HQCF; cassava processing as a key element in the b) Through organization of production and commodity value chain. Equipment provided marketing, the project has provided new and processing skills imparted through various opportunities for farmers to sell cassava as trainings have capacitated the groups. The a result of community/group processing; foundation for use of processing technology c) Up to half of the farmers group in the CAVA driven agriculture development in poverty area noted that this project has provided alleviation has been created. Forward and backward linkages have also emerged in

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 35 the form of fabricators for equipment used have improved for 16.9% of these farmers who in processing, input dealers as backward reported average increase in income of over linkages, and processing level employment, 20% since 2009 when the project started. transportation, bulking of sale produce as some of the forward linkages that have scope The increase in livelihoods is also evidenced in for expansion and deepening. increase in ownership in household assets like mobile phones, improvement in the quality TheCAVA-1 project exceeded its target of of housing, and improvement in literacy. reaching 7,762 households farmers and Overall CAVA project has made a significant processors and achieved 7,815 farmers (4,078 contribution to increasing the volume of farmers and 3,737 processors). Livelihoods processed and marketed HQCF by providing

Table 14. Household perceptions of challanges along the cassava value chain : Red = severe; green = modorate; and yellow = no much of a problem Very Serious Moderately No serious serious problem Cassava Production Lack of sufficient land to farm 31 22 32 15 Lack of sufficient labour for farming 16 24 42 19 Inadequate planting materials and other inputs 13 30 16 42 Not enough mechanization equipment available 15 23 29 33 Mechanization where available is too expensive 32 35 - 33 and unaffordable Lack of capital and funds to run farm 33 36 27 3 Problems associated with land tenure - 20 27 53 Animals destroying cultivated cassava farms - - 82 15 Unstable prices for cassava inputs 51 33 6 9 Cassava Processing and Marketing Lack of sufficient cassava processing equipment 38 51 7 4 Lack of sufficient labour for processing - 13 52 32 Lack of raw materials - 18 20 59 Lack of clean water 19 6 10 61 Lack of capital and funds to run processing unit 4 15 47 4 Technologies are not appropriate to existing 8 29 39 20 processors situation Problems of processors recalling the main features - - 25 63 of technologies introduced to them Problems of getting adequate follow-up and - 24 32 40 advice on processing from extension /service providers Problems associated with marketing of processed 54 39 - 4 cassava products Problems associated with marketing cassava roots 33 17 11 35 Access to Services Some farming Technologies being advised are not 8 11 53 24 appropriate to existing farmer’s situation Problems of farmers recalling the main features of - 4 - 85 technologies introduced to them Problems of getting adequate follow-up and - 24 24 48 advice from the extension workers Lateness in supplying technology packages 17 23 28 29 Distance of the extension /community - 19 51 26 development workers offices to the village Problems of securing loans/credits for farming 26 63 - 7

36 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 processing equipment, organizing the farmers low as possible to incentivize the progression into producer and processor groups as well as along the value chain. The survey noted that linking them to markets. there were gaps at processing level especially in provision of equipment (with a matching The project has opened new market capacity complement) to enable more efficient opportunities for smallholder farmers to processing of cassava. It is important therefore market their cassava through the sale of HQCF. to invest further in processing equipment Many farmers acknowledged that it is their at levels that reduce marginal costs of value first time to get involved in collective/ group addition to maximize returns from HQCF. The processing and marketing. change of focus to sun-drying made processing in Uganda more cost efficient and manageable Areas of under achievement (especially where among farmers while minimizing post-harvest no change was noted) include: losses. • Group strength as measured through turnover and profits At marketing level: Overall, the volumes of • Change in group numbers HQCF processed remain lower than expected • Access to credit and financial services due to the cost associated with processing; sale of cassava by farmers before being 2.2.8.4. Overall Lessons, Strategic processed and limited equipment. According Conclusions and Recommendations: to the survey about 63% of all farmer groups Market and investment studies, which and associations sell their processed cassava as established (and estimated) an existing and a group or individuals occasionally (compared growing demand for HQCF and other cassava to 27.3% who sale through groups regularly). products were only carried out in 2012 and Those that regularly sells through contract are 2013. These partly informed revision of project only 26%. Limited collective sale of cassava targets. These are critical studies and were products through processing clusters is linked most useful during project design. They also to limited sale contracts between the farmers informed implementation approaches and and end users. Progression towards contract targets to be achieved. In this way costly mid- sales is highly recommended as it guarantees term project design changes can be minimized. intermediate market and unleashes confidence among processors. In addition, there were At production level: Over the duration of also minority concerns that certification of the the project, farmer organization improved HQCF by acquiring the S-Standard of UNBS is and this created structures through which an issue that needs to be addressed to increase farmers obtained modern and disease the credibility in the market resistant planting varieties. Because of the benefits realised by the households involved At the overall management level: While in the project, more households have joined CAVA has been the main provider of service the farmer groups. As farmer groups expand, support to farmer groups, associations and their prudent management through clusters clusters, other organizations including aBi and association is critical for the sustainability Trust, Vision Terudo, Sasakawa, KADO, FADEP of current achievements of CAVA. A critical (many contracted by CAVA) and others were aspect is galvanizing organized production also contracted to improve the functionality of through building farming capacity at the the group networks around which the project household level. It is important to improve is premised. It was evident that there is more farm productivity particularly yields that drive external service support and time needed for cassava production with both food security this support to yield the desired impact at and commercial orientation. the group and farmer levels especially around processing, quality control, book keeping and At processing level: For farmers to maximize group dynamics. Sustainability will be ensured the benefits from cassava production, the if the project set up a business development subsequent cost of processing should be as framework that links processors with end

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 37 Figure 27: Organisation of a future similar project CAVA-2.

users who demand the HQCF and HQCG in the project area and Kampala; This should be supported by negotiated sales contract that guarantee the market for the produce.

At a stategic level it will be good for the project to strengthen its current ties with the district local governments in the project area as well as with strategic NGOs with which it could synergize (for instance Enterprise Uganda which has a track record of providing technical support for SMEs in the agricultural sector). More work is also needed to encourage more market end-users to increase substitution use of HQCF in their market products. A schematic presentation of the organisation of a future similar project (CAVA_-2) is illustrated in Fig.27.

38 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 2.3. The Cassava Adding Value demand for 69,030 tons of fresh cassava roots (FCR) to be supplied to processors by for Africa Project – Phase II smallholder farmers. The key focus areas are to: (CAVA II) (1) increase fresh roots yields and productivity of smallholder farmers (SHFs) cassava 2.3.1. Introduction. production; (2) develop and continuously expand cassava processing capacity of small The C:AVA II project is a five year project which and medium scale entrepreneurs (SMEs) and started in April 2014 and ends in March 2019. Community-based Processing Groups (CPGs) It is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates using sun drying, solar drying and flash drying Foundation (BMGF). The project is led by the technologies; (3) expand cassava products Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta options, and market opportunities for (FUNAAB), Nigeria. Africa Innovations Institute processed high quality cassava flour and other (AfrII), the Food Research Institute (FRI), similar products. Ghana, the Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre (TFNC), Chancellor College, University of Malawi (UNIMA) and the Natural Research Specifically, the above would focus on (1) Institute of the University of Greenwich (NRI- developing new markets for cassava products UoG) -UK and the International Institute of and linking smallholders and processors to Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Nigeria, are the the markets, at scales that will enable the implementing partners. The CVA II project farmers increase their incomes and adopt areas are shown in Fig.28 below. new productivity enhancing technologies. It is expected that through these, the project will increase the incomes of value chain actors, Project objectives. The overall CAVA II project especially (23,010) smallholder farmers and objective is to create, by 2019, an annual (462) processors in Uganda by at least USD

Figure 28: Details and locations of the Uganda C:AVA II project areas ( green shaded area in the Lake Kyoga Basin).

Sub-region District Bukedi Pallisa Kibuku Budaka Teso Bukedea Kumi Ngora Serere Soroti

Amuria Katakwi Lango Kole Oyam Apac Dokolo Amolatar Lira Alebtong Otuke Central Nakasongola Nakaseke Kiryandongo Luwero

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 39 Table 15: Summary of key Indicators of progress towards achievement of target Projects Target Actual achieved Achievement (%) 1. Yield increase (tons ha-1) 12 ? - 2. Demand for (volume of) FCRs from smallholder 12,289 10,954 89 farmers going into targeted value chains (tons) 3. Total income 856,529 1,404,724 164.8 Total smallholder farmers income (USD)589,881 451,736 76.5 Income from processors (USD)266,647 952,998 357.4 4. Number of processors 103 82 - SME- Flash dryers 2 0 SME - sun drying 25 30 120 CPGs 78 52 66.7 5. Potential markets (tons fresh roots equivalent) 12,289 7,823 - HQCF - baking products (tons) 6,989 3,252 46.5 HQCF – paperboard (tons) 974 51 5.2 Grits - animal feed (tons) 945 0 0 Grits – beer (tons) 3,381 7,465 220.8 Gari- (tons) 0 186 Opportunity Source: CAVA II project report 2014

12,609,934 million in 5 years. The project is and financial institutions on investing in cassava also expected to open markets and stimulate processing. This attracted 525 participants sales of more than 183,547 tons of fresh (403 males) from Kampala, Nakasongola, Lira, cassava roots, from SHFs, into HQCF and other Apac, Soroti, Pallisa and Ngora (Table 16). cassava product value chains; and to work along the cassava value chains and remove Table 16: Participation at the Business bottlenecks that have slowed growth and opportunity meetings progress during previous project phase. The Meeting Participants target for 2014/15 is shown in Table 15. Centre Male Female Line Total Key beneficiaries. The key beneficiaries are Nakasongola 78 25 103 farmers, members of community processing Apac 99 32 131 groups (CPGs), SMEs, other traders, end-user Soroti 45 8 53 Pallisa 54 32 86 industries and financial institutions engaged Ngora 49 12 61 in the cassava value chains. The project Lira 78 13 91 specifically targets smallholder farmers who Total 403 122 525 grow and sell cassava fresh roots to Community Processing Groups (CPGs) and process the The objective was to stimulate capital balance traditionally for home consumption investments into HQCF processing and and sale in the traditional markets. CPGs are markets. These were coupled with series of those whose members process cassava fresh group and individual investment meetings roots into HQCF and High Quality Cassava Chips held in Kampala and Kumi. CAVA II provided (HQCC). The main end-user industries targeted appropriate information packs to various include biscuit manufacturers, paperboard categories of potential investors in the cassava manufacturers, bakeries, composite flour value chain; provided business support millers, breweries and animal feed millers. A services in form of market information, significant portion is used by the rural bakers business plan templates, packaging and based in rural growth centers who sell their branding, quality assurance, advisory services products in markets, schools and shops. and certification. Draft business plans were 2.3.3. Facilitating business developed and used to guide the processors opportunity meetings for investors in financial acquisition for investments and maintenance of businesses. The business CAVA II organized and facilitated six business opportunity meetings were beefed up with opportunity meetings for existing and potential processing demonstrations, especially in up cassava processing entrepreneurs, end-users country areas.

40 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 Figure 23. (Left) HQCF business opportunity meeting held at UBL, Luzira in Kampala, 2014; (Right) AfrII staff demonstrates cassava chipping during a meeting in Kamake, Palisa district, 2014

2.3.4. Developing Capacity of emphasized for any organization or individual to shine. Trainees were encouraged to always Stakeholders have continuous capacity development, Capacity of AfrII staff developed: The develop new devices with practical values and Agricultural Innovation Engineer was sponsored unearth new knowledge. by the project to attend intensive training workshop on proposal writing, grants sourcing 2.3.5. Strengthening capacity of and intellectual property held at FUNAAB- implementation partners Nigeria from August 5th-7th , 2014 (Fig 30). The training workshop was convened to educate The aim of this activity is to support and build participants from Uganda, Ghana, Tanzania, capacity of implementation partners to enable Malawi and Nigeria on the importance of them mobilize farmers and farmer groups to grants management and intellectual property adopt improved cassava technologies and to rights. Writing winning grant proposals and produce enough fresh cassava roots for sale to scientific papers were covered. Members processors. The project facilitated 26 meetings were encouraged to pursue teamwork, on cassava production, targeting the identified collaborate and build good relationship with and existing cassava processing units. others partners. Having good track record was

Figure 30. Mr Ogwang S.B of AfrII in a photo during the training.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 41 These came from the districts of Nakasogola, UNBS inspected, prequalified 10 of these Nakaseke, Lira, Apac, Otuke, Soroti, Amuria, processing units for certification. On HQCF Ngora, Bukedea, Pallisa, Bukada, Kumi, production and business management, Ngora, Serere, Jinja, Iganga, Kiryandongo, several Farmer Groups, twelve SMEs and Kabermaido, Aleptong, Dokolo, Amolotar, Kole, CPGS from the project area were trained Oyam, Kitgum, Butebu, Kamuli, Mukono, Bigiri and backstopped in record keeping, cost

Table 17: Capacity building (Training and mentorship) of SMEs and CPGs 2014 Capacity building 2014 Male Female Total Record keeping 220 310 530 HQCF processing & quality standards 1683 2425 4108 Business skills 1903 2735 4638 Cassava production and best agronomic practices 267 329 596 Raised drying racks fabrication 22 0 22 Solar screen drying technology 62 51 113 Total of beneficiaries 4157 5850 9477

and Kibuku. Details of the participants and saving, business planning and management, contents of the trainings are summarized in care and maintenance of equipment and Table 17. The meetings enabled the farmers, processing areas, and proper HQCF storage (as processors and aggregators to create business summarized in Table 17) linkages and networks. A total of 9477 out of whom 5850 females benefited (Table 17). Reporting formats, cost estimates, daily stock sales and expenditure templates were 2.3.6. Supporting value chain developed and provided to them and other actors in business management processors who could not attend the training. and meeting HQCF quality control. 2.3.7. Strengthening capacity Members of 26 processing units (CPGs and SMEs) were trained and backstopped on for fabricating and maintaining HQCF processing, good quality management equipment practices, HACCP and promotion of good The program identified and trained 22 male business management practices (Fg 25). local fabricators from Kampala, Nakasongola,

Figure 25. AfrII team (standing) facilitates a cassava production meeting in Pallisa, 2014

42 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 Figure 26. (left) Members of Otuke 306 Mixed Farm Ltd receive training on HACCP forHQCF processing; (right) Records and business management training in Kagumu ACE, Palisa district, 2014. Lira, Apac, Soroti and Kumi districts in 2.3.8.1. Recruitment of new SME fabricating, installing and maintaining cassava processors. processing equipment such as graters, New SMEs processing cassava were recruited chippers, sun drying racks and solar dryers, from different regions of the country, profiled dewatering machines and presses. Four and supported to produce and market HQCF to machine fabrication centers (Pentagon and existing markets (Table 18). Most of the SMEs Tonnet in Kampala), SIAMMCO in Soroti and identified were from Teso, and Lango regions. another one in Iganga towns were contracted Some were from Bunyoro, Busoga and Buganda to make processing equipment for several (especially from the districts of Nakasongola). CPGs and SMEs in order to expand cassava Teso region had the highest number of new processing capacities in the project areas. At SMES recruited because the CAVA project least a total of 308 garters, 308 presses and started from there in 2009. The number of new 158 chippers were fabricated and sold to processors by districts are shown in Table 18. processors (Fig 26). At least one or two processors can be found 2.3.8. Expanding HQCF processing in each of the districts mentioned. More new processors are located in Nakasongola, Ngora capacity. and Soroti districts. This is because the CAVA

Figure 27. ACAGA from Alito receives a chipper from Pentagon Engineers Ltdproject

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 43 has operated longest in these districts and has composite flour and starch from cassava. stimulated great interest among the potential Others such as NADIFA, etc, are also interested processors. in investing in a flash dryer. They did a feasibility study in flash dryer business but Many of the processors are either individuals, have opted to start with sun drying. Within groups or associations. Some have 30 VSLAs the 32 profiled SMEs, existed 2345 acres of through which members save and borrow mature cassava roots enough to produce 402 money. Most of them have 25-100 acres of HQCF. The neighboring cassava famers had cassava; some infrastructure (grater, chippers, a mature cassava root of 6920 acres with an presses, drying racks and milling machines) HQCF potential of 1185 tones (Table 19). for processing cassava; and are producing 2.3.8.2. Recruitment of new Community and selling local chips, HQCF and Gari to local and urban consumers. Some are already Based Processing Groups (CPGs). doing business in mobile chipping especially New CPGs processing cassava were recruited in Mukongoro, Kanyum, Butebo, Agule sub from different regions of the country, profiled counties in Teso region. A few have up to and supported to produce and market HQCF to 1,829 m2 of drying racks for cassava chips and existing markets (Table 20). Most of the CPGs grits. Cereal World located in Jinja in particular identified were from Teso, Lango and Bukedi have a network of 10,000 farmers each with regions. Some were from Busoga and Buganda 1-2 acres of cassava in Apac, Pallisa, Budaka, (especially from the districts of Nakasongola). Soroti, Bulisa and Hoima; Nwoya, Busia and These are the focus districts of CAVA and Namutumba. They have a bin dryer and are AgriTT projects. Teso region had the highest interested in buying a flash dryer. number of new CPGS recruited because the CAVA project started from there in 2009. The They plan to invest in production of ethanol, number of new processors by districts are

Table 18: Number, districts and regions of Uganda from where new SMEs were recruited and profiled in 2014 for processing HQCF Regions of Uganda Districts Acholi Buganda Bukedi Bunyoro Busoga Lango Teso Grand Total Ngora 4 4 Nakasongola 3 3 Soroti 3 3 Kiryadongo 2 2 Lira 2 2 Masindi 2 2 Oyam 2 2 Alebtong 1 1 Amuria 1 1 Apac 1 1 Budaka 1 1 Bugiri 1 1 Busia 1 1 Iganga 1 1 Jinja 1 1 Kaberamaido 1 1 Kaliro 1 1 Kumi 1 1 Luwero 1 1 Nwoya 1 1 Otuke 1 1 Pallisa 1 1 Grand Total 1 4 3 4 4 7 10 33

44 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 Table 19: Number of new SMEs recruited and profiled per district in 2014 and amount of mature cassava (FCRs) available from own fields and the neighborhood for processing into HQCF. Own mature fresh cassava Neighbors fresh cassava roots roots and HQCF equivalent and HQCF equivalent (Tones) (Tones) District NO of New FCRs( Acres) HQCF FCRs HQCF SMEs equivalent equivalent

Amuria 1 100 17 900 154 Soroti 3 600 102 500 88 Pallisa 1 700 120 600 103 Apac 1 120 21 100 17 Bugiri 1 50 8.6 400 69 Nakasongola 3 45 7.7 500 86 Kaliro 1 20 3.4 20 3 Jinja 1 80 14 1000 171 Otuke 1 45 8 30 5 Iganga 1 45 8 30 5 Lira 1 15 3 200 34 Alebtong 1 100 17 800 137 Ngora 4 100 17 1000 171 Busia 1 20 3.4 200 34 Masindi 2 20 3.4 300 51 Kiryadongo 1 100 17 30 5 Luwero 1 10 1.7 50 9 Budaka 1 10 1.7 50 9 Nwoya 1 50 8.6 50 9 Oyam 2 50 8.6 20 3 Kaberamaido 1 15 3 30 5 Kiryadongo 1 30 5 10 2 Kumi 1 20 3.4 100 17 Total 32 2345 402.5 6920 1187 Source: CAVA II project report 2014 shown in Table 21. At least one, two, three or as with Kumi District Farmers Association who four processors can be found in each of the membership stands at 4,000 and have 12,000 districts mentioned. More new processors are acres of cassava. In many cases, members of located in Kibuku, Bukedea, Ngora and Serere this group collect funds for buying processing districts. This is because the CAVA project and drying equipment and distribute cassava has operated longest in these districts and stem cuttings to members. Some such as has stimulated greater interest among the AFROSEN own and hire tractors for planting potential CPG processors. cassava and they do mobile cassava chipping and grating. Within the CPGs existed a total of Most of the CPGs have processing sheds, 8,481 members with mature roots of 42,405 stores, cassava chippers and graters, sun acres with an HQCF equivalent of 72,693 tones drying racks. Membership varies from about (Table 21). 30 members to as many as 4,000 members

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 45 Table 20: Number, districts and regions of Uganda from where new CPGs were recruited, profiled and supported in 2014 to process HQCF Regions of Uganda Districts Busoga Buganda Bukedi Lango Teso Grand Total Kibuku 4 4 Bukedea 3 3 Ngora 3 3 Serere 3 3 Alebtong 2 2 Kole 2 2 Nakasongola 2 2 Oyam 2 2 Apac 1 1 Bugiri 1 1 Kumi 1 1 Lira 1 1 Grand Total 1 2 4 8 10 25 2.3.8.3. Repair of old and faulty with Pentagon Engineering Ltd for repair of processing equipment. these equipment. A set of 4 was repaired by December 2014 and the rest were repaired in There were a number of CPGs in the project 2015. A number of the CPGs were members areas who had faulty cassava processing and pay annual subscription to Village Savings equipment acquired from other agricultural and Loan Schemes (VSLS). development projects. At least 26 sets of these were identified for repair. The project Some members were able to mobilize credits negotiated and entered into an arrangement from these schemes to set up the minimum Table 21: New Community Based Processing Groups (CPGs) identified and profiled District No CPGs Beneficiaries Total FCRs for processing and HQCF equivalent Females Male Total FCR ( Acres) HQCF equivalent (MT) Kole 2 45 15 60 300 514 Oyam 2 28 16 44 220 377 Aleptong 2 86 38 124 620 1,062 Kumi 1 2,500 1,500 4000 20,000 34,285 Kibuku 4 438 146 584 2,920 5,006 Bukedea 3 690 230 920 4,600 7,886 Apac 1 198 161 359 1,795 3,077 Serere 3 285 95 380 1,900 3,257 Lira 1 225 75 300 1,500 2,571 Bugiri 1 71 39 110 550 943 Ngora 3 702 398 1,100 5,500 9,429 Nakasongola 2 244 256 500 2,500 4,286 Total 25 5,512 2,969 8,481 42,405 72,693 Source: CAVA II project report 2014

46 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 Figure 28. (Left) Members of PATA (Kadama) CPG receive training on grating and (right) drying of grated cassava for HQCF production, 2014. processing infrastructure based on the and supported a number of CPGs and SMEs business plans developed by the project and in Nakasongola and Lango regions to set up approved by members. In addition, many permanent drying racks (Figure 30). These were organizations partnered with the project to serve as demonstrations in the new project to assist CPGs and SMEs set up processing areas. The members were encouraged to have facilities. These partners were Kilimo Trust, exchange visits to facilitate cross learning and VECO EA, World Vision Uganda, FAO, District to attract more prospective members and Local Governments, Uganda Investment other organizations to invest in processing and Authority, Sasakawa Global 2000, Hope, Cereal sun drying technologies. A total of 30 cassava World, AgriTT. processing units complete with processing sheds, chippers or graters, and permanent

Figure 29. Members of Alito CPG receive training on processing HQCF (Left). Demonstrating chipping FCR (Right). drying racks were subsequently set up through 2.3.8.4. Expanding processors’ sun support from collaborating partners such as drying capacity. World Vision, FAO and NAADS. These led to supply, by smallholder farmers, of 7, 822,672 To stimulate HQCF processing and demand tons of fresh cassava roots for processing for fresh cassava roots, the project carried out into HQCF. A total of 2000 tons of HQCF was a capacity needs assessment for processing realized and sold to specified markets.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 47 Figure 30: Fabricating and setting up permanent metallic drying racks at 306 Mixed Farm Ltd, Otuke district, 2014

2.3.9. Introducing efficient flash gari were 10,954 tons which was 89 % of the target demand for baking, paperboard drying technology into Uganda. and brewing industry as at December 2014. The project presented investor packs to The 10,954 tons of FCR sold earned the nine potential investors. These are Cereal smallholders an equivalent of US $ 451,736. World, TCIP-U, Windwood Millers Ltd, Adyaka This is because 2014 has been a favourable Wholesalers Ltd, 306A Mixed Farm Ltd, cassava production year due to adequate rains Yield Uganda, Pamrone Investments Ltd, and the price of roots remained at US 29 to 58 Agrideco Ltd and Charles Akora. They have per ton. However in Uganda most of the SHFs been assisted to prepare business plans and are also members of the CPGs that benefitted the project arranged, in March 2015, a study from the US $ 952,998 (357.5 % of target) visit to Universal Industries Ltd in Malawi for earned by processors. This reinforces the the investors to familiarize themselves with flash drier operation. Four most promising investors (Cereal World, WindWood millers, Figure 31. Proportions of FCRs(tons) sold to different end user markets in 2014 Adyaka Wholesalers and 306A Mixed farm Ltd) undertook the visit. Two of those who went to Malawi made a business decision by end of March 2015 to order for a flash drier. Brewery Composite Flour millers Local bakeries The two are WindWood Miller Ltd and Adyaka Biscuit Paperboard Gari supermarkets Wholesalers Ltd. Already they have invested Stock large tracts of land where some have planted 186 84 over 50 acres of cassava; have warehouses 919 or stores; trucks, tractors and would mainly need to finance the procurement of the flash 1032 drier, its shipping and installation. Some have approached financing institutions and are likely to make up their minds after the trip. At 51 least 2 are most likely to order for a flash drier. 217 2.3.10. Creating demand for fresh cassava roots for HQCF processing. 5,334 The FCRs sold for processing into HQCF and

48 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 project’s strategy of deliberately developing opportunities and threats the processors some SHFs into SME processors or supporting face and to develop recommendations and SHFs to organize themselves into groups to strategies to address them and to exploit the process their FCRs into HQCF so that they can opportunities. maximize their incomes. 2.3.11.2. Methodology The processed product was sold to biscuits, A team of cassava experts , agriculturalists and paperboard, composite millers, local bakeries business development specialists visited and and gari producers (Figure 37). Of the had key informants interviews (KIs) and focus 10,954 tons of FCR produced, 7,465 tons of group discussions (FGDs) with local agricultural FCR processed into HQCF was sold to one officers and CPGs and SME processing HQCF, breweries alone. Most of the HQCF sold to and HQCC in Kumi, Paliisa, Otuke, Lira, Apac, the breweries was through Aggregators. these Bukedea, Amuira, Soroti, Kole with the purpose are Uganda Limited, YourChoice Limited, of understanding their investment needs and WindWood Millers Limited, Acila Enterprises challenges and opportunities. Focus group Limited, Namunkekera Limited, Bisoboka discussions (FGDs), individual interviews General Enterprises Limited, among others. and site observation was used to obtain the The aggregators collect HQCF from different relevant information. The main tools used CPGs and SMEs and assemble them before were prepared checklists and questionnaires. delivery to the breweries. However in some instances where focus group discussions could not be possible, the The brewery market is growing rapidly and team relied on KIs, individual interviews and all the breweries are increasing the amount site observation approaches to obtain the of local materials used in production. Lager necessary business information. Data was beers brewed from local materials like analysed using SPSS and Stata. The work was cassava, sorghum and maize have lower excise conducted in September- December 2014 duties and are cheaper, more affordable and 2.3.11.3. Findings and Recommendations now account for most of the beer sold and consumed in rural areas. 2.3.11.3.1. Characteristics of processing 2.3.11. Building capacity of cassava processors in business development and management. Akullu A., Okello G. O., F.Alacho, Ijala A., Ogwang S.B., Awio T., Otim D., Asere G.

