IndexIndex

Aaron, A. M. F., 237 additive increase, 71–72 age fi eld, 396 Abate, J., 585 additive increase, multiplicative agent advertisement, 53 ablative recording, 802 decrease (AIMD), 68, 285 Aggarwal, C. C., 289 Ablowitz, M. J., 861, 862, 864 additive increase, multiplicative Agrawal, G. P., 463, 693, 696, 697, 699, Abramson, N., 34 decrease fast convergence 704, 729, 815, 819, 822, 823, 824, absolute quality of service, 623 (AIMD-FC), 69–70 828, 861, 862, 863, 864, 871 absolute quality of service additive noise channel, 103 Agrawal, G. V., 746, 747, 748, 750, 754, differentiation, 914 additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) 755, 757, 758, 764 absorption, 337, 752 analog transmission, 104 Agrell, E., 495 absorption fi lters, 856 carrierless amplitude phase Ahmed, N., 681 abstract syntax notation (ASN.1), 79 modulation, 429 Ahmed, Y., 450 Academy aperture, 294 channel model, 98, 495, 503, 505 Aidarous, S., 176 Acampora, A., 377, 776, 901, 905, 906 digital communications, 637, 638 AIMD fast convergence, 69–70 access-charge reform, 8 digital phase modulation, 518, 519 air-silica fi bers, 699 access charges, 6 digital transmission systems, 94, 98 Airy’s disk, 764 access control and signaling, 30 discrete multitone modulation, 482 Aitchison, J. S., 867, 877 access control byte, 35–36 line coding, 522, 523 Akers, J., 28 access links, 172 minimum shift keying, 441–442, Akhmanov, S. A., 862, 866 access services, 159 444, 448 Akhmediev, N. N., 861, 866, 868, 871 AC coeffi cients, 217 pulse-amplitude modulation, 406 à la carte pricing, 13 Aceves, A. B., 872 pulse position modulation, 498, Alard, M., 591, 594 Acharya, S., 586 499–500, 503 alarm indication signal (AIS), 173 ack-clocking mechanism, 64 spread spectrum, 539, 540, 548 al-Dhahir, N., 483 acknowledgment (ack) block, 314 spread spectrum signals, 680, 681 Alexander, J. W., 493 acknowledgment (ack) symbol, 33 addresses, 31, 33–34, 35, 45 aliasing, 86 acknowledgments (acks), 64, 65 addressing, 40, 57 alignment, 777, 778, 779 acoustic-optic switches, 770 address learning and frame forwarding, Alkeskjold, T. T., 700 acousto-optic modulators, 703 395–396 all-digital AM IBOC, 656 acousto-optic tunable fi lters (AOTFs), address pointer list, 378 all-digital FM IBOC, 657 608, 787, 856 address resolution protocol (ARP), Allen, C., 80 active and passive devices, 904 41, 366 Allender, D. W., 700 active format descriptor (AFD), 299 address signals, 169 Alliance for active layer, 748, 749, 755–757, 759, adequate power spectral density Industry Solutions (ATIS), 160 760–761 profi le, 90 Allman, M., 69 active networking, 372 adjacent channel interference, 636 all-optical signal processing, 730 active optical couplers, 836–837 admission control all-optical wavelength converters, 785 active topology, 393 multimedia streaming, 287 allotted fairness, 67 active tracking, 904 http://www.pbookshop.comoptical switching techniques in WDM allotted system goodput (ASG), 67 Aczel, A. D., 187 networks, 911 allotted throughput, 67 Adachi, F., 445, 676, 682 quality of service routing, 52 Allsopp, D. W. E., 769 Adams, M. D., 250 wavelength division , 624 ALOHA network (ALOHAnet), 34 adaptive differential PCM ADMs. See add-drop multiplexers alternate mark inversion (AMI) (ADPCM), 120 (ADMs) digital transmission, 90–91 adaptive equalizers, 430–431, 433 COPYRIGHTEDADSL. See asymmetrical digital MATERIAL line coding, 529–530, 533 adaptive fi ltering, 430–432 subscriber line (ADSL) non-return to zero, 529 adaptive frequency hopping, 539 advanced audio coding (AAC), 660 public switched telephone adaptive power and bit loading, 601 advanced data services (ADS), 653 network, 161 adaptive threshold control, 725 advanced magneto-optical recordings, return to zero, 529 add and drop, 164 810–811 alternate scan, 249 add-drop multiplexers (ADMs) advanced mobile phone service alternating current (AC), 524, 554 optical multiplexing techniques, (AMPS), 11 alternative local transport companies 607, 609 advanced mobile phone system (ALTs), 6 public switched telephone network, (AMPS), 675 AM. See amplitude modulation (AM) 166, 167 advanced prediction mode, 250 Amann, M. -C., 748, 755, 756, 762, 763 statistical time division Advanced Television System Committee Amer, P. D., 80 multiplexing, 580 (ATSC), 294–295 American Mobile Radio Corporation synchronous OCDM, 890 advanced video codec (AVC), 244 (AMRC), 662, 663 synchronous optical network, advertised window (Adwindow), 65 American National Standards Institute 930, 939 Adwuche, 587 (ANSI) time division multiplexing, 576–577 Afferton, T. S., 587 conducted communications Addie, R. G., 585 Agaian, S. S., 207 media, 327

969 970 INDEX

American National Standards Institute amplitude shift keying (ASK) Andrés, P., 700 (ANSI) (cont.) analog modulation, 103 Andrews, M., 386 modems, 313 analog transmission, 113 Angelopoulos, J. D., 954 orthogonal frequency division digital phase modulation, 510 Angerbauer, R., 484 multiplexing, 591 modems, 314 angle modulation public switched telephone passband transmissions, 93 analog transmission, 104, 109–112 network, 161 analog carrier system, 560–562 Bessel functions, 110 statistical time division multiplexing, Analog Devices, 416 demodulation, 111–112 581, 582, 586 analog front end (AFE), 630 FM demodulator with feedback, synchronous optical network, 929, analog modulation, 102–104, 112–113 111, 112 930, 932, 940 analog pulse modulation, 103 frequency and phase modulation, 414 synchronous optical network analog pulse position modulation, frequency division multiplexing, technique, 610 492, 505 554–555 time division multiplexing, 576 analog radio systems, 643 frequency modulation, 109 video compression, 229, 231 analog signals, 20, 84 phase-locked loop, 112 American Standard Code for analog system signaling, 169 phase modulation, 109 Information Interchange analog-to-digital (A/D) conversions, 84, voltage-controlled oscillator, 111 (ASCII), 22 85–86, 297 angular frequency, 414 American Telephone and Telegraph analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, Anick, D., 585 (AT&T) 630–631 Ankiewicz, A., 861, 866 divestiture of, 4 analog-to-digital converter (ADC), 182, Ansari, N., 950, 953 frequency division multiplexing, 561 405, 801 Ansh, X., 770 modems, 309 analog to digital converter (A/D or ANSI. See American National Standards public switched telephone ADC), 87, 131 Institute (ANSI) network, 168 analog transmission, 102–114 answer fl ow, 148 statistical time division amplitude modulation and Antheil, G., 538 multiplexing, 579, 582 demodulation, 104–109 anti-aliasing fi lter, 85 voice communication systems, amplitude shift keying, 113 anti-Gray mapping, 495 115, 116 analog modulation, 102–104 anti-jam applications, 550 AMI. See alternate mark inversion (AMI) noise, 103–104 antirefl ection (AR) coated laser AM IBOC, 654–656 and pulse modulation, 103 diode, 763 AMIS-analog specifi cation (AMIS-A), analog modulation for digital signals, Anton, H., 633 150–151, 152 112–113 Antonelli, C., 821 AMIS-digital specifi cation (AMIS-D), angle modulation, 104, 109–112 Antonini, M., 209, 223 150, 151–152 demodulation signals, 107–112 anycast, 57 AMIS Group, 150, 151 direct generation, 111 Aoyama, K., 856 Amitabha, B., 955 double-sideband amplitude a posteriori probability (APP) log amplifi cation, 771 modulation, 104–106 likelihood value (L value), 483 amplifi ed spontaneous emission (ASE), double-sideband suppressed carrier Apostolopoulos, J. G., 286 459, 729 amplitude modulation, 106–107 apparent diameter, 699 amplifi ers FM demodulators, 111–112 Apple Quicktime, 665, 666 error prevention, 352 frequency shift keying, 113 applicant, 400 optical fi ber communications, Gaussian noise, 103, 104 application entity, 78 695, 703 immunity of angle modulation to application layer of the OSI model, 24, optical multiplexing techniques, 607, http://www.pbookshop.comnonlinearities (and noise), 111 76, 77–78 608–609 indirect generation, 111 application-layer structure (ALS), 78 amplitude, 103, 120 narrowband angle modulation, 110 application service element (ASE), 77 amplitude error, 406 noise, 103–104 application service object (ASO), 78 amplitude modulated (AM) signals, 416 passband transmissions, 112 application-specifi c functions amplitude modulation (AM) phase shift keying, 113 (APP), 285 analog modulation, 103 phase-shift method, 108 application-specifi c integrated circuit analog transmission, 104–109 pulse modulation, 103 (ASIC), 368, 369 digital radio broadcasting, 642, 643 selective-fi ltering method, 108 approximate compression methods, 228 direct current, 105 signal generation, 104–109 Arbanowski, S., 153 facsimile systems, 130 single-sideband amplitude arbitrage, 9 frequency division multiplexing, 553, modulation, 107–108 area code routing, 146 554–557 sinusoidal signal, 110 area codes, 160, 161 Hilbert transform, 107, 108 spectral characteristics of angle Argyris, A., 741 lower sideband, 104 modulated signals, 110–111 arithmetic coding, 202–203, 216 low-pass fi lter, 106 thermal noise, 103 Armenise, M. N., 832 modems, 314 vestigial sideband amplitude ARPANET, 582 modulation index, 105 modulation, 108–109 arrayed waveguide grating multiplexers phase-locked loop, 106 analysis by synthesis, 274 (AWGMs), 789–790 signal-to-noise ratio, 106 analytic (the mathematical term), 189 arrayed-waveguide gratings (AWGs), upper sideband, 104 Anastassiou, C., 877 854, 886, 888 amplitude modulation-phase Anderson, D. Z., 871 Arslan, G., 483 modulation with vestigial Anderson, J. B., 338, 511 Asada, 754 sideband (AM-PM VSB), 131 Andonovic, I., 622 Asano, D. K., 448 INDEX 971

Asatani, K., 152 atomic transactions, 78 Bain, Alexander, 127, 128, 293, 629 ASCII (American Standard Code for attachment unit interface (AUI), 323, Baird, John Logie, 293–294 Information Interchange), 22 324, 325 Bakewell, Frederick, 128 Ash, R. B., 181 attenuation Bakker, D. M., 539 Ashburn, P., 726 conducted communications media, Bakre, A., 67, 71 Ashcroft, N., 869 323–324 Balakrishnan, H., 71 Ashkin, A. A., 867 error sources, 352–353 Balch, J., 330 Ashley, J., 812 optical fi ber communications, 701 Baldi, M., 777, 779, 780 Ashwood-Smith, P., 910, 916 optical fi bers, 815–817 Baldine, I., 909, 922 ASK. See amplitude shift keying (ASK) Attie, P. C., 71 band gaps, 746–747 Aslanis, J. T., 473 AT&T telephotography machine, 129 band-limited AWGN channel, 98 Asobe, M., 873 audio-coding techniques, 276–280 bandpass, 632, 634 Asous, J. Y., 837 audio compression. See speech and bandpass fi lter (BPF), 107 Aspect, P., 187 audio compression bandpass transmission, 93–94 aspect-ratio conversion, 297–299 audio encoders, 277, 648, 660–661 Assanto, G., 874 audio messaging interchange conducted communications media, Assi, C., 953 specifi cation (AMIS), 150 320, 327 association control service elements audio services, 653 digital communications, 632–633 (ACSE), 77 audio webcasting, 665–667 free-space optics, 905 Association of Radio Industries and Austerberry, D., 665, 666 frequency modulation, 418–419 Businesses (ARIB), 591, 600, 601 authentication, authorization, and minimum shift keying, 441 assured forwarding, 52 accounting (AAA), 60 optical couplers and splitters, 836 astigmatic method of disc authentication data, 56 speech and audio compression, 268 storage, 798 authentication header (AH), 55–56, synchronous OCDM, 885, 887 asymmetrical 59–60 wavelength division multiplexing, 623 (ADSL), 14 auto attendant (AA), 147–148 channels, 347–348 carrierless amplitude phase autocorrelation, 185 bandwidth constraint, 496 modulation, 426 automatic background control, 133 bandwidth expansion factor, 540 digital communications, 634 automatic call distribution (ACD) bandwidth extensions, 278 discrete multitone modulation, 473, answer fl ow, 148 bandwidth-limited systems, 632 487–489 messaging systems, 146, 148 bandwidth occupancy, 678 modems, 316 private branch exchange, 123 bandwidth on demand, 945 orthogonal frequency division voice communication systems, 122, 123 Banerjee, A., 910, 918 multiplexing, 591, 600 automatic protection switching (APS), Banerjee, S. K., 132 asymmetric digital subscriber line 936, 939–940 Bang, O., 875 (ADSL), 948 automatic repeat request (ARQ), Banyan network, 378, 379, 780 asymmetric modes, 845 140, 362 Bao, X., 818, 819, 821, 822 asymmetric switches, 380 automatic retransmission requests Bao, Y., 287 asynchronous CDMA (ACDMA), 681, 683 (ARQs), 33 Baran, P., 776 asynchronous optical-packet automatic tunneling, 58 Barbarossa, S., 485 switching, 915 autonomous systems, 40, 367 Barkley, J., 81 asynchronous sub-lambda switching, auxiliary pictures, 246 Barnes, C. W., 829, 830 772–775 availability, 368, 623 Barron, R. J., 504 asynchronous time division avalanche photodiode detector Barry, J. R., 511, 518, 524, 529, 530, multiplexers, 572 http://www.pbookshop.com(APD), 494 531, 535 asynchronous transfer mode avalanche photodiodes (APDs), 720, 722 Barthelemy, A., 867, 873 (ATM), 27 Awano, H., 811 Bartholomew and MacFarlane’s carrierless amplitude phase Awduche, D., 910 Bartlene System, 129 modulation, 426 Awduche, D. O., 586, 619 Bartlene System, 129 modems, 316 Aweya, J., 369 Barton, S. K., 599 optical switching techniques in WDM AWGN. See additive white Gaussian Basavanhally, N. R., 716 networks, 910 noise (AWGN) base, 70, 326 passive optical networks, 952 Azadet, K., 725 baseband and broadband, 320 SONET and SDH networks, 942–943 Azzam, A. A., 949 baseband digital communications, statistical time division multiplexing, 632, 634 579–580 backbone area, 50 baseband digital transmission, 87–93 switches, 375 backbone switches, 380 baseband equivalent, 634 asynchronous transmission mode back-to-back performance, 459–463, baseband pulse transmission, 509 (ATM), 22–23, 255 466–467 baseband signal representation, Atai, J., 866, 868 Backus-Naur form (BNF) notation, 79 510–511 Atherton, P. D., 852 backward adaptation, 273 baseband transmissions ATM. See asynchronous transfer backward learning, 380 analog modulation, 102 mode (ATM) Badr, H., 70, 71 conducted communications ATM adaptation layer type 5 Badrinath, B. R., 67, 71 media, 320 (AAL5), 942 Baets, R., 734 digital transmissions, 84 ATM switches, 384–385 Baglio, S., 853 discrete multitone modulation, 479 Atoda, N., 810 Bahl, Cocke, Jelenick, and Raviv (BCJR) information theory, 183 atomic energy levels, 752 algorithm, 637 multicarrier modulation, 479 972 INDEX baseband waveforms, 522 fi ber-optic fi lters, 852 digital radio broadcasting, 646 baseline profi le (BP), 257 frequency division multiplexing, 558, digital transmission, 84, 98 base round-trip time, 70 565, 566 frequency modulation, 420 base station (BS), 337, 676, 681 frequency modulation, 415–416 Gaussian minimum shift keying, basic amplitude modulation, 555–556 information theory, 188 448, 449 basic encoding rules (BER), 79 optical differential phase shift line coding, 523, 524, 526 basic fi ltering services, 399 keying, 461 minimum shift keying, 441–442 basic forwarding, 366 optical solitons, 868 non-return to zero codes, 525–526 basic NAT protocol translation, 59 best effort delivery, 51 optical differential phase shift keying, basic phase shift keying, 422–423 Beyda, W. J., 120, 122 456, 460, 465 basic structures, 261 B frames (bidirectional frames), 296 optical fi ber communications, basic transfer mode (BTM), 141 Bhamber, R., 729, 741 695, 702 basis functions, 634 Bhargava, V. K., 684 optical multiplexing techniques, basis vectors, 208 Bhattacharjee, S., 372 607, 609 Batagelj, B., 822, 823, 824 Bianco, A., 371, 386 optical receivers, 723–724 Batal, A., 846 Bickham, S. R., 815, 816 optical signal regeneration, 730, Batcher-Banyan networks, 379 Bidgoli, H., 28, 373 732, 736 Batcher network, 379 bidirectional couplers, 837 optical solitons, 864 batching, 287 bidirectional line switched rings optimum threshold detection, 95 Bateman, A., 419, 420 (BDSRs), 940, 941–942 orthogonal frequency division Bates, R. J., 148, 149 bidirectionally predictive frames, 195 multiplexing, 597, 598 Baudot, Jean-Maurice-Emile, 22 bidirectional NAT protocol phase modulation, 423 Baudot code, 22 translation, 59 pseudoternary codes, 529–530 baud rate, 313, 630 Biglieri, E., 488, 526 pulse position modulation, 497–500 Bauml, R., 599 Bigo, S., 887 return to zero codes, 528 bayonet nut connector (BNC), 325 Bilbao, S., 831 spread spectrum signals, 681 Bayvel, P., 822, 823, 864, 910 bimodal mechanism, 71 substitution codes, 531 beam divergence of lasers, 751–752 binarization, 249 synchronous OCDM, 888, 893 beam forming, 640 binary antipodal signal, 512 bit error rate or ratio (BER), 173 beam steering, 904 binary arithmetic coding, 249 bit error ratio (BER), 486 beam waist, 751 binary frequency shift keying (BFSK), bit error resilience tests, 264–265 Beasley, J. S., 124 419–421, 443 bit-insertion codes, 535 beat period, 832 binary N zero substitution (BNZS) bit-interleaved multiplexers, 569–570 Beauchamp, K., 194, 195 coding, 162 bit interleaved parity (BIP) code, 936 Beckwitt, K., 868 digital transmission, 91 bitmap (BMP) format, 221 Belanger, P., 830, 831 line coding, 524, 530–531 bit padding, 572 Belin, Edouard, 129 binary phase shift keying (BPSK) bit-parallel-wavelength (BPW), 876, 877 Belinfante, A., 8 digital phase modulation, 510, bit rate distance product, 764 Belinograph, 129 512–513, 516, 518–519 bit rates (BRs) Bell, Alexander Graham, 309, 901 digital radio broadcasting, 645, 646 audio compression, 270 Bell, J. S., 187 Gaussian minimum shift keying, 449 constant, 241, 255 Bell, T. C., 199, 202, 203, 210 orthogonal frequency division digital communications, 630, 634 Bellamy, J. C., 168, 524, 525, 529, 531, multiplexing, 601 digital phase modulation, 510 533, 534, 535 phase modulation, 422–423, 424 optical differential phase shift Bellcore (Bell Communications http://www.pbookshop.compulse position modulation, 501 keying, 458 Research) 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, spread spectrum, 542, 545 for signals, 268 169, 173, 174, 576, 583, 929 synchronous OCDM, 886, 887, 895 time division multiplexing, 568, 569, Beller, J., 817 binary-refl ected Gray code, 495 573–574, 575 Bell Labs, 192 binary transfer mode (BFT), 141 variable, 241, 255, 274 Bellman-Ford algorithm, 49 Bingham, J. A. C., 473, 488, 591, 594, bit-rate transparency, 768 Benedetto, S., 497, 500, 526 600, 601 bit robbing, 574 Benes, V. E., 785 bin string, 249 bits per pixel (bpp) Benes network, 785 Biondini, G., 861, 864 , 212, 213, 221 Benes switch, 377, 379 biorthogonal transform, 215 video compression, 228 Bennett, W. R., 444 biphase codes, 522, 524, 531–533 bit streams, 161, 269, 569 BER. See bit error rate (BER) biphase-mark codes, 531 bit stuffi ng, 35, 572 Berezdivin, R., 689 biphase-space codes, 532 bit-to-bit phase fl uctuation, 729 Berger, H. L., 443 bipolar codes, 529 bit-to-symbol mapping, 494–496 Berger, L., 910, 916 bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), 715 Bjorkholm, J. E., 867 Berglind, E., 731 bipolar PCM bit stream, 161 Black, S. K., 6 Bergman, L., 876 birefringent fi lters, 853–854 Black, U. D., 124 Bergman, L. A., 876 Birks, T. A., 700 black box, 68–70 Bernet, Y., 287 Bise, R. T., 699 Black Box Explains, 327 Berson, S., 289 Biswas, A., 493, 866 black-box optical regeneration Bertoni, H., 340, 343 bit error rate (BER) (BBOR), 739 Bertsekas, D., 38 biphase codes, 533 Blackman, 188 Bessel functions digital communications, 632, 633, 636 black solitons, 862 angle modulation, 110 digital phase modulation, 518–519 Blair, S., 868, 873, 874 INDEX 973

Blake, S., 287, 370 Bovik, A. C., 240 packets, 392 Blaszak, L., 255, 256, 259, 260 Bower, A. J., 643, 645 ports, 391 Blelloch, G., 361 Boyd, R. W., 824 protocol algorithm, 394–395 blended dialing, 149 BPSK. See binary phase shift keying protocol operation, 394 Blinch, R., 27 (BPSK) repeaters, 390–391, 392 blind synchronizer, 501 Braat, J., 798, 800, 806, 807 root bridge, 394–395, 396, 398, 399 Bloch envelopes, 832 Braat, J. J. M., 797 routers, 392, 401 Bloch waves, 832, 869 Bracken, C. C., 304 spanning tree algorithm, 393–398 block codes Brackett, C. A., 607, 608, 613 address learning and frame digital communications, 630 Braden, R., 80, 287 forwarding, 395–396 line coding, 523, 524, 533–534 Bradley, J. N., 218 bridge protocol data unit format, mBnB, 535 Brady, D. M., 438 397–398 block diagram, 647 Bragg grating loops, 396–397 block hopper, 547 lambda and sub-lambda switching, 770 protocol algorithm, 394–395 blocking optical fi ber communications, 703–704 protocol operation, 394 error detection and data recovery, 33 optical solitons, 868, 871 reconfi gurations, 396–397 information theory, 184 optical sources, 758, 760, 761 switches, 391 network, 790 see also fi ber Bragg gratings (FBGs) transparent, 391–392 optical cross connects, 785 Bragg grating equation, 761 trees, 393–398 blocking ports, 394 Bragg refl ectors, 712 virtual LANs and GVRP, 400–401 blocks, 245 see also distributed Bragg refl ectors bright solitons, 862, 865, 867 block sum, 355–356, 359 (DBRs) Brillouin components, 832 block transform, 209 Bragg scattering, 699 Brillouin optical time-domain analysis block-truncation coding (BTC), 216 Bragg solitons, 871–873 (BOTDA), 817, 818 Bloemer, M. J., 853 Bragg wavelength, 787 Brillouin scattering, 701, 817, 818–819 blue laser diodes, 764–765 Brakmo, L. S., 70 Brislawn, C. M., 218 Bluetooth, 539, 677 Bramann, G., 737 British Broadcasting Corporation Blumenthal, D. J., 748, 755, 756, Brannon, B., 182 (BBC), 294, 643, 645, 646, 647, 762, 763 Breinig, R., 689 648, 668, 670 Blu-ray, 808 Brenna, J., 857 British Facsimile International Blu-Ray Disc Association, 257 Brewster’s angle, 854 Consultative Committee Blu-ray discs, 304, 795, 805, 806, Bricot, C., 798 (BFICC), 131 808–809 bridged signals, 939 British naval connector (BNC), 325 Boatright, P. A., 492, 493, 505 bridge entity, 36–37 broadband, 952 Boeing Space Systems, 663 bridge links, 172 broadband digital cross-connect Boggs, D. R., 34, 36 bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) systems, 167 Bogoni, A., 740 bridges, 393–394 broadband integrated services digital Bogris, A., 741 format, 397–398 network (BISDN), 163, 579–580 Boleskei, H., 640 switches, 382, 383 broadband modems, 315–317 Bolles, R. C., 263 bridges, 390–402 broadband passive optical network Boltzmann distribution, 752, 753 address learning and frame (B-PON), 948, 952, 953, 955 Boltzmann’s constant, 353, 635, 719, forwarding, 395–396 broadband technologies, 14, 15 746, 750 bridge protocol data unit format, broadband transmissions, 315, 320 Bonenfant, P., 943, 945 397–398 broadband wireless access (BWA), border gateway protocol (BGP), 40, 50, http://www.pbookshop.combridge protocol data units, 393–394 602–603, 689 368 broadcast domain, 391, 392 broadcast and select networks (BSNs), Bordes, N., 840, 842 control frames, 393 620–621 Borenstein, N., 80 data-link layer of the OSI model, 390 broadcast domain, 391, 392 Born, M., 828 802 standards committee, 390–391 broadcast frequencies, 560 Bornhoft, R., 493 , 390 broadcasting, 269, 787 Boroson, D. M., 502, 504 Ethernet switches, 391 Broadcast Newsroom, 304 Borowski, J., 445 extended , 390, 391 broadcast storm, 321 borrowing lightpaths, 911 generic attribute registration broadcast transmission, 303 Bosco, G., 460 protocol, 399–401 broken symmetry, 189 Boscolo, S., 729, 741 group attribution registration Brown, J. M., 493 Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem protocol operation, 400 Brownian random motion, 635 (BCH) forward error-correcting hosts, 390 Brox, O., 738 code, 252 hubs, 390–391, 392 BRs, bit rates (BRs) Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenhem (BCH) IEEE 802 standards, 397, 399, 400 Bruguera, J. D., 249 codes, 98, 361 and LAN multicast, 398–399 Buck, J. A., 831 Bossert, M., 630 learning and forwarding operation, Buck, J. R., 85, 86, 182, 183, 184, Boswell, S., 332 392–393 185, 189 Bouchal, 877 local area networks, 390 Buckland, E. L., 824 boundary fi ltering, 218 loop-free operation, 393 buffer amplifi er, 416 bounded energy, 540 loops, 396–397 buffer management, 370–372 Bourkoff, E., 865 media access control, 390, 391 building movement, 903–904 Bouwhuis, G., 795, 796, 797, 798, 800, operations, 392–393 Buljan, H., 868, 869 801, 805, 807 organizationally unique identifi er, 391 bulk gratings, 855 974 INDEX bulk optical memory (BOM), 771 Calvert, B., 332 carriers bulk optics, 846 Calvert, K. L., 372 digital communications, 630, 634 Bullington, K., 342 cameras, 299 lifetime, 750, 758 Burgstede, P., 798 Cameron, J., 821 modulated waveforms, 94 buried hetero-junction laser, 755 Campbell, P., 332 recovery, 519 buried waveguides, 832–833 camp on, 122 carrier sense multiple access burned addresses, 391 Canada, 16 (CSMA), 34 burn-in damages, 302 Canadian Communications Research carrier sense multiple access with Burns, W., 832 Centre, 703 collision avoidance Burr, A., 450, 452 cancel and control, 174 (CSMA/CA), 321 Burrus, C. A., 749 Candell, E., 151 carrier sense multiple access with Burrus type LEDs, 748 Candell, L., 493 collision detection (CSMA/CD), burst assembler (BA), 616, 912, 913 canonical encoding rules (CER), 79 34, 37, 321, 323, 390 burst-error correction, 360–362 Cantrell, C. D., 558, 566 carrier signals, 106, 509, 554 burst error correction period Cao, J., 583, 584 carrier-suppressed return-to-zero (BECP), 463 Cao, S., 853 (CSRZ), 451, 457 burst error detection, 354, 358 capacity, 633 carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), 98, 418 burst header packet (BHP), capacity and adaptive bit loading, carrier waves, 313–314 618–619, 912 486–487 Carson’s rule, 113, 416, 558 burst noise, 353 capacity of an optical channel, Carter, G. M., 865 burst-scale congestion, 584 502–503 Carter, S. W., 287, 289 burst segmentation, 623, 913 care-of-address, 53 Carter codes, 535 Burton, Tim, 299 Carlson, A. B., 512, 519 Carvalho, M. I., 871 Buryak, A. V., 861, 866 Carlsson, A. H., 877 Case, J., 174 Burylov, S. V., 700 Carr, H. H., 123 Case, T., 124 bus, 31 Carr, J. J., 323 Caselli, Giovanni, 128 bus topology, 321, 323 carrier frequency offset Casetti, C., 70, 72 Butterworth functions, 852 synchronization, 600 Casier, H., 493 Buus, J., 748, 755, 756, 762, 763 carrierless amplitude phase (CAP) Cassel, C. A., 14 BYE packet, 285 modulation, 426–437 Castro, M., 287 byte-interleaved multiplexing, 570 adaptive equalizers, 430–431, 433 category 5 (CAT5E) cable, 327 byte interleaving frames, 165–166 adaptive fi ltering, 430–432 cathode ray tube (CRT), 294, 296, 302 bytes sent, 67 additive white Gaussian noise, 429 Cauchy-Schwarz relation, 187 byte stuffi ng, 35 asymmetrical digital subscriber cautious harmonic broadcasting, 289 line, 426 Cavendish, 586 cable access methods, 320–321 asynchronous transfer mode, 426 CBS Radio, 643 Cable Act of 1984, 13 cross talk, 432–433 CDMA2000 Cable Act of 1992, 12, 13, 14 discrete multitone modulation, 426 spread spectrum, 539 cable modems, 315–316, 949–950 encoders, 426 spread spectrum signals, 676, 682, 688 cable modem service, 12, 14 equalizers, 430–431, 433 CD Radio, 662 cable modem termination service far-end cross talk, 432 cell mapping, 661 (CMTS), 315 feed-forward equalization, 431–432 cells, 383 cable modem termination system Fourier transforms, 429 cell-switching, 384 (CMTS), 949 implementation, 428–433 cellular networks, 683–684 (CATV), 12–14, 304, http://www.pbookshop.comadaptive fi ltering, 430–432 Cellular Operators Association of 949–950 cross talk, 432–433 India, 676 Caceres, R., 583 receiver implementation, 429–430 cellular phones, 317 cache management, 289, 366 transmitter implementation, cellular systems, 675–676, 686–689 Caffery, J., 488 428–429 center wavelength and bandpass, 834 Cai, Y., 287 intersymbol interference, 429, 430 central offi ce (CO) Cain, M. B., 815, 816 local area networks, 426 passive optical networks, 948, 951 Cairncross, F. C., 5 multidimensional, 435–436 public switched telephone network, Calderbank, A. R., 504 advantages and disadvantages, 436 159, 161 Caldwell, B., 28 three-dimensional, 435–436 voice communication systems, 117 call control services, 81 quadrature amplitude modulation, central processing unit (CPU), 121, 366 call directing applications. See 426, 427, 428, 433 Centrex, 123, 159 messaging systems receiver implementation, 429–430 Cerf, 582 called terminal identifi cation synchronization implementation, Chai, T. Y., 784 (CED), 138 433–434 Chakravarty, S. N., 27 Callegati, F., 916 synchronization requirements, 433 Challener, W. A., 811 call gapping control, 174 three-dimensional, 435–436 Chamberlain, G. E., 815 calling tone (CNG), 138 timing and synchronization, 433–435 Chandra, 584 Callon, R., 370, 586, 587, 909, 910 acquisition, 434–435 Chandrasekhar, S., 460 call processing language (CPL), 154 synchronization implementation, Chandrayana, K., 66 call release, 140 433–434 Chang, C., 585 call restriction, 122 synchronization requirements, 433 Chang, C. C., 886 call setup, 138 transmitter implementation, 428–429 Chang, I. C., 856 call signaling, 81 carrier recovery, 519 Chang, R. W., 591, 593 INDEX 975