2.3.12.1. Introduction The CAVA II project launched its intervention in April 2014 building on the lessons learnt from CAVA I. The aim of CAVA II is to create an annual demand for 69,030 tons of fresh roots from smallholder farmers by 2019. It is targeted that these roots should be processed Figure 32: Needs identification meeting in by SMEs using sun drying and artificial flash PATA, Kibuku district drying operations, and community processing groups using solar and sun drying operations entities while farmers sell fresh cassava roots to earn a A total of 18 processing entities in eastern and minimum of USD $200,000. In order to achieve northern Uganda were sampled. Of these, these, capacity building of the processors was six were SMEs and twelve were registered crucial. Therefore, a study was conducted Community Processing Groups or Cooperatives to understand the strengths, weaknesses,

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 49 (CPGs). They engage in cassava as a major farm and processing units for training of their crop for their livelihoods. Many of the CPGs communities in the areas of good cassava operates on annual subscription, shares, and production practices, agribusiness skills and membership fees. They grow and process investment generation to raise funds for their their own cassava and also run a micro-credit enterprises. and savings scheme from which members 2.3.11.3.2. Strengths and weaknesses of save and borrow money. The SMEs finance HQCF processors their own operations and farm as a business. Some have a network of farmers who supply Strengths. The greatest strengths of the them with cassava roots for processing, and processors (Fig. 33) are their extra interests can borrow money under village savings and in processing and baking cassava, good loan association (VSLA). Others offer their accessibility to cheap and plentiful cassava

33

Fig.34

50 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 roots for processing and are located in areas 2.3.11.3.3. Challenges and threats facing with low cassava disease pressure. Many of the cassava processors. CPGs have large number of members who are The challenges facing the processors are active and highly motivated. Some own full set shown in Fig.35 and Fig 36. The main ones of processing machinery, have adequate HQCF are high interests rates on loans; shortage of production and storage capacity and have had investment capital, and inadequate leadership long association with the CAVA project which and business skills. has imparted in them good processing skills.

Fig.35

High labour and transport costs; competition Some are organized, efficient, motivated, from other foods and from established are credit worthy and have big ambition for processors; and unfavourable weather cassava processing. conditions for drying during wet seasons are also important challenges. Others are weak The main weaknesses of HQCF Weaknesses. organizational structure, limited sun drying processors are shown in Fig 34. The main capacities, and poor storage facilities, among weaknesses facing most of them are poor others. organizational structure, insufficient drying space, limited business skills, weak business The main threats (Fig. 36) in cassava processing leadership, limited capital and high reliance include inadequate finances for processing on grants. Some of them lack processing investments, and competition from HQCF machinery and structures, produces products substitutes and from other processors who of low quality, are inflexible in pricing of HQCF, are already established in the business. Other lacks adequate processing and marketing threats include high transport and production skills, have poor clients’ relationships and lacks costs, reliance on grants, weak team work and a village saving culture. internal organization for some CPGs and SMEs.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 51 Fig.36

2.3.11.3.4. Opportunities and interventions in areas of group dynamics, governance and required to address weaknesses and threats. accountability. Addressing weaknesses. There is huge capacity at AfrII’ CAVA project for training and Therefore the key interventions to address mentorship of processors in various aspects the weaknesses (Fig.37) are training and of cassava production and HQCF processing, mentorship in: quality control and enlisting entrepreneurship and business development. UNBS certification; business skills and In addition UNBS is willing to work with AfrII leadership development, savings and resource and the processors on quality control and mobilization, cost saving and price control, certification of products. Further, there are access to markets, and strengthening group some organization who are willing to either dynamics, governance and accountability.

Fig.37 Interventions to address weaknesses of processing entities

partner with or provide some funding for agro- Addressing threats. There are opportunities in processing. AfrII and its partners are willing to identifying and specializing in niche markets. link the processors to these sources of finance For instance, the paperboard and brewing and partnerships for processing machinery. industries require special types of HQCF The AfrII team and partners are also willing which are very different from the ordinary to train and strengthen the CPGs and SMEs cassava flour. This is a huge market. Therefore

52 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 processors can specialize in producing products 2.3.11.3.5. Performance of processing for this market. They can also diversify their entities products to capture other specialized markets. Performance were assessed of processing Opportunities also exist in acquiring skills entities (14 CPGs and SMEs) in terms of the in market penetration and development, quantity and quality of HQCF processed accessing finance, grants and low interest and sold; their level of business skills; team loans. The AfrII team and its partners are motivation; and organization and management well positioned to assist the processors in of the business entity. The ratings were based these aspects. There are also opportunities on 0-10 scale where 0 = upcoming, 1-4 = weak, for the processors to partners with others to 4-5 = basic, 5-6 average, 6 -7 = good, 8-9 = share costs, and capture economies of scale. very good and 10 = excellent. Results of the Opportunities also exist at AfrII on training assessment is shown in Table 22. in business management, leadership, team building, governance and accountabilities Of all the processors, Afamcos (CPG), Kameke, which processors can tap into. Solar and flash Akuta (SME), Pkwii and Buseeta had produced dryer technologies are now available. These at least over one hundred metric tonnes of can overcome the threats posed by weather HQCF in 2014. Production of HQCF by the during sun drying. others were low and some such as Anotocao

Fig 38. Intervation for addressing the threats

and Agege, had hardly started production. Therefore interventions (Fig. 38) to address Many of them had received training in these threats are: promoting differentiation product quality management but have not yet and diversifications of products, enhancing applied this knowledge in processing. Of the skills of processors in access to markets, processors only two entities (PATA and PKWII) grants or low interest loans, leadership and had received UNBS certification, the others are business management, costs cutting and yet to be certified. The levels of business skills record keeping, partnership to share costs and were low among all the processors except for capture economy of scales. Processors will also PATA and PIKWII who had a fair to good level of need special skills in team building, governance business skills. and accountabilities, and should be assisted to Level of organization and management of the use weather independent drying technologies processing entity was fair to average for most such as solar and flash dryers. of them except for Agege, Buseeta, Afosen,

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 53 Ebukit and Akuta were it was weak. Team business entity, team motivation or quantity motivation was generally high for most of of HQCF produced by processing entities was them especially for Adyaka Wholesalers Ltd, investigated (Fig. 40). Level of organization and 362 Mixed Farm Ltd and Amac Investments management of the business and motivation Table 22: Details of perspectives of cassava processing entities in Uganda, 2015 Site Business Motivation Organisation & Quantity Quality certification of product by Skills as a Team Administration of Product UNBS (Kgs) Adyaka (SME) 4.5 9.1 6.3 46,160 Trained but not yet applied for it Amach (SME) 5.1 9.0 6.1 42,874 Trained but not yet applied for it 362 Farm (SME) 4.5 9.1 6.2 21,100 Trained but not yet applied for it Akuta (SME) 2.1 7.6 4.5 178,310 Applied for it Anot Ocau 2.1 8.3 5.4 0 Trained but not yet applied for it (CPG) Agege (CPG) 1.1 2.0 1.1 0 Trained but not yet applied for it Ebukit 3.0 7.7 4.6 61,200 Applied for it Afamcos (CPG) 3.5 5.4 5.4 206,200 Trained but not yet applied for it Alito (CPG) 4.2 8.7 5.6 5,150 Trained but not yet applied for it Afosen 2.2 7.5 3.4 19,087 Trained but not yet applied for it Kameke 5.5 8.7 6.0 180,600 Trained but not yet applied for it Pata 7.4 8.2 6.2 53,000 Obtained UNBS mark Pkwii 6.8 8.0 6.1 132,400 Obtained UNBS mark Buseeta 2.0 7.0 3.0 127,400 Trained but not yet applied for it

Ltd processing entities whose team motivation of the team increased to a maximum and were very high. declined slightly as the level of business skills of the managers increase. The relationship 2.3.11.3.6. Link between capacity and was best described by a polynomial equation performance of processing entities Y = -0.2057x2 + 2.3632x - 0.3686, (R² = 0.8241) Business skills. Relationship between and Y = -0.2754x2 + 2.8562x + 1.6028 (R² = level of business skills and either quality 0.5479) for the former and latter respectively. of organization and management of the Similarly, quantity of HQCF produced increased

Fig.39

54 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 Fig.40

as the level of business skills increased. These and shall require further investigation. results indicate that business skills has a big impact on how an organization is managed Team motivation. Relationship between and the level of motivation of its staff. It business skills, team motivation, on levels of further underscores the cardinal importance organization and administration of processing of business skills on the performance of an entities is shown in Fig. 41. Levels of organization. Performance of the processing organization and management of processing entities will therefore depend on an optimum entities increased with increasing levels of level of business skills, organization and business skills and motivation of its staff. It management of the processing entity and levelled off with further increases in the two motivation of its staff. Companies with good factors. The relationship was best represented levels of these factors tend to perform better. by a polynomial equation Y = -0.2057x2 + A processing entity striving for success should 2.3632x - 0.3686, R² = 0.8241. therefore ensure these issues are addressed and balanced. The results indicates that as team motivation and business skills increase, the levels Organization and management. The effects of organization and management of the of both business skills of staff, organization processing entities will also increase to a and management of processing entities on maximum beyond which further improvements staff motivation is shown in Fig. 40. The level in the two factors will have little or no effects. of team motivation increased as both business This emphasizes the importance of balanced skills and organization and management of the and adequate levels of team motivation and processing entities increases. This reached an business skills of staff on the organization and optimum and remained so as the two factors management of the entities. It is therefore increased. The relationship was best described important that processors improve and by a polynomial equation Y = -0.2754x2 + balance the levels of motivation and business 2.8562x + 1.6028, R² = 0.5479. However the skills of its staff it they want to excel. two factors could only account for 55% of the variation, implying that other factors in addition Performance. The motivation of team and to management and business skills, are also effects on performance is shown (Fig. 42). The important in team motivation. These could be results show two distinct clusters of processing terms and conditions of service, remuneration entities. The first cluster, the lower right hand and working environment. Unfortunately these cluster, consists of processing entities with high factors were not examined in the present study level of motivation, good to fair organization

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 55 Fig.41

and management arrangements, but have neither motivated nor producing. Members of low production. Most of them are SMEs. The this cluster are new and have not yet started members in this cluster are highly motivated fully in the business. but the production is still low mainly because they are business minded new entities which The results show that staff motivation and have recently joined the CAVA project. good level of organization and management are required for good performance. Therefore The top right cluster is characterized by processors should aim at achieving good level those with good to fair organization and of management and staff motivation if they administration arrangements. They have high want to succeed in the business.

Fig.42

level of motivation and high production. This 2.3.11.4. Discussions and cluster consists of SMEs and CPGs who have Recommendations been in the business for quite some time and The results have given a deeper insight into have received more mentoring from the CAVA the functioning of the cassava processing project. CPGs and SMEs, particularly their strengths, weaknesses, challenges and the threats The third but small cluster are those who are which they face. It has clearly brought out a

56 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 clear link between capacity and performance training and mentorship in business skills of processing entities and the opportunities development, marketing, governance and interventions required to address the and leadership, resource mobilization weaknesses, challenges and threats. Of critical for investments, processing and quality importance is the need to build capacity in management, group dynamics, team building business skills, leadership and governance, and motivation. Improving access to finance team motivation and organizational and low interest loans or grants; encouraging

Fig.43

development and management in order to business opportunity meetings, exposure improve performance. visits, and linking processors to markets; co- ownership of processing and drying machinery The general recommendations to improve and forging partnerships with others should performance of the processing entities also be undertaken, among others. Specific are summarized in Fig. 43. Among the top recommendations for each processing entities general recommendations are: conducting are given in Fig. 44.

Figure 45: ACAGA at Alito, Kole district hosts a demonstration and a mother garden, provides training services to other farmers

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 57 AGEGE

OPIO SAM OPIO

ALITO ALITO

AFAMCOS

AFUSE AFUSE

ANOT OCAU OCAU ANOT

Ebukit

Akuta Akuta

AMACH

KUDAFA

Buseta

Kagu

PATA

Kobale

Kotiokot

PKWI

Buseeta

High quality cassava flour processors in Eastern and Northern Uganda Eastern in flour processors High quality cassava Kameke

Support expansion to new markets markets new to Support expansion Training and mentorship in market penetration and development penetration in market and mentorship Training services business development access to Facilitate value chain actors with other and interactions linkages Facilitate sites the processing at members of non-community training Encourage for processor model business and organizational of suitable Development Training on group dynamics and team building and leadership, etc. building and leadership, dynamics and team on group Training Expanding on sun drying racks capacity to 1 ton per day. 1 ton to capacity Expanding on sun drying racks activities generation investment independent Encourage etc. markets, farmers’ visits, exposure business opportunity meetings, Encourage Further the potential of processors to acquire flash dryer and drying systems and drying flash dryer to acquire of processors Further the potential Assist in securing sun and solar drying system to boost quality and production quality and production boost to system in securing sun and solar drying Assist technologies. for loans interest sharing and low cost finance, access to Improve Facilitate access to local and community markets to stimulate production production stimulate to markets and community local access to Facilitate materials and use of quality planting production Promote for investments mobilization in resource and mentorship Training Link processors to more markets to stimulate processing initiatives initiatives processing stimulate to markets more to Link processors Reinvesting in processing with 50% of profits generated from sales generated with 50% of profits in processing Reinvesting Forge partnerships with others to improve access to machinery, drying systems machinery, access to improve to with others partnerships Forge relationships and client management, governance, on leadership, Training and quality management on processing and mentoring Training Stimulating cassava processing by cost sharing for equipment and drying system. and drying for equipment sharing cost by processing cassava Stimulating Conducts trainings and mentorships on business skills, marketing and leadership on business skills, marketing and mentorships Conducts trainings Figure 44 : Plan for addressing weaknesses, challenges, threats and opportunities facing each cassava processing entities in Eastern and Northern Uganda, 2014 and Northern Eastern in entities processing cassava facing each and opportunities threats challenges, weaknesses, addressing 44 : Plan for Figure to be implemented Activities

58 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 2.3.12. Building synergies with 2.4. Cassava Growth Markets other projects - Cassava Seed Project Systems project. Alacho F.O., A. Ijala, S. B. Ogwang, G.W. Otim- 2.3.12.1. Demonstrations and training in Nape and G. Aseere seed production. 2.4.1. Background The CAVA program created synergies with Cassava Seed Systems project to identify The Cassava Growth Markets project and establish 32 rural based cassava seed (CassavaGMarket) aims at improving the entrepreneurs (CSEs) to multiply certified livelihoods of smallholder cassava farmers cassava seed planting materials with new through enabling them access better growth cassava varieties such as NASE 14, NASE 19 markets for their products. It is a four year and NAROCASS I. The CSEs were trained in project that conducts research to generate seed production practices and seed business knowledge and technologies to support management. Demonstrations of cassava the cassava adding value (C:AVA) project production technologies were established at interventions. The project is led by the the selected CSEs (Figure 45). These were used Natural Resources Institute of the University as training sites for farmers and as mother of Greenwich in UK, and is implemented in gardens for production of clean planting Uganda, Nigeria, Ghana, Tanzania and Malawi materials of new varieties. respectively by the Africa Innovations Institute (AfrII), Federal University of Agriculture, 2.2.12.2. Promoting good quality seed Abeokuta (FUNAAB), the Food Research Institute of Ghana, the Food and Nutrition production and management practices. Centre and Naliendele Agricultural Research The project identified and profiled 20 farmers Institute, and Chancellor College of the groups countrywide to produce quality University of Malawi respectively. The target declared planting materials of new varieties beneficiaries of the project are smallholder such as NASE 14. These sources were inspected cassava farmers; processors; end users and by MAIF and declared safe sources of QDPM for employees of processing enterprises; and access by farmers. Cassava farmers, programs scientists in beneficiary countries. The project such as NAADS and other NGOs were linked is organized into work packages as summarized to these sources for purchase and increased in Table 23 below. access of QDPM by farmers (Fig 46).

Figure 46: Left: MAAIF seeds inspector (Mr Erongo Moses - centre) in the field in Ngora with Mr Okiria Joseph (-right), a cassava farmer; Right: Quality declared cassava planting materials in (left) Kapir, Ngora District

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 59 Table 23. Work packages of the Cassava food safety requirements of <10mg/kg of the GMarkets project. product (FAO, 2013). It is however known 1. To assess the impact of climate change on that effective processing can remove the cassava flour value chains. cyanogenic compounds and produce safe 2. To understand the impact of cassava brown products for human consumption. In addition streak disease on volume and quality of HQCF there is a great deal of knowledge about the and products. mechanisms of cyanogenic breakdown during 3. To develop specific technologies to improve processing. The main challenge with HQCF the efficiency of households, community and processing now is to optimize processing SME level processing. to ensure that safe products are always 4. To ensure the safety and quality of processed produced. This is specifically important when cassava products in market-oriented bitter varieties such as NASE 3 which has high production. cyanogen content are used for processing. 5. To expand the range of uses of HQCF and related products to meet identified market demands. The main objective of the study was to find 6. To maximize the gender and livelihood out the extent to which cyanogenic content of impacts of cassava value chain development. HQCC and HQCF are removed when different 7. To establish, document and disseminate best methods are used in cassava processing practices. for human consumption and to provide appropriate recommendations. The specific 2.4.2. Key activities and objective is to determine the cyanide and acidity levels of cassava flour processed using achievements different methods. 2.4.2.1. The impact of processing 2.4.2.1.2. Materials and methods. methods on acidity and level of cyanide in cassava flour Mature cassava roots (11-13 months) from a bitter cassava variety (NASE 3) were collected 2.4.2.1.1. Introduction. from three different farms and kept separately. Varieties with variable cyanide levels are The fresh roots were peeled, washed and grown in Uganda. About 200,000 metric tons subjected into three processing methods of local cassava chips from these varieties (Table 47) using procedures of Amsalu et al, are traded every year in the country and in (2011). The processing methods are: regional markets. The local chips are poor 1. Peeled cassava roots were washed, grated in quality and hygiene and are sometimes using a cassava grater and de-watered fermented. They are milled into flour that is using a cassava press and then sun dried used to make local bread (Atap, Kalo or Kwon) (Treatment 1 - G). for home consumption. This food is usually 2. Peeled fresh cassava roots were washed, off-color, tends to have a strong fermented chipped using a motorized cassava chipper smell and falls short of good manufacturing and sun dried (Treatment 2 - C). practices (GMP) and cannot be packaged and 3. Peeled cassava roots were cut into 4 parts, sold in supermarket shelves. Consequently washed and soaked for 24 hours then it is generally shunned by the elites and the chipped using a motorized cassava chipper growing middle class in Uganda and the wider and sun dried (Treatment 3- S). Eastern Africa region. Fresh cassava roots of 13-18 months old of Nase 3 variety were purchased from 3 In order to address the above concerns, AfrII, different farmers (A, B, C) from Serere district, through its CAVA project, has developed Eastern Uganda. Each farmer was at least 500 innovations for producing high quality cassava meters away from each other. The roots were flour (HQCF) which could meet consumers’ and subjected to three processing methods of (1) industry requirements. The main challenge chipping only (C), (2) grating only (G) and (3) with such products is whether the cyanogenic soaking for 24 hours followed by chipping (S) content of such flour would falls within the and drying. Each farmer supplied 100kg of cassava roots which was weighed and divided

60 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 into 3 small portions of 33kg, 34kg and 33kg for and milled on the third day. Duration for the processing through each of the three methods different unit operations for each processing (fig 47). method were recorded and weights taken at various stages. After a given sample was For treatment 1. 33kg of cassava roots were processed (chipped/grated) the processing weighed out from 100kg supplied by each equipment were thoroughly washed, rinsed

Figure 47. Diagrammatic representation of the layout and processing steps for the trial on the effect of soaking cassava roots on cyanogenic and starch contents, Abuket, 2014 farmer (A, B, C). The roots were then sorted, and disinfected to remove any excess residuals peeled, weighed, washed 3 times, chipped, left by the previous samples so as to reduce dried for ~6hrs, milled into flour, weighed, sources of error and cross contamination. A packaged and sealed. For treatment 2. 34kg schematic presentation of the structure and of cassava roots were weighed out from 100kg procedures for the experiment is summarized supplied by each farmer. (A, B, C). The roots in Fig. 47. The treatments were replicated were then sorted, peeled, weighed, washed three times. At least 1kg from resultant flour 3 times, grated, pressed, weighed, dried for from each processing method was taken 3hours and 47 minutes, milled into flour, and subjected to pH, cyanogenic, starch and weighed, packaged and sealed. For treatment protein contents analysis at the National Crop 3. 33kg of cassava roots were weighed out Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) in from 100kg supplied by each farmer (A, B, C). Namulonge. The results obtained were then The roots were then sorted, peeled, weighed, compared against the standard set by UNBS washed 3 times, soaked for 24hrs, chipped, (UNBS, 2013). dried for about 6hs, milled into flour, weighed, packaged and sealed. One of the major challenges experienced was pressing a small quantity of cassava mash. The samples from treatments 1 and 2 were This needed more wooden slabs to ensure the processed within one day and milled on the efficiency of the cyanide removal. In addition, second day while samples from treatment (3) it was hard to get cassava of the expected were peeled, washed, soaked for 24 hrs, dried maturity level of 10-12 months. Most farmers

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 61 in SOSSPA had cassava of at least 13-18 months that cassava flour obtained through grating 2.4.2.1.3. Results and discussions can be safe for human consumption, however (1) time is needed to allow the enzyme Effects on pH and Protein of cassava flour. The Linamarinase to complete hydrolysis of the results of the trials are shown in Table 24. None cyanogenic glucoside before dewatering and of the treatments had a significant effect on (2) the dewatering process should be effective the pH of any of the cassava flours. The pH level in removing all the soluble HCN in the grated remained within 6.28 - 6.36 which were within cassava mass before the material is dried. the acceptable levels for human consumption; implying that none of the methods affect the Flour from un-soaked chips had very high pH of cassava flour. The processing methods levels of cyanide. The levels were about however affected the protein levels of the flour. 12ppm and sometimes almost hit 15ppm, Cassava flour processed through grating had a compared to the FAO and EAC recommended significantly lower protein levels compared to minimum standard. This indicates that those obtained through chipping or soaking; chipping and drying cassava does not reduce implying that grating significantly reduces the cyanide contents to levels acceptable for protein content of cassava flour (Table 24). human consumption. Unfortunately this is

Table 24. The effect of soaking and grating cassava roots on PH protein content and cyanogenic potential of cassava flour, Abuket, 2014 Treatments/ Parameters Farmer A Farmer B Farmer C Mean pH Soaked -HQCC 6.36 6.33 6.29 6.33 Grated -HQCF 6.29 6.30 6.28 6.29 Un-soaked HQCC 6.30 6.36 6.35 6.34 Protein (%) Soaked -HQCC 0.75 0.50 0.71 0.65 Grated -HQCF 0.46 0.50 0.34 0.43 Un-soaked - HQCC 0.71 0.68 0.69 0.69 Cyanogenic potential (ppm) Soaked -HQCC 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 Grated -HQCF 7.25 9.75 9.75 8.92 Un-soaked - HQCC 9.25 12.25 14.75 12.08

Effects on cyanide content of cassava flour. the common method used by traditional There were significant differences between and commercial rural processors. Therefore the three processing methods in their caution is needed in processing and using such effectiveness in reducing cyanide content in products. the cassava flours (Table 24). Soaking chips for 24 hours was very effective in reducing the Changes in weight of cassava during cyanide levels in the flours. The cyanide was processing. Changes in weight of cassava reduced to very low levels - 4.75 ppm or below, during different stages of processing for each compared to the FAO and EAC recommended of the methods is shown in Table 25. About minimum standard of 10ppm (FAO, 2013); 70% - 80% loss in weight of fresh cassava is implying that such a flour is very safe for incurred during processing. The highest being human consumption. through grating. About 30% loss is incurred at peeling. Another 24% loss incurred in milling Grating also had a significant effect on grits for HQCF (Table 25). cyanide content of cassava flours. The cyanide content was reduced to about 9 ppm which On average if the process is well controlled and is also below the FAO and EAC recommended losses minimized, 3kg of chipped or 3.5 kg of minimum standard of 10ppm. This also implies

62 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 Table 25: Loss in weight (%) of cassava for each method and stage of processing cassava into HQCF or HQCC, and duration of drying, 2014 Processing Weight loss during each processing stage (%) Drying time methods Peeling Pressing Drying Milling Total Net dry Ratio Hours weight (%) Chipping 25.8 0 43.3 0 69.1 30.9 1:3 6.06 Grating 28.3 23.9 3.2 23.8 79.2 20.8 1:5 3.47 Soaking 28.3 0 44 2.1 74.4 25.6 1:4 6.01 grated fresh cassava roots should yield 1 kg of hours (1 hour for peeling, washing, grating dry cassava flour as opposed to current ration ,pressing and 3 hours for drying). Ample which is between 1:3 -1:4 and 1:5.respectively. drying space and frequent turning of chips/ The difference between weights in the grits can also reduce on the processing time as chipping and grating method is due to quantity thin layers of the HQCC/HQCG will be spread of starch lost during grating, pressing and for even drying. Prior preparation of all the milling. Other losses are due to peelers eating processing equipment will ensure a smooth cassava, diseased roots that are thrown away, flow of activities hence reducing time wastage good parts of the roots which are thrown away in between operations. as peelers get tired, and some bits of cassava Appearance of the cassava flour samples. remains on the machine parts and surfaces, Practically it’s hard to get cassava tubers of and some are blown away by wind. maturity levels of 10-12 months as we had The ratio of FCRs: HQCF or HQCC is in the ratio anticipated earlier and the closest we got of 1:3, 1: 5 and 1:4 respectively for chipping, was cassava tubers aged 13-15 months. All grating and soaking respectively. The ratio of the cassava roots supplied by farmers were 1:5 for grating and 1:4 for soaking are very mature, ranging from medium to big size. Some low conversion ratios and makes processing cassava tubers were over mature and were of HQCF too expensive. Therefore great care tending to fibrous as evidenced from off cuts is needed during processing of cassava roots thrown away at peeling. After chipping and in order to minimize such losses. In addition, grating, chips and grits processed from cassava ways should be devised to reduce losses at supplied by farmers B were whiter than the peeling to about 10% or less, and minimizing samples obtained from cassava supplied by losses at milling of grits to about 5%. If this is farmer A and C despite being the same variety. achieved HQCF will be competitive with HQCC. After 24hrs of soaking, the residual water Processing and drying time: Drying took was cloudy, slightly yellowish in color and had between 4-6 hours (Table 25). Significant slight off smell of cassava starting to ferment. differences were observed regarding the time All the soaked cassava tubers were white and it takes to dry the cassava. Grated cassava there was no noticeable color changes. During dried twice faster than chips. This is because the pressing operation it’s very hard to press much of the water from the grated cassava was a small quantity of cassava mash (20kg) as removed through pressing before putting it in opposed to higher quantity. Since our quantity the sun to dry unlike for chipped cassava which was small we had to cut more timber for are put in the sun for drying with all its original pressing to be more efficient. water. Further drying can greatly be reduced Effect on starch content of cassava flour: if advantage is taken of the morning sun and Cassava flour from grated cassava had a lower drying started by 9am. The sun energy is more starch content. Starch was lost during washing, concentrated between 9am and 3pm and we grating, soaking, pressing and drying. The can achieve faster drying of the cassava flour duration of these processes affect the amount within this timeframe. of starch lost. The lost starch can be recovered from the waste water and added to the grated If harvesting can be done as early as possible cassava for drying. and peelers are made to be more efficient, processing 100kg of HQCF can take about four

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 63 Table 26: Design of the trial Source of cassava Composition of flour used to prepare Atap Gritted cassava + Soaked & chipped Traditional fermented finger millet flour (2:1) cassava + finger millet cassava chips + finger flour (2:1) millet flour (2:1) Farmer 1 GC1 SC1 TC1 Farmer 2 GC2 SC2 TC2 Farmer 3 GC3 SC3 TC3

2.4.2.2. Local acceptability of high quality and soaked for 24 hours then chipped and cassava flour in Eastern Uganda sun dried 3. Peeled fresh cassava roots were fermented 2.4.2.2.1. Introduction. for 2 days, crushed and sun dried Cassava is a traditional staple food in Eastern and The grits and chips were milled into flour and Northern Uganda where it’s locally consumed uniformly mixed with millet flour in the ratios of as Atap, Kwon or Kalo. These products are 2:1 (cassava flour to millet) to make composite made from either pure cassava flour or a cassava flour as summarized in Table 26. The mixture of cassava and millet or sorghum flour. mixture was used to make Atap, a local food Traditionally the cassava flour used comes for eating. from traditionally processed cassava chips of very low quality. It is usually fermented, poorly The taste panel comprised of sixteen people dried and contaminated with sand and other of which 8 were youths and 4 were females. materials and not very popular among urban The experiment was conducted at (AFAMCOS) or peri-urban elites. Although the demand in Soroti Municipality. The foods made out for composite cassava flour is increasing at of the flours were served with beef stew urban and peri-urban centers in Uganda (C; prepared in a traditional way. Seven qualities: AVA market study, 2014), it was not clear colour, texture (hand feel), texture (mouth whether composite flour form HQCF would be feel), aroma or odour, taste, flavour, pliability most acceptable given its relatively low starch (elasticity/flexibility) and overall acceptability, content. A trial was conducted to assess the were assessed on a 1-7 scale as follows: 1 eating quality and acceptability of foods from - dislike very much , 2 - dislike moderately, 3 - composite flour made from HQCF. dislike, 4 - neither like nor dislike, 5 - like 5, 6 2.4.2.2.2. Materials and methods - like moderately, 7 - like very much. Mature cassava roots (11-13 month old) from 2.4.2.2.3. Results and discussions variety Nase 3) were collected from three Significant differences were observed in test different farms. The fresh roots were subjected preferences for foods prepared out of the to three processing methods namely: various treatments of cassava (Table 27). Flour 1. Peeled cassava roots were grated, de- from grated cassava and millet flour had the watering using a cassava press and sun highest preference score followed by that from dried. soaked cassava but differences between the 2. Peeled cassava roots were cut into 4 parts, two were not significant. However, food from Table 27: Eating acceptability: Source of cassava Cassava processing method Source of cassava Flour from grated Flour from soaked Flour from fermented cassava + millet flour cassava + millet flour cassava + millet flour Farmer 1 5.8 5.4 2.5 Farmer 2 5.4 5.4 3.3 Farmer 3 5.4 5.0 4.4 Mean 5.5a 5.27a 3.4b LSD 0.53

64 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 flour out of fermented cassava and millet flour delayed drying, contamination with extraneous had the least test preference and differences materials and loss of quality. Therefore there between the other treatments were very is urgent need for cassava drying structures highly significant. These results indicate that which are efficient and independent of foods from composite flour made out of either weather. To address these weaknesses a trial grated or soaked cassava or millet flour were was set up in Amac in Lira district with the aim more acceptable than those from fermented of establishing the efficiency and duration of cassava flour (Table 27). It is therefore drying chips in plastic screen houses. recommend that for high end markets Materials and methods composite flour from grated or soaked cassava mixed with millet flour be promoted for high The experiment was conducted in the morning end markets. (10 am - 1pm) and afternoon (1.30-5.30) hours at Mr Wacha’s processing Centre in Amach sub-county in Lira district, Northern Uganda. 2.4.2.3. Technologies for improving Minimum and maximum air temperatures efficiency of drying cassava chips and during the trial were 30-35°C and 18-20°C grits respectively. Annual rainfall is from 1,100- 2.4.2.3.1. The effects of screenhouse on 1,500mm per annum, while relative humidity drying efficiency of cassava chips was about 50-60%. The treatments were

Table 28: Treatments and layout of the drying experiment Height of drying racks Drying environment 1. Inside screenhouse (SH) 2. Outside screenhouse (Open air- OA) 1. Three feet from ground (3FT) 1.1. SH 3FT 2.1. OA 3FT 2. On the ground surface (0 FT) 1.2. SH 0FT 2.2. OA 0FT

Introduction. arranged in split plot arrangements as shown Several cassava drying methods are used in Table 28 and Fig. 48. The main plots were by farmers and processors. This varies from 1. drying locations (a) drying racks inside the traditional methods of drying cassava chips on screenhouse (SH) (b) drying racks in open air bare ground to improved open air sun drying. (OP) outside the screenhouse. The sub-plots These methods have problems of quality and were heights above the ground for the drying efficiency. The common method of traditional racks with (1) metallic welded meshed- drying sun drying is constrained by poor weather racks raised 3 feet from the ground (3FT)and conditions during rainy season, resulting into (2) drying racks on flat grounds(0FT). Black

Figure 48: Left - a 15m by 8m UV resistant clear polythene sheeting screenhouse in Amac Lira district with cassava trials on drying racks; Right – cassava on drying racks in open air drying conditions outside the screenhouse.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 65 polythene sheeting was laid firm on the drying and outside the screenhouse is shown in (Fig. racks to absorb and conserve radiant heat. 49). Temperatures outside the screenhouse Procedures used by Thanh (1978); Chappell was about 270C. It varied from 300C – 40C and Lebel (2009); Sanni et al., (2012) were inside the screenhouse. The temperatures used to conduct the experiment and to collect peaked and dropped as time went on until 1pm and analyze the data. when the morning trial was terminated. Apart from the fluctuations, no significant increase Fresh cassava roots (FCRs) were harvested, in temperature was detected for locations peeled, washed thoroughly three times and outside and those points in the extreme ends chipped into 2 -3 cm3 cubes using a motorized of the screenhouse. However, temperatures chipper machine of 5.5 HP. At least 3.5kgs of in the middle of the screenhouse increased chips were weighed for each treatment and steadily from 340C at the beginning of the put into black polythene bags. Each samples experiment to about 450C by middle of the day of chips were spread onto the drying racks as when the trial was terminated. Similar trends per the treatment. Data was taken of the initial was observed for the afternoon trial, for which moisture content and temperature following temperature increases for all the locations the method of Chappell and Lebel, (2009). inside and outside the screenhouse peaked The moisture content and temperature of the at 2.30-3.00pm and declined gradually until samples; humidity of the surrounding air and 5.30pm when the trial was terminated. room temperature were taken every thirty minutes using a Cup Moisture Meter (Model Significant differences in temperatures were -Dramiski), an ordinary thermometer and noted for different parts of the screenhouse Humidity Sensor Meter (Model- MC 7825G). (Fig.49 ). Highest temperature was recorded The chips from each treatment were turned in the middle of the screenhouse. The after every 30 minutes. The experiment was temperatures were highest at the center repeated three times in a day and for three than at the edges of the screenhouse. The air days. temperatures outside the screenhouse were lowest throughout the experiment. There 2.4.2.3.2. Results was no difference between temperatures of Screenhouse orientation and air locations south or north of the screenhouse temperature. Increases in temperature inside (Fig.49).

Figure 49: Air temperature at different location inside and outside the screenhouse (left) before 1.00pm (right) after 1.00pm

66 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 The lower temperatures at the extreme ends targeted at the warmest part of the day, which of the screenhouse was expected. This is due is any time from 11 am but best from 12noon to the loss of heat to the outside environment. to 4pm. For better results the screenhouse The higher temperatures in the middle of the should be oriented in a north –south direction. screenhouse implies that for faster drying,

Figure 50: Drying time of cassava chips as affected by drying racks and screenhouse

Changes in moisture content of cassava chips samples for drying should be strategically during drying. Changes in moisture content located in these areas. Therefore drying of drying chips for the different treatments racks should be placed in the middle of the are shown in Fig. 50. Reduction in moisture screenhouse to capture the highest amount content of chips became noticeable about one of heat possible. Further, drying should be hour after drying. The moisture content of the

Figure 51: Conventional solar dryer 8m by 15m ( Left) made up of UV resistant clear polythene sheeting in Apac town and Mr Sam Opio (right) the proprietor inspects samples of cassava grits being dried.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 67 chips then reduced substantially after one hour chips in screenhouse or in open air outside the of drying and significant differences began to screenhouse. However chips in screenhouse emerge after one and half hours of drying. consistently had lower moisture content that Cassava chips on drying racks inside or outside those in open air. This started from one hour the screenhouse dried fastest and after 2 hours after drying until the end of the trial. the chips had achieved 12% moisture content. The results clearly indicate that when Chips dried on the ground in open air outside the weather is sunny and dry, drying in the screenhouse performed worst. The chips screenhouse or in open air are equally good. could only achieve 12% moisture content after Therefore screenhouse becomes necessary three and half hours compared to two hours and superior for drying during bad weather for those dried on raised racks in or outside the when no effective drying could be done in screenhouse. the open air. This ensures that processors are active all year around with a constant supply of The above results are interesting. It shows that HQCF for the existing markets. The structure when the weather is sunny and good, open excludes bees, reduces drying time, produces air drying can be as equally effective as drying good quality chips and no stress from rain. in screenhouse. The screenhouse therefore becomes indispensable during rainy seasons or bad weather, the period when open sun Mr Opio Sam, the proprietor of Adyaka Mixed drying of chips is impossible. Farm Ltd based in Apac town, N. Uganda remarks as follows: ‘‘These kind of solar dryers The Effects on drying time of cassava chips. excludes bees, increases drying rounds by 2-3 effects of drying cassava chips in screenhouse times per day and produces good quality chips, compared to open air is shown (Fig. 52a). especially preferred by Breweries and local Chips began to lose moisture after one hour consumers and brings total calm in the family’’. of drying and by 2.5 hours and 4 hours after drying, the chips had achieved 12% and 8% moisture contents respectively. No significant Effects of raised racks on drying of cassava differences were observed between drying chips. The effects of drying cassava chips on

Figure 52a: Drying time of cassava chips as affected by screen house and open air; Figure 56b: Drying time of cassava chips as affected by drying racks and flat ground

68 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 raised racks or on ground is shown (Fig. 52b). 2.5. Delivery System for Significant differences between the treatments were detected after 2.5 hours until the end of Commercializing Quality the experiment - 4 hours after drying. Chips Cassava Planting Materials in dried on racks had consistently lower moisture contents and achieved 12% MC after 2 hours Uganda compared to 2.5hrs for chips dried on the Alacho F.O; Awio. T.; Ijala. A; Ogwang. S.B; ground. The results clearly indicate that drying Aseere. G.; Okello. G.; Akullo. A. and Acola. B. of chips on racks is more efficient and superior than drying on the ground. Therefore it is 2.5.1. Introduction: recommended that raised racks be used for The agriculture sector Development Strategy drying of cassava chips. and Investment Plan (DSIP) of the government

Figure 53: Improved raised racks for drying HQCC in 306 A Mixed Farms Ltd, Otuke district, N. Uganda

Raised racks allow free air circulation below of Uganda seeks to increase household and above the drying materials and this process incomes and improve food security through speeds up removal of moisture from the chips increasing agricultural production and which enables faster drying process unlike productivity. However, this is only feasible if when the chips are on the ground. In addition, the small scale farmers, who contribute over the racks produced high quality chips/ grit 80% of agricultural production have timely with minimum levels of contamination. These access to quality planting materials. It has findings are in line with the work of Thahn, been reported that quality seeds are key and (1978) who reported 15% reduction of drying can boost agricultural production by over 40%. time by a black surface. It also agrees with the In Uganda over 96% of cassava farmers access work of Tonui et al, (2014) who reported that cassava planting materials from their own solar structures reduced drastically the drying saved seed or from fellow farmers whether times. these are improved varieties or landraces. This poses several challenges, particularly due to the lack of consideration for health status and quality of the planting materials. Majorly, two viral diseases are responsible for low quality of cassava planting materials: Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD) and Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD), which are both perpetuated by the use of virus-infected cuttings.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 69 Previous seed multiplication projects were household incomes and thus stimulate initiated to respond to food shortages, provide further production and enhance sustainability. emergency relief in war ravaged parts of the Towards this endthe project is piloting a country, serving as part of re-settlement cassava seed system in Uganda, with specific packages, or to disseminate virus resistant objectives to; 1) enhance production of cassava varieties to fight the CMD epidemic of the last pre-basic and basic seeds, 2) operationalize 20 years. No system has been put in place in quality assurance of cassava planting material Uganda to efficiently regulate the production production, 3) commercialize certified cassava and dissemination of quality cassava planting planting material production, 4) determine the materials. economics of the cassava seed system, and 5) assess the rate and magnitude of degeneration This project envisions the establishment of a of improved cassava due to virus infection. functional cassava seed system in Uganda, which will enhance uptake and utilization The project is mandated to ensure that cassava of certified cassava seed (CCS) and related seed entrepreneurs (CSEs) have access to innovations for sustainable productivity of clean cassava seed that they can multiply and cassava in the target project areas. A functional sell profitably. The National Seed Certification seed system in this case is defined as one with Services (NSCS) of the Ministry of Agriculture the following four key components working Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) is in tandem; (i) research to generate pre-basic responsible for the regulation and certification seed and methods of seed production, (ii) of basic seed and CCS. AfrII is implementing regulation and certification of seeds for objective 3 of the project which emphasizes quality assurance, (iii) production of seed commercialization of certified cassava planting as a direct consumable input to meet the materials production in Eastern, Northern and demand, iv) commercialization of quality Central Uganda especially in Soroti, Amuria. certified cassava planting material production. Lira, Nakasongola and Nakaseke districts. Operationalization of such a system will incentivize farmers to produce for increased

Table 29. Summary of key outputs achieved and challenges encountered during the year. Key outputs for the year • Consultative meetings held with District Production Department in the project areas. • CSEs recruitment, selection and training strategy developed. • Inspection of CSE sites and fields by NaCRRI and MAAIF conducted • 10 sites for CSEs characterized and selected • Business and agronomic module developed in collaboration with NaCRRI, MEDA, CHAIN- Uganda and BioCrops. • Study trip to Tanzania conducted and detailed technical report on lessons learnt produced. • On-farm trainings of CSEs and farmers in disease and insect pest management, agronomy, protocols and standards conducted at the demonstrations fields. • 245 acres of land under preparation to receive basic seed. • Situation analysis report of the on-going seed multiplication initiatives produced. • 6 demonstration sites with a total of 11acres established. Main challenges encountered. • Minimum Isolation distance limits the intervention to only virgin areas. • Land opening in the virgin areas may mean big investment for farmers and will need highly paying ventures in the near future. • On-going initiatives that focus on the traditional multiplication could cause conflicts and contradictions in certified cassava seed production.

70 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 2.5.2. Key outputs and challenges CSEs recruitment, selection and training encountered strategy was developed in collaboration with NaCRRI, AfrII, CHAIN-Uganda, MEDA and The key outputs and challenges encountered BioCrops. Key criteria for CSE selection are in the year are summarized in Table 29 below; shown in Table 30 below. and details are provided in the sections that follow. The process of CSE selection involved 2.5.3. Enhancing the Capacity of conducting consultation meetings in the project regions. This is done in partnership Cassava Seed Entrepreneurs (CSEs). with the relevant district production staff. 2.5.3.1. Stakeholder awareness Several candidate CSEs identified were workshops. visited. Many were already multiplying quality declared planting materials (QDPM) through Consultative meetings were held with other projects such as EAAPP, district local the District Production Departments of governments (DLGs), NGOs, NARO-ISSD. Nakasongola, Nakaseke, Soroti, Amuria Inspections of CSEs sites were done by the and Lira. The main issue was that there are National Seed Certification Service (NSCS), already ongoing initiatives on cassava seed NaCRRI scientists and AfrII team as well. CSEs multiplication though fields are not certified who met the minimum requirements were by NSCS.

Figure 54: Farmers’ fields under informal cassava planting materials multiplication of NASE 14 variety The workshop resolved to have an MoU with given a go ahead to prepare their land to AfrII, incorporate project work plans into the receive basic seed and were also facilitated district’s planned activities; and the should to apply for registration as seed merchants. appoint a focal person to work on the CSS Initially the target was on individual farmers project; and to share the monitoring and to be selected as CSEs but farmer groups (FGs) evaluation plan. were also identified, inspected and those that 2.5.3.2. A checklist for selecting CSEs qualified were included as CSEs. Additionally, produced the target was to work with CSEs with average

Table 30. Criteria for selecting cassava seed entrepreneurs (CSEs) • Active informal multipliers of quality declared planting materials (QDPM) of cassava and other crops. • Adequate land to accommodate crop rotation and expansion • Field location: Land should be located where there is good drainage • Financial capacity and willingness to finance the entire production activities • Willingness to learn • Enterprising/business oriented.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 71 land size of about 10 acres but this was not Training modules and manuals were developed practical with actual land sizes ranging from in collaboration with NaCRRI, MEDA, BioCrops about 2 acres to 42 acres. and CHAIN-Uganda. The resource materials are summarized in Table 33. 2.5.3.3. Sites for CSEs characterized and Other materials that were developed included selected the Cassava Seed Entrepreneurs recruitment, Ten (10) sites for CSEs were surveyed and selection and training strategy; CSE application inspected by a team of inspectors from form; MoU template between AfrII and CSE; NaCRRI, MAAIF/NSCS and AfrII (Table 31, Fig. MAAIF agricultural seed registration form and 55). The 10 sites were approved as good sites CSE certificate of training.

Table 31: Profile of CSEs whose fields were inspected and approved for seed multiplication S/No. Name of CSE Project Region Contact Acreage 1. Ojakol Charles Soroti 0789415757 20 2. Egau Richard Soroti 0782504415 10 3. Akutu Augustine Soroti 0772539574 100 4. Alito Cassava Growers’ Lira 0784298177 5 Association 5. Amuja Johnson Lira 0712024319 40 6. Ogwal Emmanuel Lira 0752318078 10 7. Opio Samuel Lira 0772523736 30 8. Kassim Wajalubi Nakasongola 0774789053 20 9. Bogere Richard Nakasongola 0775681578 5 10. Ssekaboga Godfrey Nakasongola 0785045443 5 Total acres 245

for cassava seed multiplication and were given a go ahead for preparation to receive cassava 2.5.3.5. Study visit to Tanzania conducted. basic seed planting materials during the Partnerships and Collaboration: It was March-April, 2015 planting season. discovered that MEDA worked well with the National Root and Tuber Crops Program and IITA AfrII team profiled additional 27 farmers (Table to identify the seed material that was selected 32) that had good sites for certified cassava based on visual inspection and was tested seed multiplication. They were inspected and and multiplied at Naliendele research, MEDA approved as CSEs by the NSCS and NaCRRI and by CSE to produce “basic seed”. MEDA and given a go ahead to start preparing land also had a good working relationship with the for receiving basic seed in March-April, 2015 Tanzania Government, Tanzania Official Seed planting season (Fig 55). Certification Institute (TOSCI). It was then 2.5.3.4. Business and agronomic modules noted that (i) the National Seed Certification developed: Service (NSCS) of Uganda needs to inspect the multiplication plots and recommend them as

Figure 55: Field survey and inspection for CSEs in December, 2014 in Soroti and Lira project areas

72 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 Table 32: List of Candidate CSEs whose fields were yet to be inspected S/No. Name of Candidate CSE Project area Acreage 1. Edimu Charles Andrew Soroti 20 2. Acol Wilbert Lira 10 3. Okello Bosco Lira 10 4. Ngetta Farmer Field School Lira 20 5. Judith Alyek Lira 20 6. Alengo Patrick Lira 50 7. David Ebong Lira 50 8. Ocheger Soroti 20 9. Kobuin ACE Soroti 10 10. Kapir Multipurpose Cooperative Soroti 10 11. Olado Paul Soroti 20 12. Ojangole Max Soroti 10 13. Kokong Village SACCO Soroti 20 14. Kintu Margret Nakasongola 20 15. Francisco Amulen Soroti 20 16. Ebukit Esau Soroti 10 17. Irene Acam Soroti 20 18. Abonge Peter Nakasongola 20 19. Limito Godfrey Nakasongola 10 20. Kobale Cassava farmers Soroti 10 21. Naume Mwidu Soroti 20 22. Ocheger Daniel Soroti 10 23. Okoche Soroti/Amuria 20 24. Okiror Michael Soroti/Amuria 15 25. Dokus Akullo Lira 50 26. Loro Prison Farm Lira 20 27. Okole Women Development Initiative Lira 20 Total acreage 535 source of planting materials, (ii) multiplication contributed 38.2%. It was therefore learnt that plots for basic seed under CSS project be an MoU be signed between AfrII and CSEs inspected and certified by the NSCS and (iii) all specifying the roles and contributions of each CSEs be registered as seed producers and sell party in the multiplication of certified cassava certified seed. seed.