Chang, S. F., 240 Chia, S., 676 Cisco, 38, 153, 394, 401, 575 change resistance, 6, 11 Chiang, K. S., 853 city codes, 160 changing elements, 136–137 Chiao, R., 865 Clabaugh, R. G., 591, 592 channel assignment, 910, 919 Chiao, R. Y., 865 cladding channel associated signaling (CAS), Chiaroni, D., 729, 733, 734 conducted communications 162–163, 169 Chimento, P. F., 586 media, 330 channel bandwidth, 89 China’s TD-SCDMA, 676, 682, 688–689 optical fi ber communications, 696, channel capacity China Wireless 698, 699, 700 band-limited AWGN channel, 98 Standards, 688 Clark, D. D., 287, 372 digital transmission, 89 Chinn, S. R., 926 Clark, M. P., 163 discrete multitone modulation, 486 chip-matched fi lter (CMF), 680 Clarkson, P. A., 861 information theory, 178 chipping sequence, 542, 543 classes pulse position modulation, 502–503 chips, 677–678 IP addresses, 41–42 Shannon’s theory, 178 Chirkin, A. S., 862, 866 partitions, 288–289 channel coders, 630, 648 chirp, 709, 714 selectors, 52 channel decoders, 631 chirped fi ber Bragg gratings, 704–705 spread spectrum, 54 channel encoders, 654, 661 chirped return-to-zero (CRZ), 457 voice communications systems, 117 channel gain-to-noise ratio (CNR), 486 chirp fi ltering, 737 classifi cations, 311–312, 624 channel impulse response (CIR), chirp-free return-to-zero, 457 classifi ers, 52, 372 344–345, 479 chirp modulation, 545 classless interdomain routing (CIDR), channel model, 98, 494, 495, 503, 505 Chiu, A., 614 43–44 channel modeling, 338–342 Chiu, D. -M., 68, 69, 70 class of service (CoS), 617, 923 channel performance limitations, Chiussi, F. M., 377, 385, 386 class-of-service fi eld, 52 407–410 Chlamtac, I., 612, 614, 913 Cleary, J. G., 203, 210 channels Cho, P. S., 459, 466, 467, 469, 738 client frames, 944 data communications, 20 Choe, B. S., 385, 585 client-side buffering, 286 digital communications, 630 Choi, I. W., 250 Clinton, W. J., 539 frequency division multiplexing, 559 Choi, J. M., 857 clock and data recovery (CDR), 403, 458 orthogonal frequency division Cholten, M. S., 586 clock recovery (CR), 519, 732 multiplexing, 595 chopping function, 501 Clos, C., 785, 790 pulse-amplitude modulation, 403, 404 Chou, H., 738 Clos network, 785, 790 channel scattering functions, 336–337 Choudhury, G. L., 585 clumped dithering schemes, 141–142 channel service units (CSUs), 164 Chow, J. S., 600, 601 cmdaOne family, 686, 687 channel spacing, 851 Chow, K. K., 741 CO. See central offi ce (CO) channel transfer functions, 345–346, Chow, P. S., 487 coarse wavelength-division multiplexers 407–408, 409 Chraplyvy, A. R., 455, 819, 824 (CWDMs), 850 Chao, H. J., 370, 385 Christodoulakis, S., 287 (coax), 12, 20, 323–326 Chappe, Claude, 128 Christodoulides, D. N., 868, 869, 871, coaxial cable standards, 324, 325, 326 charge-coupled devices (CCDs) 872, 875, 876, 877 co-channel interference, 636 facsimile transmissions, 132 Christopolous, C., 223 code block control, 174 free-space optics, 902 chroma, 246 codebook, 273, 534 high defi nition television, 297 chromatic dispersion (CD) codec optical memories, 812 optical differential phase shift keying, enhancements, 239–241 check bits, 355 455, 463 high-defi nition television, 295 checksum http://www.pbookshop.comoptical fi ber communications, 693, modems, 310 error detection, 358–359 700–701 streaming audio, 666 error detection and data recovery, 32 optical fi bers, 819–821 television, high-defi nition, 295–296 information theory, 191 wavelength division multiplexing, time division multiplexing, 573 IP datagram header, 41 607–608 video compression, 229 TCP header, 65 chrominance, 294 see also coder-decoders (codecs) checksum recalculation, 366 Chu, Y. -H., 287 code division multiple access (CDMA), 11 Chen, C. -M., 287 Chuang, S. T., 371 mobile communications standards, Chen, I. -R., 287 Chujo, W., 886, 887, 888, 891 686–688 Chen, L., 819, 821, 822 Chung, S. T., 489 multi-access link control, 34 Chen, W., 872 Cidon, I., 774, 775 passive optical networks, 951 Chen, W. T., 386 CIDR. See classless interdomain routing spread spectrum, 539, 542, Chen, W. Y., 429, 534 (CIDR) 547–548, 549 Chen, Y., 619, 620, 866, 868, 913, Cimini, L. J., 473, 591, 593 spread spectrum signals, 675, 676, 914, 925 Cioffi , J. M., 473, 483, 487, 488, 489, 681, 683 Chen, Z., 867, 868, 871, 877 600, 601 synchronous OCDM, 885 Cheng, J., 539 circuit directionalization control, 174 code division multiplexing (CDM), Cheng, M., 500 circuits, 404 885, 886 Cheng, S. -T., 287 (CS), 777 coded modulation schemes, 633 Cheng, T. H., 953 circuit turndown control, 174 coded orthogonal frequency division Cherry, S., 689 circulant matrix, 596 multiplexing, 597 Cherubini, G., 485 circular convolution, 218, 480 coded pulse position modulation, 495, Chi, S., 787, 852 circular matrix, 480 496–497, 500–501 Chia, M. C., 622, 913 circulators, 702, 838, 845 coded pulses, 103 976 INDEX code-excited linear prediction (CELP), common gateway interface (CGI), 154 attenuation, 323–324 274, 660 common intermediate format (CIF), 244 bandwidth, 320, 327 code mark inversion (CMI), 532 common management information baseband and broadband, 320 coder-decoders (codecs) protocol (CMIP), 176 cable access methods, 320–321 facsimile transmissions, 131 common time reference (CTR), 772 cladding, 330 high-defi nition television, 295 common transimpedance amplifi er coaxial cable, 323–326 TCP/IP protocol suite, 81 topology, 724–725 components, 323 voice digitization technologies, 120 communications network applications, 323–325 coders, 210, 212, 214 continuous wave, 103 thinwire Ethernet, 325–326 codes, examples, 200 media, 20 collision detection, 321 code words, 200, 355 to space, 906–907 comparisons and contrasts, 331 coding line, 133 speech and audio compression, 269 concentrators, 321 coding procedures, 139 systems, 510–512 cross talk, 326, 327 coding theory, 188 time division multiplexing, 568–569 data rates, 327 coeffi cient of variation (COV), 68 see also conducted communications Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA), Cohen, L. G., 819, 821, 863 media 327, 328 Cohen, O., 871 Communications Act of 1934, 294 encryption, 331 coherence, 751, 901 communication system, 178 Ethernet, 321 coherence bandwidth Comon, P., 446 fi ber distributed data interface, 330 orthogonal frequency division compact disc digital audio (CD-DA), 806 fi ber modes, 330 multiplexing, 592 compact disc read-only memory fi ber-optic cable, 329–331 wireless channels, 346, 347, 348 (CD-ROM), 807, 808 components, 330 coherence length, 751 compact disc-recordable (CD-R), 795, 807 fi ber modes, 330 coherence time, 346, 347–348, 751 compact disc rewritable (CD-RW), network applications, 330–331 coherent demodulator, 445, 449–450 803, 807 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE), 328 coherent-density approach, 870 compact discs (CDs), 795, 805, 806–807 hubs, 321 coherent detection, 419–420 companded signals, 185 light emitting diodes, 330 coherent optical code division companding, 87–88 local area networks, 320, 321 multiplexing, 885, 886, 888 compansion, 193 media security, 331–332 coherent phase shift keying, 510, comparison metal oxide mesh topologies, 322 512–516, 516, 519 , 271 metropolitan area network, 320 coherent phase shift keying signal, 510, competition in telecommunications, 4, 6 multimode fi bers, 330 512–513, 515–519 competitive access providers (CAPs), 6 network topologies, 321–323 Coldren, L. A., 711, 713 competitive local exchange carriers network transmission basics, 320–323 Collins, Arthur, 668 (CLECs), 6, 159 baseband and broadband, 320 Collins Kineplex system, 473 complementary metal oxide cable access methods, 320–321 Collins Radio Company, 438, 668 semiconductor (CMOS) network topologies, 321–323 collision detection (CD), 321 digital communications, 629 nodes, 321 collisions high defi nition television, 297 packets, 321 domain, 390, 391 optical receivers, 726, 727 repeaters, 324, 325 error sources, 354 pulse-amplitude modulation, 404, 411 switches, 321 hash, 191 routers, 368 thinwire Ethernet, 325–326 Colmenarez, A., 240 complete partitioning, 376 token-ring cabling, 329 co-located care-of-address, 53 complexity, 269, 271, 379 twisted-pair cable, 326–329 colon-hexadecimal format, 57 http://www.pbookshop.comcomplex spreading DSSS components, 326–327 color sampling, 297 (CS DSSS), 678 network applications, 327–329 color spaces, 238, 297 complex-valued signals, 189 token-ring cabling, 329 color television, 294 compound service functionality, 82 , 320 combination logic unit (CLU), 685–686 compression ratio, 199, 205, 207, 210 conducting core, 323 combined input-and-output queueing compressor-decompressor (codec), 295 confi guration bridge protocol data units (CIOQ), 371, 383 see also codec; coder-decoders (confi guration BPDUs), 393–394 combined pulse position modulation, 506 (codecs) confi gured tunneling, 58 Comer, D. E., 367, 372 computer-based information system confi rmation to receive signal comfort noise, 274 (CBIS), 19 (CFR), 138 command line interface (CLI), 174 computer networks, 846 Conforti, E., 737, 769 commands and responses, 174 computer telephony integration (CTI), congestion avoidance, 69 Commission Internationale de 124–125, 152 congestion control, 66–67, 68 l´Éclairage (CIE), 142, 233 comScore Networks, 282 congestion window (cwnd), 66 commitment, concurrency, and recovery concentrators, 36, 321, 572 connectionless-oriented (CCR), 78 conditional biphase level, 532 communication, 78 commitment, recurrence and recovery conditional entropy, 181 connection-oriented communication, 78 service elements (CRSE), 78 conditional probability density, 494 Connelly, J. A., 720 common application service element conducted communications media, Conrad, P. T., 80 (CASE), 77–78 320–333 constant angular velocity (CAV), 807 common channel signaling (CCS), American National Standards constant bit rate (CBR), 241, 255 163, 169 Institute (ANSI), 327 constant frequency variable dot (CFVD) common European postal 1 attachment unit interface, 323, modulation, 129 (CEPT-1) frame, 162 324, 325 constant linear velocity (CLV), 807 INDEX 977 constellation diagrams convolutional codes, 500, 630 digital communications, 636 digital phase modulation, 512, 513, convolutional turbo codes, 640 discrete multitone modulation, 476 515, 516 convolution operation, 186 error sources, 354 optical differential phase shift Cooley, J. W., 184 frequency division multiplexing, 559 keying, 456 cooperatively transmitted signals, 489 lambda and sub-lambda constrained parameters, 258 Coopersmith, J., 130 switching, 769 constraint route label-distribution coordinated universal time (UTC), wavelength division multiplexing, 609 protocol (CR-LDP), 52, 777, 778 Crynwr Software, 35 619–620, 923 Corazza, G., 916 Culshaw, B., 838, 840 Consumer Electronics Association, core-cladding, 697 Culverhouse, D., 818 305, 644 core functions, 64 cumulative acknowledgements, 64 Consumer Electronics Manufacturers core header, 944 current and carrier confi nement, 756 Association (CEMA), 644, core header error control (cHEC), 944 customer edge (CE) routers, 60 647, 667 core architecture, 912 customer premise equipment (CPE), containers, 611 corner frequency, 720 158, 160, 316, 951 content delivery networks (CDNs), 287 Corning Cable Systems, 951 Cusworth, S. D., 857 contention resolution Corning Incorporated, 817 cutoff condition, 830 optical burst switching, 622–623 correction mechanism, 173 cut-through switching, 380 optical switching techniques in WDM correlation operator, 185 cyan, magenta, yellow, black (CMYB) networks, 913, 915, 916, 919 correlation receiver (CR), 680, 684 images, 142 context adaptive, 249 Corzine, S. W., 711 cycles, 394 context adaptive binary arithmetic Coskun, T. H., 871 cyclic codes (CCs), 191 coding (CABAC), 249 COST-231 model, 343 cyclic prefi x (CP), 479, 485, 594–597 context adaptive variable length code Costello, D. J., 500 cyclic redundancy check (CRC) (CAVLC), 249 costs for routers, 368 digital communications, 630 context modeling, 215, 249 Couch II, L. W., 87, 88, 89, 90, 95, 104, error detection, 356–357, 359 Conti, C., 868, 874 107, 418, 518, 529, 530, 632 error detection and data recovery, 32 contiguous concatenation, 937 Coufal, H. J., 812 operation, 357–358 continuous phase frequency shift keying country codes, 160, 161 public switched telephone (CPFSK) coupled mode theory (CMT), 831–832 network, 173 digital phase modulation, 510, 520 coupled-wave theory, 831–832 SONET and SDH networks, 944 frequency modulation, 419 couplers, 695, 840–841 time division multiplexing, 574 Gaussian minimum shift keying, 449 coupling, 834, 836, 837 cyclic redundancy codes (CRCs), 191 minimum shift keying, 439–440, 445 Cover, T. M., 181, 200, 201, 204 cyclostationarity, 434 continuous phase modulation (CPM) Cox, C. H., 708 digital phase modulation, 510, Cox, D. C., 599, 600 D-4 framing, 574 519–520 CPFSK. See continuous phase frequency D-5 HD, 300, 301 frequency modulation, 419 shift keying (CPFSK) Dahlman, E., 676, 689 minimum shift keying, 450 CPM. See continuous phase modulation Dai, M., 242 continuous time signals, 631 (CPM) Dambacher, P., 591, 600, 601 continuous wave (CW) Crandall, R. W., 16 Dammann gratings, 841 communications, 103 Crane, E. B., 123 Dammann, H., 841 laser sources, 713 Crawford, G. P., 700 Dan, A., 289 millimeter wave, 834 CRC. See cyclic redundancy D´Andrea, A. N., 685 optical fi bers, 818 http://www.pbookshop.comcheck (CRC) Daniels, B. R., 150 signals, 733 Cregan, R. F., 699, 700 Danielson, B. L., 815 continuous wave mode, 758 Cressler, J. D., 726 Dany, B., 739 control fi eld, 35 Crilly, P. B., 512, 519 Danyali, H., 219, 221 control frames, 393, 944 critical angle, 697 dark current, 722 control function (CF), 78 critical bands, 276 dark solitons, 862, 865 control information scaling, 285 crossbar switches, 193, 377 Darmanyan, S., 869 control latency, 623 cross connects, 607, 609 Das, C. R., 289 controller and controller-less see also optical cross connects (OXCs) data access arrangment (DAA), 311 modems, 311 cross-gain modulation (XGM), 733 data-aided systems, 433 control-octet transparency, 35 cross links, 172 database, 50, 60, 392 control packet processor (CPP), 912 crossover cable, 329 data coding. See conventional fi bers, 698–699 cross-phase modulation (XPM) data communications, 19–29 convergence optical differential phase shift applications, 20 broadband technologies, 14 keying, 464 centralized data-processing, 21 cable TV industry, 14 optical fi ber communications, 702 channels, 20 data communications, 27–28 optical fi bers, 822, 823 coaxial cable (coax), 20 to fairness, 68 optical signal regeneration, 729 communications media, 20 international telecommunications, optical solitons, 876 convergence of voice, data, and video, 15–16 cross talk 27–28 telecommunications industry, 3–4 carrierless amplitude phase corporate importance of, 28–29 conversion, 622 modulation, 432–433 data codes, 22 conversion coeffi ciency, 750 conducted communications media, data fl ow, 23 convolution, 218, 480 326, 327 data-processing confi gurations, 21 978 INDEX data communications (cont.) zerotrees, 210 de Buda, R., 438, 449 decentralized data-processing, 21 ZIP, 203, 210 de Buda’s modulator, 449 defi ned, 19 data encoding, 800–801 decapsulating nodes, 58 distributed data-processing, 21 data encryption standard (DES), 56 Decasper, D., 372 electronic commerce, 27 data fl ow, 23 decision-directed algorithm, 433–434 electronic data interchange, 26–27 data frames, 393 decision-directed slot events in the growth of, 20–21 data-generation block, 403 synchronization, 502 historical events, 21 datagrams, 40 decision feedback equalizers (DFEs), , 28 data in fl ight, 67 637, 725, 726 local area networks, 22, 25, 26 data-link layer of the OSI model, 24–25 decision variable (DV), 458–459 modems, 20 access control and signaling, 30 decoders network types, 25–26 bridges, 390 audio encoders, 277 open system interconnection cyclic redundancy check, 32 data compression, 199, 200, 202, reference model, 23–25 data-link protocol implementations, 203–204, 207, 208, 210 packets, 27 35–38 image compression, 212, 214, 216 parallel transmission, 22 data recovery, 32 pulse-amplitude modulation, 404 protocols, 20 data transfer, 30–32 speech and audio compression, 269 sender and receiver devices, 20 addressing, 31 video compression, 229 serial transmission, 22 network topologies, 31 decompression, 199 transmission modes, 22–23 digital phase modulation, 509 decrease window, 70 wide area network, 25–26 error detection, 32 decryption, 630, 631 data competitive local exchange carriers ethernet, 36–38 dedicated link protection, 920 (DCLECs), 159 Ethernet protocol, 36–38 dedicated path protection, 920 data compression, 199–211 fi ber distributed data interface, 36 dedicated processor-based applications, 210 high-level data-link control, 35 architecture, 369 arithmetic coding, 202–203 logical link control, 30, 32–33 De Dobbelacre, P., 769 block transform, 209 MAC addresses, 31, 33–34 Deese, R., 160 code words, 200 media access control, 30, 31, 33–34 default, 52 compression ratio, 199, 205, 207, 210 multi-access link control, 34 default gateways (dg), 48 decoders, 199, 200, 202, 203–204, 207, network topologies, 30, 31 defl ation, 221 208, 210 nodes, 31 defl ection routing, 622–623, 913, dictionary coding, 203–204 physical communication 916, 919 differential pulse code modulation, 208 architectures, 30 defocus, 796 digital versatile disc, 199 protocols, 30–39 De Gaudenzi, R., 685, 686 discrete cosine transform, 208, 209 and protocols, 30–39 Degermark, M., 370 discrete Fourier transform, 208 switches, 375 degradation mean opinion scores, 271 discrete wavelet transform, 209 token ring, 35–36 delay, 40, 269, 271 embedded zerotree wavelet, 210 data modeler, 210 delay-constrained transmission, 286 encoders, 199, 202, 203, 206, 207, 208 data over cable service interface delay distortion, 353 entropy, 200–201 specifi cation (DOCSIS), 315 delay-Doppler spread function, 345–346 fast Fourier transform, 208 data-processing confi gurations, 21 delayed reservation, 618 Huffman codes, 206, 210 data pump unit (DPU), 311 delay jitter, 282, 286 Huffman coding, 201–202, 203, data rates, 313, 327 delay modulation (Miller code), 91 204, 205 data recovery, 32, 403, 800–801 delay spread, 347 information theory, 192–195 http://www.pbookshop.comdata services, 294, 648–649, 653 delay units, 379 lossless compression, 199–204 data service units (DSUs), 164 Del Duce, A., 864 lossy compression, 199, 204–210 data signaling, 405–407 delivery and coupling (DC) predictive coding, 207–208 data terminal equipment (DTE), 36 switches, 785 scalar quantization, 204–206 data transmission, 85, 86 delivery notifi cation (DN), 152 sub-band coding, 209–210 data transport, 942–943 Delp, E. J., 216 transform coding, 208–209 data types, 261 delta modulation (DM), 87, 88–89, vector quantization, 206–207 data user part (DUP), 172 161–162 wavelet coding, 209–210 data window blocking, 188 De Man, H., 493 modems, 313, 315 Daubechies, Ingrid, 196, 218 De Merlier, J., 734 MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Davie, B. S., 378 Deming, W., 770 Group), 194–195 Davik, 586 demodulation predictive coding, 207–208 Davis, P. J., 596 analog modulation, 102 probability density function, 204, 205 Daxhelet, X., 846 angle-modulation signal, 111–112 quantization, 204 Day, J. D., 375 coherent phase shift keying, 516 quantization errors, 203 Day, S. E., 705 digital communications, 636–638 run-length coding, 204 day of week (DOW) routing, 146 digital phase modulation, 516, 518, scalar quantization, 204–206 day of year (DOY) routing, 146 519, 520 sub-band coding, 209–210 DC coeffi cients, 217 of DSB AM signals, 106 transform coding, 208–209 dead time, 502 frequency modulation, 416–417 trees, 200 dead zone, 817 modems, 309 vector quantization, 206–207 Dean, T., 329 signals, 107–112 wavelet coding, 209–210 death of distance, 5 spread spectrum, 544 wavelet transforms, 209 de Broglie wavelength, 760–761 vestigial sideband signal, 557 INDEX 979 demodulators, 631 difference in differential pulse code digital signal processing, 630, 631 demultiplexers (DMUXs) modulation, 88 digital subscriber line, 629, 634 fi ber-optic fi lters, 850 differential coding, 524 digital-to-analog (D/A) lambda and sub-lambda switching, differential detection penalty, 462 conversion, 630 774–775, 779 differential group delay (DGD), 462, 821 discrete multitone, 635 optical cross connects, 784, 789 differentially encoded quadrature phase downconverter, 634 optical multiplexing techniques, 609 shift keying (DEQPSK), 601 encryption, 630 pulse-amplitude modulation, 404 differential Manchester codes, 532 equalizers, 635 synchronous OCDM, 894 differential mark inversion (DMI), 532 error detection, 630 time division multiplexing, 569, 573 differential phase detection, 800 facsimile (), 629 denial of service (DOS), 46 differential phase shift keying (DPSK), fast Fourier transform, 634–635 Dennis, A., 120, 122, 312, 314, 315 95, 510, 729, 741 forward error correction, 630 dense mode protocol independent differential pulse code modulation Fourier transforms, 635 multicast (PIM-DM), 51 (DPCM) Gaussian random process, 635 dense wavelength-division multiplexing baseband digital transmission, 87, 88 IEEE 802 standards, 629, 637, (DWDM), 613–614 channel bandwidth, 89 638–639 fi ber-optic fi lters, 850 data compression, 208 interference, 635–636 free-space optics, 906 image compression, 214, 215, 222 intersymbol interference, 631, optical differential phase shift differential pulse position modulation 635, 637 keying, 455 (DPPM), 505 lossless compression, 630 depletion mode metal-semiconductor differential time detection, 800 lossy compression, 630 fi eld effect transistors differentiated optical services minimum mean square error, 637 (D-MESFETs), 726 (DOS), 911 modulation, 633–635 depth of focus, 796 differentiated services (DiffServ), 52, multicarrier modulation, 634, 635 de Queiroz, R. L., 218 586, 587 multiple input, multiple output Derickson, D., 817 differentiated services (DiffServ) transmission, 640 De Sario, M., 832 model, 287 noise, 630–631, 635–636 description defi nition language, 261 diffraction, 336 Nyquist theorem, 631 description schemes, 261 diffraction anomalies, 184 on-off keying, 634 descriptors, 261 diffraction grating, 608 orthogonal frequency division deserializer, 404 diffraction loss, 341 multiplexing, 635, 637–638, 639 designated bridge, 394–395 diffraction path loss, 341–342 physical layer, 629–630 designating ports, 394 digital audio broadcasting (DAB), power and bandwidth, 632–633 DeskFax, 130 600, 601 power spectral density, 632 desktop switches, 380 see also Eureka 147 digital probability of error, 633 despreading, 539, 680, 681 audiobroadcasting (DAB) pulse-amplitude modulation, 634 DeStefano, V. R., 492 Digital Audio Broadcasting Report and quadrature amplitude modulation, De Sterke, C. M., 872, 873 Order (DAB R&O), 644 634, 638 destination address digital broadcasting, 591, 601–603 quantization noise, 635 Ethernet protocol, 38 digital cable ready (DCR), 305 receivers, 630 fi ber distributed data interface, 36 digital cellular telephony, 539 receiver sensitivity, 632 IPv6 header structure, 54, 57 Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI), 244 shot noise, 635 physical, 366 digital cinematography, 304 signals in, 631–632 routers, 365 digital command signal (DCS), 138 signal-to-noise ratio, 633, 638 token ring protocol, 36 http://www.pbookshop.comdigital communications, 629–641 symbol error rate, 633, 639 destination and source address, 36 additive white Gaussian noise, synchronization, 636 destination options header, 54–55 637, 638 system overview, 629–631 destination port, 64 asymmetrical digital subscriber thermal noise, 635–636 Desyatnikov, A. S., 861, 877 line, 634 timing and synchronization, 636 detection error, 94 bandpass, 632, 634 transmitter, 630 deterministic admission control, 287 bandwidth, 632–633 waveforms, 630 deviation constants, 110 baseband, 632, 634 WiMax, 629, 638–640 Deygout, J., 342 baseband equivalent, 634 digital cross connects (DCCs) DFT. See discrete Fourier basis functions, 634 public switched telephone network, transform (DFT) baud rate, 630 160, 162, 164 diagonal links, 172 bit error rate, 632, 633, 636 statistical time division diagram congestion control protocol bit rates, 630, 634 multiplexing, 580 (DCCP), 72 block codes, 630 digital cross-connect system (DCCS), dialing systems, 116 carriers, 630, 634 930, 938 Diana, M. J., 446 channels, 630 digital data restorer, 404 dictionary coding, 203–204 complementary metal oxide digital data transmission, 85–99 dictionary data structure, 192 semiconductor, 629 analog-to-digital conversion, 85–86 DI-duobinary, 459 convolutional codes, 630 band-limited AWGN channel, 98 dielectric, 323 convolutional turbo codes, 640 baseband digital transmission, 87–93 dielectric distributed Bragg cross talk, 636 error correction and detection, 98 refl ector, 760 cyclic redundancy check, 630 M-ary communications, 96–98 dielectric thin-fi lm fi lters (DTFs), 852 decision feedback equalizers, 637 multiple-access techniques, 98–99 Dierks, T., 80 demodulation, 636–638 noise and detection errors, 94–95 980 INDEX digital data transmission (cont.) polar non-return to zero, 513, 514, 515 quadrature phase shift keying, 645, 646 optimum threshold detection, 95–96 polar return to zero, 511 radio frequency, 644 passband transmission, 93–94 power spectral density, 517 satellite digital audio radio services, pulse-amplitude modulation, 86 pulse-amplitude modulation, 510 642, 662–665, 663 pulse modulation, 86–87 quadrature carriers, 515 spectral band replication, 660, 661 pulse position modulation, 86 quadriphase coherent phase shift streaming audio codec, 666 digital identifi cation signal (DIS), 138 keying signal, 510, 513–515, 516, streaming audio server, 666 digital information transmission, 84 517, 518–519 superframe, 662 digital light processing (DLP), 302 return to zero, 511 technological approaches, 646 Digital Link, 575 spectral characteristics, 517–518 technology, 643 digital loop carriers (DLCs) spectrum control, 519–520 transmission modes, 649, 650 public switched telephone network, staggered quadrature phase-shift in United Kingdom and other 159, 160, 164 keying, 519 countries, 643, 646, 647, 668–670 statistical time division symbol rate, 510 in United States, 667–668 multiplexing, 582 symbol synchronization, 519 upper sideband, 659, 660 digital modulation, 510 synchronization, 519 webcasting, 665–667, 671 digital modulation schemes, 190 unipolar return to zero, 511 Digital Radio Development Bureau, 668 digital network synchronization, 168 voice over Internet protocol, 510 Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) digital phase modulation (DPM), digital private branch exchange, 123 audio encoding, 660–661 509–521 digital pulse interval modulation digital radio broadcasting, 657–662 additive white Gaussian noise, (DPIM), 505 multiplexing, 661 518, 519 digital pulse modulation, 103 international use, 670–671 amplitude shift keying, 510 digital radio broadcasting (DRB), 642–674 digital rights management (DRM), 296 baseband pulse transmission, 509 advantages of, 644, 666 Digital Satellite Broadcasting baseband signal representation, amplitude modulation, 642, 643 Corporation, 662, 663 510–511 audio encoding, 660–661 digital signal 1 (DS-1), 162, 573, 575 binary phase shift keying, 510, audio webcasting, 665–667 digital signal-3 (DS-3), 91 512–513, 516, 518–519 binary phase shift keying, 645, 646 digital signal n (DS-n) bit error rate, 518–519 bit error rate, 646 public switched telephone bit rates, 510 code-excited linear prediction, 660 network, 162 carrier recovery, 519 in contemporary society, 642–643 statistical time division multiplexing, carrier signal, 509 data services, 648–649, 653 579, 581 clock recovery, 519 development of, 643–644 time division multiplexing, 575 coherent phase shift keying, 510, 519 Digital Radio Mondiale, 657–662, digital signal processing (DSP) coherent phase shift keying signal, 670–671 digital communications, 630, 631 512–516 audio encoding, 660–661 discrete multitone modulation, binary, 510, 512–513, 516, 518–519 international use, 670–671 477–479 M-ary, 515–516, 517 multiplexing, 661 frequency modulation, 416 quadriphase, 510, 513–515, 516, disadvantages of, 644–645, 666–667 information theory, 182, 185 517, 518–519 error correction, 645 modems, 311 communication systems, 510–512 Eureka 147 DAB system. See optical differential phase shift constellation diagrams, 512, 513, Eureka 147 digital keying, 469 515, 516 audiobroadcasting (DAB) spread spectrum signals, 675 continuous phase frequency shift fast access channel, 660, 661 digital signals, 20, 84, 419–421, keying, 510, 520 http://www.pbookshop.comfast Fourier transform, 650 422–425, 631 continuous phase modulation, 510, frequency modulation, 642, 643 digital signal zero (DS-0), 162 519–520 Gaussian noise, 650 digital subscriber line access multiplier data-link layer of the OSI model, 509 in-band, on-channel, 642, 650–657 (DSLAM), 316 and demodulation, 516, 518, 519, 520 system overview, 652–653 digital subscriber line (DSL) differential phase shift keying, 510 interleaving, 645, 648, 650, 654, 661 digital communications, 629, 634 error performance, 518–519 international, 648, 671 modems, 316–317 Fourier transforms, 517 International Telecommunications passive optical networks, 948 Gaussian distribution, 518 Union (ITU), 657, 667, 671 digital sum, 534 IEEE 802 standards, 509, 520 lower sideband, 659, 660 digital switching, 166–168 line codes, 511 modulation, 662 (DTV), 294, 295 Manchester coding, 511 MPEG (Motion Picture Experts digital-to-analog converter (DAC) M-ary coherent phase shift keying Group), 660 pulse-amplitude modulation, 405 signal, 515–516, 517 multicasting, 644 digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion minimum shift keying, 510, 520 multiplexers, 647, 648 digital communications, 630 modulation, 509 multiplexing, 661 high defi nition television, 297 non-return to zero, 511 orthogonal frequency division M-ary communications, 95 offset quadrature phase-shift keying, 519 multiplexing, 645, 646, 649, orthogonal frequency division passband signal representation, 653–657, 661–662 multiplexing, 597–598 511–512 perceptual audio coding, 645 digital transition tracking loop passband transmissions, 509 phase shift keying, 645–646, 649–650 (DTTL), 501 phase-locked loop, 519 pulse code modulation, 643 digital transmissions, 84–101 phase shift keying. See phase shift quadrature amplitude modulation, additive white Gaussian noise, 94, 98 keying (PSK) 645, 646, 661 alternate mark inversion, 90–91 INDEX 981

analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion, in communication systems, 84–85 discontinuous transmission, 274 85–86 and detection errors, 94–95 discrete cosine transform (DCT) analog-to-digital conversion optimum threshold detection, 95–96 data compression, 208, 209 sampling theorem, 85–86 passband transmission, 93–94 facsimile transmissions, 142 band-limited AWGN channel, 98 passband transmissions, 84 image compression, 214, 216–217 baseband digital transmission, PCM: quantization and companding, information theory, 194, 196 87–93 87–88 video compression, 229–230, 238 bipolar (alternate mark inversion or polar non-return to zero, 90 discrete diffraction, 869 AMI), 90–91 public switched telephone network, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) channel bandwidth, 89 161–163 data compression, 208 delta modulation, 88–89 pulse code modulation, 85 discrete multitone modulation, 473 differential pulse code pulse modulation, 86–87 image compression, 212, 213 modulation, 88 pulse shaping: intersymbol information theory, 183–184 digital data transmission, 87–93 interference, 91–93 orthogonal frequency division frequency division multiplexing, 93 sampling theorem, 85–86 multiplexing, 591, 593–594, 597 line coding, 89–90 signal-to-noise ratio, 84, 98 two dimensional PCM: quantization and signal transmission, 84 image compression, 212, 213 companding, 87–88 symbol error rate, 84 discrete Fourier transform timing pulse shaping: intersymbol systems, 85, 94–95 synchronization, 600 interference, 91–93 time division multiplexing, 93 discrete memoryless source time division multiplexing, 93 timing extraction and jitter, 93 (DMS), 216 timing extraction and jitter, 93 timing jitter, 93 discrete multitone (DMT), 600, 635 baseband transmission, 84 unipolar NRZ (binary on-off discrete multitone (DMT) modulation, binary N zero substitution, 91 keying), 90 473–491 bipolar (alternate mark inversion or unipolar RZ, 90 additive white Gaussian noise, 482 AMI), 90–91 waveforms, 84 asymmetrical digital subscriber line, binary N zero substitution, 91 digital versatile disc (DVD) 473, 487–489 delay modulation (Miller code), 91 data compression, 199 baseband transmission, 479 high-density bipolar N (HDBN) line optical memories, 795, 805, 806, bit error ratio, 486 coding, 91 807–808 capacity and adaptive bit loading, Manchester coding, 91 digital video disks (DVDs), 257, 304, 765 486–487 bit error rate, 84, 98 digital video interface (DVI), 303 carrierless amplitude phase carrier-to-noise ratio, 98 digitization, 268 modulation, 426 channel bandwidth, 89 Digit-Life, 315 channel capacity, 486 delay modulation (Miller code), 91 Dijkstra algorithm, 49 circular convolution, 480 delta modulation, 88–89 Dillard, R .A., 541 convolution, 480 detection error, 94 Dinan, E. H., 677, 681, 682, 684 cross talk, 476 differential pulse code modulation, 88 Ding, Z., 842 cyclic prefi x, 479, 485 digital data transmission, 85–99 diode modulators, 105 digital signal processing, 477–479 analog-to-digital conversion, 85–86 diphase coding, 531 Dirac delta function, 475, 476 band-limited AWGN channel, 98 Dirac delta function, 475, 476, 554 discrete Fourier transform, 473 baseband digital transmission, direct band-gap semiconductor eye diagrams, 483–484 87–93 materials, 746 fi lter bank, 484–485 error correction and detection, 98 direct broadcast satellite (DBS), 12, 304 frequency division multiplexing, M-ary communications, 96–98 http://www.pbookshop.comdirect current (DC), 105, 554 473, 474 multiple-access techniques, 98–99 direct generation, 111 frequency domain equalization, noise and detection errors, 94–95 direct inward dialing trunks (DID 482–483 optimum threshold detection, trunks), 159 frequency-selective channels, 486–487 95–96 directional couplers, 835, 837 Gaussian distribution, 484 passband transmission, 93–94 directivity, 751–752, 835 guard interval, 476–477, 485 pulse modulation, 86–87 direct method, 416 guard interval length, 483–484 error correction and detection, 98 direct modulation, 750, 758 implementation aspects, 482–486 frequency division multiplexing, 93 direct outward dialing trunks (DOD fi lter bank, 484–485 frequency modulation, 85 trunks), 159 frequency domain equalization, high-density bipolar N (HDBN) line direct sequence hybrids, 545 482–483 coding, 91 direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) guard interval, 485 information transmission, 84–85 bandwidth occupancy, 678 insuffi cient guard interval length, analog and digital, 84–85 interference performance, 546–547 483–484 noise in communication systems, modem, architecture of, 679–681 peak-to-average power ratio 84–85 signal model, 677–678 problem, 484 signal transmission, 84 spread spectrum, 539, 542, 543, intersymbol interference, 473, 475, 476 integrated services digital network, 91 545–547 inverse discrete Fourier transform, intersymbol interference, 91–93 spread spectrum signals, 677 478, 479, 485 line coding, 89–90 direct subscriber line (DSL), 3 low pass fi ltering, 474 Manchester coding, 91 Dirkson, P., 797, 798, 800, 806, 807 mean square error, 484 M-ary communications, 96–98 disconnect (DCN) signal, 140 minimum mean square error, 482 multiple-access techniques, 98–99 discontinuous laser diode tuning, multicarrier modulation, 473, noise, 94 761–762 474–477 982 INDEX discrete multitone (DMT) modulation lasers, 709, 711 driver circuits, 714–716 (cont.) optical signal regeneration, 738 driver-laser interface, 715–716 frequency division optical sources, 751, 758–760 drivers, 403 multiplexing, 474 wavelength division multiplexing, 608 DRM. See Digital Radio Mondiale guard interval, 476–477 distributed optical regeneration, 739 (DRM) orthogonality criterion, 475–476 distributed photodetectors, 722 drop and repeat, 938 multi-user power allocation, 489 distributed refl ectors, 760 drop tail, 73 orthogonal frequency division distributed stress, 817–819 Drummond, P., 868 multiplexing, 473 distribution of discrete cosine transform drum scanners, 132 orthogonality criterion, 475–476 coeffi cients, 234–235 DSL (direct subscriber line), 3 peak-to-average power ratio distribution of wavelet coeffi cients, DSL routers, 316 problem, 484 236–237 DSP. See digital signal phase shift keying, 473 dithering process, 141 processing (DSP) plain old telephone service Di Trapani, P., 868 DSSS. See direct sequence spread (or system), 488 Dixit, S., 584, 914 spectrum (DSSS) power line communications, 488 Dixon, R. C., 677, 885 Du, D. -Z., 828 power spectral density, 482 DMT. See discrete multitone (DMT); Du, F., 700 principles of, 477–482 discrete multitone (DMT) dual-attachment concentrators baseband transmission, 479 modulation (DACs), 36 digital signal processing, 477–479 DMUXs. See demultiplexers (DMUXs) dual homing, 36 spectral properties of DMT signals, Doane, J. W., 700 dual stacking, 59 481–482 document transfer mode (DTM), 141 dual tone multifrequency (DTMF) system description, 479–481 Doelz, M. L., 438, 473 public switched telephone quadrature amplitude Doerr, C. R., 466, 787 network, 169 modulation, 475 Dolinar, S., 494, 505, 506 voice communication systems, signal-to-noise ratio, 482, 485–486 domain name system (DNS), 41, 154 116, 117 spectral properties of DMT signals, domain wall displacement detection voice messaging systems, 150 481–482 (DWDD), 810 Dubrawsky, I., 380 vectored DMT, 489 Domash, L. H., 770 Duesterberg, T. J., 3 discrete optical solitons, 868–870 Dong, H., 822 Dufaux, F., 243 discrete sine transform (DST), 209 do not fragment (DF) bit, 45, 366 Duhamel, P., 217 discrete time signals, 631 Dooley, A., 124 dumb terminal, 20 discrete wavelet transform (DWT), 209, Doppler effect, 347 duo binary encoding, 887 214, 217–219 Doppler frequency spread, 592, 600 duobinary signal format, 456 discriminators, 417 Doppler power spectrum, 346 duobinary signaling, 408–409, 410 disc storage, 795–800 Doppler shifts, 185, 345 duplicate acks (dacks), 66 disk striping, 289 Doppler spectrum, 347, 348 durations between pulses, 120 disparity, 534 Doppler spread, 347, 348 Duree, G., 867, 871 dispersion Doran, N. J., 863, 873 Durhuus, T., 785, 788 error sources, 353 double-bit errors, 358 Durkin, J., 344 optical solitons, 862, 863, 864 double hetero-junction (DH), 749 Durkins model, 344 optical sources, 764 double sideband (DSB), 104 Dutta, R., 911, 923 dispersion-compensating modules, 693 double-sideband amplitude modulation Dutta-Roy, A., 949 dispersion-compensation fi lters, 857 (DSB AM), 104–105 Dutton, H. J. R., 693, 694, 695, 696, 697, dispersion in space, 901–902 http://www.pbookshop.comdouble-sideband suppressed carrier 698, 705, 706, 837, 838, 840, dispersion-managed solitons, 863, 864 (DSB-SC), 94, 106, 556 842, 844 dispersion parameter, 701 double sideband suppressed carrier DVCPRO HD, 300, 301 dispersion power penalty, 718 amplitude modulation (DSB- DVD Forum, 257, 808 dispersion-shifted fi ber (DSF), 741 SC AM), 104, 106–107 DVD+RW Alliance, 808 DisplayPort, 303 double stimulus continuous quality D-VHS, 299–301 display technologies, 302 scale (DSCQS), 229 DWDM. See dense wavelength-division distance vector algorithm, 367 double stimulus impairment scale multiplexing (DWDM) distance vector multicast routing (DSIS), 229 dye recording, 802 protocol (DVMRP), 51 Dowd, P., 828 dynamic bandwidth assignment distance vector routing, 49 downconverter, 297, 634 (DBA), 952 distortion, 353 Downing, J., 104 dynamic host confi guration protocol distributed applications, 81 downlink (DL), 678, 681, 688–689 (DHCP), 53 distributed Bragg refl ectors (DBRs) downloading, 280 dynamic lightpath establishment lasers, 711, 758–760 downshift character code, 22 (DLE), 614 optical sources, 755, 760 downstream interfaces, 51 dynamic lightpaths, 911 wavelength division DPCM. See differential pulse code dynamic path selection, 910, 919 multiplexing, 608 modulation (DPCM) dynamic random access memory distributed computing environment DPL, 302 (DRAM), 771 (DCE), 81 DPM. See digital phase modulation dynamic range, 268, 723 distributed data-processing (DDP), 21 (DPM) dynamic routing, 47, 49–50, distributed fast polarization scramblers Dragone, C., 789 367–368 (D-FPSs), 463 DRAM, 371 dynamic spectrum management, 489 distributed feedback (DFB) DRB. See digital radio broadcasting (DRB) dynamic tunnel interface (DTI), 59 INDEX 983

Eager, D. L., 287, 288 electronically erasable programmable enhancement layers, 285 EA modulators (EAMs), 716 ROM (EEPROM), 311 Enns, R. H., 868 earliest reachable merge target electronic commerce (EC), 27 Enslow Jr., P. H., 583 (ERMT), 288 electronic data interchange (EDI), 26–27 entanglement, 907 early dropping mechanism, 914 electronic data interchange for enterprise system connect Earnshaw, M. P., 769 administration commerce and (ESCON), 943 EBCDIC (extended binary coded transport (EDIFACT), 141 entropy, 178–181, 192, 200–201 decimal interchange code), 22 electronic eavesdropping, 331 entropy coding Eberly, J. H., 751, 753, 761 Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA), image compression, 214, 216, 222 Ebert, P. M., 473, 591, 593, 594 327, 328 video compression, 229 Ebrahimi, T., 223, 243 Electronic Industries Association entry nodes, 58 E-carriers (EIA), 130 envelope detector, 106 public switched telephone network, electronic tandem networking, 159 envelopes, 26 163, 164 electronic technologies, 726 Epstein, J., 342 statistical time division electronic transfer of data. See data equal error protection (EEP), 648 multiplexing, 581 communications equal gain combining, 686 time division multiplexing, 573, electro-optical devices, 703, 705 equalizers, 430–431, 433, 635 575, 576 electro-optical switches, 769 equipment dimensions, 769 echo, 354 electro-optic coeffi cient, 713 equivocation, 181 echo cancellation, 310, 311 electro-optic fi lters, 856–857 e-rate program, 8 Eckberg Jr., A. E., 584 electro-optic tunable fi lters (EOTFs), erbium-doped fi ber amplifi ers ECMA International, 800, 806, 807 856–857 (EDFAs) economic incentives in the electrostatic discharge, 717 free-space optics, 904 telecommunications industry, 3–4 Eleftheriou, E., 485 optical couplers and splitters, Eddins, S. L., 218 elementary impulse, 476 837, 838 EDFAs. See erbium-doped fi ber element management system, 174 optical fi ber communications, amplifi ers (EDFAs) Elgin, J. N., 863 693, 704 edge-emitting LEDs, 748 Elliott, M. R., 449 optical fi bers, 818, 823 edge node architecture, 912 elliptically polarized, 746 optical solitons, 863, 864 Edmundson, D. E., 868 Ellis, A. D., 734 wavelength division multiplexing, effective bandwidth (EB), 585 Elmirghani, J. M. H., 910 608–609 effective isotropic radiated power Elwalid, A., 583, 585 Erlang, A. K., 583 (EIRP), 335 embedded block coding with optimized error, 352–363 effi ciency approximation, 37 truncation (EBCOT), 221, error checking in modems, 313, Eggleton, B. J., 872, 873 223, 243 314–315 egress, 372 embedded coders, 270–271 error concealment, 286 egress label edge routers, 619–620 embedded wavelet coding, 219–221 error control, 140, 286–287 egress nodes, 616–617 embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW), 210, error correction, 359–362 Eifel algorithm, 66 220, 221 automatic repeat request, 362 eigenstates, 187 emergency linking, 906 burst-error, 360–362 eigenvalues, 187 emission wavelength, 751 digital radio broadcasting, 645 802 standards committee, 25 Emplit, P., 865 single-bit error, 359–360 bridges, 390–391 encapsulating security payload header error correction code (ECC), 800 modems, 317 (ESP), 56, 59–60 orthogonal frequency division wireless channels, 338 http://www.pbookshop.comencapsulating source nodes, 58 multiplexing, 597 see also IEEE 802 standards encoders pulse position modulation, 493, 495, eight-to-fourteen modulation carrierless amplitude phase 500, 505 (EFM), 801 modulation, 426 error correction mode (ECM), 142 Einstein, A., 187 data compression, 199, 202, 203, 206, error detection, 354–359 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen 207, 208 block sum, 355–356, 359 conjecture, 187 image compression, 212, 214, 216 block sum check, 355–356 Eiselt, M., 873 pulse-amplitude modulation, 403 burst errors, 354, 358 Eisenberg, H. S., 868, 869, 870 speech and audio compression, 269 checksum, 358–359 Elbert, B., 34 video compression, 229 code words, 355 Electrical Engineering Training encryption, 331, 630 CRC operation, 357 Series, 87 end delimiter, 36 cyclic redundancy check, electrical telegraphy, 128–129 end-of-line (EOL) code words, 133 356–357, 359 electrical to optical (E-O) end-of-message (EOM), 140 data-link layer of the OSI model, 32 modems, 315–316 end of procedure (EOP) signal, 140 digital communications, 630 optical fi ber communications, end-to-end layer, 24 digital phase modulation, 518–519 692, 693 energy dispersal, 661 digital transmission, 98 wavelength division multiplexing, 621 energy spectral density (ESD), 517 frameworks for potential electric permeability, 745 Enguang, D., 770 improvements, 71 electro-absorption modulators (EAMs), enhanced FSC (eFEC) code, 463–464 information theory, 189 703, 713, 732, 738 enhanced interior gateway routing line coding, 524 electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, 189 protocol (EIGRP), 40, 368 longitudinal redundancy check, electromagnetic theory, 829 enhanced reference picture 355, 359 electromagnetic waves, 352, 696 selection, 252 parity check, 355, 359 984 INDEX error detection (cont.) Europe, 16 external modem, 312 public switched telephone European Broadcasting Union, 647, 661 external modulation, 758 network, 173 European Conference of Postal external quantum effi ciency, 758 Shannon’s theorem, 181, 196 and Telecommunications extinction ratio (ER), 713, 731 single-bit errors, 354, 357 Administrations (CEPT-1), 932 extranets, 60 error detection and correction, 90, European Cooperative for Scientifi c extrinsic absorption, 815 172, 270 and Technical (COST) research extrinsic information, 483 error detection and data recovery, 32–33 committee, 343 eye diagrams errored second (ES), 173 European Telecommunications discrete multitone modulation, errored second ratio (ESR), 173 Institute, 591, 601 483–484 error mitigation, 270 European Telecommunications Gaussian minimum shift keying, error monitoring, 172 Standard Institute (ETSI) 446, 447 error performance, 518–519 digital radio broadcasting, 643, 646, optical differential phase shift keying, error prevention, 352–354 647, 648, 649, 650, 651, 652, 657, 459 error protection, 661 659, 661, 662 optical signal regeneration, 732, error resilience, 243, 252 orthogonal frequency division 735, 736 error-resilient coding, 286 multiplexing, 599, 601 optical solitons, 865 errors, 352–363 SONET and SDH networks, 929 pulse-amplitude modulation, 405, error sources, 352–354 speech and audio compression, 408, 410 Essiambre, R. -J., 464 274, 275 synchronous OCDM, 890, 893 Estrin, D., 72 evanescent modes, 830 eye pattern, 717, 718 Etalons, 705, 852, 857 evanescent waves, 831 eye safety, 903, 904 Etalon tunable fi lter, 608 Evangelides, S. G., 863, 864 Ethernet Evans, B. L., 483 Faber, V., 218 bridges, 390, 391 even parity, 23, 355 fabrication of optical fi bers, 700 conducted communications Evens, R. H., 651 Fabry-Perot cavity, 608, 851 media, 321 evolution data optimized (or only) Fabry-Perot (FP) devices data-link layer of the OSI model, (EvDO), 15 fi lters, 838, 852 36–38 exact compression methods, 228 interferometers, 705, 818, 839 line coding, 527 excess delay, 347 lasers, 709, 711, 751, 753–754, 758 passive optical networks, 952–954 excessive bandwidth allocation oscillations, 737 SONET and SDH networks, 929, 943 (EBA), 953 resonators, 753, 755, 757 Ethernet address, 391 excess loss, 834 Fabry-Perot (FP) etalons, 852 Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM) Task excess noise, 722 Fabry-Perot fi lters, 852–853 Force, 952 exchange code, 160, 161 Fabry-Perot semiconductor fi lter Ethernet local exchange carriers exchange routing, 146 (FPSF), 857 (ELECs), 159 excitation signal, 274 facsimile (fax), 127 Ethernet over SONET (EoS), 586 exclusive OR (EXOR) gate, 451 DeskFax, 130 Ethernet passive optical network exhaustive routing, 910, 919 digital communications, 629 (EPON) exit nodes, 58 early, 128–130 lambda and sub-lambda switching, 775 expedited forwarding, 52 error control, 140 passive optical networks, 948, explicit release, 921 group 2 standard, 131 952–954, 955 exponential back-off algorithm, 37–38 group 3 standard, 130, 131–142 public switched telephone extended application-layer structure coding, 133–136 network, 159 http://www.pbookshop.com(XALS), 78 enhancements, 141–142 Ethernet protocol, 36–38 extended binary coded decimal error control, 140 Ethernet switches, 380, 381, 391 interchange code (EBCDIC), 22 internet-aware device, 145 ETSI. See European extended fi ltering services, 399 modifed READ coding, 136–137 Telecommunications Standard extended links, 172 protocol, 137–140 Institute (ETSI) extended local area network (LAN), group 4 standard, 131, 142–146 EuclidVision, 262–263 390, 391 Internet-based systems, 144–146 Eugenieva, E. D., 875, 876 extended profi le (XP), 257 image mode classifi cations, 143 Euler’s equation, 512 extended simple mail transfer protocol imaging, 132–133 Eureka 147 digital audiobroadcasting (ESMTP), 146 modern systems, 130–131 (DAB) extended superframe (ESF), 162, 168, printing, 132, 133 audio and data services, 648–649 574–575 sequence of, 140 block diagram, 647 extensible markup language (XML), 79 facsimile packet assembly and digital radio broadcasting, 642, extensible messaging and presence disassembly (FPAD), 144 643–644, 646–650 protocol (XMPP), 155 facsimile standards, 130, 131, 142 audio and data services, 648–649 extension fi eld, 38 facsimile transmissions block diagram, 647 extension header identifi er (EXI), 944 analog to digital converter (A/D or transmission, 649–650 extension identifi er, 33 ADC), 131 United Kingdom and other exterior gateway protocols (EGPs), automatic repeat request, 140 countries, 668–670 40, 50 basic transfer mode, 141 Digital Radio Mondiale, 657–662 external cavity tunable laser diodes, 763 charge-coupled devices, 132 United Kingdom and other countries, external data representation (XDR), coder-decoders, 131 668–670 81, 82 coding procedures, 139 Eureka 147 Project, 645, 646 external effi ciency, 750 discrete cosine transform, 142 INDEX 985

high-level data-link control, 132 wireless spectrum licenses, 11 bulk gratings, 855 integrated services digital network, FDM. See frequency division demultiplexers, 850 130, 142 multiplexing (FDM) dense wavelength-division Internet Engineering Task Force, 146 FEC. See forward error correction multiplexing, 850 light emitting diodes, 132 (FEC) dispersion-compensation fi lters, 857 modems, 131 Federal Communications Commission electro-optic fi lters, 856–857 phase shift keying, 132 (FCC). See FCC (Federal Etalons, 852, 857 quadrature amplitude modulation, Communications Commission) Fabry-Perot cavity, 851 132 feedback, 622 Fabry-Perot fi lters, 852–853 red, green, blue images, 142 feedback equalizers, 431–432 fi ber Bragg gratings, 851, 855 session initiation protocol, 145 feed-forward, 622 fi nite impulse response, 853 tagged image fi le format, 146 feed-forward equalization (FFE), free spectral range, 852–853 fading, 334, 337, 348–349 431–432, 725 full width at half maximum, 852 fairness index, 67 Feher, K., 438, 440, 441, 445 fused-fi ber fi lters, 857 fair share, 67 Feit, S., 329 gain-fl attening fi lters, 857 Falconer, D. D., 433 Feldmann, A., 583 grating fi lters, 854–856 Fall, K., 69, 71 Fellay, A., 818 Hilbert transform, 851 Fan, K. D., 446 Fellows, D., 949 hybrid fi lters, 857 Fang, W., 217 Feng, W., 72 interleaver fi lters, 853–854 fanout, 385 Fermi-Dirac distribution, 746 Kerr effect, 856 Faraday effect, 856 Fermi energy level, 747 lattice fi lters, 853–854 far-end cross talk (FEXT), 432, 835 Ferrando, A., 700 long-period fi ber gratings, 855–856 Farnsworth, Philo, 294 Ferrari, D., 287, 585 Mach-Zehnder interferometer fi lters, Farr, W., 493 Feuerstein, M. J., 343 851, 853, 854 Fasol, G., 748, 749 Feuerstein, R. J., 816, 817 Michelson interferometer-based fast access channel (FAC), 660, 661 FFT. See fast Fourier transform (FFT) fi lters, 854 fast broadcasting (FB), 288 FHSS. See frequency hopping spread micro-electromechanical system, 850 Fast Ethernet, 586 spectrum (FHSS) multiple-cavity transmission fast-fading channels, 348 fi ber, 904 fi lters, 852 fast forwarding, 366 fi ber Bragg gratings (FBGs) multiplexers, 851–852, 857–858 fast Fourier transform (FFT) fi ber-optic fi lters, 851, 855 multiplexing, 850 data compression, 208 optical couplers and splitters, photonic band-gap fi lters, 853 digital communications, 634–635 831, 838 planar light-wave circuit fi lter, 854 digital radio broadcasting, 650 optical cross connects, 787 polarization mode dispersion, 853 image compression, 217 optical fi ber communications, reconfi gurable optical add-drop information theory, 184, 185, 703–705 multiplexers, 855 186, 194 optical solitons, 864, 872 thin-fi lm fi lters, 852–853 orthogonal frequency division synchronous OCDM, 886 waveguide fi lters, 854 multiplexing, 593 wavelength division wavelength add-drop multiplexers fast information channel (FIC), 647, 648 multiplexing, 608 and demultiplexers, 851–852 fast recover, 69 fi ber channel (FC), 943 wavelength division multiplexing, fast retransmit, 69 fi ber connection (FICON), 943 851, 852, 853, 857 fast Walsh transform (FWT), 195 fi ber delay line buffering, 919 fi ber optic modulators, 703 fault tolerance, 289 fi ber delay lines (FDLs) fi ber Sagnac interferometer, 739 fax. See facsimile (fax) http://www.pbookshop.comoptical switching techniques in WDM fi ber-switch capable (FSC), 924 fax over IP (FoIP), 145 networks, 913 fi ber to the building (FTTB), 950 fax over packet, 145 wavelength division multiplexing, fi ber to the curb (FTTC), 3, 950 Fazel, K., 600, 603 615, 618, 622 fi ber to the home (FTTH), 948, 950 FBGs. See fi ber Bragg gratings (FBGs) fi ber distributed data interface (FDDI) fi ber to the premises (FTTP), 3 FCC (Federal Communications conducted communications fi ber under test (FUT), 819, 821, 823 Commission) media, 330 Fibich, G., 868 access-charge reform, 8 data-link layer of the OSI model, 36 Fibonacci broadcasting, 288 digital radio broadcasting, 642, 643, line coding, 535 fi eld effect transistors (FETs), 715 644, 646, 650, 653, 655, 662, 663, synchronous optical network, 930 Fielding, R., 80, 443 664, 667, 668, 671, 672 fi ber modes, 330 fi lter bank, 484–485 frequency division multiplexing, 564 fi ber nonlinearity, 455, 464–466 fi ltering database or forwarding high defi nition television, 293, fi ber-optic access, 950 database (FDB), 392 294–295, 305 fi ber optic cables fi lters, 705, 838, 852 modems, 310, 311 conducted communications media, fi lter specs, 52 presubscribed interexchange carrier 329–331 fi lter tables, 373 charge, 8 errors, 352, 354 fi n, 64 price-cap regulation, 6 line coding, 534–535 fi nesse, 852 radio spectrum allocation, 9 fi ber-optic coupler features, 836 fi ngerprint compression, 218 rate-of-return regulation, 5–6 fi ber-optic fi lters, 850–860 fi ngers (rake receivers), 685, 686 spread spectrum, 538 absorption fi lters, 856 fi nite impulse response (FIR), telecommunications regulations, 3 acousto-optic tunable fi lters, 856 251, 853 price-cap regulation, 6 arrayed-waveguide gratings, 854 fi nite impulse response (FIR) fi lter, 428 rate-of-return regulation, 5–6 birefringent fi lters, 853–854 Firewall, 390 986 INDEX

fi rst come, fi rst served (FCFS) optical differential phase shift keying, public switched telephone scheduling, 289 460, 463 network, 173 fi rst generation (1G) analog orthogonal frequency division SONET and SDH networks, 944 systems, 675 multiplexing, 601 token ring protocol, 36 fi rst in, fi rst out (FIFO) queue public switched telephone frame control byte, 36 routers, 366, 371 network, 173 frame delimiter, 35 statistical time division multiplexing, forwarding cache, 51 frame error rate (FER), 633 582, 584 forwarding database (FDB), 392 frame format, 162 switches, 386 forwarding decision, 368 frame level synchronization, 168 fi rst-party control, 152 forwarding equivalent classes (FECs), frame loss ratio, 379 Firth, W. J., 866 52, 617 frame-mapped GFP (GFP-F), 943–944 Fischer, R., 599 forwarding table, 376 frames, 32, 390 Fischler, M. A., 263 forward RTO algorithm (F-RTO), 66 Ethernet protocol, 38 Fitzgerald, J., 120, 122, 312, 314, 315 Forysiak, W., 863 fi ber distributed data interface, 36 5-4-3 rule, 324, 325 Foschini, G. J., 603 public switched telephone fi xed assignment, 34 Foucault knife edge, 797 network, 162 fi xed bandwidth allocation (FBA), 953 4G wireless networks, 689 time division multiplexing, 570, 571 fi xed conversion, 622 Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph, 353 frames for transmission, 31, 32, 35 fi xed-input, tunable-output wavelength Fourier spectrum, 887 frame status, 36 converter (FTWC), 788, 789 Fourier transform pair, 553–554 frame synchronization, 636 fi xed-path approach, 910, 919 Fourier transforms framing, 570 fi xed stuff, 932 carrierless amplitude phase framing bit, 573 fl ags, 64 modulation, 429 Francini, A., 377, 385, 386 fl at fading, 348 data transmission, 85, 86 Franks, L. E., 433 fl atness, 835 digital communications, 635 Franzen, Nathan, 668 fl attop pulse-amplitude modulation, digital phase modulation, 517 Franz-Keldysh effect, 713 86–87 frequency division multiplexing, Fredericks, A. A., 584 Fleischer, J. W., 869, 870 553–554, 555, 556, 558 Freed, N., 80 Fleury, B. H., 338 Gaussian minimum shift freedom of mobile multimedia access fl exibility, 368 keying, 445 (FOMA), 227 fl exible coaxial cable, 323 image compression, 212, 213 free licensing, 905 fl exible macroblock ordering, 252 information theory, 183–184, 185, Freeman, R. L., 112, 160, 161, 167, fl icker artifacts, 239 189, 195, 196 173, 553 fl icker noise, 719–720 line coding, 524 free space (FS), 335, 339 Fliege, N. J., 484, 485 noise, 719 free-space bulk diffraction gratings, 855 fl oats, 932 optical signal regeneration, 739 free-space optics (FSO), 900–908 fl ooding, 49, 380 optical solitons, 862 free-space optics devices, 904 Floquet-Bloch theory, 869 spread spectrum signals, 677 free space propagation, 335 fl ow control, 33, 65, 172 wireless channels, 345 free space propagation path loss, fl ow label, 54 4i2i Communications, 361 338–339 fl ow spec, 52 four-level pulse amplitude modulation free spectral range (FSR), 737, 789, Floyd, S., 67, 69, 71, 72, 73, 285, 583 (4-PAM), 404, 405, 406, 407, 852–853 FM. See frequency modulation (FM) 408–410 French Telegraph Administration, 128 FM demodulator with feedback four-port circulator, 703 frequency, 103, 268, 421 (FMFB), 111, 112 http://www.pbookshop.comFoursa, D., 865 frequency and phase modulation, 414 FM IBOC, 656–657 four-wave mixing (FWM) frequency chirping, 758, 822–823 FM radio broadcast systems, 564–565 optical differential phase shift frequency correlation function, 346 focusing, 796–798 keying, 464 frequency division multiple access Fogle, D., 327 optical fi ber communications, 702 (FDMA) Foley, J., 28, 238 optical fi bers, 822, 823–824 multi-access link control, 34 Fong, M. -H., 684 optical signal regeneration, 729 spread spectrum signals, 681, Force, Inc., 842 foveated regions of interest, 240, 241 683, 684 foreign agent, 53 foveation points, 240 frequency division multiplexing (FDM), foreign agent care-of-address, 53 fractal coding, 216 553–567 foreign exchange (FX) lines, 159 fractional Brownian motion (FBM), 583 alternating current, 554 Forghieri, F., 455 fractional lambda pipe (Fl P), 777, amplitude modulation, 553, 554–557 formants, 272 778, 779 basic AM modulation, 555–556 formats, 90 fractional lambda switching (Fl S), single sideband AM, 556 Forouzan, B. A., 121, 359, 390, 573 777, 780 suppressed carrier, 556 forward adaptation, 273 fragmentation, 45, 55, 366 vestigial sideband AM, 556–557 forward delay, 398 fragmentation and reassembly, 40, analog carrier system, 560–562 forwarder, 372 45–46 angle modulation, 554–555 forward error correction (FEC) frame acknowledgement (ack) applications of, 560–565 digital communications, 630 symbol, 33 basic amplitude modulation, 555–556 digital transmission, 98 frame burst mode, 38 digital transmission, 93 error detection and data recovery, frame check sequence (FCS), 36, 38 discrete multitone modulation, 473, 474 32–33 data-link protocol double-sideband suppressed multimedia streaming, 286 implementations, 35 carrier, 556 INDEX 987