CSE Selection and Registration: All the Table 33. Training modules and manuals were multipliers were registered by TOSCI and had developed in collaboration with other partners certificates to show. It was then noted that there - NaCRRI, MEDA, BioCrops and CHAIN-Uganda. is need for NSCS to register all seed multipliers Type of resource materials developed 1. Business manual and workbook for CSEs before they commence multiplication. 2. Cassava Agronomy manual Development of seed standards and 3. Training photos 4. Guidelines for pests and diseases of cassava Certification of Quality Declared Seed (QDS): 5. Cassava cost data collection template TOSCI was involved in developing protocols 6. Cassava cost and profit model and standards while working with MEDA 7. Simplified quick cost worksheet and research. TOSCI seed Inspectors were 8. Agronomic Standards for Certified Cassava Seed Production also trained on disease identification and 9. Cassava Pest Control module agronomy. It was noted that inspection and 10. Cassava Brown Streak Disease manuals certification standards should include CMD, 11. Cassava Mosaic Disease manuals CBSD, CBB and good agronomic practices. 12. Cassava Disease Management module 13. Visual Aids and Key messages for cassava field These standards should be monitored with workers research to continuously make amendments. 14.Standard Operating Procedure for Cassava Seed Additionally, the capacity of seed inspectors Production and Distribution should be continuously strengthened. 15. Training of Trainers Manual for cassava growing in Uganda Cost-Sharing: MEDA was sharing the cost of 16. Guidelines for field inspection by a plant health producing certified seed with the CSEs. For inspector instance, MEDA contributed 61.8% of the 17.Guidelines for stem multipliers and Business total cost of producing basic seed and the CSE planner templates

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 73 Market for Quality Declared Seed: CSEs are involved in the selection of commercial seed involved in the promotion and marketing of producers, (ii) selected from areas that have a their QDS. For instance, a CSE participated high potential to sell their seed and (iii) given in the NANE-NANE Agricultural Show and capacity to keep records of all expenses and

Figure 56: Members of a demonstration site being trained on best cassava agronomic practices

their stall was the most visited by over 1000 sales of certified cassava planting materials. farmers and was able to sell to 6 commercial Integration: In one of the sites, the CSE was seed producers and the farmers. He earned also an SME for High Quality Cassava Flour TZX 13.5m from sales after incurring a total (HQCF) processing using sun drying technology cost of TZX 4.45m. From this experience, it and supported by the Cassava: Adding Value was noted that the CSEs be given capacity to for Africa (CAVA II) project. The CSE had promote and sell their own seed. Other ways 3 acres of commercial seed derived from Table 34: Farmers trained on cassava agronomy, basic seed received from research selected standards and protocols materials. The CSE also had 20 acres of cassava S/No. Name Gender District for root production but was not under Good 1. Awuco Victor Male Kole 2. Owo Philip Male Kole Agricultural Practices (GAPs). It was mixed, 3. Phoebe Awuco Female Kole was infected with CMD, low plant population 4. Hellen Akullu Female Kole 5. Amuja Johnson Male Lira and not ridged and was not practicing what 6. Molly Egwang Female Apac she had learnt in her own garden. Therefore, 7. Opio Sam Male Apac degeneration study should include the buildup 8. Florence Okello Female Apac 9. Betty Ouni Female Lira of CMD, CBSD and CBB. Additionally, there is 10. Olado Paul Male Ngora need to integrate CAVA II and CSS projects as 11. Ebukit Esau Male Kumi much as possible. 12. Wajjalubi Kassim Male Nakasongola 13. Abwango Patrick Male Otuke Innovators, Winners, risk takers and 14. Cizaria Adur Female Otuke 15. Opio Tom Female Apac champions: MEDA identified existing 16. Oleng George Male Otuke innovators, champions, risk takers, 17. Okwadi Wilbert Male Otuke 18. Alor Musa Male Otuke entrepreneurs and winners in other agricultural 19. Jenty Agol Female Otuke projects and clearly got a head start. It was 20. Ocen George Male Apac learnt from this view point that there is need 21. Sarah Auma Female Kole 22. Santa Okello Female Kole to consult with local governments and CBOs 23. Rola Akite Female Otuke to identify the initial CSEs who are risk takers, 24. Akullu Rose Female Otuke innovators, winners, risk takers, champions and entrepreneurs. These characteristics of promotion include field days and radio talk should form part of the criteria for selecting shows. Additionally, the CSEs should be (i) CSEs and commercial seed multipliers.

74 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 Figure 61. Monitoring and Evaluation workshop at NaCRRI 2.5.3.6. Trainings of CSEs on disease and focused on how to set indicators that can be insect pest management, agronomy, used to measure outputs and outcomes and, protocols and standards conducted. setting targets that need to be achieved at the end of the project. With this workshop, the Within the established demonstration sites, Agronomist was acquainted with the project the host farmers and the candidate CSEs objectives, expected outputs and outcomes were introduced to best cassava agronomic and setting indicators for Objective 3 where practices by the team of AfrII and MAAIF AfrII is implementing. inspectors (Fig 58). Onsite agronomic practices and business skills mentorships were ongoing 2.5.3.8. Roadmap for the cassava seed with the demonstration hosts. system project 2.5.3.7. Monitoring and Evaluation A meeting on streamlining the roadmap for workshop: the Seed System Project was held on 13th December, 2014 at BioCrops Uganda (Fig.58). An Early Check-In on the Cassava Seed Systems The meeting was convened to find out Monitoring and Evaluation System and from NaCRRI (who is in charge of basic seed Orientation of Staff on the Results Framework production) how many sites, size and varieties workshop was held from 20th-22nd November of the basic seeds of cassava planting materials at National Crops Resources Research Institute were available and, the quantities of stems (NaCRRI) conducted by i-TEC. This workshop

Figure 58. A meeting on streamlining the roadmap for CSS Project at BioCrops Uganda attended by Laurent Good from MEDA and project team members from AfrII, NaCRRI, CHAIN-Uganda

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 75 needed for planting by CSEs facilitated by AfrII transporting the cuttings to the CSE fields. and CHAIN-Uganda. It was communicated NaCRRI was tasked to track the information by NaCRRI that the sites for basic seed on available quantities of planting materials, multiplication were Nwoya, Kiryandongo and where they are, where the materials will be Kamwenge and cassava varieties available as going (which partner); quantities of materials

Table 35: Estimated basic seed requirement for March-April, 2015 planting season Basic seed site Project areas to be Partner Variety Projected acreage supplied (March - April, 2015) Kiryandongo (30 acres) Nakasongola/ AfrII NASE3 19 Nakaseke NASE14 23 NASE19 10 NAM130 8 Nwoya (95 acres) Lira AfrII NASE3 47 NASE14 150 NASE19 20 NAM130 16 Soroti/Amuria AfrII NASE3 105 NASE14 68 NASE19 0 NAM130 11 Total 480

basic seed were NASE 3, NASE 14, NASE 19 to be given to each partner and the varieties and NAM 130. Quantities of basic seed needed available as well. A template was later sent by for planting by March-April, 2015 (basing on a the agronomist to partners to fill in quantities simple calculation that 1000 stems would plant of NASE 3, NASE 14, NASE 19 and NAM 130 an acre, the expected 300 acres each for AfrII that were demanded for the March-April, 2015 and CHAIN would need 600,000 stems) would planting season. A summary of this is provided be approximately 3600 bags of basic seed with in Table 35. AfrII taking 1800 bags. Based on the inspected and approved first During the meeting, it was also noted that batch of 10 CSE sites with a total area of 245 in project areas where AfrII is implementing acres, the actual demand for basic seed was the project activities (Lira, Soroti/Amuria and 2450 bags. Upon approval of more CSEs, the Nakasongola/Nakaseke districts), the common basic seed requirement was approximately cassava variety is NASE 14 and therefore it was 4800 bags to plant 480 acres of land (Table noted that AfrII would have a higher percent 35). The above projections would need to be (70%) of the basic seed of NASE 14 and the revisited to reflect the actual quantities of balance of 30% would be of NASE 3, NASE basic seed that would be received from NaCRRI 19 and NAM 130. AfrII would get basic seed multiplication sites. from Nwoya and Kiryandongo sites. It was also proposed that each CSE be given only 2.5.4. CSEs Producing, Distributing one cassava variety and that there would be and Selling Certified Cassava Seed cost-sharing between partners and CSEs in Profitably

Table 36: Demonstration fields established at regional level S/No. Region Name of farmer Variety Acreage 1. Soroti Akutu Augustine NASE 3 3. 0 2. Soroti Olado Paul NASE 14 1.0 3. Soroti Ebukit Asau NASE 14 2.0 4. Lira ACAGA NASE 14 1.5 5. Lira Sam Opio Oceng NASE 14 1.5 6. Nakasongola Kassim Wajalubi NASE 14 2.0 Total 11.0

76 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 2.5.4.1. Six cassava demonstration fields established using quality planting In Nakasongola/Nakaseke districts, there were materials farmers already multiplying cassava seed and they were being supported by the District Six farmers were identified and 11 acres of Local Government, LIFE project by World demonstration fields were established in Vision Uganda and FAO. For instance, FAO was areas of Soroti/Amuria, Lira and Nakasongola/ working with 17 farmer groups with each group Nakaseke (Table 36). The team made some having 3 acres of cassava mother garden as a replications to cater for regional weather source of clean planting materials. The main hazards as a mitigation strategy. The planting variety that was being multiplied was NASE 14 materials used were procured from cassava and some NASE 3. There was already a Cassava fields inspected and recommended by the Multi-stakeholder Innovation Platform. It was NSCS inspectors. then agreed that during training of trainers’

Figure 59. On-farm training and learning at a demonstration field in Lira project areas

2.5.4.2. At least 36 acres of land prepared (ToT) by CSS, staff from both the district, World to receive basic seed Vision Uganda and FAO would provide trainers. By this time, 245 acres of land was under In Lira district, there was on-going cassava preparation to receive basic seed by March- seed multiplication by Adyaka Wholesalers Ltd, April 2015. The 245 acres of land was from 10 Agency for Food Security Network (AFOSEN), CSEs whose fields were surveyed, inspected Alito Cassava Growers Association (ACAGA) and approved by NSCS inspectors as suitable and Judith Alyek. Adyaka Wholesalers Ltd had sites for cassava seed multiplication. about 60 acres of NASE 14 under multiplication. 2.5.4.3. Situation analysis report of on- This was inspected by NaCRRI but was not going seed multiplication initiatives formally certified by the NSCS (Fig 60). Indications of demand for seed were mapped out AFOSEN was multiplying NASE 14 as well. during the consultative meetings with districts. Additionally, AFOSEN had a cassava processing In all districts visited, selling and buying of stem equipments (a milling machine and cassava cuttings was going on especially for newly chipper provided by NAADS), tractor, boom released varieties. There were also known and sprayers (single and twin), 3 cassava planters, recognized producers of good quality cassava 3 cassava up-rooters, 1 disc plough, 1 manual stem cuttings who were mainly inspected by disc harrow and 1 hydraulic disc harrow, NPK NaCRRI and district production technical staff but fertilizers and herbicides provided by NaCRRI. were not certified by MAAIF-NSCS. Most seed AFOSEN provided an excellent opportunity for was sold commercially at between UGX 25,000 learning in terms of mechanization and large to UGX 65,000 under the tendering process. scale cassava production. This initiative was However realistic on-farm costs are between a potential game changer as mechanization UGX 18,000 to UGX 25,000 per bag.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 77 Figure 60. Inspection of land prepared by Alito Cassava Growers’ Association in Kole District to receive basic seed. would spur both large scale multiplication of During the district consultative meeting, a certified stem cuttings and root production for number of financial institutions were found processing. already working with farmers. These included Opportunity Bank, Uganda Development Bank, Alito Cassava Growers Association (ACAGA) had Post Bank, FINCA and other rural SACCOs. 5 acres of land under cassava multiplication but These and other financial institutions would be had 50 acres of land in one location to be put approached to understand their loan products under cassava seed production. They also had that can finance cassava seed production. a cassava processing shed, store and a cassava chipper. Judith Alyek had 10 acres under NASE Additionally, AfrII team concentrated on 14 production and had 50 acres of land to be linking the potential entrepreneurs to the used for cassava seed multiplication. existing financial institutions such as Post bank, Centenary bank, DFCU bank, Opportunity In Soroti/Amuria districts, Mr. Ebukit Esau was Bank, Uganda Development Bank, FINCA, multiplying 15 acres of cassava seed under other microfinance institutions, rural SACCOs the NAADS programme in Kumi and owned and vision fund. The CSEs had also been 100 acres of land which he was willing to put introduced to a possibility of registering their under cassava seed multiplication. Another own SACCO and this would be concretized farmer (Akutu) had 55 acres of cassava for during their Business opportunity meeting root production and had 100 acres of land that when all the CSEs are brought together. could be used for seed multiplication. 2.5.4.4. Training workshop for CSEs on financing CCS activities

Figure 61. Fields under informal cassava seed multiplication at the farm of Adyaka Wholesalers Ltd

78 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 3 Climate Change Programme

Bush burning; a very destructive practice killing the forest cover in the country

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 79 “I Have to Cut Down Trees to Survive!” -Peter Opade, a farmer

any times the men that cut down trees that would bring me quick returns. Mare summarily deemed remorseless and uninterested in the survival of the eco- In this job, I earn about Uganda Shillings systems. The existence of external factors 15,000 (USD 5) per sack of charcoal that is that can only be addressed through collective produced from the trees that I cut down. responsibility and correct legislation are Throughout one charcoal burning cycle, my often overlooked. Mr. Peter Opade, logger logs make about 30 bags of charcoal from my in Nakasongola district explains in the story earning, I spend about the least amount on below, why tree cutting for him and others food, paying back debts and then whatever in his trade is more necessary than a hobby. is left, I send back to my family in Pallisa. I hardly ever have anything left over to save My name is Peter Opade and I am 30 years and plan for the future that I often dream of. old. I had only studied until senior four when I would love to build my own home, pay my my father, who was paying my tuition fees, children’s school fees and take them back to passed away. Since then I have not had the school; I would also love a regular income. chance to resume my studies. With a family But none of this can happen right now while of four children and a wife waiting for me am working here in this jungle. in my home district of Pallisa in Eastern Uganda, I have no choice but to work as a I do not really support the whole idea of logger, cutting down trees in Nakasongola cutting down trees because it destroys weather conditions and to be honest, the “I do not really support the whole idea of process is also making me a little sick. cutting down trees because it destroys I often get chest pains that bring me a weather conditions and to be honest, lot of discomfort, but to my desperate the process is also making me a little circumstances, I am forced to look for the sick. I often get chest pains that bring me best way to take care of my responsibility in a lot of discomfort, but to my desperate life. Frankly I don’t know if the community circumstances, I am forced to look for the is affected by tree felling because honestly best way to take care of my responsibility they are the ones contracting me to do the in life. If I had an alternative, I would like work, but if it puts food on my family’s table, to become a produce dealer in my home it is worth it for me to live in a makeshift tent district Pallisa, because I am passionate for 3 months and go back to them for relief about farming”. periods of about 1 month in between. I know Peter Opade, a Logger in Nakasongola that my children will thank me for it one day. district If I had an alternative, I would like to become a produce dealer in my home district of Pallisa, because I am passionate about farming. But while am waiting on my dreams to come to pass, I will continue to put my fingers to the district. I had to come all this way to find grind and make the necessary money I need work because farming in Pallisa district was to make my children’s dreams come true. unprofitable and I needed to do something

Recorded by Africa Innovations Institute, through its project, “Adaptation to the impact of climate change and variability funded by IDRC Canada, The project implements innovative strategies to enhance community–based climate change adaptation initiative in Uganda’s cattle corridor, particularly Nakasongola and Nakaseke districts. The projects also works toward the implementation of supportive policy measures that improve food security and health among rural communities.

80 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 3.1. Introduction respective Sub Counties as a community based organization (CBO). They were guided to elect Climate Change is a big challenge to Uganda’s an executive committee which consisted of agricultural development. The weather eight member: a chairperson, vice chairperson, is variable, unpredictable with frequent treasurer, secretary, mobilizer, two youth episodes of unusual weather events such as representatives (one male, one female) floods, droughts and hailstones which have and women representative and defined the had negative socio-economic impacts on modalities of working together. agricultural production and the well-being of the people. It is postulated that the country Establishment of innovations platforms. will experience a pronounced negative During year one of the project, a total of 18 impact of global climate variability and that innovation platforms at village levels (one will be among the countries hardest hit by innovation platform in each parish that the immediate impacts of climate variability, comprises of 10 villages) were identified, as especially in fragile ecosystems such as the described earlier (AfrII, 2013). Members of cattle corridor, a region currently experiencing the platforms are local leaders, community unusually severe droughts, frequent dry spells workers, sub county extension staff and resulting into reduced water and pasture NGOs active in the area, agro input dealers. availability. The situation has been exacerbated The platforms are intended for promoting by increasing population pressure and changes knowledge sharing, exchange and experiential in land use patterns, which has resulted into learning, and piloting interventions. food insecurity and heightened competition and conflicts over resources. At the beginning of year two implementation of activities, these platforms were reviewed together with communities and minor changes The Programme aims at developing a deeper were made especially for the ones proposed understanding of climate change , its impacts for the pastoralist communities. Innovations on the economy and communities livelihoods in pastures and fodder bank management and how they respond to the impacts and which were to be hosted by R.Mwebaze and F. development of adaptation and mitigation Kalema of Kigweri and Kyalushebeka parishes measures. The projects are outlined below. in Ngoma sub-county were dropped as these demanded a lot of money and the communities 3.2. Securing livelihoods to the especially the rich and middle class farmers impacts of climate change. were less cooperative and less willing to allow others learn from their innovations. Also 3.2.1. Introduce and promote maize value chains development innovations functional and sustainable village which was to be hosted by Mr Gawera G.W. of Kyabutaika parish in Kakoge Sub County was level innovation platforms also dropped and replaced with bananas and Formation of Farmers Groups. piggery, as per the request by the farmers. The Each wealth category either identified existing revised innovations platforms and their details group or formed a new farmers’ group (FGs) for implementation in year 2 are summarized consisting between twenty to thirty willing in Table 37. The innovation platforms were members (taking into consideration gender). established at parish level and per each They held a meeting with all the registered group as agreed on during the joint feedback members, reaffirmed the farmer who should workshop sessions carried out in year one. host the platform, elected an executive and Functions of the Innovations Platforms. was assisted to write a constitution clearly The functions of the Platforms which had been indicating the governance and management proposed in year one were reviewed by each structure of the platform; and how the they group. Generally the groups reaffirmed the will operate. functions of the platforms as serving as (1) Each farmer groups registered at their demonstration sites, (2) knowledge center where exhibits and information materials

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 81 on relevant technologies and practices shall Management of Innovations platforms. be displayed for use by farmers, (3) Farmers The FGs at each Platform were guided to elect Listening Club where prerecorded tapes and a Management Committee (MC) drawn from videos on improved practices shall be played members of the groups. They defined the regularly to members of the groups who will duties of the MC as “to successfully manage listen, discuss and internalize the messages; the affairs and programme of the Platform”; (4) a training center where farmers gather and and agreed on how each member of the are trained on agriculture and CSA practices group was to contribute to the management and commercial farming and; (5) as a platform of the platform. It was further agreed that the where farmers and other stakeholders meet management of the platform was going to be and interact on issues to do with farming and a joint responsibility between the community markets. The farmers agreed to practice what and the project. The daily operations pertinent they have learnt at the platforms on return to to the survival of the demonstrations were their farms. responsibilities of the executives while the Table 37: Details of innovation platforms implemented in Nakaseke and Nakasekke districts, 2014. Sub-county Parish Host of Wealth Interventions at platform Status platform Group Nakasekke District Semuto Crop farming system Kirema Muwanga C. Poor 1. Maize value chain Replaced with development bananas Kirema Lwanyaga C. Middle 2. Vegetables value chain Implemented development (tomatoes) Kirema Kayongo A. Rich 3. Banana value chain Implemented Kapeeka Mixed farming system Kapeeka Nalumansi H. Poor 4. Improved pig husbandry and Implemented; marketing added bananas Kapeeka Kayongo W. Middle 5. Improved pig husbandry Implemented, and marketing added bananas Kapeeka Nalukwago R. Rich 6. Tomato value chain Implemented development Ngoma Pastoral farming system Kyalushebeka Mugisha Y. Poor 7. Cassava value chain Implemented Kigweri Mwebaze R. Middle 8. Innovations in pastures, Dropped fodder bank management Kyalushebeka Kalema F. Rich 9. Innovations in pastures, Dropped fodder bank management Nakasongola District Kakooge Crop farming system Kyabutaika Ssembatya L. Poor 10. Innovations in pig husbandry Implemented and marketing Kyabutaika Kimuli D. Middle 11. Innovations in pig husbandry Implemented and marketing Kyabutaika Gawera G.W. Rich 12. Maize value chains replaced with development bananas, piggery Lwampanga Mixed farming system Lwampanga Mande R. Poor 13. Innovations in pig husbandry Implemented and marketing Kiwembi Luyinda S. Middle 14. Cassava value chain Implemented development Kiwembi Bogere R. Rich 15. Cassava value chain Implemented development Nabiswera Pastoral farming system Kyangogolo Sserunjoji S. Poor 16 Poultry husbandry Implemented Kyangogolo Mbazira S. Middle 17. Innovations in pig husbandry Implemented and marketing Kyangogolo Ntalo S. Rich 18. Cassava value chain Implemented development

82 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 project provides technical back stopping. 3.2.2. Piloting appropriate The platform manager’s role was to regularly technologies at innovators farms monitor activities at the platforms and report progress to Africa Innovations Institute. The Building resilience and securing livelihoods of safety of the technologies and any other communities in the cattle corridor will require items at the platform was the concern of the interventions that will increase productivity, host farmer, the executive and community enable them diversify from traditional as a whole. They also agreed that any other enterprises; have access to markets, and management issues arising will be handled enhance their adaptive capacity in order to as stipulated in the constitution governing reduce shocks from the risks of climate change. respective farmer groups. Specific roles of In addition, the interventions should contribute the different actors as agreed earlier and to reduction of carbon dioxide emissions to reconfirmed during the implementation of the atmosphere. To achieve these, the project year two activities are summarized in Table 38. introduced and piloted in the project area, The Group Link Farmer (GLF) was selected several innovations that had been identified and prioritized during the livelihood profiling Table 38: Roles of the Communities, AfrII and stage as described below. Local Government in managing the platforms Roles of Communities Roles of AfrII 3.2.2.1. Climate smart piggery 1. Provision of 1. Prepared for 50% production innovations. land where the cost-sharing of costs of During livelihood profiling, several groups in innovation center interventions the three farming systems in the two districts is to be sited 2. Formation of 2. Provision of extension selected piggery as one of the intervention groups and advice areas. The challenge communities were facing registration in the piggery production were poor breeds; 3. Management of 3. Contribution to traditional feeding and husbandry practices; the center management infestation by worms and poor disease 4. Provision of labor 4. Provision of knowledge management; although the demand for pork and information to the and other pork products is rapidly expanding. community As is the practice in the rest of the country, the 5. Provision of 5. Identification of new majority of households that rear pigs in the security technologies (quality cattle corridor keep 1-5 pigs tethered around varieties of plants or breeds of animals the homestead. They feed the pigs with depending on the kitchen leftovers and crop residues. During the selected enterprise) dry season, some farmers let their pigs free to 6. Mobilization of move around in search of food. This free range group members method is characterized by low reproductive 7. Prepared for performance, slow growth rates, high worm 50% cost-sharing infestation, and inbreeding. This has led to of costs of slow growth and poor performance of the interventions pigs; social conflicts between pig farmers and crop communities as pigs roam around looking by the members whose responsibilities were for food. The high prevalence of diseases to mobilize the group members to carry out such as African Swine Fever (ASF), Foot and platform activities and to keep close contact Mouth Disease (FMD), Gastroenteritis, swine with project team at AfrII and with the Sub- dysentery and swine erysipelas result in high county Local Government extension staff. mortality and huge economic losses. The Local Government roles are to mobilize and sensitize farmers and to provide enabling To address these challenges and improve environment and source additional funding to production, the project introduced and piloted out scale the innovations. Deep Liter System (DLS) commonly known as Fermented Bed Technology (FBT). FBT is climate smart and environmentally friendly method of

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 83 pork production. It exploits biological activity preparation and management of the deep of microorganisms that decompose cellulose liter system. Ten cross bred piglets (landrace and lignin in the bedding materials (twigs, crop straws, saw dust, wood shavings, rice or corn husks etc.), into simple organic compounds and generates warmth suitable for prime pork production. The advantages of rearing pigs using fermented bed technology. FBT offers many benefits but the core ones are its simplicity and efficient way to turn both manure and urine into finished compost. The absorbent bedding when healthy and designed accurately can actively breakdown all pig waste thus significantly decreasing odor and fly populations. The bedding also creates an immense amount of heat (approximately 600C) as the plant materials Figure 62. Members of the Kyabutaika breakdown and decompose. This helps the Innovations platform, Kakooge Sub County, pigs stay warm during cold weather and Nakasongola district guides Mr Simon Ogwal minimizes accumulation of fatty later below (AfrII) on the site they have selected and the skin which normally undermines pork cleared to locate the housing structure for quality. Further, FBT can create microbial rich the FMT. Mrs Mary Mutyaba, the leader of compost for improving soil fertility. It also the group, shows Simon the direction the sun allows for natural behaviors such as rooting by sets and rises so as to guide the layout of the pigs; it helps prevents the outbreak of disease; housing structure. improves pigs immunity; reduces urine and manure disposal, cleaning frequency and the crossed with Comborough breeds) were need for disinfection. Further, the construction delivered to each innovation center after of the housing structure is cheap and low certifying that members had completed the technology. It can also be used to rear chicken. housing structures and were ready to receive Introduction of fermented bed technology to the piglets. Each innovation center was given the communities. nine female and one male piglets. The unique qualities of the cross breeds are their fast The concept of FBT was introduced to the growth rates, high quality carcass and females communities during the livelihood profiling produce many more piglets compared to local exercise conducted in year 1 and farmers were breeds. keen to try it. The innovation was launched in November 2013 at several innovator Site selection. Meetings were held with the farms (Fig 62) Members of the groups were farmers to explain fermented bed technology, trained on the innovation and guided in the what it involved and what advantages farmers construction of housing structures and the enjoyed once they adopted the technology.

Table 39. Details of innovator farm where FBT was established and piloted in Nakaseke and Nakasongola districts, 2014 District Sub County Farming system Host farmer No. of Piglets Nakaseke Kapeeka-Bugala Mixed Nalumansi F 10 Kapeeka-Kabele Mixed Senfuma GW 10 Nakasongola Kakooge-St. Kizito Crop Kimuli Dan 10 Kakooge- Crop Tusubira 10 Kyabutaika Nabiswera Pastoral Kyambadde 10 Lwampanga Mixed Kwerigira S 10

84 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 Under the guidance of project staff and an experience while using it to rear pigs. Members animal production specialist, the farmers in made a duty rota indicating which households each innovation center identified a suitable site were responsible for feeding the piglets. The to construct a pig house. In all the innovation members modified the housing structure to fit centers, the sites were free of shade, had their hot environment (Fig 63). Instead of using adequate air circulation and good drainage. iron sheets to roof the structure, they opted The farmers were involved in excavation, for the cheap and cooler grass thatched roof. building and roofing of the structure. The project supervised and monitored progress of They also used wooden poles as corner work. Table 39 summarizes the location of the columns as opposed to the others who used centers where the innovation was piloted burnt clay bricks. The use of poles and grass

Figure 63. Members of B. K. Womens’ Group Figure 64. A typical housing structure for pigs prepares feed from sliced tender elephant grass and chicken under FBT. In the foreground are to feed their pigs. The members were advised dry maize stalk used as foundation material for to supplement commercial feeds with locally bedding available feed materials to minimize costs. that are readily available makes the adoption of the technology easier and cheaper. Housing structure. The construction of the housing structure involved measuring the dimensions of the structure and excavating a 16m2 pit to a depth of 100cm. The walls are raised using bricks up to 100cm. The corner columns raised to a height of 200cm above the ground. The pitch is 75cm and the roof is grass thatched or covered using iron sheets or any water proof material. If possible the brickworks were cement plastered to increase the durability of the wall (Fig. 63).

At Kyadobo village, Nabiswera Sub County, the host farmer belongs to Basooka Kwavuula Womens’ Group that is engaged in several income generating activities such as Figure 64. The different materials (saw dust, contributing to a savings and lending scheme soil, salt, and lime) that make up the bedding amongst themselves. The introduction of material is heaped, mixed to uniformity and this technology was welcomed because of turned using the garden fork to over lay the the several advantages they were going to foundation material (e.g. maize stover).

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 85 Bedding materials and fermentation. Bedding material consists of dry grass, maize or rice straws or small tree branches laid firmly on the floor. A majority of the houses used dry maize stover as bedding material since maize is the most commonly grown crop by the community. The bedding materials are placed in the pit up to a depth of 30cm. This is immediately overlaid by another 40cm of fine sawdust (65 bags) or rice husks mixed with loam soil (100kgs or 3 wheel burrows), lime (10kgs), and table salt (10kgs) (Fig 64) and moistened using water having Indigenous Micro Organisms (IMO) to start the fermentation process. The procedure Figure 65. Mr Simon Byenek demonstrates for preparing the IMO is outlined in Text Box 1. to farmers at how to prepare liquid IMO for inoculating the deep litter bed. In his hand is Preparing the IMO and inoculating the bed. a bottle of solid IMO from which he scoops 20 Through their platforms, the farmers were spoonful for the mixing with 200 liters of water taught how to ferment the bed (Fig 65). The contained in the plastic drum. project procured 1 Kilogram of IMO for the IMO and use it to ferment the bed (Text Box 1). farmers and hired an animal production expert to train them how to prepare a solution of the Introducing the piglets to the bed. The bed

TEXT BOX 1: PREPARING THE IMO AND INOCULATING THE BED

Step 1. Purchase 1 Kg of solid IMO from a pig farmer already using the organic/IMO system of pig rearing

Step 2. A plastic drum of 200 liter capacity is filled with 10 jerry cans of clean water. Each jerry can has a capacity of 20 liters. Place the drum in a cool place protected from rain and direct sun rays since microorganisms do not grow well when put under direct sunlight.

Step 3. Add solid IMO into the plastic drum; 2 table spoons per 20 liter jerrycan; without dipping the table spoon in the drum. This is to avoid contaminating the remaining solid IMO in its original container. Total of 20 table spoons are placed in the drum.

Step 4. Five Kilograms of pure maize bran are weighed and added to the drum. In the absence of a weighing scale, to use hands/palms. Two full palms per 20 liter jerry can be added into the drum. In total, 40 handfuls are added into the drum. The maize bran acts as the food for the microorganisms. Cover the drum with a mosquito net to avoid contamination and insects falling in. The liquid is ready for use 24 hours later

Step 5. Liquid IMO is sprinkled on the litter and thereafter mixed using a combination of hoes and garden forks. Only the first 30cm of the litter is mixed with liquid IMO until a moisture content of 60% is achieved. This is achieved by sprinkling an initial 150 liters of liquid IMO.

Step 6. Starter culture. The balance of 50 liters remaining in the plastic drum is used to culture more liquid IMO following the steps explained above. The liquid IMO in the drum should not exceed six days before preparing new liquid IMO.

86 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 was turned daily and allowed to ferment for which suppress diseases and worms and eight days before the pigs were introduced promote environmental hygiene - no smell, no into it. The piglets were transported either flies, no run-off early in the morning or at night to minimize exhaustion and possible death. A2 16m floor Performance of piglets under Fermented structure can hold between 10-15 three to six months old piglets. Once in the housing Bed Technology structure, the piglets are given multi-vitamins Survival of piglets. To monitor the performance and were dewormed one hour before feeding. of introduced piglets under fermented bed technology, members of innovation centers Management of the bed. A garden fork was used to turn the bed for the entire period the were trained on how to capture data, such as pigs are in the structures. Turning the bed daily amount of feed given to the pigs, weekly using a garden fork helped in burying waste gain in weight, disease occurrence and resulting and loosening the bed to encourage the pigs mortality. Table 38 gives a synopsis of survival Table 38. Piglets introduced to different host farmers in farming systems in Nakasongola and Nakaseke districts, 2014 District Farming system. Host farmer No. of Piglets Deaths Nakaseke Mixed Nalumansi F 10 0 Mixed Senfuma GW 10 01 (female) Nakasongola Crop Kimuli Dan 10 02 (female) Crop Tusubira 10 0 Pastoral Kyambadde 10 0 Mixed Kwerigira S 10 0 to root. This practice reduces fly populations and odor in the structure which is one of the of the piglets at different innovation farms and benefits of the technology. It is advisable to farming systems. Survival of the piglets under turn the litter at least twice a week. IMO is the FBT was excellent in all the innovation sprinkled each time the bed is turned (Fig 6). farms. Only 3 out of 60 piglets supplied in the Adding the solution to the bedding once a first round died. Even then, these three were week ensures a high level of micro-organism from two farms, the rest of the farms did not activity which will keep the bedding healthy lose any piglets. No postmortem was carried and free from smell. out to determine the cause of deaths of the pigs, but the host farmers reported that the Feeding and disease control of the pigs. pigs lost appetite and died after a few hours. Plastic feed troughs are used to feed the pigs. The pigs were fed 4% of their weight daily and Growth of piglets. The growth performance were weighed every seven days so that the of piglets from innovations farm of St Kizito feed is adjusted. The feeds were given in two Farmers’ Group in Kakooge Sub County equal parts: one half in the morning (9am) Nakasekke district in 20014 is shown in Figure and the other half in the evening (5pm). It 66. Generally the piglets began to accumulate consisted of commercial feed composed of weight gains rapidly until when record taking maize bran mixed with silver fish, blood meal, stopped (12 weeks later) At this time, the cotton seed cake and salt. The commercial pigs were too heavy for the farmers to weigh feed were supplemented with grass and crop conveniently. further, weight gains became residues. more rapid as the piglets grew older. Benefits of IMOs. Micro-organisms decompose Big differences in rate of weight gain were and convert complex organic materials such as observed among the piglets; and it varied from dead plants and animals tissues, excreta and 1-7 kg per week depending on the piglet. Male other organic materials into simple organic piglet KGE 10K put on fastest weight gains compounds such as organic manure, anti- and the rate of growth were highest, putting biotic substances, enzymes and lactic acids on average 3-4 kg but sometimes up to 7kg of

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 87 Figure 66:

weight per week. The other remaining piglets which performed poorest. (all females) had different rates of weight gains Results at Kwavula in Nabiswera sub-county, but KGE 05K, 07K and 09K grew much more (Figure 69), were similar. However, growth slowly and weight gains were least. of the male piglet N 10 was astronomical especially as it grew bigger. The piglet put on Similar results were obtained at Kyabutaika 3, 5 and 10 kg per week from 9 -10, 10-11 and village, Kakooge-Naksongola District (Fig 67), 11-12 weeks respectively. This rate of weight where the male piglet outperformed the rest gain continued throughout and was followed and was followed by female piglets KGE01C by piglets N 02, and N 03 which also continued and KGE 04C. Differences in rate of weight to put on astronomical weight gains especially gains among the piglets were big. Piglets in their 11-12 weeks of feeding when they put KGE06C KGE08C and KGE 05C registered the on 7-9 kg of weight during that period. Piglets least growth rates. N08 and N 09 performed the least.

Performance of the piglets in Lwampanga, and The huge rate of weight gain at Lwampanga was Nabiswera district are shown in Figures 68 and a result of good feeding management. This rate Figure 69 respectively. As with the piglets in of weight gain also indicates the high potential Nakasekke districts, rapid increases in weight which could be achieved with adequate feeding gains were observed among other piglets in management practices. These results show Nakasongola district and differences between the huge potential in piggery production using them were great. The male piglet NGA 01 the fermented bed technology. It emphasized registered fastest weight gains throughout the the need for good breed, appropriate feeding trial period and was followed closely by NGA03 regime and management practices. and NGA 09. They were putting on 4-6 kg of weight per week at times. Apart from NGA 01, Performance of piglets in Bugaala Women which is male, variations between the other Group, Kapeeka sub-country in Nakasekke piglets were less marked except for GGA 02 District, were monitored over a period of 5

88 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 Figure 67: weeks in 2014 and results are shown in Fig 70. gains were observed among the rest although As for the other areas, the rate of weight gains little differences were detected among them. varied among the piglets and differences were In all the piglets, initial weight gains were slight marked. The male piglet KPK10G continued in the first two weeks and in some cases weight to grow faster than its female counterparts losses were registered especially for piglets and was consistently registered 3-5 kg KPK 06G and KPK 09G. This loss in weight were weight increase per week 2-5 weeks from quickly recovered and by third week all piglets intervention. This was closely followed by had regained their weights and continued to piglet KPK 08G which managed to put on 2-7 put on more. kg per week after second week. Similar weight

Figure 68:

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 89 Figure 69:

The rapid increase in weight gains of pigs at all their female counterparts; suggesting that for the pilot centers demonstrate the superiority of commercial pork production, farmers should the breed, the technologies and management specialize in rearing male piglets instead of practices used compared to traditional breeds, females, which are more suitable for breeding. and practices. It also showed that under good The huge differences in weight gains were due management practices, piglets reared using to competition for feed as the bigger and more this technologies are capable of putting on energetic ones tended to eat more compared 5-7kgs of pork per week, resulting in huge gains to small ones. This results show that to even in profit and time. The data also show that male out differences in weight gains, it might be piglets put on more rapid weight gains than better to separate the piglets according to

Figure 70:

90 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 similar sizes before feeding them. fermented bed system Main Challenges faced by communities in 5. Considering the group composition, piggery production. The main challenges majority of them are women, weight faced by communities in piggery production recording was close to impossible due to are: the heavy weights of the pigs. 1. Worm infestation was high in Kakooge especially at the center hosted by Kimuli Other technical and logistical challenges are Dan where vegetable/grass forms the summarized in Fig 71. These include high costs major diet. of feeds and other inputs, inadequate advisory 2. In two of 6 centers, three piglets were lost services for farmers, and cultural and religious due to unreliable or rather weak veterinary hindrances. extension system and inability of the 3.2.2.2. Climate smart poultry farmers to handle emergencies especially production innovations. when it comes to animal health issues due to lack of capital Introduction. 3. Feeding is a major challenge due to Uganda produces 36.2 million chicken (UBOS, high costs of commercial feeds. During 2010). The local breeds make up 80% of interaction with the different groups, this population. In the cattle corridor, every members suggested that since corn is the household has at least one cock and two hens. major energy source, they could grind The chicken are reared in a free range system whole corn, supplemented with dry sliced where the birds are released in the morning potato chips (Kasedde) or dry cassava chips to scavenge for their feed. In the evening, (Biwogo) and then add other ingredients to they return to sleep either in their housing meet the pigs’ nutritional requirements for structure, on trees, or in the same house with enhanced growth. This suggestion will be the children or the owner. Birds raised in a investigated as part of year three activities. free range system produce few small sized 4. Scattered populations still hinders mobility eggs, succumb to diseases such as Newcastle and communication within the group disease, Coccidiosis, Fowl typhoid. Sometimes members. This has been one of the issues a farmer or a village can lose all the birds at raised in all the groups as a factor that one go. In addition, the birds easily fall prey to sometimes renders the group members predators that eat mature chickens, chicks or inefficient. This subsequently affected the eggs. management of and functioning of the To address the above challenges and enable communities engage in profitable chicken farming, the project introduced and piloted Kroiler chicken (superior breed from India) in two innovation centers in Nakasongola and Nakasekke districts; one each per district as indicated in table 39.

The Kroiler chicken breed was introduced in Uganda in 2009 to meet nutritional and economic needs of an average family. Kroiler is a hybrid chicken suitable for village environment. It is dual purpose providing both meat and eggs. It is phenotypically similar to local indigenous chickens - making them Figure 71. Main technical and logistical appropriate for both free range and indoor challenges faced by faced by farmers hosting production system. A Kroiler hen lays 200 eggs the innovations centers, Nakasongola and compared to 40 eggs laid by a local hen in a Nakasekke districts, 2014. year. Males weigh over 3kg compared to less

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 91 Table 39: Kroiler chicken innovations centers in Nakasongola and Nakasekke districts, 2014 District Sub-county Farming Innovation Center Number of Birds system Given Survived Nakasongola Nabiswera Pastoral Serunjogi S 100 65 Nakaseke Kapeeka Mixed Nalukwago R 100 75

than 2.0 kg per local cocks. Kroiler chicken can visit, the birds were vaccinated, given multi- co-exist with the local chicken and are known vitamins and treated for any disease signs. to be tolerant to diseases. The farmers were linked to a source of reliable commercial feed and sometimes helped with transport means to deliver the feed. Training of community members on Kroiler chicken production. Introduction and management of Kroiler Introduction of the Kroiler chickens were chicken using fermented bed technology. decided on during the identification of suitable Each group was given 100 one-month old enterprises by communities in the livelihood Kroiler chicken to rear using Fermented Bed profiling exercise. The community was asked Technology system, as described already for to identify a suitable host farmer whose the piggery. There were some modifications dedication would lead to instant success. The in the technology to suit rearing of Kroiler members of this center were taught how to chicken. Instead of using maize stalk/ or coffee establish a housing unit operating under a husks, the entire bedding material is made fermented bed technology system and the from rice or sawdust. The bedding material is appropriate sustainable methods of feeding made of twelve bags of sawdust, 100 kilograms chicken without wasting feed. Further, they of compost soil mixed with 5 kilograms of lime, were trained on how to manage the system so 7 kilograms of table salt, and 120 kilograms of as to minimize disease outbreaks and manage charcoal dregs.

The farmers were trained how to prepare liquid IMO and how to apply it on the bedding for the FBT and to turn it frequently for seven days before the chicken is introduced. They were also taught how to vaccinate the birds against Newcastle, Fowl Typhoid and Bumboro disease (Fig 72); and on how to manage the deep

Figure 72. Putting knowledge to practice. These pastoral women farmers practice how to vaccine their chickens against new castle disease at Serunjogi innovation centre in Nabiswera Sub County, Nakasongola district. those that occurred (Fig 72).

The project linked the farmers to a veterinary officer from whom they would get technical Figure 73. Three month old Kroiler chicken in help in times of emergency; and also facilitated a modified FBT system at Serunjogi innovation the animal production specialist to routinely centre in Nabiswera Sub County, Nakasongola monitor the birds. During these monitoring district.

92 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 litter system and how to ensure sanitation and to kill off weeds before planting. Planting holes hygiene at the center. were dug to a depth of 3x3ft wide and the plantlets were spaced 12ft apart. Twenty (20) Performance of the Kroiler chicken in kgs of farm yard manure was applied to each fermented bed technology system. planting hole. The plantlets were planted one Survival and growth of the chicken were week after farm yard manure was applied in outstanding. Out of the 100 chicks provided the planting holes. One week after the banana to each group only 25 and 15 in Serunjogi plantlets were established, groundnuts and and Nalukwago innovation centers died of field beans (non-creeping varieties) were Newcastle disease and fowl typhoid diseases introduced as cover crop. A half the plot was respectively. Growth and egg production were planted with each cover crop. The beans impressive. On average each hen laid 0.85 egg were planted using a recommended spacing per day on maturity and cocks were 2.5 -3kg. of 50cm x 15cm between and within row at a The birds also matured 50% earlier than the depth of 7cm. Each planting holes was given 2 local chicken (Fig 73). bottle top covers of Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) fertilizer at the time of planting. The 3.2.2.3. Integrated climate smart banana groundnuts were established on the other half management innovations of the plot. They were planted at a spacing of 25cmx15cm between rows and 1 within rows Banana is the main stable food for the communities particularly in the southern and northern parts of the project area. The crop has suffered serious decline due to pests and diseases, declining soil fertility, and poor crop husbandry practices. The most common planting material is suckers from older plantations and more often this is heavily infested with weevils, nematodes and bacterial wilt disease. Intercropping with coffee is common and very few homesteads practice improved bananas management practices including agroforestry, soil fertility improvement and conservation.

To improve the production and management of bananas, the project established two pilot Figure 74. AfrII project staff deliver good banana innovations centers to demonstrate quality, disease free tissue culture banana the superiority of climate smart banana plantlets to pilot Namirember Innovations innovations based on improved tissue culture center in Namirembe Village, Semuto Sub plantlets, agroforestry and integrated soil County, Nakaseke district. fertility and moisture management practices and conservation farming. The centers were at the same depth as that for the beans. Coffee located at Nalumansi and Kayongo innovations seedlings were also scattered within the plot. centers in Kapeeka Sub County in Nakaseke district. The project purchased and delivered Establishing agroforestry trees. Three tissue culture banana plantlets to each of the multipurpose agroforestry tree species were centers (Fig 85). Each center was established introduced in each plot at both centers. The with 400 tissue culture plantlets of banana tree species were; Ficus natalensis locally called varieties Mpologoma (160), Nakitembe (100), mutuba (bark cloth tree), Grevillea robusta Musakala (58), and Kisansa (122). and Albizia chinensis. The Ficus and Albizia were scattered in the plot while Grevillea was Land preparation and planting. Land was planted in lines along the boundary and within prepared according to the recommended the plot. The distance from each tree is 5m. practices. The herbicide Roundup was applied

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 93 These multipurpose trees will provide shade for the coffee and bananas; provide fuel wood and strengthen the soil around their roots and conserve moisture. Routine maintenance of the demonstrations are being carried out by the farmers. 3.2.2.4. Integrated climate smart tomato production innovations Tomato variety. Tomato production innovations was hosted by Mr Nalukwago in Kapeeka sub county, Nakasekke district. The funding for each stage of this enterprise was done on a 50% co-funding mechanism between farmers and the project. The project purchased 1 kg seed Figure 75. Members of the tomato farmers of of improved hybrid variety Asira preferred by Kirema village, Semuto Sub County learn how the community. The farmers chose this variety to stake and prune tomatoes. because of its high yields (approximately 60t/ ha), long shelf life after harvesting (making it clearly explained to them. They were trained appropriate for transportation to the market on regular irrigation using watering cans over long distances); hard fruit skin which whenever there was signs of moisture stress. makes it resistant to borers, and tolerance to Disease and pest control. The farmers were late blight. trained how to identify and control common Seedling nursery. A flat polythene tubing tomato diseases such as early and late blight, technology was used to pot the plants. Planting Septoria leaf spot and bacterial spot. They was done in March 2014. One seed was planted were also trained on the different classes directly in each polythene pot containing soil of fungicides and how to use them and mixed with farm yard manure. The seeded safety measures to follow. To control blight, pots were placed under a grass thatched the project contributed 50% co-funding for 1mX10m shades and watered lightly until the purchase of Di-thane M-45 (Mancozeb germination, about 7 days later. Traditionally 80%WP) broad spectrum contact fungicide. farmers broadcast the seeds in a nursery bed The fungicide was sprayed twice a week and and transplant them directly to the garden, a was alternated with Victory 72WP (Metalaxyl practice that stresses the seedlings, results in 8% + Mancozeb 72%WP) and NIMROD high mortality and reduces yields. (250g/L Bupirimate) in order to prevent the Transplanting and management. This was development of fungicide resistance by the done to the field at a recommended spacing pathogens. They were advised to harvest the of 100cm X 50cm, immediately after the fruits seven days after the application of the onset of first rains. Transplanting was done fungicides. The farmers were also trained to in the evening and only vigorously growing identify, control and eradicate common pests seedlings were transplanted. One handful such as; American ballworm, Tobacco whitefly of chicken manure was put in each seedling and red spider mites using ROCKET (Profenos hole at the time of planting. The plants were 40% + Cypermethrin 4%), Dimethoate top dressed with inorganic fertilizer - Calcium 400g/L and Dursban insecticides to control Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) four weeks after grasshoppers, red spider mites and American planting. Every plant received one teaspoon bollworms respectively. of the fertilizer. Heavy mulching with grass was done to control weeds and conserve moisture. 3.2.2.5. Integrated cassava value chain The farmers were advised and trained to prune innovations regularly and stake the tomatoes beginning one and a half months after planting (Fig 75). Cassava is the most important crop in the The advantages of pruning and staking were two districts in the cattle corridor because of

94 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 its drought tolerance abilities. The crop has rehabilitated, and used to train members and however come under severe attacks from other farmers on how to process cassava into diseases, the most devastating being brown HQCF. The members of the farmer group were streak and mosaic virus diseases. All the mentored to process HQCF and were linked to varieties grown are susceptible to brown streak WindWood Millers Ltd where they could sell and communities have little solution. The their HQCF and HQCC. project intervened by introducing integrated 3.2.2.6. Mobilizing local savings and innovations for improving value chain performance. The innovations introduced borrowing for investments are integrated control of cassava mosaic Introduction. Following urgent need for funds and brown streak diseases using resistant to sustain the enterprises, the groups were or tolerant varieties, phyto-sanitation (clean advised to mobilize savings from members and planting materials and roguing), integrated pool it into a local savings and credit scheme crop management, post-harvest processing from which members can borrow in times of to produce high quality cassava flour (HQCF) need. Twerinde Embeera Y’obudde Farmers’ and chips (HQCC), strengthening community Group in Kapeeka sub-county was the first processing groups and linking HQCF producers to buy this idea and other groups followed to markets. subsequently. The project engaged an expert on microcredits to train the groups on setting Two innovations centers, one in Kabasombwa up and managing a savings and credit scheme village in Kwembi parish and the other normally referred to as Savings and Credit in Kikaraganya village in Kisalizi parish in Co-operative Organizations (SACCO). Several Lwampanga Sub County, Nakasongola trainings and mentoring support were provided

Table 40: Date and number of participants trained on savings and credit mobilization Date Sub County village No. trained Total Male Female 4th – 8th Aug Kapeeka Bugaala 5 25 30 18th – 22nd Aug Kapeeka Bukeeka 4 26 30 Total 9 51 60 district. The project supplied each platform to the groups at their innovation centres. Date with healthy cuttings of mosaic resistant and and number of participants trained on savings brown streak tolerant new variety NASE 14 to and credit mobilization is summarized in Table establish one hectare of seed multiplication for 40. the community. The multiplication was used to demonstrate good seedbed preparation, This training was responding to the group’s care and management of planting materials, perception that they did not have enough recommended spacing, weed management, money to sustain their innovation/learning intercropping, crop and disease management, centres and to replicate the centre’s among others. The crops were planted in innovations in the individual members’ farm September 2014 and germination were households. excellent. In a participatory manner, the group was Demonstrations on post-harvest management guided to recall the co-operative movement and processing took advantage of cassava in Uganda in the 1960s and 1970s when processing facility located in Kisaalizi parish, most of Uganda export commodities were which was established by the District Local transacted through the cooperative chain. Government but has been abandoned. The The group was also helped to understand the project collaborated with CAVA, another AfrII categories of cooperatives, and the history of project implemented in the area. Through the cooperative movement in Uganda. The this arrangement the processing center was rise and decline of the traditional cooperative

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 95 commodity marketing, which gave rise to the the progress, impact and challenges of the emergence of other co-operative enterprises, interventions. The objective of the evaluation notably the Savings and Credit Co-operative was to determine if project beneficiaries Organizations (SACCOs) were also discussed. especially members of the innovation centers had started appreciating the interventions, The training comprised of the following topics: (1) historical perspectives of the cooperative movement in Uganda (2) the meaning and range of Cooperatives, (3) mandate and the legal framework: the Cooperative Societies ACT 1991 and Regulations 1992, (4) leadership, benefits and common challenges in SACCOs, and (5) mobilization of savings and (6) modalities for borrowing from the savings.