FM radio broadcast systems, modulation index, 414–415 fundamental solitons, 862 564–565 modulation methods, 416–417 fused-fi ber couplers, 846 Fourier transforms, 553–554, 555, narrowband frequency fused-fi ber fi lters, 857 556, 558 modulation, 415 frequency modulation, 553, 555, noise, 417–418 Gabitov, I. R., 864 557–558 noise capture, 418 Gaeta, A. L., 868 local area networks, 553 performance of the frequency- Gagliardi, R., 103, 107, 492, 494 lower sideband, 556 modulated signal, 417–419 Gagnon, N., 841 modems, 316 bandwidth, 418–419 gain-clamped semiconductor optical modulation, 554 noise, 417–418 amplifi ers (GCSOAs), 734–735 modulation index, 558 noise capture, 418 gain control, 274 multicarrier modulation, 553 signal-to-noise ratio, 418–419 gain-fl attening fi lters (GFFs), 857 multiplexing, 558 phase-locked loop, 417 gain guiding, 757 orthogonal frequency division signal-to-noise ratio, 418–419 gain saturation, 736 multiplexing, 553 voltage-controlled oscillator, 414, 416 Gallager, R. G., 203, 486, 497, 503 phase alternating line, 562, 563 wideband frequency modulation, Gallagher, R., 38 phase modulation, 555 415–416 Gallaher, R., 617, 618 quadrature amplitude see also digital phase modulation Gallep, C. M., 737, 769 modulation, 563 (DPM); phase modulation (PM) Galtarossa, A., 821, 822 quadrature carriers, 563 frequency multiplexing, 102 Gambling, W. A., 853 radio frequency, 560 frequency-selective channels, 486–487, game theory, 540 receivers, 559 592, 685 Gannet Co., 643 séquential colour avec mémoire, frequency selective fading, 348 Gans, M. J., 603 562, 563 frequency shift keying (FSK) Ganz, A., 612, 614 signal, 553–554 analog modulation, 103 gap solitons, 871–873 single sideband amplitude analog transmission, 113 Garg, V. K., 539 modulation, 556 frequency modulation, 419–421 Garmire, E., 865 suppressed carrier, 556 minimum shift keying, 438, 439 GARP application, 400 television broadcast systems, 562–564 modems, 314 GARP information declaration time division multiplexing, 558, 569 passband transmissions, 93, 94 (GID), 400 transmitter, 559 frequency synchronization, 636 GARP multicast registration protocol upper sideband, 556 frequency variability, 334 (GMRP), 399 vestigial sideband amplitude frequently asked questions (FAQs), 148 GARP participant, 400 modulation, 556–557 Frerking, M., 182, 183, 184, 189, GARP VLAN registration protocol wavelength division multiplexing, 553 190, 192 (GVRP), 400 frequency domain equalization (FEQ), Fresnel, Augustin-Jean, 696 Gaussian distribution 481, 482–483, 483, 484 Fresnel equation, 757 digital phase modulation, 518 frequency domain representation, 183 Fresnel-Kirchoff diffraction discrete multitone modulation, 484 frequency hopping spread spectrum parameter, 341 line coding, 523 (FHSS) Fresnel refl ections, 816 pulse position modulation, 499 direct sequence hybrids, 545 Fresnel zone, 335, 905 Gaussian functions, 188 multi-access link control, 34 Friberg, S. R., 873 Gaussian intensity profi le, 751 spread spectrum, 542, 543–544, 547 Friedrich, L., 876 Gaussian-like format, 737 spread spectrum signals, 677 Frignac, Y., 693 Gaussian minimum shift keying frequency modulation (FM), http://www.pbookshop.comFriis equation, 335 (GMSK), 445–450 414–421, 425 Froehly, C., 867 binary phase shift keying, 449 analog modulation, 103 FSK. See frequency shift keying (FSK) bit error rate, 448, 449 angle modulation, 109 Fu, K., 287 extensions of, 450–451 bandwidth, 418–419 Fujitsu Corporation, 736 eye diagrams, 446, 447 binary frequency shift keying, Fukuchi, K., 887 implementation, 449–450 419–421 Fukuda, K., 342 mathematical model, 445–447 bit error rate, 420 Fukuda, M., 748, 749, 750, 757, 758, 759 N-GMSK, 452 carrier-to-noise ratio, 418 full conversions, 622 performance, 447–449 coherent detection, 419–420 full-duplex transmission, 23, 312 receiver, 449–450 continuous phase frequency shift full mode, 145 spread spectrum signals, 676 keying, 419 Full Service Access Network transmitter, 449 continuous phase modulation, 419 (FSAN), 952 Gaussian noise demodulation techniques, 416–417 full sharing, 376 analog transmission, 103 digital radio broadcasting, 642, 643 full width at half maximum (FWHM) digital radio broadcasting, 650 digital signal processing, 416 fi ber-optic fi lters, 852 orthogonal frequency division digital signals, 419–421 optical memories, 796, 807 multiplexing, 597, 598–599, 600 digital transmissions, 85 optical solitons, 865 synchronous OCDM, 885 frequency division multiplexing, 553, optical sources, 749 see also additive white Gaussian noise 555, 557–558 video compression, 240–241 (AWGN) frequency shift keying, 419–421 full window, 69 Gaussian random process, 94, 95, 635 Gaussian minimum shift keying, 445 fully associated links, 172 Geisler, W. S., 240 M-ary frequency shift keying, 421 Fultz, K. E., 581 Gelber, S., 118 modems, 314 functional abilities, 911 Gelikonov, G. V., 836 988 INDEX

Gelikonov, V. M., 836 Gnauck, A. H., 456, 457, 459, 463, 464, group 3 standard Gemmell, J., 287 465, 467, 714 coding, 133–136 general additive increase, multiplicative Godfrey, S., 757 enhancements, 141–142 decrease (GAIMD), 72 Goff, T., 71, 72 error control, 140 general area models, 338 Goh, M. -J., 150 facsimile (fax), 130, 131–142 generalized interval caching, 289 Gokturk, S. B., 237 internet-aware device, 145 generalized label, 924 Golay codes, 98, 361 messaging systems, 130, generalized Lloyd algorithm (GLA), 206 Gold, M. P., 817 131–142, 145 generalized multiprotocol label Gold, R., 549 modifed READ coding, 136–137 switching (GMPLS) Gold codes, 549, 550 protocol, 137–140 optical switching techniques in WDM Goldhar, J., 738 group 4 standard, 131, 142–146 networks, 910, 918, 924 Goldman, J., 116, 118, 119, 120, 121 group attribution registration protocol statistical time division multiplexing, Goldstein, E. L., 608, 609 (GARP), 399, 400 586, 587 Goleniewski, L., 159 group delay ripple (GDR), 464 wavelength division multiplexing, 617 Golmie, N., 911 groupe spéciale mobile, 629 see also multiprotocol label switching Golomb-Rice codes, 222 group III-V, 746 (MPLS) Golovchenko, E. A., 863 groups of blocks (GOBs), 245 generator polynomial, 356 Golubchik, L., 289 groups of pictures (GOPs), 295–296 generic attribute registration protocol, Gonthier, F., 846 group velocity dispersion (GVD) 399–401 Good, P., 539 optical fi ber communications, generic framing procedure (GFP), 954 goodput, 67 701–702 SONET and SDH networks, 929, Goos-Haenchen shift, 697 optical solitons, 862, 863, 872 937–938, 943–944 Goralski, W., 570, 575, 576 optical sources, 754, 764 statistical time division multiplexing, Gordon, J. P., 464, 465, 863, 864 Grunheid, R., 601 586–587 Gordon, K., 3 guard interval, 476–477, 483–484, 485 generic switches, 376 Gordon, P. J., 821 guard space, 34 Georghiades, C. N., 496, 504, 505 Gordon-Haus effects, 729, 739, 863 guard time interval, 594 Gersho, A., 204, 206, 207, 216 Gordon-Haus jitter, 863, 864, 865 Guekos, G., 737 GfK Marketing Services, 670 Gordon-Mollenauer effect, 464–465 Guenter, J. K., 904 Ghanbari, M., 221, 255, 258, 259 Goyal, A., 287 Guerin, R., 287 Ghosh, A., 638 Goyal, P., 287 Guerra, L., 810 Ghuman, B. S., 903, 904, 905, 906 G-PON encapsulation method Guillemot, C., 217 Giacopelli, J., 379 (GEM), 954 Guizani, S., 702 Giannakis, G. B., 485 graceful degregation property, 683 Gulak, G. P., 440 Giannetti, F., 685, 686 graded index (GRIN) lens, 716 Gun, L., 586 Gibb’s phenomena, 184 Grand Alliance, 294 Günther, C. G., 675 Gibson, G., 877 Grangier, 187 Gurtov, A., 66 Gibson, J. D., 251 granular noise, 88–89 Gusella, R., 583, 584 Giddings, H. A., 900 graphics interchange format (GIF), Gifford, K., 818 203, 221 H.261 standard, 244, 245–246, 249, 250, Gigabit-capable passive optical graphic user interface (GUI), 174 252, 255 networks (G-PONs), 948, 954–955 grating fi lters, 854–856 H.262 standard, 244 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE), 27 grating light valve, 302 H.263 standard, 244, 246, 249, 250, 252, conducted communications media, 328 Gray, Frank, 191, 495 262, 264 Ethernet protocol, 37, 38 http://www.pbookshop.comGray, R. M., 204, 206, 207, 216 H.264 standard, 244, 246–251, 252–254, SONET and SDH networks, 943 Gray, T., 833 257, 258, 259, 264 Gilbert, A., 583 Gray code mapping, 495 H.323 standard, 81 Giles, C. R., 785 Gray codes, 191–192, 495 Haartsen, J. C., 677 Giles, R. C., 456 Gray encoding, 518 Haar wavelet transform, 237 Gilhousen, K. S., 675, 683 gray solitons, 862 Hadama, H., 783, 784, 787 Gilster, R., 539 Gredeskul, S. A., 863 Hadamard matrix, 549 Ginis, G., 489 Green, E., 846 Hadamard transform, 195, 209, 249 Girardin, F., 737 Green, J. H., 309 Haelterman, M., 865 Gisin, N., 821, 822 Green, P. E., 856, 950 Hae-Seok, C., 539 Gitlin, R., 112, 693, 701, 702 green box, 70–71 Hah, D., 844 Giuliano, L., 287 Greenwald, M., 32 Hahn, E. L., 864 Glebov, L. B., 857 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), 777 Hajbandeh, R., 575 global addresses, 45 Gregory, D. W., 148, 149 half-duplex transmission, 23, 312 global positioning system (GPS), 539 Grellier, O., 446 half-rate forward error correction, 98 GlobalSpec, 829, 836 Grieco, D., 777, 780 half-sample asymmetry (hsas), 220 global system for mobile (GSM), 11 Griffi n, R. A., 466 half-sample symmetry (hss), Gaussian minimum shift keying, 449 Grigoryan, A. M., 207 219, 220 minimum shift keying, 438 Gronemeyer, S. A., 441 Hall, K. L., 874 spread spectrum signals, 675, 676 grooming, 935 Hallett, L., 658, 660 Global Technologies, 327 Grossman, D., 942 Halsall, F., 359 Glu, E. A., 621 ground profi le, 344 Hamaide, J. -P., 865 GMSK. See Gaussian minimum shift ground state, 752 Hamam, H., 828 keying (GMSK) group 2 standard, 131 Hamdi, M., 913, 914, 925 INDEX 989

Hamkins, J., 493, 496, 497, 500, 502, header extension length, 54 high density binary 3 (HDB3), 162 503, 504 header of datagram, 40 high-density bipolar N (HDB N) line Hamming, R., 188, 192, 360, 361 header structure, 54–57 coding, 91, 524, 531 Hamming codes, 192, 360–361 head of line (HOL) blocking, 371, high electron mobility transistors Hamming distance, 360 383, 386 (HEMTs), 726 Han, Y., 468 Heald, E. H., 438 high frequency (HF) radio links, 591 Handely, M., 72 Heald, E. T., 473 high-level data-link control (HDLC), 35, handheld digital video broadcasting heat-assisted magnetic recording 132, 586 (DVB-H), 601 (HAMR), 811 highly nonlinear fi ber (HNLF), 739–741 Handley, M., 69, 72 Hecht, E., 757, 764 high profi le (HiP), 257, 259 handoff or handover, 684 Hecht, J., 837, 846 high spectral effi ciency transport Hannan, A., 619 Heffes, H., 584 system, 887–890 Hansen, K. P., 700 Heffner, B. L., 822 high speed data packet access Hansryd, J., 465 Heinanen, J., 942 (HSDPA), 15 Hanzo, L., 600, 603 Heinrich, H. K., 865 high speed interface, 403–404 Hara, S., 591, 594, 597, 600, 603 Heisenberg uncertainty principles, 183, high-speed token ring (HSTR), 329 Harame, D., 726 187, 188 Hilbert pair, 429 hard decision decoder, 497 Heismann, F., 456, 716 Hilbert space, 187 hard decoding, 637 Helard, J. F., 600 Hilbert transform hard disc drives (HDDs), 795 Held, G., 580 amplitude modulation, 107, 108 hard line coaxial cable, 323 helical line coaxial cable, 323 fi ber-optic fi lters, 851 hardware, 368 helically scanning, 132 information theory, 189, 190 hardware address, 391 heliographs, 900, 901 Hill, G. R., 788 hardware components, 364–368, hello bridge protocol data units, 383 Hill, K. O., 703, 855 375–376 hello packets, 50 Hill gratings, 703 hardware dialers, 149 Hellosoft, A. P., 447 Himeno, A., 854 harmonic broadcasting (HB), 289 hello time, 396 Hinedi, S. M., 443, 519, 522, 523, 524 harmonic vector excitation coding Helmholtz equations, 829, 831 Hirabayashi, K., 853, 854 (HVXC), 660 Hendrickson, A., 445, 446, 449 Hirade, K., 438, 445, 448, 449 Harric, V., 289 Henrique-Valencia, E., 586 Hirande, K., 449 Haruna, M., 830, 831 Henry, C. H., 755 Hirooka, T., 864 Hasegawa, A., 861, 863, 864, 866, Hentschel, C., 817 Hizlan, M., 540, 541, 546, 547, 548 871, 873 Heritage, J. P., 886 Hluchyj, M., 371, 377, 383 Hasegawa, T., 818 Herley, C., 218 Ho, K. -P., 456, 461, 462, 465, 466, 467, Hasemi, A., 841 Hernandez-Valencia, E., 586, 943 468, 787, 845 hash collisions, 191 Hernday, P., 819, 820, 821 Hockham, G. A., 693 Hashemi, H., 338 Herrmann, H., 845 Hockham, George, 692 hash functions, 191 Herro, M. A., 504 holes, 721, 746 Hashmi, S., 907 hertz (Hz), 268 holey fi bers, 699–700 Haskell, B. G., 563 Herzig, H. P., 833, 841 hollow-core photonic crystal fi ber, 699 Haskin, R. L., 289 Herzog, S., 287 Holma, H., 539 Hata, M., 342 heterodyne detection, 455, 461, 466 holographic memory, 811–813 Hata model, 342–343 heterogenous networks, 270 home agent, 53 Hattori, T., 675 heterojunction bipolar transistors homodyne cross talk, 609 Haus, H. A., 831, 832, 863, 865 http://www.pbookshop.com(HBTs), 726 homodyne detection, 455, 461, 466 Hausman, T., 8 hetero-junction semiconductor homogeneous line broadening, 755 Hayase, S., 469 crystals, 747 homo-junction LEDs, 748 Hayashi, S., 809 heterostructure fi eld effect transistors Hong, S., 844 Hayata, K., 868 (HFETs), 726 hop block, 542–544 Hayes, J., 112 Hetling, K., 450, 451 hop-by-hop options header, 54, 55 Haykin, S., 90, 93, 95, 102, 103, 104, Hewett, J., 810 hop limit fi eld, 54 105, 106, 107, 109, 111, 112, 474, Heyman, D., 584 Horak, R., 309 518, 532, 550 hierarchical stream merging, 287, 288 Horiguchi, T., 818 HDB3 substitution rules, 92 Hietarinta, J., 867, 877 host number, 41 HDCAM, 300, 301 high bit rate digital subscriber lines, 634 hosts, 390 HDCAM SR, 300, 301 high-defi nition (HD), 293, 294 see also routers HD Digital Radio Alliance, 645 high-defi nition digital versatile disc host-to-host layer, 24 HD-DVD and Blu-ray disc, 808–809 (HD-DVD), 795, 806 Hotate, K., 818 HD DVD Technology, 808 high-defi nition digital video disc hot-swappable transceivers, 717 HD radio, 644–645, 646, (HD-DVD), 257 Houbavlis, A., 737 667–668, 671 high defi nition DVDs, 304 Hu, A., 288 HD-SDI, 303 high defi nition multimedia interface Hu, J., 251 HDTV. See television, high-defi nition (HDMI), 303 Hu, L., 504 HDV, 300, 301 high-defi nition serial digital interface Hu, N., 217 He, H., 868 (HD-SDI), 295 Hu, W., 787 He, Z., 242, 249, 252 high-defi nition television (HDTV). See Hu, W. S., 790, 791 head dropping, 623 television, high-defi nition Hua, K. A., 287, 288 header checksum, 41 high-defi nition video storage, 257 Huai, H. K., 819 990 INDEX

Huang, A., 727 digital phase modulation, 509, 520 source coding theory, elements of, Huang, C. C., 446 free-space optics, 904, 905 213–216 Huang, F., 704 line coding, 532 standards, 221 Huang, W. -P., 832 optical transmitters, 717 tagged image fi le format, 221 Huang, Y. L., 446 orthogonal frequency division transforms for, 216–219 Huber, J. B., 599 multiplexing, 597, 601, 602, 603 discrete cosine transform, 216–217 hubs passive optical networks, 952–953 discrete wavelet transform, 217–219 bridges, 390–391, 392 spread spectrum, 539 vector quantization, 215–216 conducted communications wireless channels, 338 wavelet transforms, 223 media, 321 IEEE-1394, 301, 303 zerotrees, 220, 221 star topologies, 31 IEEE Standards Committee, 393, image mode classifi cations, 143 Huerta, J. M., 670 396, 399 imaging, 132–133 Huffman, D. A., 201 I frames (intracoded or index Imielinski, T., 288 Huffman algorithm, 193 frames), 295 immediate recovery, 71 Huffman codes Iga, K., 713, 760 immediate reservation, 618 data compression, 206, 210 IGP. See interior gateway impedance, 323 image compression, 212–213, protocols (IGPs) implicit release, 921 216, 222 Iizuka, K., 748, 753, 755, 756, 757, 760 impulse noise, 353–354 information theory, 180, 193–194 Ilan, B., 868 impulse response, 635 speech and audio compression, 277 Im, G. -H., 426, 428, 429, 433 inactive input lines, 572–573 Huffman coding, 201–202, 203, 204, 205 image compression, 212–226 Inada, S., 675 Huffman dictionary, 193 bits per pixel (bpp), 212, 213, 221 in-band, on-channel (IBOC), 642, 646, Hughes, B. L., 540, 541, 546, 547, 548 block-truncation coding, 216 650–657 Hughes, J., 32 circular convolution, 218 in-band cross talk, 609 Hughes-Hartogs, D., 487 coders, 212, 214 in-band transmission, 372 Hughes-Hartogs algorithm, 487, 488 coding gain through decorrelation, incentives, 10 Hughes Space and Communications 214–215 incident rays, 697 International, 663 context modeling, 215 incoherent optical code division Hui, J. Y., 371, 386 convolution, 218 multiplexing, 885 Hui, S. Y., 689 DC coeffi cients, 217 incoherent spatial solitons, 870–871 human visual system (HVS), 229, 233, decoders, 212, 214, 216 incumbent local exchange carriers 238 differential pulse code modulation, (ILECs), 6, 159 Hunsperger, R. G., 829 214, 215, 222 independent hopper, 547 Hunt, B. R., 224 discrete cosine transform, 214, independent information, 86 Hunter, D. K., 622 216–217 independent telephone companies, 6 Hupp, J. A., 583 discrete Fourier transform, 212, 213 index guiding, 756 hybrid burst assembly, 616 discrete wavelet transform, 214, index of dispersion of counts (IDC), 584 hybrid compression methods, 228 217–219 index of dispersion of intervals hybrid distributed Bragg refl ector, 760 embedded block coding with (IDI), 584 hybrid fi ber-coax (HFC) networks, 315 optimized truncation, 221, 223 indirect band-gap semiconductor hybrid fi lters, 857 embedded wavelet coding, 219–221 materials, 746 hybrid modems, 310 embedded zerotree wavelet, 220, 221 indirect generation, 111 hybrid recording, 811 encoders, 212, 214, 216 indirect method, 416 hybrids, 544–545 entropy coding, 214, 216, 222 indoor free space optics hybrid topology, 322 http://www.pbookshop.comexamples of, 212–213 networking, 907 hypertext markup language (HTML), 80 fast Fourier transform, 217 indoor propagation, 338 hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), 80 Fourier transforms, 212, 213 induced noise, 354 hypertext transfer protocol secure fractal coding, 216 induced waveguides, 834 (HTTPS), 80 graphics interchange format, 221 industrial, scientifi c, and medical (ISM) hypothetical reference decoder (HRD), Huffman codes, 212–213, 216, 222 band, 677 244, 252, 255 Joint Bilevel Image Experts Group Industry Carriers Compatibility Forum (JBIG), 222–223 (ICCF), 160 Iannone, E., 783, 815 Joint Photographic Experts Group Industry Numbering Committee Iannone, I., 864 2000 (JPEG 2000), 212, 215, 218, (INC), 160 iBiquity Digital Corporation, 644, 646, 223–224 infi nite impulse response, 853 650, 652, 653, 654, 656, 658, 659, Joint Photographic Experts Group infi nite number of taps, 772 660, 667, 668 (JPEG), 215, 221–222 informational signals, 169 IBOC DRB, 643–644, 657–658, 667–668 JPEG-LS standard, 222 information class object, 79 I-component, 440–441, 443, 446, 447 lossless compression, 212, 222 information sequence, 630 identifi cation, 45, 55 mean square error, 214 information theory, 178–198 idle address buffer, 378 MPEG (Motion Picture Experts analog-to-digital converter, 182 IEEE. See Institute of Electrical and Group), 218 baseband transmission, 183 Electronics Engineers (IEEE) portable network graphics, 221 Bessel functions, 188 IEEE 802.16 Working Group, 689 pulse code modulation, 214 bidirectionally predictive frames, 195 IEEE 802 standards quantization, 215–216 blocking, 184 bridges, 397, 399, 400 rate distortion trade-off, 213–214 channel capacity, 178 digital communications, 629, 637, run length encoding, 219 checksums, 191 638–639 signal-to-noise ratio, 212 compansion, 193 INDEX 991

complex-valued signals, 189 entropy, 178–181 voice communication systems, 122 convolution operation, 186 the fundamental theorem, 181 integrated wavelength allocation and correlation operator, 185 noise, 181 threshold dropping, 916 crossbar switches, 193 signal coding, 188–192 integrity check value (ICV), 56 cyclic redundancy codes, 191 signal compression, 192–193 intelligent terminal, 20 data compression, 192–195 time domain representation, 182–183 intensity, 752, 754 data window blocking, 188 Walsh transforms, 195 intensity modulation (IM), 732 digital modulation schemes, 190 wavelet transforms, 195, 196 intensity modulation with direct digital sampling of signals, 182–188 information transmission, 84–85 detection (IM-DD), 455 convolution operation, 186 in frame, 936 intensity noise, 729 correlation operator, 185 Infrared Data Association, 493 interactive real time, 282 data window blocking, 188 infrared (IR) frequencies, 903 interactive voice response (IVR), 122 discrete Fourier transform, infrared laser wavelength, 904 interactive voice response system 183–184 ingress, 372 (IVRS), 148, 149 frequency domain ingress label edge routers, 619–620 intercarrier compensation, 8–9 representation, 183 ingress nodes, 616 intercarrier interference (ICI), 476 power spectrum, 185 inhomogeneous line broadening, 755 interchannel cross-phase modulation processing overhead, 184–185 initial alignment, 172 (IXPM), 464 sampling issues, 186–187 injunction current, 757 interexchange carrier (IXC), 118, 159 sensor characteristics, 185–186 ink-jet printers, 133 interface rejection, 541 time domain representation, inner core, 330 interfaces, 23 182–183 in-phase (I) signals, 676 interference, 635–636, 718, 905 digital signal processing, 182, 185 in-phase stream, 440 interference cancellation, 636 discrete cosine transform, 194, 196 Inphase Technologies, 811, 813 interference channel, 489 discrete Fourier transform, 183–184 input buffer, 403, 622 interference limited systems, 636 entropy, 178–181, 192 input contention, 370 interference performance, 546–547 Huffman codes, 180 input output (I/O) device, 20 interference rejection, 540, 541 Shannon’s theory, 178–181 input ports, 365, 376 interferometers error detection, 189 input queueing, 371, 383 Fabry-Perot devices, 705, 818, 839 fast Fourier transform, 184, 185, input referred current noise, 720 optical differential phase shift 186, 194 insertion loss, 768, 834–835, 836 keying, 458 Fourier transforms, 183–184, 185, inside envelopes, 27 optical fi ber communications, 189, 195, 196 instantaneous amplitude, 183 694–695, 705 frequency domain representation, 183 instantaneous decoding refresh interferometric method, 820 Gray codes, 191–192 (IDR), 254 interferometric modulators, 703 Hamming codes, 192 instantaneous frequency, 183 interframe compression, 295 hash functions, 191 instantaneous sampled PAM, 86–87 interframe gap, 37 Hilbert transform, 189, 190 Institute of Electrical and Electronics interframe motion compensation, 251 Huffman codes, 180, 193–194 Engineers (IEEE), 26, 390 interim standard 95 (IS-95) I/Q representation of signals, coaxial cable standards, 324, 325, 326 spread spectrum, 539 189–190 data-link layer protocols, 30, 31–32 spread spectrum signals, 675, JPEG compression, 194 Ethernet standards, 328 686–687 linear feedback shift register, 182 modems, 313, 317 interior gateway protocols (IGPs), 40 lossless compression, 192 orthogonal frequency division interior gateway routing protocol lossy compression, 192 http://www.pbookshop.commultiplexing, 591, 597, 601, 603 (IGRP), 40 motion tracking, 195 passive optical networks, 948, 951 interior label switching router, 917 MPEG (Motion Picture Experts television, high-defi nition, 301, 303 interlaced scanning, 296 Group), 194–195 token ring standards, 329 inter-LATA calls, 118 noise, 181 wireless channels, 338 interleaver fi lters, 853–854 Nyquist frequency, 184, 186, 187, 190 Institute for Telecommunication interleaving parity bits, 191 Sciences, 229 digital radio broadcasting, 645, 648, plain old telephone service insulation displacement connectors 650, 654, 661 (or system), 193 (IDCs), 327 optical differential phase shift power spectrum, 185 insulator, 323 keying, 469 processing overhead, 184–185 integer cosine transform (ICT), 248 public switched telephone network, pulse code modulation, 190 integer quantization parameters, 252 165–166 quadrature amplitude integrated circuits, 716 intermedia synchronization, 285 modulation, 190 integrated digital enhanced network intermediate frequency (IF), 679 real-valued scalar signals, 189 (IDEN), 11 intermediate system to intermediate reduced instruction set integrated services (IntServ), 52, 287 system (IS-IS), 40 computing, 185 integrated services digital network internal contention, 370 redundancy, 180 (ISDN) internal effi ciency, 750 run length encoding, 193 digital transmission, 91 internal modem, 312 sampling issues, 186–187 facsimile transmission, 130, 142 international access code, 160, 161 sensor characteristics, 185–186 public switched telephone network, International Broadcasting Convention Shannon’s theory, 178–181, 196 162–163 (IBC), 670 channel capacity, 178 statistical time division international common carriers (ICCs), data compression, 179 multiplexing, 583 118, 123 992 INDEX