Other areas discussed included: capacity building in good governance, participation in furthering their common objectives and goal, developing and implementing a strategic plan and work plan, to take advantage of funding from government and other resource Figure 76. The Project team talks to members mobilization strategies. At the same time, of Kiwendi Farmer’s Group, Lwampanga the members were able to recall the past co- Sub County Nakasongola district. Mr Simon operative legacy which was characterized with Byenek AfrII (standing) interviews members of corruption in the management of cooperatives. the group on their experiences. They therefore resolved to form a SACCO and actively mobilize resources from members. By were learning and adopting the practices, and the end of September 2014, three SACCOs had the challenges and opportunities they were been formed and were operating, the most facing. advanced being that by Twerinde Embeera 3.2.3.1. Climate smart piggery Y’obudde Farmers’ Group. Further training and mentoring support will continue to be intervention. extended to existing ones and new SACCOs 3.2.3.1.1. Appreciation of the FBT technology. supported to operate. Training is particularly The first monitoring was from the 9th to 11th needed in the areas of cooperative law, July 2014, and covered all the innovation leadership, transparency and accountability, centers implemented the project (Fig 76). marketing and information management. According to Florence Nanyonga, a member of 3.2.3. Monitoring and Evaluation of “Basooka Kwavula” Farmer Group in Nabiswera Sub County, they have focused their energy the Interventions to ensuring adequate feeding of the pigs as In January and February 2014, the project instructed by the project. They have noticed introduced interventions to secure the the fast growth exhibited by the pigs and livelihoods of communities against the believe they will fetch faster and higher returns impact of climate change in Nakasongola and of investment than some of their colleagues Nakasekke districts in the cattle corridor of who are still using the traditional methods of Uganda. The interventions are climate smart pig husbandry. (1) piggery production (2) poultry production, Some members even promised to abandon (both through fermented bed technology); the practice of burning charcoal because the (3) tomato production innovations (4) banana modern piggery technology is low cost, require production innovations (5) credit and savings low technical input and does not require scheme (6) capacity development. The traveling long distances to sustain the animals. project periodically monitored and evaluated “All that the animals need is crop residue and

96 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 left-over food”, said one of the members of the burrow in the ground in an attempt to leave group. On a social note, the members reported the structure. The members were advised to that because everyone is assigned roles in the reduce the amount of rice husks used to make management of the piggery, learning is faster the bed and reduce the distance between the among the communities. The assignment of pit and wooden perimeter. roles ensures that members contribute to the 2.A cold sty. A thorough turning of the project while at the same time have time to bed revealed that the cold was a result of attend to their respective domestic chores. inadequate and inconsistent application of IMO to the bed. The quantities were not adequate Mr. Fredrick Ssemwanga, the Chairperson of enough to cause a raise in temperature up “Kiwendi Farmer’s Group” in Lwampanga sub- to 60oC. This showed a clear need for more county praised the technology for reducing training in the technology. The farmers were the incidence of flies in the community. He advised to increase the amounts of IMO said, “The technology has brought us a clean being sprinkled to 80 liters per day for three environment with fewer flies and a new breed of pigs.” The host farmer, Mr. Kwerigira Stephen says that he now has a better use for the cassava leaves after harvesting. The leaves were previously left to dry and rot in the garden. He sees a money making opportunity for cassava growers once the technology is adopted in the Sub County as the farmers will sell their cassava leaves to farmers rearing pigs (Fig78).

Ruth Nalukwago, a committee member of the Kapeeka Farmer’s Group noted that keeping the pigs in a closed environment is a long term strategy to ensure their safety. “We have learned that it is safer to rear pigs in a closed setting. All around us the community has been losing pigs to swine fever but ours are Figure 78. The Chairman of AfrII, Prof. G.W still alive because they were never exposed to Otim-Nape (left), chats with Mr. Kwerigira the sickness at any point.” Further monitoring Stephen, the host farmer of the piggery and evaluation were done in September and innovation center in Lwampanga Sub County in November, 2014. July 2014. 3.3.3.1.2. Challenges faced by farmers. consistent days while turning the litter. This In Nabiswera Sub County the challenges faced cause the microorganisms to rapidly multiply by the farmers piloting the technology were: and raise the temperature in the litter. 1. Pigs jumping out of the sty. In this center, it At the end of the evaluation exercise, sometime was reported that the pigs jumped out of the was set aside to emphasize the need to regulate pit but remain within the housing unit. the amount of water poured in the pig sty. They were told that the cold sty was not providing A close scrutiny of the housing structure enough heat for the animals especially in the shows that the members made adjustments night. To build the temperature, the farmers on the original plan recommended to them. were asked to increase the amount of rice They raised the walls of the house to the one husks in the bedding so that the surplus could meter as required but then they put a wooden absorb the excess water. perimeter 30cm away from the wall. The pigs Although each consequently jumped out of the pit onto this 3. Late feeding of feeds. household was assigned a day to feed the soil area. Once in this area, the pigs started to animals, it was found out that some members

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 97 report late in the morning for feeding the trough to 3 pigs was achieved. Members of the pigs. This was because of the long distance center were requested to change feeding time between homesteads in this Sub-County. It of pigs from 11am to 9am. This was meant also depended on the season. The majority to reduce stress on the pigs since they feed of households first engaged in working in actively in cooler temperatures. their crop fields before reporting to feed 5. Weighing is a challenge. The members the pigs. This is understandable given the reported that weighing the pigs was difficult unpredictable rainfall pattern experienced especially when they grew bigger and the in the area. The project emphasized the weighing scale were inadequate (Fig79). importance of following the feeding schedule Further big animals were difficult to weigh since it contributed to how much weight a pig especially by women. The male is heavy and was gaining. The group resolved that the host difficult to weigh. Since the pigs were getting farmer is given the responsibility of feeding in heavier, the animal production specialist the morning while the other members would advised them to give daily feed of 4Kgs served feed in the afternoon. in two 4. Limited money for feeds. Many members 5. Split applications. This is the feed given to a of the group do not have ready money to pig which has reached market weight. replenish the feed. They said they have a The farmers were introduced and taught the savings scheme to where they contribute girth method of weighing mature pigs. The money and therefore it was difficult to commit project procured a record book to capture to the scheme and also send money for feeds. information such as weekly weight on individual The farmers resolved to collect their crop pigs, amount of feed given, diseases and pest residues, such as cassava and potato peelings, incidences, and a daily cash book. The record and send to the host farmers to feed the pigs. book also indicate how the feed was split They would eventually buy the commercial between the morning and evening schedules. feed when money was available, say after the Better weighing scales were provided to the sale of farm produce. members. The farmers were advised to increase the Purpose of being in groups. number of feeding troughs to balance the feeding and ensure that at least a ratio of 1 In a general discussions with the groups, it was clear that the motivation for members to join the group were to learn a new way of rearing pigs so as to improve the wellbeing of women in society; and to forge stronger unity of group members. Individual members felt that they would become wealthier and provide for their family by joining the group. They felt that through being in groups they can complement one another and boost the members in society who can’t work alone and make wealth as a group. The group said they planned to attain their goals through commitment, hard work, unity and sharing common interests and faith. Some of the groups have been in existence since 2006 and were matured. Figure 89. Members of Basooka Kwavula Care of the pigs and interaction with the Womens’ Group in Nakasongola District Local Governments. learning how to take measurements of the They have a rotation of 4 members per day for all growth of the pigs. Being weighed is a piglet the activities including turning litter, weighing in the polythene bag. Looking on in white shirt pigs, preparation and actual feeding pigs. There is Professor G.W Otim-Nape, Chairman of AfrII. was some interest in the center’s activities by

98 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 officials from NAADS, and other members of to maintain the system. It required regular the district and sub county local governments sprinkling of IMO, turning the litter and who had expressed interest in taking over weighing the pigs once a week to determine and continuing with the project interventions their growth and feed requirements. once the project ended. The members main 4. Time saving way of rearing pigs. The concerns were raising funds to match the 50%- recommended split serving of equal feed in 50% contributions to the project as required the morning and evening created time for by the project because their incomes were other activities between the feeding times. low. They were also concerned about market This attribute was particularly advantageous for the pigs. To address these concerns the for the women. There was no need to fetch project introduced a village savings and credit water from far to clean the house. scheme through which members would make However, they still need further capacity savings and contribute small amount of money building on management of the fermented monthly. This scheme has kicked off among bed technology; adapting feed to available many groups with much enthusiasms. They local feed resources as opposed to relying on were assured that the project will link them commercial feeds which are very expensive, to markets once their pigs and other produce and are far away. were ready and so they should not worry about market. They were informed that Quality Cuts Similarly, at the Kapeeka Innovation Centers, Ltd, a pork commercial company in Kampala Nakasekke District, the members admitted was ready to buy any amount of pork they that their perceptions on pig farming has produce. Representative of the Company was completely changed compared to before the introduced to them. project started. The group previously thought Learning from the project and areas of that rearing pigs is dirty business characterized capacity needs. by a foul smell and high fly populations. They Since the introduction of the piggery project, also thought that pigs eat all the time and members of the community have learnt a lot. that cassava was their only food. They did They now know how to rear pigs in a closed not know that the weight of a pig determined setting using the fermented bed technology; the amount of food it ate. The confessed the they know the importance of feeding them project has changed their opinion on these on time and the right feed and amount; they matters and that they now want to specialize on appreciates the fact that the technology cleans piggery production using the FBT technology the environment (no stench and flies) and their introduced to them. attitude to pig rearing has changed positively compared to before when they used to think Further, the group agreed that the project was that piggery was a dirty occupation. relevant to their needs although acquiring commercial feed is expensive. The project Members of Kiwendi Farmer’s Society, also presents them with the opportunity to Lwampanga Sub County, Nakasongola district pool resources as a group and members can emphasized that they have greatly appreciated use new knowledge to expand individual the following aspects of the FBT: projects in order to make money. They plan 1. Superiority of the technology. The group is to set up one piggery unit for each member of fascinated by the fast growth exhibited by the innovation center. They propose a system the pigs when they are cared for properly. where each member will have an opportunity 2. Disease free environment created. They to receive a pregnant sow from the center appreciated the fact that using IMO created and return it to the center for serving after a disease free environment. This was weaning, six to eight weeks after littering. This supported by revelation that pigs in the will be done until all members have got pigs. neighborhood died while the ones at the Benefits of the project to the community. center were not attacked at all. There has been increased unity among the 3. A low technology system. The farmers women. They have learned that the profits will noticed the simple requirements needed

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 99 come after a while of work, and the feeds are expensive so there is need to adapt to local feed The group wants to learn how to prepare resources to reduce costs and increase profits commercial feed. Most of the ingredients earnings. They look at the project as a way to: such as cotton seed cake, silver fish and sea reduce the impact of charcoal burning on the shells are easily got where they are. This will environment; increase finances of women; reduce the cost of transporting the feed from bring about less dependence on climate and Kampala. Further, the group expressed interest seasonal changes for their survival; will reduce in accessing simple micro irrigation equipment tree felling and promote cleanliness in the and other mechanized agricultural practices. community, among others. They members of Kiwendi Farmer’s Society plan to tap water from Lake Kyoga and use it The members of the groups consistently for production. They also want to learn how pointed out that the project has helped them to identify symptoms and manage diseases adapt to climate change in key areas as follows: attacking their crops and animals such as cassava and sweet potatoes and cattle, goats 1. More knowledge and skills. The farmers said and chicken. The project plans to address they have gained more knowledge and skills to these in year three of the project. better adapt to the impacts of climate change. The now know the causes of climate change 3.2.3.2. Climate smart poultry innovations and how to avert its negative impact on their - Kroiler chicken lives. For instance, they now know climate Appreciation of the Kroiler chickens smart piggery production, using fermented technology: The project introduced improved bed technology, irrespective of climate risks; poultry breed – the Kroiler chicken, and a set and are diversifying their livelihood enterprises of management technologies (fermented bed as a cushion to climate risks. technology, improved feeding and disease 2. Preserving the environment. The farmers control), to both men and women farmers’ said that the low tech nature of the technology groups in the two districts, as described in 3.1. requires a small area to practice it and is very Management and performance of the chicken much environment friendly. This therefore at Nalukwago Innovation center in Kapeeka means that one does not have to clear more Sub County was excellent. The group sold their land to rear more pigs. Further, the pig chicken after six months and replenish the droppings are automatically decomposed into second stock. They also bought a heifer with manure and therefore does not emit bad gases parts of the proceeds from the sale of chicken. to the environment. They also said that they Challenges at Ntalo Stephen innovation center, will use the resulting compost manure from Nakasongola district. the deep litter to grow vegetables and other The second poultry innovation center was crops, thus killing two birds with one stone. hosted by Mr. Ntalo Stephen. According to They therefore plan to continue with the the members of this group, they liked the business as a way of averting the impact of technologies, the new management practices. climate change on their livelihoods. They also All members attended three trainings in the plan on continued reliance on commercial technologies and management of fermented feeds for their pigs since this enables pigs to bed technology, and contributed local gain tremendous weight when fed commercial materials for the construction of the chicken feeds. However, they will supplement the house. However, because of conflicting labour commercial feed with local feed resources. demands, members hired labour to assist in They have identified local shrubs, vegetables excavation of the 1 meter pit, and construction and crops that can grow throughout the year of the piggery house. Further, in February and can be fed to the pigs. They also plan to 2014 - the peak of the dry season when water include left overs of human food for the pigs. for their animals was scarce, project staff The members said they will take full advantage had to camp and intervene at the centers of the nearby borehole to meet the daily water for up to three days to ensure completion needs of the pigs. of the work. The work to be done were:

100 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 excavation, construction and fermenting the This was despite the fact that the group had bed. Even after direct project intervention, chosen to rear Kroiler chicken as a livelihoods challenges continued to emerge two months enterprise in the dry season when the weather after the introduction of the Kroiler chicken. was dry, and cattle had shortages of water and Many members left and the host farmer was pasture. eventually left to manage the center with the help of his family and a few other members. The major challenges faced by the group and host family were: Why members lost interest. Discussions with the members revealed that Lack of readily available bedding material. culture, group dynamics and inadequate The group said it was easy to get dry grass appreciation of the technology were the causes at the time of construction since most of loss of interest. The area is predominantly homesteads are surrounded by grass. The pastoralists who depend entirely on cattle. challenge however was in accessing twelve Introduction of modern chicken farming was bags of saw dust. There is only one saw mill a major departure from their norms and in the Sub County and the demand for the culture, despite their initial enthusiasm at the saw dust is high, stretching as far as Kampala. technology. This exercise of acquiring the saw dust was expensive in terms of purchase and delivery to Modified chicken management practices. the center. According to the testimony of host farmer’s spouse, her husband was feeding the chicken Preparing and sustaining the IMO. The alone despite existence of the group. Without group was trained how to prepare a solution consistent and adequate money to buy of IMO and sustain it, but they kept ignoring commercial feeds from either Kampala or the procedures. The IMO kept dying, requiring Luwero, the family adopted a hybrid system of them to purchase more from Kampala. rearing the chicken. The chicken were released This turned out to be expensive in terms of to scavenge in the morning, and early part of purchasing and transporting it. There were the afternoon and herded to the house later times when the group/family could not afford to in the afternoon when they would be given replace the IMO. The bed thus took some time commercial feed. This cycle continued until without being fermented. This led to a drop the chickens were ready for sale at six months. in temperature and emergence of diseases The family planned to fence off an acre around and pests like fleas. Some of the chicken the chicken house, expand the enterprise and died during this time. Since the community is recruit youth colleagues into Kroiler chicken largely a pastoral one, it was not easy to get farming. maize bran to mix in the preparation of liquid IMO. It had to be procured from Luwero town, The host farmer said that he managed to rear 100kms away. the chicken with the help of his children who had The host farmer’s way forward. The host attended the training. The family believes that farmer has embarked on rearing a hybrid of since the farmers’ group was newly created, local chicken crossed with Kroiler chicken the dynamics of group management were using fermented technology. He says local weak and couldn’t sustain the maintenance chicken is more popular than Kroiler chicken of the project. The group was a combination and that it will take time to popularize pure of men and women so when meetings were Kroiler chicken. The farmer intend to construct called the women didn’t attend, yet they are another structure in order to increase on the ones who usually did the work. the volume of the enterprise. The host farmer’s children intend to recruit youth for The group’s understanding of why they came a cooperative training in order to nurture 16 According to one together in the first place. individual youth entrepreneurs in the Sub of the female members, the group belittled County and to market their chicken as a youth the Kroiler business because they were more cooperative. At the time of selling the first accustomed to herding cattle, so they weren’t stock of Kroiler chicken, the farmer selected keen to learn how to rear Kroiler chicken.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 101 Kroiler cocks which would be used to breed so that activities at the center could continue. the next generation of high quality hybrid of Training in group dynamics and cohesion were Kroiler birds crossed with local chicken. conducted to address this challenge. The project’s way forward. The project Expensive production inputs. In the process has continued to providing more technical of interacting with the farmers, they said that backstopping and support to members of the the money required to purchase inputs such as family, and has encouraged the boys in the compost manure, fungicide (both contact and family to recruit other youth colleagues in the systemic) and some foliar fertilizers is high and sub county to engage in the chicken enterprise. not readily available. To ease this challenge, Further, the project will further provide more the project purchased 25Kgs of Dithane M45 trainings and mentoring support, in fermented fungicide for them and taught them how to bed technology, preparation of feed, group mobilize domestic savings from the sale of the dynamics and marketing, to the members. tomatoes once matured. Un-reliable rainfall. The farmers said that 3.2.3.3. Tomato Innovation center in the tomatoes received adequate and timely Semuto Sub County, Nakasekke district rainfall up to the first set of fruits. After that, During the M&E exercise, it was realized that the rain became inconsistent and this greatly the tomato farmers had made some strides affected the second and third fruiting. The lack in the management of the tomatoes despite of adequate moisture slowed the development challenges. Germination was above 90% of the fruit resulting in medium sized tomatoes. and the mortality in the transplant bed was The project is conducting a feasibility study for minimal. The weeding was very good and the the installation of a micro drip irrigation unit spacing was as recommended. The challenges at the innovation center using water from a the group met were: nearby permanent swamp. Weak group cohesion. The group started with a membership of thirty individuals but had 3.2.3.4. Climate smart banana production reduced to only fifteen members. Those that left innovations said that the activities at the center coincided Assessment of the performance of the bananas with their family schedule. For instance, the Table 41 Details of banana tissue culture materials supplied and their survival at Bukeeka and Bugaala innovations centers, Kapeeka sub county, Nakasekke district, 2014 Village Variety Quantity No. dead No. surviving Bukeeka Mpologoma 160 0 160 Nakitembe 100 0 100 Musakala 58 02 56 Kisansa 122 02 120 Total 400 04 396 Bugaala Mpologoma 160 0 160 Nakitembe 100 0 100 Musakala 58 03 55 Kisansa 122 01 121 Total 400 05 395

was conducted to determine the survival of time for weeding coincided with the time they the different banana cultivars one month had planned to weed their individual tomato after they had been planted. The results are in gardens or even spray them with fungicide. In indicated in Table 41. their own words, they preferred to put energy Survival of the plantlets were excellent and in their family gardens whose benefits they the number that had died were negligible at had reaped than in a group scenario which had all sites. Further, the farmers had no major never been tested. The remaining members challenges maintaining the bananas at the chose to redistribute tasks among themselves innovation centers. This is probably because

102 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 banana is a staple crop grown in the area spent explaining the theory of fermented bed and most farmers are conversant with its technology, its economic and environmental management. benefits. The next three days were spent doing practical work involved in the construction of 3.2.4. Capacity Building and Farmer the structure, preparation of liquid Indigenous Visits Micro-Organisms (IMO) and fermenting the 3.2.4.1. Feedback and knowledge translation workshops. Several feed forward workshops were conducted to explain to the communities the processes or mechanisms of implementing selected pilot technologies, build their capacity in relevant areas and supply training materials. The project built the capacity of farmers to rear pigs and chicken using fermented bed technology. They are conversant with the steps involved in this technology as described in detail in the. Training material for fermented bed technology. Figure 80. Members of St. Kizito Farmers Group receiving instructions from project team The project hired the services of an animal on how to maintain a healthy fermented bed. production specialist to train the farmers. Two Left to right: Mr Samuel Lutwama (animal sources of information were used to train in production specialist), Beatrice Mukasa fermented bed technology. One was a manual (Gender specialist), Prof Otim-Nape (PI) titled “Manual for organic pig production; and farmers Mr and Mrs Serunjogi practice the magic of the odorless pig production.” management of the fermented bed. This manual was written by two veterinary doctors from Makerere University and it was bedding material. This was done in all the customized to suit within the way Ugandan centers where the technology was piloted. farmers’ rear pigs. The second material was The summary of the training is indicated in the down loaded from the internet and orally table below 42. translated for the benefit of the trainees. Each center got copies of the training material for To build the capacity of the group members future reference. in the Sub Counties, the project involved the Sub County Community Development Officers Training in fermented bed technology. and National Agricultural Advisory Services Before piloting fermented bed technology, (NAADS) co-ordinators in the training sessions. the project conducted training in the These Sub County extension officers were also technology (Fig. 80). The first two days were tasked with the duty of providing snap technical

Table 42: Details of community members trained in Fermented Bed Technology for piggery and poultry production Date Sub County village No. trained Total Male Female 1st – 5th April Nabiswera Kyadobo 1 30 31 7th – 11th April Kapeeka Bugaala 5 25 30 14th – 18th April Kapeeka Bukeeka 4 26 30 22nd – 26th April Kakooge Kyabutaika 3 20 23 28th – 2nd May St. Kizito 5 25 30 5th – 9th May Lwampanga Kabasombwa 9 12 21 12th -16th May Semuto 10 15 25 Total 30 153 200

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 103 backstopping. They were also instrumental into high quality cassava flour and shall be link in translating what is written in the manuals to growth market. to vernacular. The training manuals were Supply of training materials. translated in vernacular during the training sessions for the benefit of the community. To build the capacity of the community to engage in commercial agriculture, the project Training in climate smart tomato production distributed the following training materials at management. each innovation platform (Table 43). There were a series of trainings conducted in February and June 2014 to build the capacity of farmers to improve the production and 3.2.5. Lessons learnt that inform management of tomatoes. The modules future work implemented included nursery bed location 1. Promotion of Relevant Ordinances and and orientation, size of the nursery bed, Laws in the Protection of the Environment. filling pots with soil, sowing seed, tending the germination bed, sorting the seedlings, digging The project has learnt that both the holes in the transplant field, transplanting communities, local leaders and local seedlings, tending the transplants in the field. Government officials are as concerned and Potting tomato seedlings, the advantages of are willing to do something about protecting potting compared to bare root transplanting, the environment and mitigating the effects of agronomic management of fruited tomatoes. climate change on livelihoods. They strongly They also received several trainings and believe that tree cutting for charcoal burning mentoring on how to prune, stake the fruits and cultivation in wetlands are key factors and criteria for the application of fungicides, accelerating climate change. These practices foliar fertilizers and insecticides. They were are rampant in the two districts. The project will also taught how to harvest and postharvest continue to work with the local authorities at management of fruits with minimum District and Sub County levels in the initiation, mechanical damage. promotion, reviewing and implementation of ordinances and laws which are relevant in Training in improved climate smart cassava the protection of the environment. From the innovations. reviewed literature and consultations with key The farmers received training in the agronomy informants, the following ordinances and bye- of cassava and disease management especially laws shall be pursued: cassava brown streak disease. They were • In Kinyogoga one of the cattle corridor Sub- taught how choose healthy cuttings for counties in Nakaseke District, a bye-law planting; make neat cuttings; and on spacing making bush burning illegal was approved and weeding management in cassava. In year by the Sub-county Council and it has been III their capacity to harvest, process cassava implemented since 2012.

Table 43. Details of training materials supplied to innovations centers, 2014 S/N Title Author Edition No. per center 1. Aquaculture technical manual Vol. II MAAIF-NAADS 2005 2 2. Chicken farming in practice B.M. Kisambira 2009 2 3. INSIGHTS-Africa’s future, biosciences Brian Heap 2013 1 4. Pig production manual MAAIF-NAADS 2005 1 5. Manual for organic pig production Kawule Leonard K 2009 2 6. Living bed technology Rutherford W. and L. Cardeli 1 7. Grower’s guide East African Seed Co. 2002 2 8. Market access for beekeepers Janet Lowore 2009 1 9. HIV/AIDS resource guide for extension NAADS/FAO 2004 1 workers 10. Goat production manual MAAIF-NAADS 2005 2 11. Collective marketing manual DFID/IITA/NRI/CEDO 2004 1 12. Communication and facilitation skills NAADS 1st edition 2

104 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 • Nakaseke District Sanitation Ordinance was such as geographical location or administrative in the process of being passed and approved. units to group the communities. Realizing this, Once passed, this Ordinance has provisions the project rearranged the groups based on which prohibit households without latrine. parish and village administrative units. 2. Project Sustainability through Integration 5. Farmers’ high time preference. with existing government funded programs. Farmers have high time preference, they Discussions with the officials of the district want short term than medium or long term local governments of the two districts revealed benefits. However, the technologies that were great interest in continuing with the activities introduced and piloted had a medium to long of the project once the project comes to an term gestation period. For instance, the poultry, end. In order to ensure sustainability of the piggery, bananas and cassava, take six, eight, project activities, especially the platforms, and twelve months to mature respectively, strong linkages will be made with the existing which delays the benefits the farmers expect government programmes at the district and to reap from their efforts. Therefore it is Sub county levels, particularly the National important to introduce short term enterprises Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS), the along with these technologies. In the next year, Local Government Management and Service the project will introduce short term crops like Delivery Programme through its Community improved beans, vegetables, sweet potatoes Driven Development (CDD) window, and the as a part of its strategy to address this concern District Livelihood Support Programme (DLSP). and for diversification of enterprises to cushion them against climate change impacts. 3. Baseline information to monitor progress Farmers’ inability to meet their co funding and short term impacts of the project. obligations. The project has specifically targeted women and different wealth groups. Despite the fact At the time of piloting the climate smart that platform interventions are wealth group technologies, the project required that the specific, there is still need to generate gender groups meet 50% co-funding between the responsive indicators and capture some socio- groups and the project. The project realized that economic and demographic data on the the farmers could not meet this requirement different wealth groups have benefitted from easily and on time. Consequently this was the project and how their status have changed impacting negatively on timely acquisition over the project period. This way changes in of inputs such as feeds for poultry and pigs, the livelihood levels of the wealth groups fungicides for tomatoes and herbicides for can be assessed meaningfully. Further, the bananas. As a result the project adopted a project shall be able to assess whether women strategy to facilitate the groups to form SACCOS empowerment in the daily management and to mobilize local resources from members and decision making the interventions results in tap resources from Local government. At the faster uptake of technologies. moment three groups, Kapeeka, Buggala and 4. Categorization of farmers into wealth Bukeeka Farmers Groups have formed SACCOS groups. and are saving and borrowing money from it. The project had categorized the farmers into Supplemental manual irrigation is poor, middle and rich wealth groups. However, inadequate. the social system operating in the community For the tomato farmers, the arrangement does not consider members according to was that they would supplement natural wealth groups. Therefore our approach of rain by manual irrigation when the moisture grouping these people into rich, poor and is inadequate. However, manual irrigation middle class was seen as stigmatizing the poor was tedious and proved inadequate to fully and glorifying the rich. In a community system cover the one acre planted with tomatoes all wealth groups work together as one unit when the area experienced a sudden drought and support each other. The lesson learnt is immediately after fruits were formed. that the project should have used other criteria Consequently, the tomatoes yields were low

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 105 compared to what was expected. In the next Discussions; key informant interviews and year, the project shall encourage the farmers participated in collection of plant samples, to establish their fields near a water source mosquito surveys and were trained in climate and will introduce either a treadle pump or adaptation. micro drip irrigation system to make them At the time of implementing activities at the independent of natural rain. platform, the project noticed that the groups needed to be guided to have a shared vision; 3.2.6. Challenges met and how they they were not cohesive since they had not were dddressed worked as a group before. This was exemplified 3.2.6.1. Institutional development in the way they were carrying out tasks. The tasks were not being done by all members 1. Formation of farmer groups. During first and they were not being completed on time. series of meetings to introduce and form the The main challenge was group dynamics innovation platform, the number of farmers and power struggles between factions in the interested in being part of the platform was group. The pastoralists were suspicious of the high. In these meetings, the farmers were crop farmers and the reverse was true. The informed about the project objectives and women did not trust the men when it came to how the platforms were going to operate using financial matters while others did not trust the a 50% co-funding mechanism between the host farmers. In addition there were issues of farmers and the project. To differentiate this lack of trust and accountability to members. project from previous ones, the farmers were informed that the project was not going to In addition, there were challenges in sustain the practice of paying transport refund synchronizing farmers’ individual time for own to farmers as had been the practice of other farm activities with project activities. This was projects. When the second set of meetings because most farmers wanted to begin by were organized, few people attended. These doing their own farm activities before coming were mostly women who had chosen to look for project activities at the platforms. For beyond the immediate benefit of receiving example, it was difficult to conduct monitoring monetary and other material support. They and evaluation activities during the rainy chose to acquire knowledge and training that season. The farmers preferred to attend to was going to be offered at the innovation their gardens immediately after rain in the platform. It is these committed members that morning and attend to project activities in the have been able to invest their time and meagre afternoon. The project reached a consensus resources to sustain activities at the innovation with the farmers to handle their own activities platforms. in the morning and project activities in the afternoon. And this worked very well To have consistent activity at the platforms, the project provided refreshments in subsequent In order to build their capacity to hold as a meetings. The project also engaged host platform, the project conducted a series of farmers to provide basic meals for members trainings in group dynamics, building trust during meetings. The meals consisted of and accountability. The project adopted porridge with boiled cassava or maize. a transparent approach of conducting its With time, other members started making activities. For example, meetings were always contributions towards meals prepared by the called when any materials for the center were host farmer. These interventions improved being delivered, such as was the case when members’ participation. banana, cassava, chicken and piglets were being delivered. All members were required 2. Group dynamics. The members of the to take inventory of what was delivered and innovation platforms consisted of households make an inventory each time they visited whose members had participated in an IDRC the platform. In addition, regular mentoring funded climate change project. They had has continued to build trust, transparency participated in the socio-economics and and accountability among the members. The household surveys; attended Focus Group project also facilitated meetings between their

106 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 executives and the farmers. urban centers to the farmers, which was un- planned for. Limited participation of men. This time round, there was limited attendance by men, Mobilizing resources to buy agricultural especially in the pastoral communities. They inputs was difficult. The arrangement was preferred to attend to other farm matters that farmers would contribute some money than come for training. Through dialogue to purchase agricultural inputs for the and involvement of Community Development technologies being piloted using a 50% co- Officers, the men were asked to choose days funding approach between the farmers and favorable for them to participate in activities the project. This arrangement was sometimes at the centers. With time, the men appeared difficult to implement because it was difficult when physical strength was needed such as in to mobilize funds from the farmers whenever the weighing of pigs. there was need. For example, farmers needed money at short notice to buy fungicide to 3.2.6.2. Piloting climate smart control early and late blight of tomato which technologies happens rapidly and needed quick response. Changing mindsets of farmers from Similarly, farmers needed ready money to traditional to modern methods of farming. replenish piggery and poultry feeds which was Changing mindsets of farmers from traditional difficult to come by. to modern methods of farming e.g. rearing pigs and poultry, growing tomatoes and The project advised the poultry and piggery bananas was a challenge. It was difficult to farmers to use locally available feed resources change the mindset of traditional farming to until they were ready to purchase the new innovations. For example, it was common commercial feeds. In addition, the project for host farmers not to follow guidelines given supplemented the local feed with commercial for managing the technologies that were being feed where it was necessary. Further, with help piloted. In piggery, the host farmer used mugs from the host farmers, the project was able to to measure feed instead of the weighing scales estimate how long the feed in each center was provided to them by the project. Traditionally, going to last. Using this information, the project the contents of a mug are considered to weigh scheduled visits to this centers to coincide with 500gms but when the feed from the same the days each center needed the feed. The mug was weighed, the weight was found to host farmer would then send money to the be 340gms. Feeding the pigs on this amount feed supplier using mobile money. The project reduced the rate of weight gain. In addition, would then meet the cost of transporting the they were not following recommendations feed. The feed was being purchased from for disease control in piggery and poultry. For Kampala, about 200kms away. Finally, using tomatoes, farmers took long to appreciate its relationship with an agro-input dealer in the value of staking and disease management Kampala, the project was able to purchase practices; and instead insisted on their fungicide to control tomato blight with its 50% traditional ways. Through regular training and co funds and arranged for the other 50% funds mentoring, the farmers appreciated the value from the farmers to be paid at a later date. of the recommended practices, and gradually followed them. 3.2.7. Research to policy workshop: Scarcity of materials to make deep litter for Addressing climate change impacts the fermented beds. There was scarcity for on agriculture systems in Uganda materials for making deep litter system for the fermented technology. The deep litter system 3.2.7.1. Introduction requires adequate amounts of dry maize stalk, There is a growing body of evidence that global wood shavings and sawdust. Maize stalk was climate is changing (Parry et al) and is posing out of season and wood shavings and sawdust major challenges to Africa where the impacts could only be found in urban centers quite a on food security and human health are of distance from the farmers. The project assisted increasing concern especially to fragile regions to locate and transport these materials from

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 107 Figure 81. Participants at the climate change research to policy workshop

such as arid and semi-arid eco systems where the Africa Innovations Institute, Uganda (IDRC there are high risks of systemic shocks arising and RF) and Michigan State University, USA from climate variability and change, poverty (RF). A workshop was therefore held on 7th and environmental degradation. Uganda October 2014 to share the research findings is experiencing an increased frequency with broader stakeholders and to inform policy of extreme weather events; increased and practice(Fig.81) temperature leading to heat stress/stroke; 3.2.7.2. Purpose and objectives unusually long dry spells, increased rainfall unreliability and unpredictable rain seasons. The workshop aimed to achieve the following These events have exacerbated poverty and objectives: triggered migration of livestock keepers, as • Create awareness and a deeper well as heightened competition and conflicts understanding by stakeholders of the over strategic water and vegetation resources. magnitude and impact of climate change in Uganda, especially in the arid and semi-arid A team of researchers from the Africa regions as well as the coping mechanisms. Innovations Institute, Michigan State • Identify gaps in knowledge, practice and University and Makerere University conducted policy interventions and the way forward investigations over a period of ten years to effectively address the impact of climate on changes in climate and their impacts on change on food and health security in food security, health of communities and Uganda and; the effectiveness of adaptation practices • Document and disseminate workshop and strategies in Uganda particularly in the outputs to a wider audience. arid and semi-arid regions. The work was conducted through projects funded by the 3.2.7.3. Participation International Development Research Centre The workshop was attended by 36 selected of Canada and the Rockefeller Foundation to representatives of practitioners, policy makers

108 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 Figure 82. Participants at the climate change research to policy workshop and researchers from members of government interventions to reduce risk and enhance ministries and institutions; development adaptive capacity, participants agreed on a partners; the media and the NGO community number of key intervention areas for various (Fig 82). key stakeholders, as follows;

3.2.7.4. Issues covered 3.2.7.6. Proposed actions for agriculture stakeholders The major issues covered throughout the workshop included; • Stakeholders need to work towards the creation and strengthening the climate 1.Climate Change and its impact on livelihoods. change actor’s forum in order to meet This was achieved through presentations and push forward a strong climate change on: climate change trends; the nature and policy agenda through advocacy. dynamics of climate variability in the cattle • The EU, as a stakeholder should follow up corridor and; impacts of climate change on on the performance of the climate change livelihood security forum set up by Oxfam International in 2.Responses to the impact of climate change. order to avoid duplication of the initiative in This was discussed through presentations selected areas. This should be harmonized on: community adaptation strategies with the actors’ forum proposed above. and effectiveness for resilience; possible • Climate change focused NGOs need interventions to enhance resilience and to arrange for practical visits by policy adaptive capacity and; policies and institutional makers to sites of operation in order to interventions to enhance resilience and increase their understanding of the issues adaptive capacity. concerning the impact of climate change in communities. This shall facilitate the 3.Gaps in knowledge and limitations of development of a cadre of climate change adaptation approaches. This was tackled champions at the policy making level. through two presentations on from working • AfrII should seek for data on economic group meetings: (1) Gaps in knowledge and laws to facilitate the identification of research direction and; (2) gaps in development gaps in policy and implementation in this interventions, technologies and approaches. regard. This shall enable the climate actor’s 3.2.7.5. Recommendations forum to develop and establish effective interventions to resolve the issues. Through group discussions on possible • Research and other information gathered policy and institutional interventions to by climate change actors needs to be enhance resilience and adaptive capacity; published in various relevant formats key knowledge and technology development and disseminated to key stakeholders, needs for the enhancement of resilience especially policy makers to feed into the and adaptive capacity and; development

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 109 policy making process on climate change. access available information. For instance, policy briefs, journals, and • Relevant personnel should create a central research bulletins and policy makers should database for all research and policy be helped to access and use research information in order to ease access to all findings in policy making and practice. advocacy actions conducted by climate • Feedback workshops should be held at the change actors. district level in order to generate lead points • Furthermore, the Institute should conduct of intervention on the issues identified in more research on the relationship between the research results. livestock and climate change, as it has not • Research results on malaria control and been dwelt on in required detail. HIV/AIDS from AfrII research conducted • Priority research areas for knowledge and through the IDRC support would give technology generation were identified necessary input into the government for further refinement and development policy, and therefore the Institute should of research projects along with other work together with relevant government stakeholders. bodies to start the process. • Stakeholders should focus research efforts 3.3. Support to School to mitigating the impacts of flooding on and Community Woodlot cropping, using the case study of flood recession technologies in Okavago, Zambia Programme, Kole District as a prototype for domestication of technologies in this regard. 3.3.1. Introduction. • Further research should be made into For the past two years, the JJ and Allan the possible out scaling of the existing & Babbette Charitable Trusts, UK have early warning system for flooding in Mt. supported the School and Community Woodlot Elgon installed by the Ministry of Disaster Programme in Kole District, Northern Uganda. Preparedness. During these periods, the project made • Climate change actors should refer to considerable progress and reached a very the Technologies for livestock disease critical stage when a need to produce own as ‘Climate Smart Systems for Animal seedlings of clonal Eucalyptus was strongly Production’ in order to boost the element felt. This would also make the project self- of environmental and natural resource sustaining. Accordingly an extension for a preservation. further 12 months was provided to enable 3.2.2.7. Proposed actions for AfrII completion of the nursery, production and distribution of seedlings, and supervision and • The Africa Innovations Institute should monitoring care of the plants at their critical conduct an analysis of the state of available stage. The estimated budget of British Pounds knowledge and technologies related to Sterling £22,036 was provided. This was climate change in order to produce a specifically to enable stakeholder meeting, document or methodology usable by completion of construction of rooting shade, stakeholders in the agricultural sector. The grow house, production and distribution and gaps identified from this analysis shall aid in monitoring survival of plantlets. The report streamlining policy advocacy. provided covered this key activities. • Africa Innovations Institute should spearhead the formation of a consortium 3.3.2. Project Goal and objectives. of key climate change actors in order to Goal: strengthen the implementation of the interventions which have been discussed Increased availability of fuel wood, poles above. This should be done in partnership and other agro forestry products in schools with the Climate Change Department in the and homesteads in five sub-counties in Kole Ministry of Water and Environment. district, northern Uganda. • Africa Innovations Institute should also The project aimed at increasing the availability strengthen its networking base in order to of fuel wood, poles and other forestry

110 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 products in schools and homesteads in five sub-counties in Kole district. This year, the project established three woodlots per school, two acres of Grevillea robusta, two acres of Maesopsis emnii and two acres of Eucalyptus hybrid clones. In total, forty five (45) woodlots were established this year. Objectives 1. Establish Eucalyptus hybrid woodlot and agroforestry plantation establishment in primary schools, churches and communities in the five sub-counties of Kole district. 2. Establish and manage central nurseries for production of Candlenut trees (Aleurites moluccana) seedlings and Eucalyptus hybrid clones in Kole district. Fig. 83: Clonal seedlings production house at 3. Train community in vegetative propagation the AfrII clonal Eucalyptus nursery at Amuca of Eucalyptus hybrid clones using macro village, Lira Municipality. cuttings. lopping shear. The cut on the stamp (ramet) 3.3.3. Progress on Achievement of was made to face the East-West direction Project Objective to maximize sun rays. This was also done to ensure proper healing of the cut. As the During this extension period, the project hedges were being cut by a pair of the nursery implemented activities aimed at achieving workers, their colleague applied white water objective two and three. paint on the ramets being created. The water 3.3.3.1. Stakeholder meeting paint was applied to prevent any bacteria and

The project held a stakeholders meeting at Table 44: Roles of the Communities, AfrII and three levels. One was with the District Education Local Government in managing the platforms Officer and head teachers of beneficiary schools. The other stake holders meeting were Roles of Communities/ Roles of AfrII/project at the different beneficiary schools. The project schools sought the buy in of parents and members of 8. Provision of land 6. Provide elite planting school management committees. The third where the woodlots materials and other stakeholders meeting were with the different are to be sited interventions farmer groups and relevant Sub County 9. Make bylaws to 7. Provision of forest officials. These stake holder meetings were protect woodlots extension advice meant to communicate project objectives and (district) activities. They were also conducted to define roles and responsibilities as shown in the table 10. Management of the 8. Contribution to wood lots management of 91 below. plantation 3.3.3.2. Establish and manage central 11. Provision of labor 9. Provision of nurseries for production Eucalyptus knowledge and information to the hybrid clones in Kole district. community Cutting back of clonal hedgerows. 12. Provision of security 10. Identification of new technologies (quality The hedge rows planted in 2013 were cut back varieties of plants in January 2014 after they attained a minimum diameter of 4-5cm and a khaki colour at the 13. Mobilization of 6 Train community in stem. The hedgerows were cut back to a group members vegetative propagation. height of 30cm above the ground using a

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 111 fungi from entering the ramet and to stop the The frame is placed on a flat surface within loss of water from the freshly created ramet. the rooting shade, filled with ¾ inch machine The ramets were left to produce coppices for crashed aggregate stones up to two inches a period of three months before harvesting of from the bottom. Soil pots are placed on these mature coppices could begin. stones. After placing the cuttings into the pots, Construction of production house. While the ramets were left to grow coppices, the project shifted focus to the production house (Fig. 83) that was constructed in year two of the project. The roof was modified to support a gutter system to harvest rain water. The use of harvested water is supposed to reduce costs on pumping water from the borehole. The project also purchased nursery inputs (hoes, scissors, pruning shears, basins, buckets and spray knapsacks) and agrochemicals (fertilizers, rooting hormones and fungicides) which were stored in the production house. Construction of rooting shade (green house) Figure 85. Non-misting chambers containing A 25m X 10m rooting shade (Fig. 84) was cuttings at different stages of root and shoot constructed using metallic poles and covered development. the entire frame is covered with a transparent polythene sheet. This generates a warm and humid condition required for rooting of the cuttings. Production and rooting of cuttings. Production from ramets cut back in January 2014 started in April 2014. Production was led by four workers (two females, two males) who were trained for two months at Sunset Tree Biotech in Mukono district. They also built the capacity of seven locally recruited workers.

Fig. 84: Rooting shade at the AfrII Clonal Eucalyptus Nursery, Amuca, Lira Municipality.

using a 50% agricultural shade net purchased from BALTON (U) limited, a leading agricultural input dealer in the country. The structure is put in place to provide shade (50% sunlight) conducive for rooting of plantlets. After the rooting shade was erected, non- misting chambers (also referred to as tunnels) (Fig. 85) were constructed using 6” X 1” timber harvested from Ficus natalensis. A total of fifty two tunnels were placed in the green house (Fig.85). A non-misting chamber essentially consists of a wooden frame, thirteen feet Figure 86: Nursery workers harvesting healthy long, three feet wide and four inches high. coppices from ramets in the mother garden.

112 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 The production process Harvesting mature coppices. This process begins with a regular inspection of the mother garden by the manager and all the workers to assess the readiness of the coppices for harvest in terms of health, colour of leaves and diameter; and determine which blocks to start the harvest process. Mature coppices (2cm- 3cm diameter) are cut using pruning shears and placed in buckets containing water mixed with a fungicide (Fig. 86).

The bucket containing the coppices is ferried Figure 88. Workers making cuttings from to the production house (Fig. 87). At the coppices in production house. production house, the coppices are carefully is full, it is carried to the greenhouse where removed from the bucket and placed in a basin cuttings are placed in pots pre-arranged in the containing water mixed with fungicide and non-misting chambers (Fig. 88). sugar. Harvesting is done between 7:00am and Plac 11:00am. By this time, the coppice will have ing cuttings in non-misting chamber. A cutting is picked from the basin, shaken to produced enough food to last the forty days it remove excess water, then 1cm of the slanting bottom is dipped in rooting hormone (6% IndoButyric Acid). It is lifted from the rooting hormone, shaken to remove excess hormone and then dipped 2cm into a rooting substrate of the soil pot. The substrate used by the nursery is sub soil mixed with lake sand in a ratio of 2:1. As the cuttings are placed in each pot, a thin mist of water is sprayed on the halved pair of leaves to reduce transpiration. Once all the pots have each got a cutting, a 500µ transparent polythene sheet is placed over the cuttings and around the tunnel (Fig. 89). The polythene is secured on the ground by aggregate stones. This is done to ensure Figure 87. Mr Solomon Ocen carries shoot cuttings from mother gardens to the production house in readiness for rooting procedures. Men are most suited to carry coppices from the mother garden to production house. will spend in the tunnel. A thin mist of water is sprayed on the coppices using a knapsack in the production house. Making cuttings. A team of workers make cuttings from coppices brought from the mother garden. To make a cutting, a worker picks a coppice from the basin, chooses a juvenile section of the coppice and takes the cutting. A cutting consists of a pair of halved Figure 89. Workers prepare cuttings and place leaves and a cut made at the internode. The them in a non-misting chamber. The chamber cutting is placed in another basin containing a is then covered with a thin layer of polythene sugar solution and fungicide. Once the basin sheeting.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 113 that humidity and temperature in the tunnel acclimatize the rooted cuttings. After three is sustained to achieve good rooting and shoot days, the polythene is completely removed. development. Monitoring moisture levels. The tunnels are opened two days for the first seven days to monitor the amount of water in the substrate. If the water has reduced, it is topped up by spraying mist over the cuttings, allowing some water to drip onto the rooting substrate. A knapsack is used for this exercise because dripping prevents the washing off of the rooting hormone. After the first seven days, the tunnel is opened once a week and water is topped up using a watering can. First hardening off. After thirty days in the tunnel, one side of the translucent polythene Figure 91. Workers selecting rooted cuttings is lifted off from the tunnel (Fig. 89) to gently from non-misting chambers after 40 days.