International Consumer school and library access to, 8 digital communications, 631, 635, 637 Electronics, 668 video downloads, 14 digital transmission, 91–93 international direct dialing (IDD), 150 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority discrete multitone modulation, 473, International Electrotechnical (IANA), 50 475, 476 Commission (IEC), 648, 657 Internet-aware fax (IAF), 145 Gaussian minimum shift keying, 446 International Engineering Internet control message protocol line coding, 524 Consortium, 949 (ICMP), 41, 367 minimum shift keying, 444 International Mobile Internet Corporation for Assigned optical differential phase shift keying, Telecommunications 2000 (IMT Names and Numbers (ICANN), 42 457, 460 2000), 343, 676 Internet Engineering Task Force optical fi ber communications, 698, International Organization for (IETF), 66 701, 702 Standards. See International facsimile transmissions, 146 optical memories, 800 Standards Organization (ISO) modems, 313 optical receivers, 723 International Organization of Multiparty Multimedia Session orthogonal frequency division Standardization. See Control (MMUSIC), 153 multiplexing, 592, 594 International Standards public switched telephone pulse-amplitude modulation, 406, Organization (ISO) network, 174 407–408 international standards document statistical time division multiplexing, pulse position modulation, 496 7498, 76 586, 587 wireless channels, 347, 348 International Standards Organization Internet facsimile protocol (IFP), 145 interval caching, 289 (ISO), 35 Internet group management protocol intrachannel four-wave mixing data communications, 23 (IGMP), 50 (IFWM), 464 digital radio broadcasting, 648 Internet messaging access protocol 4 intraframe compression, 295 image compression, 221, 222 (IMAP4), 146 intra-LATA calls, 118 international standards document Internet protocol (IP) intrinsic absorption, 815 7498, 76 network layer, 40 intrinsic (I) layer, 721 modems, 312 optical switching techniques in WDM inverse discrete cosine transform OSI model, 77, 78, 79 networks, 909 (IDCT), 217 private branch exchange, 124 passive optical networks, 953 inverse discrete Fourier transform video compression, 232, 257 SONET and SDH networks, 929, 942 (IDFT) voice messaging systems, 151 statistical time division discrete multitone modulation, 478, international telecommunications, 5, multiplexing, 586 479, 485 15–16 synchronous OCDM, 894 orthogonal frequency division International Telecommunications Internet protocol 4 (IPv4), 53, multiplexing, 591, 593, 599 Union (ITU) 58–59, 370 inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), digital radio broadcasting, 657, Internet protocol 6 (IPv6) 634–635 667, 671 header structure, 54–57 inverse scattering theory (IST), 861, 862 frequency division multiplexing, and IPv4, 58–59 IP. See Internet protocol (IP) 559, 560 network layer of the OSI model, Ip, E., 763 H.323, 81 53–58 IP address, 40, 41–42 modems, 310 routers, 370 IP-based switching, 925 passive optical networks, 952 Internet protocol (IP) networks, 375 IP datagram, 40–41, 46, 942 spread spectrum signals, 676 Internet protocol security (IPSec), IP multimedia subsystem (IMS), 153 statistical time division 59–60 IP options, 365 multiplexing, 581 http://www.pbookshop.comInternet protocol television (IPTV), 3, IP-over-SONET, 610 synchronous optical network 303, 304–305 IP-over-WDM (IP-WDM), 925 technique, 610 Internet service providers (ISPs) IP packet verifi cation, 365 video compression standards. See historical development, 14 IP switching, 370 video compression modems, 316 IPTV (Internet protocol television), 3 see also Telecommunication multimedia streaming, 287 IPv4. See Internet protocol 4 (IPv4) Standardization Sector of the passive optical networks, 949 IPv6. See Internet protocol 6 (IPv6) International Telecommunication public switched telephone Iren, S., 80 Union (ITU-T) network, 159 irregular terrain model, 343 International Telegraph and Telephone reciprocal compensation, 9 irrelevancy, 276 Consultative Committee (CCITT), routers, 364 ISDN. See integrated services digital 76, 127 Internet telephony, 269 network (ISDN) facsimile standards, 130 Internet timestamp, 41 ISDN user part (ISUP), 172 image compression, 221 internetworking between Ishizuka, M., 448, 449 wavelength division multiplexing, 611 hierarchies, 162 ISI. See intersymbol interference (ISI) see also Telecommunication internetwork packet exchange/ Islam, M. N., 864, 873, 874 Standardization Sector of the sequenced packet exchange (IPX/ ISO. See International Standards International Telecommunication SPX), 35 Organization (ISO) Union (ITU-T) interoffi ce signaling, 169 isochronous transmission modes, 23 Internet interrupt called, 365 ISO/IEC standards, 648 access, 14–15 inter(sub)carrier interference (ICI), 594 isotropic radiator, 335, 339 data communications and, 28 intersymbol interference (ISI) ISPs. See Internet service messaging systems, 155 carrierless amplitude phase providers (ISPs) providers, 9, 14 modulation, 429, 430 iterative rate control, 242–243 INDEX 993 iterative water fi lling, 489 Joint Photographic Experts Group Kasap, S. O., 757, 830, 831 ITU. See International (JPEG) compression, 194 Kashima, N., 836 Telecommunications Union (ITU) Joint Photographic Experts Group Kashyap, R., 831, 855 Iturbe-Castillo, M. D., 871 (JPEG) standard, 142 Kasner, J. H., 224 ITU-T Signaling System Number 1 Jones, A. E., 599 Kasper, B. L., 725 (SS-1), 169 Jones, C. T., 149 Kasturia, S., 473 ITU-T Signaling System Number 7 Jones, D., 949 Kataoka, T., 705 (SS-7), 161, 169–173 Jones matrix eigenanalysis, 822 Kath, W. L., 864 Iyer, S., 371, 379, 385, 386 Jopson, R. M., 821 KATHRYN, 592 Izawa, T., 832 Joseph, R. I., 869, 871, 872 Kato, K., 854 Izutsu, M., 450 Jou, Y. -C., 689 Kato, T., 823 JPEG 2000 standard, 233, 236 Katto, J., 215 Jabbari, B., 584, 677, 681, 682, 684 JPEG-LS standard, 222, 235–236 Katz, R., 71 jabber instant messaging and presence JPEG quantization matrices, 235, Kawanishi, T., 450 technology, 155 238–239 Kawano, K., 829, 830, 831, 837 Jackel, J. L., 832 Judice, C. N., 141 Kazofsky, L. G., 773 Jackson, D. A., 818, 819 Jue, J. P., 616, 617, 622, 623, 910, 913, kBnT codes, 524, 533–534 Jackson, P., 670 918, 920 Kee, H. H., 817 Jacobson, V., 67, 73, 285 Juhn, L., 288, 289 keepalive messages, 50 Jafarkhani, H., 484 Jukan, A., 911 Keiser, G., 390, 693, 696, 816, 817, 950 Jagmohan, A., 248 junction, 694 Keller, T., 600, 603 Jahns, J., 846 junction capacitance, 750 Kelley, P. L., 865 Jain, A. K., 209, 250, 251 Juniper Networks, 575 Kelly, F., 585 Jain, R., 68, 69, 70, 583 just enough time (JET), 618, 910, 922 Kerr effect Jakubowski, M. H., 867, 877 just in time (JIT), 618, 910, 922 fi ber-optic fi lters, 856 Jamison, E., 330 just noticeable difference (JND), 238 lambda and sub-lambda jamming game viewpoint, 540–541 switching, 770 jam signal, 37 Kageyama, Y., 803 optical fi ber communications, 702 Jannotti, J., 287 Kaheel, A., 911, 916, 923 optical memories, 804, 810 Janssen, A. J. E. M., 797, 798, 800, Kahn, J. M., 460, 463, 493, 582 optical signal regeneration, 729, 806, 807 Kaiser, 188 739, 740 Japan, 16 Kaiser, J. F., 593 optical solitons, 867 Jarvis, J. F., 141 Kaiser, S., 600, 603 Kerr nonlinearity, 702, 865, 866, 868 Javornik, T., 450, 452 Kaiser window, 188 Kesidis, G., 585 Jayant, N. S., 204, 208, 215 Kakadu implementations, 237, 241, 242 Ketprom, U., 903 JBIG1 standard, 222 Kale, C., 80 Kevrekidis, P. G., 868 JBIG2 standard, 223 Kalet, I., 473 Key, E., 550 J-carriers, 163, 164 Kali, K., 828, 836 key telephone system (KTS), 115 Jeanclaude, I., 596 Kalli, K., 851 Khan, E., 221 Jedrkiewicz, O., 868 Kalmanek, C., 285 Khanna, S., 386 Jenkins, D., 810 Kanashov, A. A., 868 Khasnabish, B., 376, 378 Jensen, S. M., 873 Kandus, G., 450, 452 Khitrova, G., 867 Jeon, B., 250 Kane, J., 380 Khlifi , Y., 618 Jepsen, K. S., 734 Kang, I., 469 Kiaei, S., 483 Jiang, P., 832 http://www.pbookshop.comKang, J. U., 867, 877 Kiasaleh, K., 505 Jinyu, M., 451 kanji, 131 Kiely, A., 244 jitter Kao, Charles, 692 Killey, R., 822, 823 error sources, 354 Kao, K. C., 693 Killey, R. I., 864 optical signal regeneration, 729, 739 Kao, M. -S., 852 Kim, B. -J., 221 optical transmitters, 710, 715 Kao, Y. -H., 458 Kim, C., 467, 468 wavelength division multiplexing, 623 Kapon, E., 748 Kim, H., 460, 467 Johansson, M., 598 Karafolas, N., 885 Kim, H. S., 856 Johnson, D., 320, 321, 323, 324, 326, Karagiannis, T., 583 Kim, I. I., 901, 903, 904, 907 327, 328, 329, 330, 331 Karam, G., 596 Kim, K., 434 Johnson, S. A., 645, 646, 653, 654, Karamzin, Y. N., 868 Kim, M. S., 69 655, 656 Karasan, E., 621 Kim, S., 637 Johnson noise, 353 Karhunen-Loève series expansion Kineplex, 592 Johnston, A. B., 153 (KLSE), 460 Kino, G. S., 809 join message, 400 Karhunen-Loève transform (KLT), 215, Kirsch, A. L., 591, 592 Joint Bilevel Image Experts Group 217, 230 Kish, P., 327 (JBIG), 222–223 Karmi, G., 612, 614 Kitayama, K., 885, 886, 887, 888, 890, joint demodulation, 636 Karol, M., 371, 383 891, 894 Joint Photographic Experts Group 2000 Karp, S., 492, 494 Kitoh, T., 829, 830, 831, 837 (JPEG 2000), 233, 263 Karp, T., 484 Kittel, C., 832 image compression, 212, 215, 218, Kartashov, Y., 868, 876 Kivshar, Y. S., 861, 862, 863, 865, 877 223–224 Kasahara, R., 769 Klein, M. F., 829 Joint Photographic Experts Group Kasami, T., 549 Kleinrock, L., 34, 582 (JPEG), 215, 221–222 Kasami sequences, 549, 550 Klimesh, M., 244 994 INDEX knife edges, 341 label stack, 617 FAS principles of operation, Knight, J. C., 700 label-switching path (LSP) 777–778 Knightly, E. W., 585 optical switching techniques in WDM FAS switching architecture, Knights, A. P., 727 networks, 917, 924 779–780 Knisely, D., 676, 688 quality of service routing, 52 UTC-based pipeline forwarding, knockout switches, 377–378 statistical time division multiplexing, 778–779 known fair share mode, 71 587 UTC-based pipeline forwarding, Knox, F. M., 863 wavelength division multiplexing, 617 778–779 Knox, W. H., 820 label-switching procedure, 617–618 wavelength division multiplexing, 768 Knutson, C. D., 493 label-switching router (LSR) whole lambda switching, 770–771 Koch, B., 857 optical switching techniques in WDM lambda switch capable (LSC), 924 Kodama, Y., 863, 864, 873 networks, 917 lambda switching, 611 Koehl, S., 727 photonic, 894–895 Lamb waves, 838 Koenen, R., 259 quality of service routing, 52 LAN. See local area networks (LANs) Koga, T., 251 wavelength division multiplexing, 617 Landau-Placzek ratio, 819 Kogelnik, H., 756, 759, 831, 863 label-switching structure, 617 voice market, 4–9 Kohler, E., 72 Lacey, J. P. R., 788, 789 Lane, P. A., 769 Kohno, R., 675, 686 Lacroix, S., 846 Laplace transformation, 460 Kojo, M., 66 Lacy, R. E., 492, 502, 505 Laplacian distribution, 234, Kolokolov, A. A., 866 Lagali, N. S., 829, 837 236–237, 253 Kompella, R. R., 371 Lagrangian rate control, 241, 242 large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits, 403 Konar, S., 866 Lahanas, A., 68, 69, 71 largest factored queue length Koprinkov, I. G., 868 Laine, J.-P., 769 scheduling, 289 Korevaar, E., 901, 903, 904, 907 Lakshman, T. V., 369, 584 Larmouth, J., 77, 79 Korn, Arthur, 128–129 Lakshmanan, M., 867, 877 Larsen, T. T., 700 Korotky, S. K., 456, 716 Lam, S. S., 38, 68, 69, 72 laser diodes (LDs) Korteweg-de Vries equation, 861 Lamarr, Hedy, 538 optical sources, 745, 755–761 Koshiba, M., 868 lambda and sub-lambda switching, optical transmitters, 709–711, 716 Kosmidou, E. P., 700 767–782 tunable, 761–763 Kostal, H., 330 alignment, 777, 778, 779 laser drivers, 715 Kot, A. C., 540 asynchronous sub-lambda switching, laser gain curve, 754–755 Kot, K. C., 540 772–775 laser package, 716–717 Kovacˇ evic´, J., 209, 210 linear topology networks, 773–775 laser printers, 133 Koyama, F., 713 mesh topology networks, 773 laser rate equations, 710 Krähenbühl, R., 769 Banyan network, 780 laser retrorefl ectors, 902 Kramer, G., 469, 775, 951, 953 Bragg grating, 770 lasers Kramers-Kronig relation, 713, 856 cross talk, 769 free-space optics, 901 Krauss, T. P., 183, 184, 186, 188, demultiplexers, 774–775, 779 optical fi ber communications, 694 189, 190 Ethernet passive optical network, 775 optical sources, 751 Kribich, K. R., 845 FAS principles of operation, 777–778 retrorefl ectors, 902 Kriezis, E. E., 700 FAS switching architecture, 779–780 see also specifi c types of lasers Krishna, P., 386 insertion loss, 768 Lassalle, R., 591, 594 Krökel, D., 865 Kerr effect, 770 last byte acked, 65 Królikowski, W., 871 linear topology networks, 773–775 Laster, J. D., 449 Kronecker sums, 585 http://www.pbookshop.comMach-Zehnder interferometer, 769 last mile, 117, 313 Kruskal, M. D., 861 memory reduction techniques for latency, 368, 379, 623 Kubota, F., 911, 925 sub-lambda, 775–777 Lathi, B. P., 85, 86, 87, 88, 92, 94, 95, Kukshya, V., 907 mesh networks with arbitrary 98, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, Kularatna, N., 576 topology, 776–777 110, 111 Kulkarni, V. G., 586 mesh topology networks, 773 Latrasse, C., 856 Kumar, S., 863, 864 micro-electromechanical system, 769 lattice fi lters, 853–854 Kumar, V. P., 369 multicasting, 769 lattice solitons, 870 Kumaran, K., 386 multiplexer, 775 lattice vector quantization, 207 Kunz, O., 660, 661 optical memory and buffer, 771–772 Laude, J. P., 828 Kuo, G. S., 768 optical switching, 768–770 Laurent, P. A., 447 Kuokawa, T., 854 performance indexes, 768–769 Lauzon, J., 857 Kurashima, T., 818 technology overview, 769–770 Lavigne, B., 729, 733, 734 Kurose, J. F., 32, 38, 287, 366, 379, 401 passive optical networks, 773, 774 Law, C. T., 877 Kuznetsov, E. A., 866 performance indexes, 768–769 Lawrence, B., 867 Kuznetsov, M., 840, 842, 853 random access memory, 773, 776 layer-2 switch capable (L2SC), 924 Kyo-Seon, K., 829 regeneration, 772 layered compression, 285, 286 scalability, 769 layered multicast, 285 label distribution protocol (LDP), 52 semiconductor optical amplifi ers, 769 layer manager, 72 label edge routers (LERs), 617, 619–620 star couplers, 775 Lazzez, A., 910, 911, 913, 914, 925 label information base (LIB), 917 synchronous optical network, 768 LCD (liquid crystal display), 302 label object, 619 synchronous sub-lambda switching, Le, C., 948 label request, 619 777–780 leaf nodes, 200 labels, 52, 917 CTR and UTC accuracy, 779 leaky-bucket rate control algorithm, 252 INDEX 995 learning state, 396–397 light-intensity modulation pseudoternary codes, 522–523, 524, least cost routing, 122 recording, 804 529–530 least mean squares (LMS) lightpath, 910 return-to-zero codes, 524, 527–528 algorithm, 432 lightpath allocation algorithm, 911 substitution codes, 524, 530–531 least signifi cant bit (lsb), 191 lightpath groups, 911 ternary kBnT codes, 524, 533–534 leave message, 400 lightpaths line layer, 930 Leclerc, O., 729, 732, 733, 738, 739 management, 910–911 line of sight (LOS) LEDs. See light emitting diodes (LEDs) optical cross connects, 783, 787–788 free-space optics, 903, 905 Lee, C., 501 optical switching techniques in WDM wireless channels, 335, 338 Lee, E. A., 511, 524, 529, 530, 531, 535 networks, 919–920 line-of-sight requirements, 905 Lee, G. M., 504 wavelength division multiplexing, line overhead, 931, 936 Lee, H.-I., 386, 387 607, 613, 614 lines, 930, 931 Lee, R. K., 857 light propogation, 695–698 line-terminating equipment (LTE), 930 Lee, S., 493 light versus current (L/I), 709–710 link capacity adjustment scheme Lee, Y., 716 lightweight encoding rules (LWER), 79 (LCAS), 586, 943 Lees, G. P., 819 limited bandwidth allocation (LBA), 953 linking, 906 Le Floch, B., 600 limited conversion, 622 link management protocol (LMP), 924 left-circularly polarized, 746 limiting sharing with traffi c prediction link protection, 613, 920 Le Gall, D., 223 (LSTP), 953, 954 links, 25 Legge, G. E., 238 Lin, C., 863 link state acknowledgement, 50 Leitgeb, E., 903 Lin, S., 500 link state advertisements (LSAs), 49 Leland, W. E., 583 Lin, W.-P., 852 link state request, 50 Le Mercier, N., 456 Lin, Y. J., 591, 601 link state routing, 49–50 Lempel, Abraham, 195, 203, 216 Lindsey, W., 107, 111, 443, 519, 522, link state routing algorithm, 367 Lempel-Ziv (LZ) coding, 203, 210, 523, 524 link state update, 50 216, 315 linear amplifi cation with nonlinear LinuxNet, 394 Lempel, Ziv and Welch algorithm components (LINC), 599 Linz, A., 445, 446, 449 (LZW), 195, 203, 216 linear and time-invariant (LTI), 635 Lipson, M., 829, 830 length coupling, 837 linear block codes, 98 liquid crystal display (LCD), 302 length fi eld, 38 linear equalizers, 431 liquid crystal fi ber, 700 Lenz, G., 851, 852, 855, 856 linear feedback shift register (LFSR), liquid crystal (LC) tunable fi lter, 608 Leon-Garcia, A., 576 182, 548–549, 678 liquid crystal modulators, 703 Leontaris, A., 239 linearly polarized light, 746 liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS), 302 Lesh, J. R., 493 linear modulation methods, 111 listening state, 396–397 letterboxing, 298 linear modulation schemes, 633 list of insignifi cant pixels (LIP), 220 Leung, Y., 622 linear optical random access memory, list of insignifi cant sets (LIS), 220 Leuthold, P. E., 338 772, 773 list of signifi cant pixels (LSP), 220 Levin, L., 763 linear prediction, 272 Litchinitser, N. M., 871, 872 Levy, I. K., 237 linear time variant (LTV) channel, 344 Little, J. N., 183, 184, 186, 188, 189, 190 Li, B., 676, 688 linear topology networks, 773–775 Liu, W., 726 Li, G., 467, 468 line coding, 522–537 Liu, X., 457, 458, 459, 460, 463, 464, Li, G. L., 713, 758 biphase codes, 522, 524, 531–533 465, 469, 470, 547, 868 Li, J., 904 bipolar codes, 529 live streaming, 282 Li, K. H., 540 bit error, probability of, 523 Livny, M., 583 Li, S., 853 http://www.pbookshop.comdigital phase modulation, 511 Lloyd, S. P., 205, 215 Li, T., 287 digital transmission, 89–90 Lloyd algorithm, 205, 206, 207 Li, X., 436 high-density bipolar N, 91, 524, 531 Lloyd-Max quantizers, 215 Li, Y., 818, 822 mBnB block codes, 535 Lloyd quantizer, 205, 206 Liang, B. W., 760, 761, 763 multilevel block line codes, 524, 533 local access and transport areas Liaw, S. K., 787 non-return to zero, 89, 522, 524, (LATAs), 118, 173 Lifante, G., 831 525–527 local addresses, 45 lifetime carriers, 750, 758 optic fi ber systems, 534–535 local area network (LAN) address, 391 light, 696, 745 mBnB block codes, 535 local area networks (LANs) light amplitude by simulated emission power spectral density, 522, 523–524 bridges, 390 of radiation (laser). See lasers pseudoternary codes, 522–523, 524, carrierless amplitude phase light bullets, 867 529–530 modulation, 426 light confi nement, 756–757 public switched telephone conducted communications media, light emission, 752 network, 162 320, 321 light emitting diode drivers, 714 return to zero, 89, 522, 524, 527–528 data communications, 22, 25, 26 light emitting diode printers, 133 substitution codes, 524, 530–531 frequency division multiplexing, 553 light emitting diodes (LEDs) ternary kBnT codes, 524, 533–534 line coding, 532 conducted communications tree, 522 orthogonal frequency division media, 330 wireline systems, 524–534 multiplexing, 591 facsimile transmissions, 132 biphase codes, 522, 524, 531–533 passive optical networks, 948 optical fi ber communications, multilevel block line codes, routers, 364 693, 694 524, 533 statistical time division optical sources, 745, 748–750 non-return-to-zero codes, 524, multiplexing, 582 optical transmitters, 708, 709 525–527 switches, 375, 379–383 996 INDEX local area network (LAN) segment, 391 Love, J. D., 831 magneto-optical (MO) media, 795 local area network (LAN) switch, 391 lower sideband (LSB) magneto-optical (MO) recording, local calls, 118 amplitude modulation, 104 803–805 local codes, 160, 161 digital radio broadcasting, 659, 660 Mahanti, A., 288 (LEC), 118, 582 frequency division multiplexing, 556 Mahdavi, J., 285 local exchanges (LXCs), 159 lower single-sideband (LSSB), 107 Mahgerefteh, D., 738 locality, 311, 312 low-order virtual concatenation, 586 mailstore, 146, 147 local loop, 117, 158–159 low-pass fi lter (LPF), 86, 106, 445 main distribution facility (MDF), 316 local number portability, 6, 11 low pass (LP) fi ltering, 474 main profi le (MP), 257, 259 local voice market, 6–9 low probability of detection (LPD), 541 main program service (MPS), 653 Lochhead, D. L., 443 low probability of intercept (LPI), 541 main service channel (MSC), 647, 648, LoCicero, J. L., 89, 90 Lu, K., 622 660, 661 Lockwood, D. J., 727 Lu, Y.-Q., 700 main service multiplexer, 648 log-distance path loss with shadowing, Lucantoni, D. M., 584, 585 major synchronization, 79 340–341 Lucas, George, 293, 304 Majumder, A., 488 logical link control (LLC), 25, 30, Lucent Digital Radio, 644 makeup code words, 133, 135–136 32–33, 390 Lucent Technologies, 763 Malis, A., 942 logical topologies, 31 Ludwig, R., 66 Mallat, S. G., 209 logic functions, 873–875 Luise, M., 685 Malomed, B. A., 867, 868 logic gates, 873, 874 Lumeau, L., 857 Malvar, H., 249, 250 log likelihood value (L value), 483 luminance (luma), 246, 294 Mamaev, A. V., 871 Lohmeyer, M., 832 lumped amplifi cation, 863 Mamatas, L., 66, 67 Loi, C. -H., 914 lumped optical regeneration, 739 Mamyshev, P. V., 732, 864 Lome, L. S., 876 Luo, Y., 950, 953 managed objects (MOs), 176 Long, D. D. E., 287, 289 Lushnikov, P. M., 864 management information base long code, 678, 679 Luther-Davies, B., 865 (MIB), 174 long distance, 4–6, 7–9 Luzzone Dam, 818 management information tree long distance calls, 118 Lyman, S. P., 832 (MIT), 176 longitudinal modes, 753, 754 LZW (Lempel, Ziv and Welch) Manakov, S. V., 867, 877 longitudinal redundancy check (LRC), algorithm, 195, 203, 216 Manakov solitons, 867, 877 32, 355, 359 Manakov systems, 866, 867 Longley, A. G., 343 Ma, M., 953 Mance, Sir Henry Christopher Longley-Rice model, 343–344 Ma, X., 768 Manchester coding long-period fi ber grating (LPFG), MAC. See media access control (MAC) digital phase modulation, 511 855–856 Mach, Ernst, 694 digital transmission, 91 long-range dependence (LRD), 583 Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) line coding, 524, 531, 533, 535 long-term evolution, 629 fi ber-optic fi lters, 851, 853, 854 Mandayam, N., 448 long-term fi lter, 273 lambda and sub-lambda Maneuf, S., 867 long-term predictor, 273 switching, 769 Mannie, E., 586, 910, 918 Loomis, D. G., 7 optical couplers and splitters, Manning, R. J., 874 loopback testing, 723 838, 839 Mansfi eld, S. M., 809 loop deblocking fi lter, 249 optical cross connects, 785, 787 Mansuripur, M., 796, 797, 798, 800, 801, loop-free operation, 393 optical fi ber communications, 803, 804, 807 loop networks, 838 694–695 mapping of non-SONET payloads, 932 loops, 396–397 http://www.pbookshop.comoptical fi bers, 820 Maran, J. N., 820, 821 loop signaling, 169 optical signal regeneration, 733, 734 marathon runner, 127 loose secure routing, 41 Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) Marcellin, M. W., 210, 224, 236, Lopes, L. B., 484 minimum shift keying, 451 241, 242 Lorentzian lineshape, 755 optical differential phase shift keying, Marchant, A. B., 795, 797, 798, 802, loss in wireless channels, 338 456–457, 458, 466, 469 803, 804 lossless coding processes, 142 optical sources, 758 Marconi, Guglielmo, 629 lossless compression optical transmitters, 713–714, 716 Marcum Q function, 461, 465 data compression, 199–204 Mack, S., 665, 666 Marcuse, D., 831 digital communications, 630 MacKay, D. J. C., 181, 188 Mark, J., 340 image compression, 212, 222 macroblocks Markey, H. K., 538 information theory, 192 high-defi nition television, 295 marking, 624 speech and audio compression, 269 video compression, 245, 246, 247 Markov chain models, 584–585 video compression, 228 macro-optics, 846 marks, 525 lossless entropy coder, 229, 230–231 Maes, M. E., 545 Marmuth, H. F., 592 loss of signal (LOS), 173 Maggs, B., 361 Marom, E., 885 lossy coding processes, 142 Maglaris, B., 584 Marpe, D., 249 lossy compression magnetically amplifying magneto-optic Marsan, M., 773 data compression, 199, 204–210 system (MAMMOS), 809, 811 Mars Exploration Rover (MER), 244 digital communications, 630 magnetic fi eld modulation Marsh, L. M., 493 image compression, 212 recording, 804 Marstone, M. R., 836 information theory, 192 magnetic permeability, 745 Martin, D. L., 473 speech and audio compression, 269 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 190 Martin, J., 572 video compression, 228 magnetic super resolution (MSR), 810 Maruta, A., 864 INDEX 997

M-ary coherent phase shift keying McCanne, S., 285 mesh networks with arbitrary topology, signal, 515–516, 517 McCune, E., 449 776–777 M-ary communications, 95, 96–98 McDaniel, T. W., 804 mesh topologies, 322, 773, 905, 906 M-ary frequency shift keying (MFSK) McDonald Laser Ranging Station, 902 message confi rmation (MCF), 140 frequency modulation, 419, 421 McEliece, R. J., 500 message digest algorithm 5 (MD5), spread spectrum, 542, 547 McEntee, J., 864 56, 191 M-ary phase shift keying (M-PSK), 95, McFarland, R. I., 910 message redundancy, 189 96, 423–425 McGreer, K. A., 854 messages, 202 M-ary pulse position modulation, McIntyre-Conradi, 495 message signals, 509, 519 493–494 McIrvine, E. C., 179 message transfer part (MTP), 172–173 M-ary quadrature amplitude McKeown, N., 369, 370, 371, 377, 379, message transmissions, 138 modulation (M-QAM), 95, 96 383, 385, 386 messaging systems, 127–157 Masamura, T., 442 McKeown, R., 371 AMIS-analog specifi cation, Mascolo, S., 70, 72 McKinstrie, C. J., 729 150–151, 152 masking, 276 McLeod, R., 868, 873, 874 AMIS-digital specifi cation, 150, mask layer, 142 MCM. See multicarrier modulation 151–152 Mason, L. J., 442 (MCM) architecture and example systems, Masta, B., 182 McMichael Gilster, D., 539 150–155 master-slave synchronization mean delay spread, 347 AMIS-analog specifi cation, method, 168 mean excess delay, 347 150–151, 152 matched fi lter, 95 mean-fi eld approximation, 871 AMIS-digital specifi cation, 150, material dispersion, 819 mean opinion scores (MOS), 271 151–152 Mathis, M., 69, 285 mean square error (MSE), 214, audio messaging interchange matrix notation, 479–481 228, 484 specifi cation, 150 Matta, I., 71 Mear, R. J., 863 computer telephony Matthews, J., 392 measurement-based congestion control, integration, 152 Matthijs, C., 493 70–71 session initiation protocol, 153–155 Maughan, S. M., 817 measurements, 70 unifi ed messaging, 152–154 Maune, B., 703 Mecozzi, A., 821, 863 area code routing, 146 Max, J., 215 Médard, M., 926 audio messaging interchange MaxAge, 396, 398 media access control (MAC), 25, 33–34 specifi cation, 150 Maxemchuk, N. F., 776 addresses, 31, 33–34, 38, 376, 391 auto attendant, 147–148 Maxim Semiconductor, 416, 425 bridges, 390, 391 automatic call distribution, 146, 148 maximum a posteriori (MAP) data-link layer of the OSI model, 30, call directing applications, 146–150 decision, 637 31, 33–34 auto attendant, 147–148 maximum a posteriori (MAP) rule, 496 Ethernet protocol, 36 automatic call distribution, maximum delay spread, 347 MAC addresses, 33–34 146, 148 maximum excess delay, 347 passive optical networks, 948 interactive voice response, 148, 149 maximum factored queue length media gateway control protocol outbound dialers, 148–149 (MFQL) scheduling, 289 (MGCP), 176 voice messaging, 149–150 maximum information rate, 86 median edge detection predictor, 222 computer telephony integration, 152 maximum insertion loss, 835 media player, 282, 283 early applications, 129–130 maximum likelihood detection, media security, 331–332 facsimile, 127 496–497, 502, 505 mediatory destination, 60 early, 128–130 maximum likelihood detection rule, 637 http://www.pbookshop.commedical sensors, 493 group 2 standard, 131 maximum likelihood (ML) decision, medium interface connectors group 3 standard, 130, 496, 497 (MIC), 330 131–142, 145 maximum likelihood sequence medium’s refractive index, 698 group 4 standard, 131, 142–146 estimators (MLSEs), 725–726 megahertz (Mhz), 327 imaging, 132–133 maximum likelihood techniques, 801 Meidan, R., 675, 686 modern systems, 130–131 maximum number of equally spaced Meier-Hellstern, K. S., 583 printing, 132, 133 channels, 851–852 Meiseand, H. A., 492 group 2 standard, 131 maximum queue length (MQL) Meissner, M., 740 group 3 standard, 130, 131–142, 145 scheduling, 289 Melamed, B., 583 group 4 standard, 131, 142–146 maximum ratio combining (MRC), 686 Meltz, G., 855 history of, 127–131 maximum transfer unit (MTU), 366 member sets, 400 early applications, 129–130 maximum transmission unit (MTU), 38, memory, 89, 633 modern systems, 130–131 40, 64 memoryless image source, 228 imaging, 132–133 Maxwell, James Clerk, 696 memoryless symbols, 633 interactive voice response, 148, 149 Maxwell equations, 697 Mendez, A. J., 876 internet-based systems, 155 Maxwellian statistics, 821 Mengali, U., 685 outbound dialers, 148–149 Maxwell’s equations, 829 Mentzer, M. A., 829 printing, 132, 133 mBnB block codes, 535 Menyuk, C. R., 863, 864, 873, 877 private branch exchange, 146 McArthur, B., 901, 903, 904 mergers, 4, 7, 9, 13 protocols, new, 155 McAulay, R. J., 492, 505 Mermin, N., 869 session initiation protocol, 153–155 McBride, A. L., 441 Mertins, A., 218, 219, 221 unifi ed messaging, 152–154 McCall, M., 829, 830, 831, 837 Mervana, S., 948 voice messaging, 149–150 McCall, S. L., 864 Merwe, J. V. der, 285 voice processing, 146–150 998 INDEX

Messer, H. Donald, 659 Gaussian, 445–450 classifi cation schemes, 311–312 Messerschmitt, D. G., 511, 518, 524, implementation, 449–450 data access arrangement, 311 529, 530, 531, 535 mathematical model, 445–447 data communications basics, 20 Messiah, A., 187 performance, 447–449 data compression, 313, 315 metadata, 296 pulse-driven, 451 data pump unit, 311 metal oxide semiconductor fi eld effect receiver, 449–450 data rate, 313 transistors (), 719, 720 transmitter, 449 digital subscriber lines, 316–317 Metcalfe, R. M., 34, 36 implementation, 443–445 direct sequence spread spectrum, Metro Ethernet Forum, 401 Gaussian, 449–450 679–681 metropolitan area network (MAN), 25, receiver, 444 error checking, 313, 314–315 26, 320, 602 synchronization, 444–445 facsimile transmissions, 131 Metz, C., 368 transmitter, 443–444 functionality, 310–311 Meyer, M., 66 intersymbol interference, 444 data access arrangement, 311 Meyer, Y., 196 Mach-Zehnder modulators, 451 data pump unit, 311 Michel, M., 816 mathematical model, 438–440, microcontroller unit, 311 Michelson interferometer-based fi lters, 445–447 historical development, 309–310 853, 854 multi-amplitude, 450 locality, 312 Michelson interferometer (MI) N-GMSK, 450, 452 microcontroller unit, 311 optical couplers and splitters, offset quadrature phase-shift keying, modulation, 313–314 838, 839 440, 442, 443, 445 standards, 312–315 optical fi bers, 820 optical, 450–451 synchronicity, 312 optical signal regeneration, 733–734 performance, 440–443, 447–449 transmission modes, 311, 312 Mickelson, A. R., 716 phase-locked loop, 444 wireless modems, 317 microcomputer, 20 power spectral density, 440, 442 modes, 830 microcontroller unit (MCU), 311 pseudorandom binary sequence, 451 Modiano, E., 614 micro-electromechanical system, 763 receivers, 444, 449–450 modifi ed discrete cosine transform micro-electromechanical system staggered quadrature phase-shift (MDCT), 277 (MEMS) keying, 440 modifi ed Huffman (MH) code, 131–132, fi ber-optic fi lters, 850 synchronization, 444–445 133–136 free-space optics, 904 transmitters, 443–444, 449 modifi ed modifi ed READ (MMR) code, lambda and sub-lambda trees, 440, 442 133, 143–144 switching, 769 minimum wavelength isolation, 835 modifi ed READ (MR) code, 132, 133, optical cross connects, 785 Minkenberg, C., 386 136–137 micro-optics couplers and splitters, 846 Minoli, D., 553, 562 modulated data, 309 microsegmentation, 381 minor synchronization, 79 modulated wave, 102 Microsoft Corporation, 35, 665 Minowa, J., 856 modulated waveforms, 94 midtread quantizer, 242 mirror-based techniques, 289 modulation Mie scattering, 701 Missoula Plan, 9 analog modulation, 102 Mihalache, D., 867 Mitchell, J. L., 184, 194, 195 digital communications, 633–635 Mikkelsen, B., 464, 741 Mitchell, M., 870, 871 digital phase modulation, 509 Milani, S., 252, 253, 254 Mitchell, O. R., 216 digital radio broadcasting, 662 Miller, B. I., 749 Mitra, D., 585 frequency division multiplexing, 554 Miller, P. D., 875 Mitra, S., 242, 249, 252 modems, 313–314 Miller code, 91 Mitra, S. K., 593 passband transmissions, 93 millimeter wave, 834 http://www.pbookshop.comMitschke, F. M., 864 modulation and coding schemes millimeter-wave (MMW) systems, 905 mixed mode (MM), 132 (MCS), 486 Milonni, P. W., 751, 753, 761 mixed raster content (MRC), 132, 142 modulation effi ciency, 105 Milstein, L., 885 mixed traffi c switching capability, modulation index, 105, 414–415, 558 Milstein, L. B., 540, 675, 677, 686 386–387 modulation scheme, 438 Milster, T. D., 810 Miya, T., 854 modulation transfer function, 800 minimum coded unit (MCU), 230 Miyaji, S., 254, 255 modulator drivers, 716 minimum insertion loss, 835 Mizuochi, T., 469 modulators, 702–703, 713–714 minimum mean square error (MMSE), mobile internet protocol, 52–53 Moffat, A., 199, 210 482, 637 mobile provider (MP), 159 Möhrle, M., 738 minimum shift keying (MSK), 438–454 mobile terminal (MT), 676 Moision, B., 493, 496, 497, 500, 502, additive white Gaussian noise, modal codes, 531 503, 504 441–442, 444, 448 modal coupling, 837 Mok, J. T., 873 bandwidth, 441 modal dispersion, 607 mole fraction, 747 binary frequency shift keying, 443 mode conversion, 831 Molkdar, D., 338 bit error rate, 441–442 mode fi eld, 699 Mollenauer, L. F., 463, 464, 465, 863, carrier-suppressed return-to-zero, 451 mode hopping, 757 864, 865 continuous phase frequency shift mode-locked laser diode (MLLD), 888 Möller, L., 457 keying, 439–440, 445 modem-on-hold, 311 Moloney, A., 534, 535 continuous phase modulation, 450 modems, 309–319 moment generation function digital phase modulation, 510, 520 architecture, 311 (MGF), 460 extensions of, 450–451 broadband modems, 315–317 monochromaticity of lasers, 751 frequency modulation, 419 cable modems, 315–316 monochromatic light, 751 frequency shift keying, 438, 439 cable modem service, 12, 14 monochromatic tone, 183 INDEX 999 monomode fi bers, 699 lambda and sub-lambda multiple association object (MAO), 78 Monsen, P., 597 switching, 769 multiple-cavity transmission (MCT) Morais, D. H., 440, 441 multimedia streaming, 287 fi lters, 852 Morandotti, R., 869, 870 network layer protocol, 42 multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) more fl ag (MF), 55 optical cross connects, 787 transmission, 603, 640, 689 more fragments (MF) bit, 45 multi-casting capable WI-OXCs, multiple input/output-queued Morelos-Zaragoza, R., 361 790–791 (MIOQ), 386 Morgan, S., 371, 383 multi-casting capable WS-OXCs, multiple quantum well (MQW) Morioka, T., 873 790–791 retrorefl ectors, 907 Morita, I., 865 multicast open shortest path fi rst multiple system operators (MSOs), 13 Morookian, J., 876 (MOSPF), 51 multiplex confi guration information Morse, Samuel, 20, 127, 128, 309, 629 multicast overlay networks, 287 (MCI), 647, 648 Morse code, 128, 192, 193, 309, 629, 900 multicast queueing, 371–372, 386 multiplexer (MUX) Morthier, G., 734 multicast routing, 50–51 digital radio broadcasting, 647, 648 Morton, P. A., 864 multicast switching, 385–387 fi ber-optic fi lters, 851–852, 857–858 Mosier, R. R., 591, 592 multidescriptive coders, 271 lambda and sub-lambda most signifi cant bit (msb), 191 multidimensional (CAP) modulation, switching, 775 Motchenbacher, C. D., 720 435–436 optical cross connects, 784, 789 motion-compensated temporal multifrequency (MF) signaling, 169 pulse-amplitude modulation, 403 interpolation, 287 multihomed, 43 time division multiplexing, 569, 576 motion JPEG, 233, 234 multilevel block line codes, 524, 533 multiplexer (MUX) devices, 164 motion JPEG 2000, 233, 236, 263, 264 multiline transmission, three-level codes multiplexers and demultiplexers, 609 motion JPEG-LS, 233, 235–236 (MLT-3), 527 multiplexes, 166 Motion Picture Experts Group. See multilongitudinal mode (MLM) multiplexing MPEG (Motion Picture Experts lasers, 754 digital radio broadcasting, 661 Group) multimedia streaming, 282–292 fi ber-optic fi lters, 850 motion tracking, 195 admission control, 287 frequency division multiplexing, 558 motion vector, 251 batching, 287 statistical time division Mouftah, H. T., 910 client-side buffering, 286 multiplexing, 579 Mouftah, T., 907 error control, 286–287 multiplex section shared protection Mourad, A., 289 over the Internet, 285–287 rings (MSPRings), 940 MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group) periodic broadcasting, 288–289 multiplication noise, 722 data compression, 194–195 protocols, 283–285 multiplicative additive increase, digital radio broadcasting, 660 rate control, 285 multiplicative decrease high-defi nition television, 295, 301 rate shaping, 285, 286 (MAIMD), 69 image compression, 218 real-time protocols, 283–285 multiplicative decrease, 71 information theory, 194–195 request sharing, 289 multiplicative factor, 72 speech and audio compression, 279 resource sharing, 287–289 multiply and accumulate (MAC) video compression, 257–261 server design, 287–289 calculation, 184 MPS data (MPSD), 653 storage subsystem management, 289 multipoint control protocol m-sequence, 549, 550 stream merging, 287–288 (MPCP), 953 MSK. See minimum shift keying (MSK) multimode fi bers (MMFs), 330, 696, 698 multiport coupler, 840 MTU. See maximum transmission multimode graded-index fi bers, 698, 699 multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) unit (MTU) multimode interference (MMI) optical switching techniques in WDM Mu, R.-M., 457, 730, 863, 865 http://www.pbookshop.comcouplers, 844–845 networks, 909, 917, 918, 924 Muck, M., 486 multimode interference semiconductor quality of service routing, 52 Mueller Jr., M. L., 8 optical amplifi er (MMI-SOA), 733 routers, 370 Mukherjee, B., 614, 622, 775, 785, 910, multimode step-index fi bers, 698–699 statistical time division multiplexing, 920, 951, 953 multipage signal (MPS), 140 586, 587 Muller, S. H., 599 Multiparty Multimedia Session Control wavelength division multiplexing, 617 Müller-Weinfurtner, S., 484 (MMUSIC) Working Group, 153 see also generalized multiprotocol multi-access link control, 34 multipath channel, 592, 594 label switching (GMPLS) multi-amplitude MSK (MAMSK), 450 multipath fading, 337, 344 multiprotocol lambda switching multiamplitude shift keying multipath fading channel, 592 (MPl S), 617, 910, 917–918 (M-ASK), 96 multipath intensity profi le, 346, 347 multipulse pulse position modulation multicanonical Monte Carlo (MMC) multipath interference, 650 (MPPM), 493, 504 method, 460 multipath propagation (MP) multipurpose Internet mail extensions multicarrier modulation (MCM) spread spectrum signals, 685 (MIME), 80, 146 baseband transmission, 479 wireless channels, 336, 337–338, 340 multiquantum well (MQW), 761 digital communications, 634, 635 multipath spread, 345 multirate code division multiplexing, discrete multitone modulation, 473, multiple access, 639, 677 681–682 474–477 multiple-access channel, 489 multirate switching, 286 frequency division multiplexing, 553 multiple access interference (MAI), multisection lasers, 738–739 orthogonal frequency division 682–683 multisource agreements (MSAs), 717 multiplexing, 591, 592 multiple-access performance, 548 multistage switches, 167–168 multicast backbone (Mbone), 50 multiple access techniques, 98–99 multistation access units (MAUs), multicasting multiple association control function 322–323, 331 digital radio broadcasting, 644 (MACF), 78 multistep optical buffers, 913 1000 INDEX multi-user data detection (MUD), 683 high defi nition television, 294, network management systems (NMSs), multi-user power allocation, 489 295, 296 173–176 multiwavelength-selective fi lters natural sampled PAM, 87 network masks, 42 (MWSFs), 787 Nawab, S. H., 553 network number, 41 Muntz, R. R., 289 Naylor, W., 582 network performance, 173 Muquet, B., 485 Nazarathy, M., 469 network processor, 372–373 Murata, M., 886, 890 Nazari, N., 540 network protocol, 326 Murota, K., 438, 445, 448, 449 NComm, 575 network restoration and reliability, 924 Murray, D. N., 583 Ndousse, T., 911 network service signaling data units Musée National des Techniques, 128 Neal, R. M., 210 (NSDUs), 172–173 Musikant, S., 856 near-end cross talk (NEXT), 432–433, network time protocol (NTP), 284 must be zero (MBZ) bit, 45 436, 835 network topologies, 30, 31, 321–323 mutual synchronization, 168 near-end isolation, 835 network traffi c management, 173–174 MUX. See multiplexer (MUX) nearest neighbor quantizer, 206 network transmission basics, 320–323 Myers, A., 910 near-fi eld optical storage, 809–810 Neubelt, M. J., 864 MZI. See Mach-Zehnder NEC Corporation, 493 neutral PCM bit stream, 161 interferometer (MZI) negative acknowledgement (nack) new data fl ag (NDF), 932 block, 314 Newman, P., 370 nack (negative acknowledgement) neighborhood system, 222–223 new Reno, 69 block, 314 Nelson, L. E., 821 Newson, T. P., 817, 819 nack (not acknowledged) symbol, 33 Neshev, D., 868 next-generation modems, 309 Nagarajan, R., 727 nested service primitives model, 78 next generation network (NGN), 176 Nahory, R. E., 748 net neutrality, 15 next header, 54, 57 Nakada, T., 864 Netravali, A. N., 563 N-fold Kronecker sums, 585 Nakagome, H., 832 netstat** command, 48, 49 Ng, K. T., 255, 258, 259 Nakamura, S., 734, 748, 749 network access, 158–159 N-GMSK, 450, 452 Nakano, T., 810 network access code, 160 Nguyen, T., 196 Nakazawa, M., 739, 865 network address translation (NAT), 45, Nguyen, V. T., 777, 780 named pipes, 81 59, 365 Ni, L. M., 287 Namihira, Y., 822, 824 network address translation-protocol Nikbin, D., 763 nano-emissive display, 302 translation (NAT-PT), 59 Ninke, W. H., 141 Naoya, W., 911, 925 network architectures, 620–621, 912 Nipkow, Paul Gottlieb, 293 Narayan, P., 546 network as a black box, 68–70 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT), narrowband, 676–677 network attached storage (NAS), 301 535, 886, 954 narrowband angle modulation, 110 network blocking, 790 Nishihara, H., 830, 831 narrowband fi ltering (NF), 732 network computer (NC), 20 Niu, G., 726 narrowband frequency modulation network data representation (NDR), 81 N-level pulse amplitude modulation (NBFM), 415 network driver interface specifi cation (N-PAM), 405 narrowband pass fi lters (NBPF), (NDIS), 35 nodes, 31, 58, 321 443, 448 network elements (NEs), 930, 935 noise, 718–720 narrowband phase modulation (NBPM), network engineering, 925 analog transmission, 103–104 421–422 network interface card (NIC), 321, digital communications, 630–631, NASA (National Aeronautics and Space 325, 329 635–636 Administration), 227, 238, network interfaces, 364–366 digital transmission, 84–85, 94–95 244, 493 http://www.pbookshop.comnetwork layer of the OSI model, 24–25 error sources, 353–354 Nash equilibrium, 489 addressing, 57–58 fl icker noise, 719–720 Nashimoto, K., 769 classless interdomain routing, 43–44 Fourier transform, 719 Nasiopoulos, P., 256 fragmentation and reassembly, 45–46 frequency modulation, 417–418 National Aeronautics and Space header structure, 54–57 information theory, 181 Administration (NASA), 227, 238, Internet protocol 4, 53 interference, 718 244, 493 Internet protocol 6, 53–58 modems, 313 National Association of Broadcasters addressing, 57–58 shot noise, 719 (NAB), 304, 644, 663, 667 header structure, 54–57 sources, combining, 720 National Association of Regulatory Internet protocol security, 59–60 thermal noise, 718–719 Utility Commissioners (NARUC), 9 IP addressing, 41–42 noise capture, 418 National Bureau of Standards IPV4 and IPV6 interoperability, noise fi gure (NF), 460 (NBS), 815 58–59 noise in communication systems, 84–85 National Communications System, 609, mobile internet protocol, 52–53 noise limited systems, 636 612, 918, 924 multicast routing, 50–51 noise suppression, 274 National Radio Systems Committee network address translation, 45 Noll, A., 102 (NRSC), 643–644, 652, 653, 654, and protocols, 40–62 Noll, P., 204, 208, 215 657, 658, 659, 660, 667 quality of service routing, 51–52 nonblocking operation, 769 National Telecommunications and routers, 364 nonblocking optical cross connects, 785 Information Administration, 229 routing, 47–50 noncoherent demodulator, 450 National Television System subnetting, 42–43 noncoherent detection, 419–420 Committee (NTSC) virtual private networks, 60 nondata-aided systems, 433 frequency division multiplexing, 562, network layer protocols, 40–42, 47–50 nondecision-directed algorithm, 563, 564 Network Magazine, 326, 327 433, 434 INDEX 1001 nondelivery notifi cation (NDN), 152 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 190 Olifer, N., 392 nonlinear absorption devices, 737–738 Nuechterlein, J. E., 12 Olifer, V., 392 nonlinear coupled mode equations numbering plan, 160 Ollier, E., 769 (NLCMEs), 872 number of active connections O’Mahony, M. J., 615, 616 nonlinear dispersion-shifted fi ber (NAC), 583 Omura, J. K., 680 (HNL-DSF), 888–889 number of fragment blocks (NFB), 45 one-dimensional discrete cosine nonlinear equalizers, 431 numerical aperture (NA), 697–698, 796 transform (1D-DCT), 259 nonlinearities of semiconductor optical Nyberg, A., 670 O’Neil, S., 218 amplifi ers, 733–737 Nyquist, 677, 678 O’Neill, R., 484 nonlinear modulation schemes, 633 Nyquist criterion, 476 one-layer strip, 142 nonlinear modulator, 107 Nyquist criterion for zero ISI, 92 one over f (1/f) noise, 719–720 nonlinear optical effects, 702 Nyquist fi lter, 92, 598 one-way scheme, 618 nonlinear optical gates, 731 Nyquist frequency Ono, T., 887 nonlinear optical loop mirrors (NOLMs) information theory, 184, 186, 187, 190 on-off keying (OOK) optical signal regeneration, 730, pulse-amplitude modulation, 408–410 digital communications, 634 739–740 Nyquist noise, 353 optical differential phase shift keying, synchronous OCDM, 888, 889 Nyquist rate, 86, 88 455, 456 nonlinear phase shift compensation Nyquist theorem optical fi ber communications, 692 (NPSC) scheme, 465 digital communications, 631 optical receivers, 724 nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR), public switched telephone optical signal regeneration, 729 733, 735–736 network, 162 optical transmitters, 708 nonlinear refractive index, 822–824 speech and audio compression, 268 pulse position modulation, 503–504 nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation, time division multiplexing, 573 on-off signaling, 525 861, 865, 866, 869, 870 Ooghe, S., 948 nonlithographic scheme, 877 OADMs. See optical add-drop open data-link interface (ODI), 35 nonmodal codes, 530–531 multiplexers (OADMs) open host group concept, 399 nonpolar NRZ, 511 Obaidat, M. S., 925 open network computing (ONC), non-radiative de-excitation, 752 O’Brien, D. C., 904, 907 81, 82 nonreceipt notifi cation (NRN), 152 OBS. See optical burst switching (OBS) open shortest path fi rst (OSPF), 40, nonrepudiation capability, 122 obstructions and line of sight, 903 49–50, 367–368 non-return to zero (NRZ) OCDMA network, 842, 843 open system interconnection (OSI), 131, alternate mark inversion codes, 529 octave-band decompositions, 218, 142, 151 digital phase modulation, 511 219, 221 open system interconnection (OSI) Gaussian minimum shift keying, 445 ODBPSK. See optical differential binary model, 23–25, 76–77 line coding, 89, 522, 524, 525–527 phase shift keying (ODBPSK) application layer, 24, 76, 77–78 optical differential phase shift odd erroneous bits, 358 data-link layer. See data-link layer of keying, 457 odd parity, 23 the OSI model optical fi ber communications, 693 ODPSK. See optical differential phase network layer. See network layer of optical receivers, 723 shift keying (ODPSK) the OSI model optical signal regeneration, 736 OFC. See optical fi ber communications physical layer, 24–25 optical transmitters, 708 (OFC) presentation layer, 24, 78–79 pulse-amplitude modulation, 403, OFDM. See orthogonal frequency session layer, 24, 79–80 404, 406, 407 division multiplexing (OFDM) Signaling System Number 7 spread spectrum signals, 677 OFDM multiple access (OFDMA), 639 (SS-7), 172 non-return-to-zero codes, 524, 525–527 http://www.pbookshop.comOfek, Y., 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, statistical time division non-return to zero invert (NRZ-I), 525 779, 780 multiplexing, 580 non-return to zero level (NRZ-L), 524, off-premises exchanges (OPX), 159 transport layer. See transport layer of 525, 526 offramp gateway, 146 the OSI model non-return to zero mark (NRZ-M), 524, offset quadrature phase-shift keying open system interconnectivity 525, 526 (OQPSK) (OSI), 312 non-return to zero space (NRZ-S), 524, digital phase modulation, 519 operation, administration, and 525, 526 minimum shift keying, 440, 442, maintenance (OAM), 952 nonswitched services, 159 443, 445 operational distortion-rate curves, 214 nonuniform quantization, 87 Oguma, M., 853 operations, administration, normalized frequency, 756 Öhlén, P., 731 maintenance, and provisioning normalized frequency parameter, 699 Ohmori, E., 342 (OAM&P), 610, 929, 936, 952 Norros, I., 583, 584, 585 Ohno, H., 818 Oppenheim, A. V., 85, 86, 182, 183, 184, Nortel, 955 Ohno, K., 445 185, 189, 480, 553 North American Air Defense Command Ohta, N., 811 Oprysko, M. M., 726 (NORAD), 309 Ohtsuki, T., 493, 504 OPS. See optical (OPS) North American Numbering Plan oil and coal drilling, 493 optical add-drop multiplexers Administration (NANPA), 160 Ojanpera, T., 687 (OADMs) not acknowledged (nack) symbol, 33 Okamoto, S., 783, 784, 786, 787 optical cross connects, 785 notch fi lter, 420 Okawa, K., 682 optical differential phase shift notifi cation messages, 50 Okumura, Y., 342 keying, 464 Novell, 35 Okumura model, 342, 343 reconfi gurable, 455 NRZ. See non-return to zero (NRZ) Okuno, M., 841 optical multiplexing techniques, Nuasis Corporation, 146 Ölçer, S., 485 607, 609 1002 INDEX optical amplifi ers chromatic dispersion, 463 as electromagnetic wave, 696 optical fi ber communications, fi ber nonlinearity, 464–466 in multimode fi bers, 696–697 695, 703 implementation, 456–459 optics laws, 697–698 optical multiplexing techniques, 607, optical fi ltering, 464 modulators, 702–703 608–609 polarization mode dispersion, 455, multimode fi bers, 696–697 repeaters, 705 463–464 optical devices, 702–706 optical buffering, 622, 913, 916 transmission performance, 463 amplifi ers, 695, 703 optical buffer insertion ring or bus, optical differential multilevel phase shift chirped fi ber Bragg gratings, 774–775 keying (ODMPSK), 466–469 704–705 optical burst switching (OBS) optical differential phase shift keying circulators, 702 contention resolution, 622–623 (ODPSK), 455–472 fi ber Bragg gratings, 703–704 optical differential phase shift back-to-back performance, 459–463, fi lters, 705 keying, 470 466–467 modulators, 702–703 optical switching techniques in WDM chromatic dispersion, 455, 463 repeaters, 705–706 networks, 909, 911–914, 920–923 detection of, 469 switches, 702–703 quality of service, 624, 913–914 eye diagrams, 459 optical fi bers, 698–700 wavelength division multiplexing, fi ber nonlinearity, 464–466 characteristics of, 700–702 606–607, 616–617 optical differential 8-ary phase shift conventional, 698–699 contention resolution, 622–623 keying, 456, 458, 467–468 fabrication of, 700 optical burst switching signaling optical differential binary phase shift unconventional, 699–700 schemes, 618–619 keying, 456–466 optical receivers, 693, 695 optical carrier level n (OC-n) back-to-back performance, 459–463 repeaters, 695, 705–706 public switched telephone chromatic dispersion, 463 switches, 702–703 network, 165 fi ber nonlinearity, 464–466 transmission systems, 693–695 synchronous optical network, implementation, 456–459 optical receivers, 695 930–931 optical fi ltering, 464 optical transmitters, 694–695 synchronous optical network polarization mode dispersion, 455, transmitters, 693, 694–695 technique, 610 463–464 unconventional optical fi bers, time division multiplexing, 577 transmission performance, 463 699–700 optical carriers (OC), 582, 610, 930 optical differential multilevel phase optical fi bers optical circulator (OC), 787 shift keying, 466–469 characterization of, 815–827 optical code division multiplexing polarization multiplexed attenuation, 815–817 (OCDM) systems. See ODPSK, 469 chromatic dispersion, 819–821 synchronous optical code division pulse amplitude modulation, cross-phase modulation, 822, 823 multiplexing systems 468–469 distributed stress, 817–819 optical code path, 891 optical differential quadrature phase line coding, 534–535 optical codes (OC), 891 shift keying, 456, 466–467 nonlinear refractive index, 822–824 optical communications links, 492–493 back-to-back performance, 466–467 optical couplers and splitters, 831 optical components, 607–609 implementation, 466–467 polarization-dependent loss, 821–822 optical computing, 877 transmission performance, 466–467 polarization mode dispersion, 817, optical couplers (OCs), 775, 828–829 optical fi ltering, 455, 464 821–822 optical couplers and splitters, 828–849 optical modulation formats, 455–456 pulse-amplitude modulation, coupling parameters, 834–835 optical packet switching, 469, 470 403, 412 features and characteristics, 835–836 optical regeneration, 469 temperature monitoring, 817–819 technologies, 846 http://www.pbookshop.comoptical transport networks, 455 wavelength division multiplexing, theories related to, 829–832 polarization mode dispersion, 455, 606, 607–608, 819 types of, 836–846 463–464 optical fi lters, 455, 464, 695 waveguide structures and polarization multiplexed ODPSK, 469 optical frequency shift keying (OFSK), technologies, 832–834 pulse amplitude modulation, 468–469 455–456 optical cross connects (OXCs), 783–794 transmission performance, 463, optical integrated circuits (OICs), 829 generic architecture, 784–785 466–467 optical interconnects, 876–877 multi-casting capable, 790–791 wavelength conversion, 469 optical isolators, 710 optical multiplexing techniques, optical differential quadrature phase optical label switching (OLS) 607, 609 shift keying (ODQPSK), 456, optical switching techniques in WDM optical switching techniques in WDM 466–467 networks, 909, 916–919, 923–924 networks, 910 optical disc storage, 795–800 wavelength division multiplexing, wavelength division multiplexing, optical-electrical-optical (OEO) 606–607, 617–620, 622 607, 609, 784 repeaters, 705, 706 optical label switching routers (OLSRs), wavelength-interchangeable, 787–790 optical fi ber communications (OFC), 918, 923 wavelength-selective, 785–787 692–707 optical layer, 930 optical delay interferometer (ODI), 458 amplifi ers, 695, 703 optical line terminals (OLTs) optical devices, 695, 702–706 Bragg grating equation, 761 optical couplers and splitters, 837 optical differential 8-ary phase shift chirped fi ber Bragg gratings, 704–705 passive optical networks, 950–952, keying (OD8PSK), 456, 458, circulators, 702 953–954, 955 467–468 conventional optical fi bers, 698–699 optical load oscillator (OLO), 455 optical differential binary phase shift fi ber Bragg gratings, 703–704 optical memories, 795–814 keying (ODBPSK), 456–466 fi lters, 705 advanced magneto-optical recordings, back-to-back performance, 459–463 light propogation, 695–698 810–811 INDEX 1003