On the fortieth day, the rooted cuttings (plantlets) are removed from the greenhouse and transferred to the first holding section. Cleaning and fertigation. The plantlets are further hardened in the first holding section for five days. In those five days, the halved pair of leaves and excess shoots are removed using a pair of scissors. One gram (1gm) of NPK (19:19:19) is placed in each pot to hasten shoot and root growth. At this stage, the plantlet has only one upright shoot and is watered twice a day (Fig. 90). Figure 90. Hardening of rooted cuttings fron Final hardening off. After cleaning and applying non misting chambers after 40 days granular fertilizer, the plantlet are transferred Table 45. Production of seedlings of clones of Eucalyptus hybrids, Lira, 2014-2015 Years Months Eucalyptus clone type GC 578 GC 796 GC 796/2 Total Total % rooted produced rooted 2014 April 8,547 4,455 5,000 18,002 3,604 20 May 7,242 5,849 3,787 16,878 4,556 27 June 7,914 4,500 4,547 16,961 5,088 30 July 6,034 4,285 3,124 13,443 6,722 50 August 5,814 5,582 4,863 16,259 4,927 30 September 4,814 5,582 4,863 15,259 8,240 54 October 6,351 5,054 6,213 17,618 7,928 45 November 4,985 3,364 3,874 12,223 6,234 51 December 3,537 3,584 3,212 10,333 5,063 49 2015 January 2,874 3,095 4,000 9,969 6,978 70 February 2,514 2,984 3,153 8,651 5,623 65 March 2,514 3,600 1,886 8,000 5,920 74 April 19,223 18,115 25,314 62,652 21,928 35 May 21,200 18,138 25,134 64,472 20,871 32 June 18,023 12,921 16,018 46,962 21,133 45 July 10,000 10,046 10,018 30,064 18,038 60 August 13,987 12,854 14,609 41,450 28,186 68 Total 145,573 124,008 139,615 409,196 181,040

114 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 to beds constructed one meter above the Soil substrate preparation. The trainees were ground. Once up, the plantlets are arranged taught how to mix appropriate sub soil-lake by height to minimize the presence of culls. sand substrate to achieve proper root initiation The roots are air pruned and the amount of and development. They were taught how to water is reduced and done once. The plantlet excavate the soil and what depth to start the is ready for the field two weeks later. The total excavation. They were also shown how to plantlets produced at the nursery and the roast the lake sand and what proportions of number survived is shown in Table 45. sub soil should be mixed with lake sand. After preparing the sub soil sand substrate, the Train community in vegetative propagation trainees were taught how to put the substrate of Eucalyptus hybrid clones using macro in three inch lay flat polythene tubing cut to a cuttings. length of three inches. The project trained a total of two hundred and fifty farmers in Kole district (Table 46). Harvesting mature coppices. This is the most Five members from two farmer groups in five crucial stage in rooting a cutting. The trainees parishes per Sub County were selected for were shown what a mature coppice is and training in vegetative propagation. Each non- how it is clipped off a ramet using s pruning residential hands on training lasted one week. shear. They were taught how to handle the shear and which side to use when making a Table 46. Number of farmers trained in cut. They were advised what time to harvest vegetative propagation of Eucalyptus hybrid the coppices clones using macro cuttings. Making cuttings in production house. The Sub No. of Male Female Total trainees were taught what criteria to follow County farmer when choosing the right section of the coppice groups to make a cut. They were taught how to feel Aboke 10 10 40 50 for ridges along the coppice and only take cuttings from the section of the coppice where Alito 10 8 42 50 the ridges were beginning to disappear or disappeared completely. They were shown Akalo 10 12 38 50 what quantities of fungicide to add to water in Ayer 10 8 42 50 a basin and the advantages of including sugar in the basins. A simple explanation was offered Bala 10 10 40 50 for halving the pair of leaves left on a cutting. Total 50 48 202 250 They were told that it was to strike a balance between photosynthesis and transpiration.

Placing cuttings in non-misting chambers. If Technical back-stopping was provided by handled poorly, this stage can ruin production experienced workers from Sunset Tree Biotec of any nursery. The trainees were cautioned in Mukono. about the consequences of applying too much rooting hormone at the bottom of each The project encouraged more female cutting. They were advised to avoid spilling participation because women were more powder on the leaves since this would scotch adapted to the nature of work at the nursery. the cutting resulting in no rooting at all. They Based on the experience of workers at Sunset were taught up to what depth to place the Tree Biotec, women were more conversant and cutting in the pot. They participated inthe patient with mixing soil substrates, potting, covering of the cuttings in the tunnel using harvesting, making cuttings and placing them a white transparent polythene sheeting. in non-misting chambers. Basically, women are Each farmer group was given an opportunity more suited in using scissors than the males. to harvest coppices enough for two non- The role of men is mostly to do heavy work. misting chambers. Each non-misting chamber The following aspects of vegetative nursery contains one thousand five hundred cuttings. propagation were handled. The trainees were advised to go back to the

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 115 Table 47. Summary of rooting for each farmer group. Sub County Month of training No. of cuttings No. rooted % rooting Aboke June 2014 6,000 2,009 33.5 Alito September 2014 6,000 4,281 71.4 Akalo December 2014 6,000 3,119 52 Ayer March 2015 6,000 3,522 58.7 Bala July 2015 6,000 4,764 79.4 Total 30,000 17,695 59

nursery and get an update of how the cuttings Maintain tools. The nursery uses sharp tools in each tunnel rooted. such as scissors and pruning shears to make cuttings and coppices. If poorly maintained, The cuttings harvested by the farmer groups they will damage the ramets and make poor at Aboke Sub County rooted least. Members cuttings resulting in poor production and rooting of these farmer groups came for the training respectively. To avoid such consequences, the when the ramets were still producing coppices trainees were taught how to clean scissors and of a diameter between 5cm-8cm. It takes a very sharpen and store pruning shears after each experienced person to make the right cutting days’ operation. They were also taught how to from such a coppice. The group from Bala operate and maintain a spray knapsack. Apply Sub County on the other hand attended the granular fertilizer to plantlet. Again, using training when the ramets had been repeatedly plantlets produced by the nursery, the trainees harvested and the coppice diameters were were taught how to carefully apply granular reducing to the standard 3-4cm. Each farmer fertilizer to each potted plantlet. group was given their rooted cuttings to take home and establish a wood lot. 3.3.3.3. Project sustainability Other relevant training. Apart from being It is planned that once the nursery is fully trained in production, the trainees were taught functioning, it will operate both as an income how to: generating and educational enterprise. It will Establish and maintain a mother garden. The employ a competent manager who will use trainees were taught what spacing to use while a business plan to ensure that the enterprise establishing hedgerows in mother gardens and brings returns on investment. The income so how weed the hedges without causing physical generated will be ploughed back to sustain its damage. They were also show how to routinely operations. apply granular fertilizer on a quarterly basis. They were told to apply NPK, DAP and UREA 3.3.3.4. Monitoring and Evaluation alternately in the mother garden. They were (M&E) also taught how to cut back the hedges to The project conducted joint monitoring produce ramets. exercises between project staff, head teachers Maintain cuttings in non-misting chambers. and chairpersons of farmer groups to assess Using tunnels produced by nursery workers, the survival and performance of wood the trainees were taught how to determine lots established in secondary schools and moisture in the chambers and how to restore homesteads. and maintain it. They were taught how to 3.3.3.5. Challenges prepare and apply foliar fertilizer on the cuttings in the non-misting chambers. The The project met the following challenges trainees participated in transfer of rooted during implementation of activities cuttings from the non-misting chambers to the Impassable roads. Kole district is comprised of first holding section. many swamps used to demarcate boundaries of its

116 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 Sub Counties. During the rainy season, the roads are impassable. This affected the distribution of plantlets to some schools such as those found in Alito and some parts of Aboke. As a result some schools planted in the middle of the rainy season. Termites. Most schools reported that termites had attacked plants in the garden and the situation worsened in the dry season. The project advised them to dig a trench two feet wide and two feet deep around the entire plantation. This trench prevented the movement of termites into the woodlot Tethering of goats and cows. In some communities, it was reported that some individuals tie their animals to the young trees thus damaging the bark. This stunted the growth of the trees. The project sought the help of Sub County officials to enact bylaws prohibiting the tethering of animals to the trees. Poor initial rooting of cuttings. As seen in table 2 above, the rooting of cuttings got from the first coppices is poor. This is because they look mature and yet they are still young. Inconsistent rooting hormone concentrations. The available rooting hormone on the market is 6%, 8% and 10% IBA. The challenge is that the 10% IBA was not readily got and yet it produced better rooting than the other two concentrations.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 117 4 Administration 4.1. Organogram of the Africa Innovations Institute

Figure 92. Oraganizational Chart for Africa Innovations Institute as at December 2014 4.2. Current Members of AfrII Governing Council

1. Mr David O. Oleke Obong, President 5. Dr Fina Opio, Member Permanent Secretary, Executive Director, Minister of Water and Environment, ASARECA, Kampala, Uganda Entebbe, Uganda

2. Mr Laurence Cockcroft, Member 6. Prof. G. William Otim-Nape, (Ex officio) The Gatsby Charitable Foundation, Chairman Management Committee /CEO, London, UK. Africa Innovations Institute, P. O. Box 34981, 3. Dr Roger Kirkby, Member, Kampala, Uganda Former Director, Regional Office for Africa, CIAT 7. Professor Joseph Okello-Onen, (RIP) Kampala, Africa Innovations Institute, Uganda Africa Innovations Institute, P. O. Box 34981, 4. Mr Gerald Dominic Abila, Member Kampala, Uganda Executive Director, BareFoot Law Inc. Kampala, Uganda

118 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 4.3. Current Staff Name and Programme Title Location Management Prof. George W. Otim-Nape (BSc Agric., MSc Chairman/CEO Secretariat Agric., PhD. FUNAS) Ms. Prosscovia Amuge (BBA, MBA, ACCA II) Head of Finance and Secretariat Administration Ms. Acola Barbara (BBA, ACCA III) Senior Accountant Secretariat Ms. Ngole Judith (BBA, DBA) Finance Officer Secretariat Ms. Mugyenyi Barbara (BA - Dev. Studies) Executive Administrator Secretariat Ms. Edela Miriam (Dip Secretarial Studies) Assistant Administrator Kumi Office Ms. Nancy Nandudu (B. Mass Com.) Information and Public Secretariat Relations Executive Ms. Lekuru Christine Office Attendant Secretariat Mr. John Oloya Office attendant Luwero Mr. Omoding Jimmy Driver Secretariat Mr David Male Driver Secretariat Mr. John Wanyama Driver Secretariat Mr. Saatya Henry Driver Kumi Office Mr. Ocheger John Michael Security guard Kumi Office Value Chains Development Mr. Alacho Francis (BSc. Agric, MSc Agric.) Principal Agronomist/ Secretariat Programme Manager, Mr Geresom Okecho (BA, MSc. Agric. Ec.), Economist/ME &L Specialist Mrs. Gloria Onika Okello (MSc. Agric. Dev.; BSc Business Development Secretariat Agric, PGD (Cooperatives and Rural Dev); Specialist Mr Tony Ijala – (BSc. Agric., MSc Agric.) Zonal Manager, Eastern and Kumi Office Northern Uganda Ms Audrey Akullu (LLB, MBA, PG. DIP- Forex Trade Business Development Secretariat & Investments) Specialist Mr Awio Thomas (BSc Agric., MSc Agric.) Agronomist Mr. Samuel Baker Ogwang (BSc Agric. Eng) Agricultural Engineer Kumi Office Ms Grace Asere (BA, PgD Gender in Dev.) Gender Officer Secretariat Juliet Nanyonga (BSc Food Technology, Food Scientist Kumi Office PGD Food Sc.) Climate Change Programme Prof. Joseph Okello-Onen (BSc, MSc, PhD) Director, Programme Manager, Secretariat Prof Chris Rubaire-Akiiki (BVM, MVM, PhD) Veterinary Parasitologist/ Secretariat Livelihoods Specialist Ms Beatrice Mukasa (BA, MA - Gender studies) Gender Specialist Secretariat

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 119 Mr Alex Nimusiima (BA, MA) Climate Scientist (PhD Student) Secretariat Ms Maurine Maynaja BVM, MVM) PhD Student Secretariat Mr Gilbert Habaasa (B.Sc, MStat) Climate Scientist Secretariat Mr. Ogwal Simon Byenek (BSc. Forestry) Field Manager Secretariat Agricultural and Environmental Sustainability Dr Julius Okwadi (BSc Agric, MSc Ag. Ec., PhD) Social Economist/ Country Secretariat Director Dr. Peter O. Alele (B.Sc. Forestry, M.Sc. Natural Senior Ecologist/Biophysical Secretariat Resources, Ph.D., Ecology) Technical Manager Tusiime Felly Mugizi (BSc. Hons., MSc. Botany) Senior Botanist Secretariat Atai Bennadette (BA Educ, MSc.Env&NRM, Cert Biophysical Scientist Secretariat Landscape Genomics) Kwesiga Stephen (BSc., MSc, PGD (M&E) Biophysical Scientist Secretariat Kizza Joel (B.DVS) Socioeconomic Technician Secretariat Akodoi Caroline (B.A Tourism), Certificate in GIS), Socio-economic Technician Secretariat Mr Patrick Opio BBA Administrative Assistant Secretariat Agriculture for Improved Nutrition1 Dr Joweria Namboze (B Sc. Nutrition, MSc Agric, Nutritionist Secretariat PhD - Nutrition Ms Catherine Ndagire (BSc. Food Science, MSc. PhD Student (Human Nutrition) Secretariat Applied Nutrition) 1 Other staff drawn from other agricultural programmes

120 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 5 Financial Report 2014 5.1. Income and expenditure to expansion in the number of projects and their associated activities. The financial report for the year under review is summarized in Tables 7.1-7.3. Total income The organizations who provided funds for the for the institute during the year 2014 was US$ implementation of different project activities 1,104,406 compared to USD 770,000 in 2013. reported here are (in alphabetical order): Expenditures for the same period was USD 819,839. 1. Ashden Trust-UK through the Kole tree project 5.2. Growth in income and 2. Chinese Government through the AgriTT expenditure: 2008-2014 Project

This is summarized in the Fig. 102 and Fig. 103 3. Conservation International through the below. Since inception, AfrII has continued to Vital Signs project see a rapid growth in funding by development 4. Department for International partners. This is associated with the growth Development (DFID), UK through the in expenditure and the volume of projects AgriTT Project it implements. Income increased from USD 5. European Union through the Cassava 761,000 in 2013 to USD 1,104,000 in 2014. GMarkets project Similarly, expenditure increased from USD 700,00 in 2013 to USD 819,839 in 2014. The 6. Michigan State University USA (MSU) increases in income and expenditure were due 7. Rockefeller Foundation, USA through

Figure 93. Figure 94.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 121 the Securing Livelihoods against climate change project 8. START Secretariat, The Global Change Systems for Analysis, Research and Training, USA 9. The Afric Center for Economic Transformation (ACET) for cassava, sorghum and millet study 10. The Alan & Babette Sainsbury Charitable Fund, UK through the Kole tree project 11. The Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa (ASARECA) 12. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, USA, through the CAVA, ATONU and the Vital Signs projects 13. The European Union/Africa Caribean and Pacific Programme (EU/ACP) through the ACP Root Crops project 14. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) through EACIDS project 15. The Food and Natural Resource Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN) – The ATONU PROJECT 16. The Government of Uganda through various programmes. 17. The International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada through Climate Change Adaptation project 18. The JJ Charitable Trust, UK through the Kole tree project

122 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 6 Audit Report 2014

Africa Innovations Institute: Annual Audit Report and Financial Statements for the Year Ended 31 December 2014. REPORT TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF AFRICA INNOVATIONS INSTITUTE FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST DECEMBER 2014 We have audited the financial statements of and disclosures in the financial statements. Africa Innovations Institute set out on pages The procedures selected depend on the 6 to 14 which comprise the statement of auditor’s judgment, including assessment of financial position, the statement of operations, risks of material misstatement of the financial and the statement of Cash flows for the year statements, whether due to fraud or error. In then ended, and a summary of significant making those risk assessments, the auditor accounting policies and explanatory notes. considers internal controls relevant to the company’s preparation and fair presentation Respective responsibilities of Management of the financial statements in order to design and auditors audit procedures that are appropriate in the The Management is responsible for the circumstances, but not for the purposes of preparation and fair presentation of these expressing an opinion on the effectiveness financial statements in accordance with the of the company’s internal control. An audit International Financial Reporting Standards also includes evaluating the appropriateness and the requirements of the Ugandan of accounting policies used and the Companies Act. This responsibility includes reasonableness of accounting estimates made designing, implementing and maintaining by the Management, as well as evaluating the internal controls relevant to the preparation overall presentation of financial statements. and fair presentation of financial statements We believe that the evidence we have obtained that are free from material misstatement, is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis whether due to fraud or error, selecting and of our opinion. applying appropriate accounting policies; and making accounting estimates that are Opinion reasonable in the circumstances. In our opinion, the accompanying financial statements, give a true and fair view of the Auditor’s responsibility state of financial affairs of Africa Innovations Our responsibility is to express an opinion on Institute as at 31st December 2014 and of these financial statements based on our audit its financial performance and cash flows for in accordance with the International Standards the year then ended and comply with the on Auditing. Those standards require that we Company’s Act and the International Financial comply with ethical requirements and plan Reporting Standards. and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance whether the financial statements are free from material misstatement. Certified Public Accountants, Kampala An audit involves performing procedures to Mr Joseph Richard Oita obtain audit evidence about the amounts 21st October 2016

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 123 7 Financial Statements

7.1. STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT 31 DECEM BER 2014 2014 2013 Note UGX UGX Assets Current Assets Trade & other receivables 10.6 6,550,000 7,650,000 Work in Progress 16,444,000 - Cash and bank balance 955,271,598 461,689,332 Total Current Assets 978,265,598 469,339,332 Fixed Assets Property plant & equipment 10.9 222,671,858 71,466,316

Total Assets 1,200,937,455 540,805,648 Liabilities and Net Assets Current Liabilities Trade & other Payables 10.5 1,649,000 32,711,000 Accrued Expenses - - Total Current Liabilities 1,649,000 32,711,000 Non-Current Liabilities Long Term Debt - - Accrued Gratuity Expense - - Total Non-current liabilities - - Total Liabilities 1,649,000 32,711,000 Net Assets Unrestricted 8.0 1,199,288,455 508,094,648

Total Net Assets 1,199,288,455 508,094,648 Total Liabilities and Net Assets 1,200,937,455 540,805,648

The financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors and signed on its behalf by;

Chairman…………………………...... …..... Board Secretary …………………………...... …

124 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 7.2. STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2014

2014 2013 Income Notes UGX UGX

Donor Grant Funds -C:AVA 10.1 72,126,159 576,709,270 Donor Grant Funds -IDRC 43,393,896 134,555,024 Donor Grant Funds- TREE 99,157,500 100,922,892 Donor Grant Funds - G Markets 290,016,880 - Donor Grant- ACET 86,425,000 - Donor Grant - ASARECA NRI 209,138,679 134,975,175 Donor Grant-CAVA FUNNAB 713,646,620 - Donor Grant-CSS 174,213,490 - Donor Grant- MSU 5,052,050 - Donor Grant- ATONU PROJECT 235,884,087 - Donor Grant FUND- AGRTT 57,024,000 - AGRTT PPD PROJECT 55,216,280 - Donor Grant- VITAL SIGNS 443,619,800 - Donor Grant Fund - Rockefeller - 576,300,000 Donor Grant Fund - START - 45,050,000 Donor Grant Fund - ACET - 52,679,970 Donor Grant Funds - EC/ACP - 65,498,100 Total Income 2,484,914,441 1,686,690,431

Operating Expenses Staff Costs 10.7 885,188,416 234,112,500 Programme & Admin expenses 10.8 959,450,244 1,409,338,052 Total Operating Expense 1,844,638,659 1,643,450,552 Operating (Income) Loss 640,275,781 43,239,879

Other Income Gain (Loss) Foreign Exchange gain (Loss) - (4,125,000) Interest Received 65,350 107,385 Bank interest earned 18,422,675 - Other non-operating income 32,430,000 23,641,500 Total other Income 50,918,025 19,623,885 Excess of revenue over expenses 691,193,807 62,863,764

The accounting policies and notes to the financial statements from pages 10 to 14 form an integral part to these financial statements.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 125 7.3. STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN NET ASSETS AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2014 Unrestricted Restricted Total UGX UGX UGX Net assets, 1 January 2013 445,230,884 - 445,230,884 Surplus for the year 62,863,764 - 62,863,764 Released from restriction to purchase capital asset - - - Change in net assets 62,863,764 - 62,863,764 Net assets 31 December 2013 508,094,648 - 508,094,648 Excess of revenue over expenditure 691,193,807 - 691,193,807 Released from restriction to purchase capital asset - - - Changes in net assets 691,193,807 - 691,193,807 Net assets 30 December 2014 1,199,288,455 - 1,199,288,455

The accounting policies and notes to the financial statements from pages 10 to 14 forman integral part to these financial statements.

126 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 8 References AfrII 2009, A market value chain analysis for cassava in Uganda, Africa Innovations Institute, Kampala 2010 AfrII 2012, Cassava Market and Value Chain Analysis: Uganda Case Study, Kampala 2012 AfrII 2013. Annual Report 2013, Africa Innovations Institute, Kampala. Annual report 2013 AfrII 2013, CAVA 2 Investment study: Uganda case study, July 2013, Africa Innovations Institute, Kampala AfrII, 2013. Securing livelihoods in the cattle corridor of Uganda: A narrative report on detailed progress made in achieving year 1 project milestones and deliverables for the period October 1, 2012 – September 30, 2013, Grant No 2012 CSD 210, Africa Innovation Institute, Kampala, Uganda, 9th November, 2013, 91pp Alex Nimusiima, C.P.K.Basalirwa, M. Mwanjalolo, W.Otim-Nape and J.Okello-Onen, S.Ogwal- Byenek, C.Rubaire-Akiiki, and J.Konde-Lule 2013. Nature and Dynamics of Climate Variability in the Uganda Cattle Corridor. African Journal of Environment Science and Technology, 7(8):770-782 Amsalu Nebiyu* and Essubalew Getachew, Processing for cyanide detoxification, Soaking and drying of cassava roots reduced cyanogenic potential of three cassava varieties at Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia, Department of Horticulture and Plant sciences, Jimma University, Ethiopia. 15 September, 2011 Best R. (1979) Cassava Drying. Cali, Colombia: Centro International de Agricultura Tropical. p. 24 C:AVA Uganda Annual Progress report 2014 C:AVA Uganda market study report 2012 Caitlyn Chappell & Sarah Lebel, Solar Drying Shed for Cassava in Malawi Design 3 BREE 495, Department of Bioresource Engineering, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne - De-Bellevue, H9X3V9, Quebec, Canada, 2009 COMESA. (2009). Staple Food Trade in the COMESA Region: The Need for a Regional Approach to Stimulate Agricultural Growth and Enhance Food Security. Twenty Fourth Meeting of the Trade and Customs Committee, Nairobi, Kenya, 2-4 November, 2009. Curran C. L. and Trim, D. S. (1982). Comparative study of solar and sun drying of fish. Paper presented at IPFC Workshop on Dried Production and Storage. MAAIF 2010: Development Strategy and Investment plan Eliçin, A. K.and Saçilik, K. (2005). An experimental study for solar tunnel drying of apple. Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture Journal of Agricultural Sciences 11, 207-211. Farhat, A., Kooli, S., Kerkeni, C., Maalej, M., Fadhel, A. and Belghith, A. (2004). Validation of a pepper drying model in a polyethylene tunnel greenhouse. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 43, 53-58. Hellena 2012. Costs and profitability of processing HQCF using sun drying technology in Uganda, C:AVA Annual review 2012. FAO 2013, Code of practice for the reduction of hydrocyanic and (HCN) in cassava and cassava products (CACA/RCP-73-2013. FAO of the United Nations. Rome 14 pp.

African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15 127 Mastekbayeva, G. A., Chandika, P. B., Augustus, L. and Kumar, S. (1999). Experimental studies on a hybrid dryer. Paper presented at the ISES Solar World Congress. Israel, 4-9 July 1999. Sanni, L. O., Onadipe-Phorbee, O. and Alenkhe, E. B. (2012). Low-Cost Sustainable Cassava Drying Technologies in West Africa.IITA/CFC-WA Project Report. pp 28. Thanh N.C., Muttamara S. and Lohani B.N. (1978) Drying techniques for the improvement of tapioca chips in Thailand. Thai J. Agric Sci 11 (1), 45-55. Tonui K.S., Mutai E.B.K, Mutuli D.A, Mbuge D.O. and Too K.V. (2014). Design and Evaluation of Solar Grain Dryer with a Back-up Heater. Department of Environmental and Biosystems Engineering, University of Nairobi. Uganda National Bureau of Standards, Production and handling of fresh cassava – Code of practice, 2012

128 African Innovations Institute Annual Report 2014/15