astigmatic method of disc optical minimum shift keying (OMSK), SOA-based interferometers, 733–734 storage, 798 450, 451 synchronous modulation, 739 Blu-ray disc, 808–809 optical modulation formats, 455–456 XPM-induced chirp fi ltering, 737 compact disc, 806–807 optical modulators, 702–703 optical signals, 745–746 data encoding, 800–801 optical multiplexing, 569 optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) data recovery, 800–801 optical multiplexing techniques, nonlinearities of semiconductor differential time detection, 800 607–611 optical amplifi ers, 733–737 digital versatile disc, 795, 805, 806, optical network terminals (ONTs), optical differential phase shift keying, 807–808 950–952, 953–954, 955 455, 456, 460, 461, 462–463 disc storage, 795–800 optical network units (ONUs) optical signal regeneration, 733 astigmatic method, 798 optical couplers and splitters, 837 optical slotted ring or bus, 774, 775 data encoding, 800–801 passive optical networks, 950–952, optical solitons, 861–884 data recovery, 800–801 953–954, 955 blocking, routing, and time gating, differential time detection, 800 optical packet switching (OPS) 875–876 focusing, 796–798 optical differential phase shift keying, Bragg solitons, 871–873 pupil obscuration method, 469, 470 described, 861 797–798 optical switching techniques in WDM discrete optical solitons, 868–870 radial push-pull method, 798–800 networks, 909, 914–916 gap solitons, 871–873 radial wobble method, 798, 799 quality of service, 916 incoherent spatial solitons, 870–871 read channel, 801 wavelength division multiplexing, logic functions, 873–875 stylus, 796 606–607, 615–617, 622 optical computing, 877 three-spot method, 798, 799 optical packet switching networks, optical interconnects, 876–877 tracking, 798–800 914–916 spatial optical solitons, 865–867 domain wall displacement optical path networks, 891–893 spatio-temporal solitons, 867–868 detection, 810 optical phase shift keying (OPSK), 455 temporal solitons in focusing, 796–798 optical random access memory (O- telecommunications systems, full width at half maximum, 796, 807 RAM), 771, 772 861–865 future of, 809–813 optical receivers, 708, 720–728 optical sources, 745–766 advanced magneto-optical electronic technologies, 726 absorption, 752 recordings, 810–811 optical fi ber communications, atomic energy levels, 752 domain wall displacement 693, 695 band gaps, direct and indirect, detection, 810 optical multiplexing techniques, 746–747 holographic memory, 811–813 607, 608 conversion coeffi ciency, 750 hybrid recording, 811 optoelectric integrated circuits, current and carrier confi nement, 756 magnetically amplifying magneto- 726–727 distributed Bragg refl ected lasers, optical system, 811 photodetectors, 720–722 758–760 magnetic super resolution, 810 photonic integrated circuits, 726–727 distributed feedback, 758–760 near-fi eld optical storage, 809–810 receiver blocks, 725–726 external cavity tunable laser HD-DVD and Blu-ray disc, 808–809 specifi cations, 723 diodes, 763 history of, 805–809 transimpedance amplifi ers, 722–725 Fabry-Perot laser resonator, 753–754 Blu-ray disc, 808–809 wavelength division multiplexing, laser diodes, 745, 755–761 compact disc, 806–807 607, 608 current and carrier confi nement, 756 digital versatile disc, 807–808 optical regeneration, 469 distributed Bragg refl ected lasers, HD-DVD and Blu-ray disc, 808–809 optical resolution, 764–765 758–760 holographic memory, 811–813 http://www.pbookshop.comoptical signal regeneration, 729–744 distributed feedback, 758–760 hybrid recording, 811 differential phase shift keying light confi nement, 756–757 intersymbol interference, 800 transmission, 741 modulation response, 758 Kerr effect, 804, 810 electro-absorption modulator, 738 operating characteristics and magnetically amplifying magneto- gain-clamped SOAs, 734–735 conversion effi ciency, 757–758 optical system, 811 gain saturation of quantum dot SOA, tunable, 761–763 magnetic super resolution, 810 736–737 vertical-cavity surface-emitting near-fi eld optical storage, 809–810 generic principle of, 731–732 laser, 760–761 pupil obscuration method, 797–798 multisection lasers, 738–739 laser fundamentals, 751–755 radial push-pull method, 798–800 nonlinear absorption devices, laser gain curve, 754–755 radial wobble method, 798, 799 737–738 lasing modes, 754–755 read channel, 801 electro-absorption modulator, 738 light confi nement, 756–757 read-only storage, 801–802 saturable absorber, 737–738 light emission, 752 readout and recording processes nonlinearities of semiconductor light emitting diodes, 748–750 read-only storage, 801–802 optical amplifi ers, 733–737 modulation response rewritable recording, 803–805 nonlinear optical loop mirror, laser diodes, 758 write-once recording, 802–803 739–740 light emitting diodes, 750 rewritable recording, 803–805 nonlinear polarization rotation, 733, operating characteristics and signal-to-noise ratio, 811 735–736 conversion effi ciency, 757–758 stylus, 796 pump-modulated four-wave optical dispersion and resolution, three-spot method, 798, 799 mixing, 741 763–764 tracking, 798–800 qualifi cation of, 732–733 optical signals, 745–746 video compact disc, 807 saturable absorber, 737–738 population inversion and pumping, write-once recording, 802–803 self-phase modulation, 729, 740–741 752–753 1004 INDEX optical sources (cont.) modulators, 713–714 transmission of OFDM signals, quasi-continuous wavelength optical fi ber communications, 597–599 tuning, 763 694–695 wireless local area networks, 601 semiconductor materials, 746–748 packaging, 716–717 orthogonality, 440 band gaps, direct and indirect, performance evaluation, 717–718 orthogonality criteria, 426, 427, 428, 746–747 wavelength division multiplexing, 434, 475–476 material, band-gap and wavelength, 607, 608, 712 orthogonal minimum shift keying, 450 747–748 optical transponder, 455 orthogonal variable spreading factor spectral lineshape and linewidth, 755 optical waveguides, 829–830 (OVSF), 682, 684 spectral width, 749–750 optical waveguide theory, 829 Ortiz, G. G., 493 spontaneous emission, 752 optic fi ber systems, 534–535 Osborne, M. J., 540 stimulated emission, 752 optimal Wiener fi ltering, 186 oscillations, 737 tunable laser diodes, 761–763 optimum fi ltering, 636 OSI. See open system interconnection vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser, optimum threshold detection, 95–96 (OSI); open system 760–761 optional fi le transfer mode, 141 interconnection (OSI) model optical spectrum, 189 options, 41, 65 OSI model. See open system optical switch fabric (OSF), 912 options fi eld, 54 interconnection (OSI) model optical switching, 768–770 opto-couplers, 836 Osorio, R. R., 249 optical switching techniques in WDM opto-electric wavelength converters, 785 Ossieur, P., 955 networks, 909–928 optoelectronic integrated circuits Osterman, J., 207 contention resolution, 913, 915, (OEICs), 726–727 Ostermann, J., 286 916, 919 opto-electronic (OE) devices, 700, 705 Ostrovskaya, E. A., 876 lightpath allocation algorithm, 911 opto-isolator, 829 Ostrovsky, L. A., 861 lightpath management, 910–911 opto-optical switches, 770 Othonos, A., 828, 836, 851 multiprotocol label switching, 917 ordered dithering scheme, 141, 142 Ott, H., 718 multiprotocol lambda switching, Orenstein, M., 460, 877 Otto, C., 36 917–918 organic light-emitting diode, 302 outbound dialers, 148–149 network architecture, 912 organizationally unique identifi er (OUI), outer sheath, 323 optical burst-switching networks, 33, 391 out-of-area calls, 118 911–914 original bytes, 67 out-of-band transmission, 372 optical label-switching networks, orthogonal frequencies, 421 out-of-frame, 936 916–919 orthogonal frequency division output buffer, 403, 622 optical packet switching networks, multiplexing (OFDM), output contention, 370 914–916 591–605 output ports, 366, 376 contention resolution, 916 applications of, 601–603 output queueing, 370, 383 packet delineation and broadband wireless access, 602–603 output scheduler, 372 synchronization, 916 carrier frequency offset outside envelopes, 26–27 quality of service, 916 synchronization, 600 Ouyang, F., 948 technology, 915 cell mapping, 661 Øverby, H., 915 packet delineation and coded OFDM, 597 overhead, 67, 935–937 synchronization, 916 cyclic prefi x, 594–597 overlapping pulse position modulation quality of service DFT window timing, 600 (OPPM), 504–505 optical burst-switching networks, digital broadcasting, 600, 601 over modulated, 104 913–914 digital communications, 635, Owen, M., 739 optical packet switching http://www.pbookshop.com637–638, 639 Owyang, G. H., 829 networks, 916 digital radio broadcasting, 645, 646, OXCs. See optical cross connects (OXCs) wavelength routing networks, 911 649, 653–657, 661–662 signaling, 910, 919–924 discrete Fourier transform, 593–594 packaging, 716–717 switching perspectives, 925–926 discrete multitone modulation, 473 packed encoding rules (PER), 79 wavelength routing networks, fourth-generation mobile packet drivers, 35 910–911 communication systems, 603 packet fi ltering, 365 lightpath allocation algorithm, 911 frequency division multiplexing, 553 packet forwarding, 40, 364, 365–366 lightpath management, 910–911 multiple access, 639 packet level congestion, 584 quality of service, 911 multiple input, multiple output packet lifetime control, 365 optical taps, 835, 840 transmission, 603 packet loss, 623 optical time division multiplexing origins, 591–593 packet networks, 269–271 (OTDM), 610, 611, 885 power amplifi cation of signals, packet over SONET (POS), 929 optical time-domain refl ectometer 598–599 packet queueing, 383 (OTDR), 816–817 principles of, 591–597 packet replication, 385–386 optical time to live (OTTL), 919, 923 reception of OFDM signals, 599–600 packets optical to electrical (O-E), 621, 693 carrier frequency offset bridges, 392 optical transmitters, 708–718 synchronization, 600 conducted communications media, 321 driver circuits, 714–716 DFT window timing, 600 data communications, 27 laser diodes, 709–711 resolution of digital-to-analog multi-access link control, 34 light emitting diodes, 709 converter, 597–598 switches, 383 light sources, 709–713 resource allocation, 600–601 packet scheduling, 52, 366 laser diodes, 709–711 signal generator, 661–662 packet-switch capable (PSC), 924 light emitting diodes, 709 subcarrier recovery, 600 packet switches, 383–384 INDEX 1005 packet traffi c features, 583–584 Ethernet, 948, 952–954, 955 perceptual audio coding, 645 packet transmission, 366 fi ber-optic access, 950 perceptual coding techniques, 645 pad 1, 54 free-space optics, 906 perceptual error, 238 padding fi eld, 56 Gigabit-capable, 954–955 perceptual model, 276, 277 Padgett, J. E., 675 lambda and sub-lambda switching, perfect reconstruction (PR), 218, 476 Padhye, J., 72, 285 773, 774 perfect reconstruction fi lter bank, 209 pad length, 57 optical couplers and splitters, performance evaluations, 717–718 Padmanabhan, V., 71 837, 841 performance indexes, 768–769 pad n, 54 wavelength division multiplexed, 948, performance metrics, 67–68, 379, 584 pagoda broadcasting, 289 955–956 periodic broadcasting, 288–289 Paige, E. G. S., 704 passive optical network sub-lambda Perlin, V., 873 Painchaud, Y., 857 switching, 775 Perlman, R., 382, 391, 392 Palais, J. C., 493 pass mode, 137 permanent host groups, 50 Palmieri, L., 821, 822 Pasupathy, S., 438, 440, 443, 444, perpetual estimate of audio quality P-Alter-Connect, 79 445, 448 (PEAQ), 271 PAM. See pulse-amplitude modulation patching, 287–288 perpetual estimate of speech quality (PAM) Patel, B. P., 89, 90 (PESQ), 271 Panda, M. K., 789 path layer, 930 perpetually lossless coding Panetta, K., 207 path loss (PL), 338, 339–340 techniques, 269 Panicia, M., 727 path loss with shadowing (PLWS), 341 Perry, J. S., 240 Panko, R. R., 122 path maximum transmission unit, 46 personal area networks (PANs), 539 pantelegraph, 128, 129 path message, 619 personal communication systems Papadimitriou, G. I., 606, 608, 610, 613, path overhead (POH), 610–611, 932, (PCS), 343 614, 617, 622, 909, 925, 926 936–937 personal video recorders (PVRs), 303 Papadimitriou, P., 71, 73 path protection, 613, 920 Personick, S. D., 725 Papakonstantinou, I., 696, 706 paths, 930 Pertsch, T., 869 Papanicolaou, G., 868 path selection, 910, 919 Pesach, B., 769 Papazoglou, C., 909, 926 path-terminating equipment (PTE), 930 Pesavento, G., 775, 953 Paradyne Corporation, 426 Pattavina, A., 777, 780 Petersen, B. R., 433 parallel architecture, 404 Patterson, D. B., 872 Peterson, D. W., 342 parallelism, 368, 369–370 Pavesi, L., 727 Peterson, L. L., 70, 378 parallel optical random access memory, Paxson, V., 69, 583 Peterson, R. L., 541, 542, 549 772, 773 payload, 40 Peterson, W. W., 361, 678 parallel switching architecture, 386 payload area, 944 Pettit, R., 492 parallel transmission, 22 payload capacity, 932 Peyla, P. J., 645 parameter coders, 210 payload data, 56, 574 Pezer, R., 868, 869 parametric audio coding, 280 payload FCS indicator (PFI), 944 Pfl etschinger, S., 486 parametric coders, 272 payload frame check sequence P frames (predicted frames), 295–296 Parhi, K. K., 435, 436 (pFCS), 944 phase alternating line (PAL), 294, Pâris, J.-F., 289 payload identifi cation, 284 562, 563 parity-based techniques, 289 payload length, 54, 55 phase-change recording, 802–803, 803 parity bits, 23, 191 payload length indicator (PLI), 944 phase-coherent demodulator, 107 parity check, 32, 173, 355, 359 payload mappings, 932 phase difference, 746 Park, K. H., 834 payload type identifi er (PTI), 944 phase-locked loop (PLL) Parker, T. R., 819 http://www.pbookshop.compay-per-view (PPV), 303 amplitude modulation, 106 Parkinson, B. W., 539 PBX. See private branch exchange angle modulation, 112 Parseval’s theorem, 185 (PBX) digital phase modulation, 519 partial transmit sequence (PTS), 599 PCM. See pulse code modulation (PCM) frequency modulation, 417 particle-wave duality, 187 peakedness value, 584 Gaussian minimum shift keying, 449 partitions, 288–289 peak power, 498 minimum shift keying, 444 Partridge, C., 32, 369 peak power constraint, 496 pulse-amplitude modulation, 403 party lines, 193 peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), phase modulation (PM), 414, 421–425 passband, 851 228–229 analog modulation, 103 passband modulation, 511 peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), angle modulation, 109 passband signal representation, 511–512 484, 598, 599 basic phase shift keying, 422–423 passband transmissions Pearlman, W. A., 220, 221 binary phase shift keying, 424 amplitude shift keying, 93 Pearsall, T. P., 753 digital signals, 422–425 analog transmission, 112 Pearton, S., 748, 749 frequency, 421 digital phase modulation, 509 Peccianti, M., 874 frequency division multiplexing, 555 digital transmissions, 84, 93–94 Pedrotti, K. D., 710, 715 M-ary phase shift keying, 423–425 Passin, T. B., 183, 184, 187 pel, 132, 133 modems, 314 passive optical couplers, 836–837 Peled, A., 594 optical differential phase shift passive optical networks (PONs) Pellaux, J. P., 820 keying, 455 asynchronous transfer mode, 952 Peltier thermoelectric devices, 757 optical fi ber communications, 702 broadband, 952 Penick, D. B., 581 optical signal regeneration, 732 broadband access, 948–957 Pennebaker, W. B., 184, 194 phase shift keying, 422–425 access technologies, 948–950 Pennings, E. C. M., 844 basic, 422–423 cable modems, 949–950 percentage allocation routing, 146 M-ary, 423–425 1006 INDEX phase modulation (cont.) Pilipetskii, A. N., 863 polarization fi ltering (PF), 461 sensitivity, 421 pillar boxing, 298 polarization-maintaining coupler, 836 voltage-controlled oscillator, 414, 422 pilot signal, 519 polarization mode dispersion phase noise, 729 pilot tone, 502 compensation (PMDC), 463 phase-quadrature (I/Q) signals, 676, 680 pilot tone multiplex system, 564 polarization mode dispersion (PMD) phases, 103 PIN diodes, 494, 720, 721–722 fi ber-optic fi lters, 853 phase shift keying (PSK) Pinnow, D. A., 856, 857 optical differential phase shift keying, analog modulation, 103 pipeline forwarding (PF), 777, 778 455, 463–464 analog transmission, 113 pitch, 272, 759 optical fi ber communications, 693, digital phase modulation, 509, 510 pitch predictor, 273 701–702, 702 digital radio broadcasting, 645–646, pixel, 132 optical fi bers, 817, 821–822 649–650 plain old telephone service (or system) optical signal regeneration, 729 discrete multitone modulation, 473 (POTS), 81 optical sources, 746 facsimile transmissions, 132 discrete multitone modulation, 488 wavelength division multiplexing, 607 passband transmissions, 93 information theory, 193 polarization multiplexing, 469 phase modulation, 422–425 modems, 309, 311 polarization sensitivity, 769 spread spectrum signals, 676 voice communication systems, 117 polar modulation, 449 see also digital phase modulation planar light-wave circuit (PLC), 854 polar non-return to zero (DPM) planar waveguides, 830–831, 846 digital phase modulation, 513, phase synchronization, 636 Planck’s constant, 187, 496, 750 514, 515 phase trajectories, 447 Planck’s equation, 752 digital transmission, 90 phase trees, 440, 442 plasma television, 302 line coding, 524, 525, 527, 528 phase trellis, 440, 442 Plasmon, 803 polar return to zero, 511, 524, 527–528 phase wander and jitter, 168 plastic optical fi bers (POFs), 700, 709 polar signaling, 89 phasor diagram, 418 playback formats, 299–301 policy routing, 50 Philip, W. R., 838, 840 plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) Pollet, T., 483 Philips Electronics, 803, 805, 806, 810 public switched telephone network, Pollock, C. R., 829, 830 Phillips, I. D., 734 163–164 polyharmonic broadcasting, 289 phone number portability, 6, 11 statistical time division multiplexing, polyphase decomposition, 485 photodetectors, 695, 720–722 579 polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 323, 327 photomultiplier tube (PMT), 494 time division multiplexing, 575 Pomportsis, A. S., 909, 925, 926 photonic access nodes, 890–891 wavelength division multiplexing, 611 Ponomarenko, S. A., 871 photonic add-drop multiplexers plesiochronous operation, 168 PONs. See passive optical (PADM), 890, 891 Plevyak, T., 176 networks (PONs) photonic band-gap (PBG), 853 PLL. See phase-locked loop (PLL) population inversion, 752, 753 photonic integrated circuits (PICs), plug and play, 57 portable network graphics 726–727 plug-ins, 372 (PNG), 221 photonic label switching routers PM. See phase modulation (PM) ports, 391, 836 (PLSR), 894–895, 898 PMD. See polarization mode dispersion positive acknowledgement with photonic routing, 894–898 (PMD) retransmission (PAR), 362 photon lifetime, 758 Pockel’s effect, 834 positive stuffi ng, 933, 934 photon of energy, 746 Podolsky, B., 187 post, telephone and telegraph (PTT), photons, 752 Poggiolini, P., 460 117, 127 photons per bit (PPB), 460 Pohlmann, K. C., 643, 645, 646, 654, Postal Museum, 128 , 901 http://www.pbookshop.com764, 795, 801 post compression rate distortion Photoradio, 129 Poincaré sphere method, 822 (PCRD), 236 phototonic band-gap fi ber, 699 pointer (offset) value fi eld, 932–933 postdistortion rate control phototonic crystal fi bers (PCFs), pointers, 932–933, 934 algorithms, 241 699–700 point of presence (POP), 118 Postel, J., 64, 69 Phung, M. H., 914 point-of-sales, 572 postfi ltering, 274 physical address of bridges, 391 point-to-multipoint (P2MP) postmessage procedure, 138–140 physical dedicated control channel passive optical networks, 950, post offi ce protocol 3 (POP3), 146 (PDCC), 688 951, 953 POTS (plain old telephone system). See physical dedicated data channel synchronous optical network, 939 plain old telephone service (or (PDCH), 688 point-to-point (P2P), 939, 948, 950 system) (POTS) physical layer operation, point-to-point models, 338 Potsher, T., 598 administration, and maintenance point-to-point protocol (PPP), 40, 312, POTS-splitter, 488 (PLOAM), 952, 954 586, 942 Poutrina, E., 864 physical layers, 24–25, 629–630 point-to-point transmission, 886 power amplifi cation of OFDM signals, physical topologies, 31 Poisson channel, 498–499, 500, 503, 504 598–599 Pickholtz, R., 885 Poisson distribution, 495, 496, 524, 583 power consumption, 769 Pickholtz, R. L., 677 polarization, 735–736, 746 power delay profi le, 346, 347 pickup head, 764 polarization bit interleaving, 469 power effi ciency, 650 picture clock frequency (PCF), 252 polarization controller (PC), 822, 823 power equalization, 768 Pierce, J., 102 polarization couplers, 845–846 power-limited systems, 632 Pierce, J. R., 829, 830 polarization-dependent gain, 821–822 power line communication (PLC), Pierce, S. G., 838, 840 polarization-dependent loss (PDL), 488, 591 pigtail, 836 821–822, 835, 836 power penalty, 732 INDEX 1007 power spectral density (PSD) 431, 434, 439, 450, 460, 461, 466, PSTN. See public switched telephone biphase codes, 533 511, 518, 597, 676, 687, 726 network (PSTN) digital communications, 632 probability bit error, 84 psychoaccoustical coding, 645 digital phase modulation, 517 probability density function (PDF), 94, psychoaccoustical masking, 645 discrete multitone modulation, 482 204, 205, 460 psychoacoustic model, 276 information theory, 185 probability distribution function psychovisual domain, 237–239, line coding, 522, 523–524 (pdf), 242 251–252 minimum shift keying, 440, 442 probability of error, 89, 633 psychovisual redundancy, 228 non-return to zero codes, 526–527 probing cycle, 71 public (or post) telephone and telegraph optimum threshold detection, 95 procedural interrupt (PRI), 140 (PTT), 117, 127 pseudoternary codes, 530 processing gain, 540, 678 public switched data network return to zero codes, 528 processing overhead, 184–185 (PSDN), 131 spread spectrum, 539–540, 541 program-associated data (PAD), 648 public switched services, 159 spread spectrum signals, 677 programmable delay lines (PDLs), 772 public switched telephone network power spectrum, 185, 553 progressive compression methods, 228 (PSTN), 5, 158–177 PPM. See pulse position modulation progressive dialers, 149 access services, 159 (PPM) progressive scanning, 296 analog systems, 169 Prabhakar, B., 383 promiscuous listening, 391 architecture, 159–160 Prasad, R., 338, 484, 591, 594, 597, 600, propagation, 334 digital network synchronization, 168 601, 603, 687 propagation delay, 623 digital switching, 166–168 Pratt, W. K., 194, 195 propagation factor, 764 digital transmission systems, 161–163 preamble, 36, 38 propagation paths, 685 modems, 310 precedence, 40 proporational quality of service network access, 158–159 precedence fi eld, 52 differentiation, 914 network management, 173–176 predictive admission control, 287 proportional differentiation, 911 network performance, 173 predictive coding, 142, 207–208 protect fi ber, 165 numbering plan, 160 predictive dialers, 148–149 protection and restoration schemes, plesiochronous digital hierarchy, predictive frames, 195 613, 920 163–164 pre-emphasis technique, 407–408 protection lines, 939 service providers, 159 preferred pair, 549 protection schemes, 613, 920 signaling systems, 168–173 prefi x codes, 200 protection switching, 939–940 in analog systems, 169 premessage procedure, 138 protective jacket, 330 ITU-T Signaling System Number 7 presentation context, 78 protocol data unit (PDU), 942 (SS-7), 161, 169–173 presentation layer of the OSI model, 24, protocol independent multicast standardization, 160–161 78–79 (PIM), 51 statistical time division multiplexing, presentation-service access point protocol operation, 394 579, 581, 582 (PSAP), 79 protocols switching and synchronization, Press, W. H., 183, 184, 186, 187, 188, data communcations, 20 166–168 191, 192, 194, 497 data link layer of the OSI model, digital network synchronization, presubscribed interexchange carrier 30–39 168 charge (PICC), 8 messaging systems, 155 digital switching, 166–168 Price, A., 710, 715 modems, 312 transport mechanisms, 161–166 Price, A. J., 456 multimedia streaming, 283–285 digital transmission systems, price-cap regulation, 6 network layer of the OSI model, 161–163 price discrimination, 9 http://www.pbookshop.com40–62 plesiochronous digital hierarchy, primary fi ber, 165 statistical time division multiplexing, 163–164 primary IBOC data service (PIDS), 654 586–587 synchronous digital hierarchy, primary lower (PL) sidebands, 654 transport layer of the OSI model, 164–166 primary pictures, 246 63–75 synchronous optical network, primary reference source (PFS), 168 provider edge (PE) routers, 60 164–166 primary upper (PU) sidebands, 654 proxy caching, 287 transport services, 159 Primosphere Limited Partnership, Prucnal, P. R., 877, 886 voice communication systems, 662, 663 Psaltis, D., 812 117–118 printed circuit board (PCB), Psaras, I., 66 public telecommunications operators 404, 407 PSD. See power spectral density (PSD) (PTOs), 159 printing, 132, 133 pseudo header, 57 public telephone switched network priority, 624 pseudonoise (PN) sequences, 547, (PTSN), 193 private branch exchange (PBX) 548–550, 677 pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), messaging systems, 146 pseudorandom binary sequence 403–413 public switched telephone (PRBS), 451, 678, 735 analog modulation, 103 network, 158 pseudorandom bit sequence applications, 410–412 pulse position modulation, 492 (PRBS), 736 channel performance limitations, voice communication systems, pseudorandom postfi x, 486 407–410 121–124 pseudorandom sequences, 547, data signaling, 405–407 private switched services, 159 548–550, 678–679 digital communications, 634 Proakis, J., 85, 87, 95, 96, 97, 98, 102, pseudo-symbol, 501, 502 digital data transmission, 86 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, pseudoternary (PT) codes, 522–523, 524, digital phase modulation, 510 111, 112, 346, 347, 416, 417, 421, 529–530 high speed interface, 403–404 1008 INDEX pulse-amplitude modulation (cont.) coded PPM, 500–501 quadrature carriers, 515, 563 optical differential phase shift keying, symbol error rate, 497–500 quadrature detection, 417 456, 468–469 pilot tones, 502 quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) quantization and companding, 87–88 Poisson channel, 503 digital radio broadcasting, 645, 646 signaling comparisons, 407–410 related modulations, 503–506 orthogonal frequency division transmission system, 87 analog PPM, 505 multiplexing, 597, 598 voice digitization technologies, combined PPM, 506 spread spectrum signals, 683 119, 120 differential PPM, 505 quadrature (Q) signals, 676 wired communication, 404–405 multipulse PPM, 504 quadrature real spreading (Q-RS), 678 pulse code modulation (PCM) on-off keying, 503–504 quadrature stream, 440 baseband digital transmission, 87 overlapping PPM, 504–505 quadriphase shift keying (QPSK) channel bandwidth, 89 wavelength shift keying, 505–506 digital phase modulation, 510, digital radio broadcasting, 643 wave shift keying, 506 513–515, 516, 517, 518–519 digital transmissions, 85 remotely controlled vehicles, 493 phase modulation, 423–425 image compression, 214 symbol, 493 quadruple play of telecommunications, 4 information theory, 190 symbol error rate, 497–500 Quagga, 49 line coding, 522 synchronization, 501–502 Qualcomm, 539 modems, 310, 311 blind synchronization, 501–502 quality assessment, 271 public switched telephone network, pilot tones, 502 quality of service (QoS) 161–162 system design, 496 multimedia streaming, 285, 287 speech and audio compression, underwater acoustic communications network layer of the OSI model, 268, 269 link, 493 51–52 time division multiplexing, 573 voice digitization technologies, optical burst switching, 624, 913–914 voice digitization technologies, 120 119, 120 optical packet switching, 916 pulsed frequency modulation, 545 wavelength shift keying, 505–506 optical switching techniques in pulse-driven GMSK (PDGMSK), wave shift keying, 506 WDM networks, 909, 910, 911, 450, 451 pulse shaping: intersymbol interference, 913–914, 923 pulse duration modulation (PDM), 103, 91–93 passive optical networks, 952 119, 120 pulse-shaping fi lters, 426 public switched telephone pulse envelope distortion, 729 pulse width modulation (PWM), 86 network, 173 pulse modulations, 86–87, 103, 120 pumping, 752, 753 routers, 365, 368, 370 pulse position modulation (PPM), pump-modulated four-wave mixing, 741 speech and audio compression, 280 492–508 pupil obscuration method, 797–798 spread spectrum signals, 683 additive white Gaussian noise Pursley, M. B., 539, 540, 678 statistical time division multiplexing, channel, 503 push, 64 583–584, 587 analog modulation, 103 Puzmanova, R., 369, 380, 381, 384 voice communications, 158 analog PPM, 492, 505 pyramid broadcasting, 288 wavelength division multiplexing, bit error rate, 497–500 606, 617, 621–625 bit-to-symbol mapping, 494–496 QAM. See quadrature amplitude wireless channels, 334 blind synchronization, 501–502 modulation (QAM) Quality of Service Forum, 623 capacity of an optical channel, Q-component, 440–441, 443, 445, quality of service models, 623–624 502–503 446, 447 quality of service provisions, 925–926 additive white Gaussian noise Qi, W., 255 quantitative terms, 911 channel, 503 Qian, L. J., 868 quantization general capacity formulas, 503 http://www.pbookshop.comQiao, C., 587, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619, analog-to-digital conversion, 85 Poisson channel, 503 909, 910, 913, 914, 922 and companding, 87–88 channel model, 494 QoS. See quality of service (QoS) data compressions, 204 coded PPM, 495, 496–497, 500–501 QPSK. See quadriphase shift keying high defi nition television, 297 combined PPM, 506 (QPSK) image compression, 215–216 defi nition of, 493–494 Q-signaling (QSIG) standards, 124 speech and audio compression, 268 detection of PPM symbols, 496–497 quadrature amplitude modulation quantization errors coded PPM, 496–497 (QAM) data compression, 203 differential PPM, 505 carrierless amplitude phase delta modulation, 88 digital data transmission, 86 modulation, 426, 427, 428, 433 pulse amplitude modulation, 87 with a fi xed reference, 492 digital communications, 634, 638 speech and audio compression, 268 fundamentals of, 493–496 digital radio broadcasting, 645, quantization noise, 87, 635 history of, 492 646, 661 quantization parameter (QP), 249 maximum likelihood detection, discrete multitone modulation, 475 quantization stage, 85 496–497 facsimile transmissions, 132 quantized discrete cosine transform medical sensors, 493 frequency division multiplexing, 563 (QDCT), 230, 231, 238 multipulse PPM, 504 information theory, 190 quantized PPM (QPPM), 492 oil and coal drilling, 493 modems, 314 quantized values, 88 on-off keying, 503–504 orthogonal frequency division quantizer, 249 optical communications links, multiplexing, 600 quantum confi ned Stark effect 492–493 phase modulation, 424 (QCSE), 713 overlapping PPM, 504–505 spread spectrum signals, 676 quantum cryptography, 907 performance of PPM, 497–501 quadrature amplitude modulation quantum dots, 736–737 bit error rate, 497–500 (QAM) (I/Q) constellation, 190 quantum key exchange, 187 INDEX 1009 quantum noise, 721 optical switching techniques in WDM receiver report (RR) packet, 284 quarter common intermediate format networks, 913 receivers (RX) (QCIF), 244 wavelength division multiplexing, 622 digital communications, 630 quasi-continuous wavelength random early detection (RED), 73–74 frequency division multiplexing, 559 tuning, 763 randomly polarized, 746 minimum shift keying, 444, 449–450 quasi harmonic broadcasting, 289 random modulation, 541 optical fi ber communications, 693, quaternary codes, 534 rank mountable coupler, 836 694, 695 quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK), Rao, K. R., 216, 217, 681 optical multiplexing techniques, 542, 886, 887–888 Rao, S. G., 287 607, 608 Qudah, B., 289 Rappaport, T. S., 338, 340, 341, 342, orthogonal frequency division queueing theory, 572–573 418, 419, 518, 539, 553, 675, 684 multiplexing, 595 queue performance, 584 Ratakonda, K., 248 pulse-amplitude modulation, 403 quick connect, 311 rate adaption protocol (RAP), 72 spread spectrum signals, 680, Qureshi, S. U. H., 430 rate control, 241–243, 252–255, 285 684–686 rate control algorithm, 242 wavelength division multiplexing, 607 R1 and R2 signaling systems, 169, rate-distortion bound, 228 wireless channels, 334, 335 170–171 rate-distortion function, 242 receiver sensitivity, 632, 724, 732 Rabiner, L. R., 151, 554 rate-distortion optimization (RDO), 249 reciprocal compensation, 9 radar, 185, 186 rate-distortion (RD) theory, 213, reclocking, 705 Radhakrishnan, R., 867, 877 214, 221 Recommendation T.6, 143 radial push-pull method, 798–800 rate distortion trade-off, 213–214 Recommendation T.37, 145, 146, 147 radial wobble method, 798, 799 rate-of-return regulation, 5–6 Recommendation T.38, 145–146 radiation modes, 831 rate shaping, 285, 286 reconfi gurable free space optics Radio Advertising Bureau (RAB), Rawles, P., 116, 118, 121 networks, 907 642, 643 Raybon, G., 464, 740 reconfi gurable optical add-drop radio broadcasting. See digital radio Rayburn, D., 665, 666 multiplexers (ROADMs), 455, 855 broadcasting (DRB) Rayleigh criterion, 764, 765 recording formats, 299–301 Radiocommunication Sector of the Rayleigh fading channel, 597, 598 record route, 41 International Telecommunication Rayleigh random variable, 685 recursive least squares (RLS), 432 Union (ITU-R), 161, 343 Rayleigh scattering, 701, 815, 816, red, green, blue (RGB) images, 142, Radio Corporation of America, 294 817, 818 297, 302 radio frequency (RF) Raytheon, R. T., 689 reduced dialing, 121 digital radio broadcasting, 644 Razzak, M., 828 reduced instruction set computing free-space optics, 902 RCA’s Photoradio, 129 (RISC), 185, 372 frequency division multiplexing, 560 reactance tube, 111 reduced resolution update (RRU), 246 spread spectrum signals, 677 read address control, 378 redundancy transmission subsystem, 653–657 read beam, 795–796 information theory, 180 wireless channels, 334, 337, 338 read channel, 801 line coding, 524–525, 535 radio frequency interference (RFI), 354 RealNetworks, 665, 666 speech and audio compression, 276 radio frequency links, 904–905 real spreading DSSS (RS DSSS), 678 redundancy bits, 355 radio government (RG), 323 real-time control protocol (RTCP), 73, redundant array of independent disks Radio Manufacturers Association 283, 284–285 (RAID), 301–302 (RMA), 294 real-time protocol (RTP), 72–73, Reed, D. P., 372 radiometer, 541 283–285 Reed, G. T., 727 propagation, 334–338, 340 http://www.pbookshop.comreal-time streaming protocol (RTSP), Reed-Solomon, 32–33, 361 Raffaelli, C., 916 153, 283–284 Reed-Solomon (RS) codes, 98, 497, Ragulsky, V. V., 903 real-time transport protocol (RTP), 500, 501, 800 raised cosine form, 429, 430 72–73 Reed-Solomon FSC code (RS-FEC), raised cosine roll-off Nyquist fi lter, 93 RealVideo-10, 262, 264 463–464 RAJAR, 670 reamplifi cation, 469, 705 reference line, 133 rake receivers, 685–686 reamplifying, reshaping, retiming (3R) reference voltages, 406 RAM. See random access memory optical cross connects, 783 refl ectance, 835, 853 (RAM) optical fi ber communications, 705 refl ection, 335–336, 697 Ramamurthy, B., 622 optical signal regeneration, 730 refl ective star, 841 Raman amplifi cation, 741, 863, 864 regeneration, 730, 731 refraction, 336, 697 Raman scattering synchronous OCDM, 891, 892, 893 refractive index (RI), 696, 698, 745 optical fi ber communications, 701 rearrangeably nonblocking regenerate symbols, 84–85 optical signal regeneration, 729 network, 790 regeneration optical solitons, 863, 868, 873 rearrangeably nonblocking optical cross lambda and sub-lambda Raman susceptibility, 824 connects, 785 switching, 772 Ramaswami, R., 576, 770, 783 reassembly, 40, 45–46 optical fi ber communications, 693, Ramaswamy, V., 756, 832 receipt notifi cation (RN), 152 694, 695 Rand, D., 877 received power, 632 reamplifying, reshaping, retiming, random access, 34 receiver blocks, 725–726 730, 731 random access memory (RAM) receiver implementation, 429–430 synchronous optical network, 930 lambda and sub-lambda switching, receiver operation, 115–116 regenerative repeaters, 85 773, 776 receiver-oriented congestion regional Bell operating companies modems, 311 detection, 70 (RBOCs), 6 1010 INDEX region backbone, 51 restoration schemes, 613, 920 Rosberg, Z., 773 regions of interest, 240 resv message, 619 Rosen, E., 370, 586, 587, 909, 910 registrar, 400 retiming, 469 Rosen, N., 187 registration admission status (RAS), 81 retransmission, 33, 66 Ross, A. E., 492, 505 registration replies, 53 retransmission time-out (RTO), 66 Ross, K., 366, 379 registration requests, 53 retrorefl ectors, 902 Ross, K. W., 32, 38, 401 regular window (Wr), 288 return loss, 835 Ross, R. W., 287 Reibman, 584 return to control (RTC), 138 rotary dialing, 116 Reichmann, K. C., 456 return to zero (RZ) Rothenberg, J. E., 865 Reid, C. E., 183, 184, 187 alternate mark inversion codes, 529 round-trip time (RTT), 66, 69, 70, 286 Rejaie, R., 72 bit error rate, 528 Rouskas, G., 911, 923 Rekhter, Y., 287 digital phase modulation, 511 Rouskas, G. N., 915, 916 related modulations, 503–506 Gaussian minimum shift keying, 451 route* add command, 48 relation resonance, 710 line coding, 89, 522, 524, 527–528 routed network layer protocol, 40 relative element address designate optical differential phase shift route processing, 364 (READ), 132 keying, 457 routers, 364–374 relative entropy, 180 optical fi ber communications, 693 active networking, 372 relative quality of service, 623 optical receivers, 723 architecture, evolution of, 369–370 relative quality of service optical signal regeneration, 738, 739 dedicated processor-based differentiation, 914 optical transmitters, 708 architecture, 369 relativity theory, 187 power spectral density, 528 shared processor-based reliability, 40, 368 return-to-zero pulse width architecture, 369 reliability information, 482 modulation, 492 switch-based architecture, 369–370 reliable periodic broadcast, 288 reverse color transform, 233–234 bridges, 392, 401 reliable service, 73 reverse path broadcasting (RPB), 51 buffer management, 370–372 reliable transfer service elements reverse path forwarding (RPF), 51 dedicated processor-based (RTSE), 78 reverse path multicasting (RPM), 51 architecture, 369 remotely controlled vehicles, 493 reversible color transform (RCT), 233 design developments, 370–373 remote operations service elements rewritable recording, 803–805 design issues, 368 (ROSE), 77 Reza, F. M., 181, 187, 188 hardware components, 364–368 remote procedure call (RPC), 81 RF, radio frequency (RF) network interfaces, 364–366 rendezvous function, 154 Rhodes, R. R., 450, 451 network layer of the OSI model, rendezvous point (RP), 51 Rice, P. L., 343 47–50 Renner, T., 371, 386 Rice, S. O., 444 network layer protocols, 47 Reno, 69 Richardson, D. J., 865 network processor, 372–373 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ridge or relief waveguides, 833 routing processor, 367–368 Center, 250 Riedi, R., 583 secure routing, 373 repeaters right-circularly polarized, 746 shared bus, 366 bridges, 390–391, 392 Rilum, J. H., 764, 765 shared processor-based conducted communications media, ring connections, 328 architecture, 369 324, 325 ringing transients, 184 switch-based architecture, 369–370 error prevention, 352 rings, 31, 939 Routhier, S. A., 583 optical amplifi ers, 705 ring switching, 941 routing and wavelength assignment optical fi ber communications, 695, ring topology, 321–322, 323 (RWA), 614, 911, 919–920 705–706 http://www.pbookshop.comRiter, S., 492, 493, 505 routing header, 55 public switched telephone Riza, N. A., 769 routing information fi eld (RIF), 381 network, 164 RJ-45 connector, 327, 328, 329 routing information protocol (RIP), 40, synchronous optical network, 930 roaming agreements, 10 49, 368 request sharing, 289 Roberts, J., 109, 110, 111 routing module (RM), 912 reroute control, 174 Roberts, J. W., 584 routing process, 383 reserved fi elds, 55 Roberts, R., 541 routing processor, 367–368 reset, 64 Roberts, W., 584 routing protocols, 40 reshaping, 469, 705 robust communications, 539, 661 routing tables, 47 residential subscriber lines, 159 Roddy, D., 553 routing type, 55 residual signal, 272 Roden, M. S., 418 Royal Institution in London, 293 resilient packet ring (RPR), 586, 587 Rodriguez-Moral, A., 943, 945 Ruan, L., 828 resistor as a transimpedance, 723–724 Roger, G., 187 Rubenchik, A. M., 866, 868 resonators, 753, 755, 757 Rohling, H., 601 Ruiz, A., 594 resource allocation, 600–601 Roke Manor Research, 559 run-length coding, 204 resource reservation and release, roll-off factor, 92 run length encoding (RLE), 193, 219 921, 922 Roman communication methods, run length-limited (RLL), 801 resource reservation protocol (RSVP), 127–128 Russell, John Scott, 861 52, 287, 587 Romkey, John, 35 Russell, P. S., 700 resource reservation protocol-traffi c root bridge, 394–395, 396, 398, 399 Russell, P. S. J., 869 engineering (RSVP-TE), 52, root mean square (RMS), 347, 718–719 Ruth, Babe, 129 619, 919 root nodes, 200 Rutledge, J. C., 512, 519 resource sharing, 287–289 root switch, 382 Ryan, C. R., 443 responsiveness, 68 Rorres, C., 633 Ryu, B. K., 583 INDEX 1011

RZ. See return to zero (RZ) Schawlow-Townes-Henry linewidth optical solitons, 872 RZ-ODBPSK, 457–458 equation, 755 self-routing switches, 378–379 scheduling mechanisms, 624 self-similar process, 583 Sabanov, D. V., 836 Schell, S. V., 449 self-synchronization, 524 Sabella, R., 783 Scheuer, J., 877 Selviah, D. R., 704 SACK, 69 Schilling, D., 885 , 128 Saengudomlert, P., 926 Schilling, D. L., 677 semiconductor distributed Bragg Sagnac interferometer, 839 Schmidl, T. M., 600 refl ector, 760 Said, A., 220 Schoch, J. F., 583 semiconductor laser technology, 904 Saito, H., 377 Scholten, M., 943 semiconductor materials, 746–748 Saitoh, K., 700 Scholtz, R., 885 semiconductor optical amplifi ers Sakamoto, T., 450 Scholtz, R. A., 538, 677 (SOAs), 730, 733–737, 769, 785 Sakata, T., 769 Schouhamer Immink, K. A., 800, 801 Semke, J., 285 Saleh, A. A. M., 599, 608, 609 Schremer, A. T., 763 Sen, P., 584 Saleh, B. E. A., 815, 819 Schroeder, G. W., 504 Sen, S., 285 Salehi, J. A., 885, 886 Schroff, N. B., 585 sender and receiver devices, 20 Salehi, M., 85, 87, 96, 97, 98, 102, 103, Schulzrinne, H., 72 sender report (SR) packet, 284 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, Schur, R., 484 sending window, 66 112, 416 Schwartz, M., 104, 579, 584, 585 Senior, J. M., 857 Salguerro, J. R., 877 Schweber, W. L., 555 sensor characteristics, 185–186 Saltzer, J. H., 372 scintillation, 903 Seo, K., 854 sampling clock recovery, 636 scrambling, 653–654 Seo, S.-W., 386, 387 sampling frequency, 268 SDARS. See satellite digital audio radio sequence number, 64 sampling issues, 186–187 services (SDARS) sequence number fi eld, 56 sampling theorem, 85–86, 268 SDH. See synchronous digital sequence numbering, 284 Sams, H. W., 162 hierarchy (SDH) sequency theory, 195 Sander, L., 449 secondary (S) sidebands, 654 séquential colour avec mémoire Sander, W., 449 second generation (2G) cellular systems, (SECAM), 294, 562, 563 Santhanam, J., 729 675–676, 686–689 Serak, S. V., 874, 875 Sanzi, F., 486 second generation (2G) networks, 11 serial binary signal, 161 Sappington, D. E. M., 5 section layer, 930 serializer, 403, 404 Sardesai, H. P., 886 section overhead, 611, 935–936 serially concatenated PPM (SCPPM), Sarhan, N. J., 289 sections, 930, 931 500–501 Sari, H., 596 section-terminating equipment serial signal, 403 Sarkar, T. K., 343 (STE), 930 serial-to-parallel (S/P) converter, 451 Sarolahti, P., 66 secure hash algorithm 1 (SHA-1), 191 serial transmission, 22 Saruwatari, M., 873 secure routing, 373 server design, 287–289 Sarwate, D. P., 678 secure sockets layer (SSL), 80 servers, 20, 155 Sasaki, A., 675 security, 41, 365, 905 service access points (SAPs), 25 Sasase, I., 504 security association (SA), 55, 60 service classes, 911 Satellite CD Radio, 663 security gateways, 59 service control points (SCPs), 171–172 Satellite Communications, 538 security parameters index (SPI), 56 service cycle, 953 satellite digital audio radio services security policy database (SPD), 60 service description channels (SDCs), (SDARS) security routers, 59 660, 661 development of, 663 http://www.pbookshop.comSeferidis, V., 255, 258, 259 service information (SI), 648 digital radio broadcasting, 642, Segev, M., 866, 868, 870, 877 service multiplex subsystem, 653 662–665, 663 segment, 64 service nodes, 160 Sirius satellite radio, 664–665 segments left, 55 service notifi cation (SN), 152 XM satellite radio, 663–664 Segur, H., 862 service primitives, 78, 79, 80 satellite TV providers, 9 Seifert, R., 400 service providers, 159 Sato, K., 504, 783, 784, 786, 787 Seikai, S., 820 service switching points (SSPs), Satsuma, J., 862 selected mapping (SLM), 599 171–172 saturable absorbers (SAs), 730, selection combining, 685 Seshan, K., 829 737–738, 893 selective acknowledgements (sacks), 69 session description protocol (SDP), 154 Sawahashi, M., 676, 682 selective reject, 33 session establishment, 80 Sayood, K., 242, 250 selective repeats, 69 session initiation protocol (SIP) Scaglione, A., 485 selectors, 52, 379 characteristics, 154–155 scalability, 243, 255–257, 368, 769 self-healing rings, 940–942 facsimile transmissions, 145 scalable coders, 270 self-imaging effect, 844 public switched telephone scalar quantization, 204–206, 215 self-induced transparency, 864 network, 176 scalar solitons, 866 self-near end cross talk, 432 voice messaging systems, 153–155 scalar wave equations, 829 self-phase modulation (SPM) session layer of the OSI model, 24, Scalora, M., 853 optical differential phase shift 79–80 scattering functions, 336–337, 346 keying, 464 sessions, 80 SC fi ber (SCF), 888 optical fi ber communications, 702 Sethi, S., 287 Schafer, R. G., 261 optical fi bers, 822–823 set partitioning in hierarchical trees Schafer, R. W., 85, 86, 182, 183, 184, optical signal regeneration, 729, (SPIHT), 220, 221 185, 189, 480 740–741 Sevast´yanov, B. A., 584 1012 INDEX severely errored second ratio Sidorovich, V. G., 903 Simon, M. K., 677, 678 (SESR), 173 Siegmund, W., 31 Simony, E., 469 severely errored second (SES), 173 signal attenuation, 323–324 simple analytical models, 338 Shaari, S., 837 signal bounce, 321 simple mail transfer protocol Shabat, A. B., 862 signal coding, 188–192 (SMTP), 146 shadowing, 338, 340–341, 344 signal compression, 192–193 simple mode, 145 Shah, S. I. A., 776 signal constellation, 426 simple network management protocol Shahabuddin, P., 289 signal framing, 574 (SNMP), 45, 174–176 Shalaby, M., 867, 873 signal generation, 104–109, 661–662 simple profi le, 259 Shalash, A. F., 435, 436 signaling, 160, 910, 919–924 simplex transmissions, 23, 312 Shank, C. V., 759, 831 signaling connection control part Simpson, W., 942 Shanmugan, K., 104, 110 (SCCP), 172–173 sinc, 186 Shannon, C. E., 178, 179, 180, 181, 199, signaling data link, 172 Sincerbox, G., 796, 798, 800, 801, 803, 200, 201, 213, 214, 228, 486, 502 signaling in optical burst switching, 804, 807, 812 Shannon bound, 98 920–923 sinc-type waveforms, 92 Shannon capacity, 484 signaling in optical label switching, Singh, J., 747 Shannon limit, 493 923–924 Singh, R., 726 Shannon rate-distortion bound, 228 signaling in wavelength routing, 919 single association control function Shannon’s theory, 178–181, 196 signaling network functions, 172 (SACF), 78 channel capacity, 178 signaling protocols, 618–620, 624–625 single association object (SAO), 78 entropy, 178–181, 229 Signaling System Number 1 (SS-1), 169 single-attachment concentrators the fundamental theorem, 181 Signaling System Number 7 (SS-7), 161, (SACs), 36 noise and the fundamental 169–173 single-bit errors, 354, 357, 359–360 theorem, 181 signaling systems, 161, 168–173 single-carrier modulation (SCM), 591, shape-adaptive discrete cosine signaling unit delimitation and 592, 596, 598, 599 transform (SA-DCT), 259 alignment, 172 single concatenated SONET shape-gain vector quantization, 207 signal integrity, 411 (STS-Nc), 937 Shapiro, E. G., 864 signal link control, 172 single frequency network (SFN), 643 Shapiro, J. M., 210, 220 signal model, 677–678 single frequency signaling, 169 shared buffer, 622 signal power to quantization noise single-homed, 43 shared bus, 366 power (S/N), 87 single instruction, multiple data shared communication lines, 568–569 signal regeneration, 352, 353 (SIMD), 184–185 shared link protection, 920 signals, 733, 930 single longitudinal mode (SLM) lasers, shared memory-based backplane, 366 signal strength, 120 754–755 shared-memory switches, 376–377 signal-to-interference plus noise ratio single-mode fi bers (SMF), 695, 698, 699, shared path protection, 920 (SINR), 636 701, 818 shared processor-based signal-to-interference power (SNR), 888 single mode suppression ratio architecture, 369 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (SMSR), 755 shared protection schemes, 920 amplitude modulation, 106 single sideband (SSB), 560 Shay, M. T., 505 digital communications, 633, 638 single-sideband amplitude modulation Shay, W. A., 359, 492, 493, 574, 576 digital transmissions, 84, 98 (SSB AM), 104, 107–108, 556 shells, 752 discrete multitone modulation, 482, single-sideband suppressed carrier Shenker, S., 287 485–486 (SSB-SC), 556 Shenoy, P., 289 error sources, 353 single-step optical buffers, 913 Shepler, S., 82 http://www.pbookshop.comfrequency modulation, 418–419 single-wavelength phase modulator, 456 Sheppard, A. P., 867 image compression, 212 single-window coupler, 836 Sherlock, G., 874 optical differential phase shift Sinha, P., 71 Sheu, S., 287, 288 keying, 460 sink, 629 Shibata, N., 820 optical memories, 811 Sinks, C., 330 shielded twisted-pair (STP) media, 326, optical receivers, 722 Sinnreich, H., 153 327, 329 optical signal regeneration, 735 sinusoidal signal, 110 Shih, M. F., 867, 871, 877 optical transmitters, 709 sinusoidal wave, 102 Shih, S., 217 pulse-amplitude modulation, 405 Sinzinger, S., 846 Shimizu, M., 841 pulse position modulation, 494 SIP. See session initiation protocol (SIP) Shin, M., 469 speech and audio compression, 271 Sipe, J. E., 872 Shkhunov, V. V., 871 video compression, 243 Sirius Satellite Radio, 646, 662, short codes, 678, 679, 686 signal transfer points (STPs), 171–172 664–665, 671 short-loop ADSL, 316–317 signal transmission, 84 Sisalem, D., 72 short message service (SMS), 150 Sikora, T., 259 Sitaram, D., 289 short term fairness, 67 Silberberg, Y., 867, 868 Sitaraman, S., 913 short-term fi lter, 273 silicon on insulator (SOI), 769 Sivalingam, K. M., 909, 925 short-term prediction fi lter, 272 silicon photonics, 727 Sivarajan, K. N., 576, 770, 783 shot noise, 635, 719 Silverman, P. J., 488 six-way star, 842 Shroff, 585 Silvestre, E., 700 Sizuki, K., 865 Shtaif, M., 460 Simith, D. A., 787 Skelly, P., 584 Shure, L., 183, 184, 186, 188, 189, 190 Simmons, J. M., 608, 609 skip route control, 174 Shwedyk, E., 440 Simon, M., 107, 111, 441, 443, 450, 519, Sklar, B., 112, 113, 161, 540, 541, Sidi, M., 775 522, 523, 524, 538, 546 542, 546 INDEX 1013

Skodras, A., 223 source-routing bridges, 391–392 split-phase coding, 531 Skryabin, D., 866 source sequence, 630 splitters, 695 skyscraper broadcasting (SB), 288 sources of digital communications, 629 splitting, 836 slicer, 637 Southampton University, 886 splitting-and-delivery (SD) switches, 790 slices, 246 space, communication to, 906 splitting ratio, 834 sliding buffer frame, 184 spaced-frequency Doppler spread SPM. See self-phase modulation (SPM) sliding window operation, 65 function, 346 spontaneous emission, 752 sliding window protocol, 362 space-division-multiplexing (SDM), 876 spreading factors, 677, 678 sliding windows, 33 space-division switches, 377, 378 spreading loss, 339 slot channel, 494 space-division switching (S), 166 spreading sequence, 677–678 slotted optical packet switching, 615 spaced-time, spaced-frequency spread spectrum (SS), 538–552 slow-fading channels, 348 correlation function, 346 advantages of, 541–542 slow start, 69 space switching, 167, 785–787, 788–789 code division multiple access, 539, slow start threshold (SSTHRESH), 69 Space Systems/Loral, 664 542, 547–548 Smalley, E., 748 space-time correlation function, 346 performance, 548 small-scale fading, 334, 348, 349 space-time-space (STS) switch, 167–168 direct sequence, 539, 542, 543, smartly forwarded frames, 391–392 space variability, 334 545–547 smart terminal, 20 spacial domain, 245–249 interference performance, 546–547 Smirnov, V., 857 spacial light modulator, 812 frequency-hopping, 542–544, 547 Smith, D., 112, 113 Spanke, R. A., 785 hybrids, 544–545 Smith, K., 864 Spanke network, 785 interface rejection, 541 Smith, M. J. T., 218 spanning tree algorithm (STA), 382–383, interference performance, 546–547 Smith, N. J., 863 393–398 jamming game viewpoint, 540–541 Smith, R. G., 725 spanning tree protocol (STP), 393 multi-access link control, 34 smoothness, 68 span switching, 941 power spectral density, 541 Snell’s law, 697 spare fi eld, 932 processing gain, 540 SNR. See signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) spark gap transmitters, 538 pseudonoise sequences, 547, 548–550 SNR scalable profi le, 259 sparse mode PIM (PIM-SM), 51 random modulation, 541 Snyder, A. W., 831, 866, 867, 871 sparse wavelength conversion, 622 robust communications, 539 Snyder, C. A., 123 spatial audio coding, 278 signals for digital communications. Soccolich, C. E., 873 spatial domain, 234–237 See spread spectrum (SS) signals Society of Motion Picture and Television spatial interpolation, 286 for digital communications Engineers (SMPTE), 261, 295 spatially scalable profi le, 259 spectrum spreading, 539–540 Socolofsky, T., 80 spatial multiplexing, 640 time-hopping, 544 soft decision decoder, 497 spatial optical solitons, 865–867 time-of-arrival measurements, soft decoding, 637 spatial redundancy, 228 541–542 soft demapper, 483 spatial-soliton approach, 876 types of, 542–545 soft state protocol, 396 spatio-temporal analogy, 866 spread spectrum (SS) signals for digital software dialers, 149 spatio-temporal solitons, 867–868 communications, 675–691 software modem, 311 SPE. See synchronous payload CDMA mobile communications SoftWright, 335 envelope (SPE) standards, 686–688 Sokoloff, J. P., 873 specifi c application service element CDMA2000, 676, 682, 688 Soldano, L. B., 844 (SASE), 77 China’s TD-SCDMA, 676, 682, solid immersion lens (SIL), 809 spectral band replication (SBR), 278, 688–689 solitons. See optical solitons http://www.pbookshop.com660, 661 interim standard 95, 675, 686–687 Sonalkar, R. V., 487 spectral linewidth, 749, 751, 755 Universal Mobile sonar, 185 spectral redundancy, 228 Telecommunications System, Sondhi, M. M., 585 spectral spreading performance 676, 682, 687–688 SONET. See synchronous optical fi gures, 678 UTMS terrestrial radio access, network (SONET) spectral width, 749–750, 851–852 687–688 Song, C., 372 spectrum control, 519–520 CDMA system, capacity of, 683 Song, K. B., 489 spectrum effi ciency, 650 cellular networks, 683–684 Song, M., 371, 386, 387 spectrum spreading, 539–540 cellular systems, 675–676 Song, S., 824 spectrum suitable for channel, 524 China’s TD-SCDMA, 676, 682, soot, 700 speech and audio compression, 268–281 688–689 Sotiris, E. P., 829 applications, 280 code division multiple access, 675, Sotobayashi, H., 885, 886, 887, 888, audio-coding techniques, 276–280 676, 681–684 891, 894 enhanced techniques, 278–279 CDMA system, capacity of, 683 Soto-Crespo, J. M., 866, 868 standards, 279–280 cellular networks, 683–684 source address, 36, 38, 54, 57 packet networks, 269–271 frequency, time, and code division source coding theory, 213–216 quality assessment, 271 multiplexing, 681 source description items (SDES), 284 speech-coding techniques, 271–276 multiple access interference, source encoding, 630 standards, 274–276 682–683 source identifi cation, 284, 285 speech-coding techniques, 271–276, multirate code division source ports, 64 274–276 multiplexing, 681–682 source-route switching, 381 Speidel, J., 484 universal frequency reuse, 683–684 source-route transparent switching, 381 Spilker, J. J., 539 complex spreading, 678 source routing, 365 splicers, 695 correlation receivers, 680, 684 1014 INDEX spread spectrum (SS) signals for digital star-wired ring topology, 322, 323 strictly nonblocking optical cross communications (cont.) static lightpath allocation, 911 connects, 785 direct sequence spread spectrum, 677 static lightpath establishment (SLE), 614 strict secure routing, 41 DSSS bandwidth occupancy, 678 static routing, 47–49, 367 Striegler, A. G., 740 DSSS modem, architecture of, station cache, 392 strip-loaded waveguides, 833–834 679–681 station information service (SIS), 653 Strowger, Almon Brown, 117 DSSS signal model, 677–678 station message detail reporting structured audio, 279 frequency, time, and code division (SMDR), 122 structure of management information multiplexing, 681 station (or line) card, 121 (SMI), 174 frequency hopping spread stations, 36 stub domain, 45 spectrum, 677 statistical admission control, 287 Su, C.-M., 540 interim standard 95, 675, 686–687 statistical multiplexer, 572 Su, D., 911 long code, 678, 679 statistical multiplexing gain (SMG), 582 sub-band coding, 209–210, 215 multiple access interference, 682–683 statistical packet division multiplexing, sub-band decomposition, 209 multirate code division multiplexing, 582–586 subcarrier recovery, 600 681–682 statistical time division multiplexing subchannel, 639 narrowband, 676–677 (STDM), 579–590 sub-lambda switching. See lambda and pseudorandom sequence generators, packet traffi c features, 583–584 sub-lambda switching 678–679 protocols, 586–587 submacroblocks, 247 rake receivers, 685–686 statistical packet division subminiature type A (SMA) real spreading, 678 multiplexing, 582–586 connectors, 330 receivers, 684–686 packet traffi c features, 583–584 subnetting, 42–43, 57 correlation receivers, 680, 684 performance models, 584–586 subnetwork attachment point rake receivers, 685–686 see also time division multiplexing (SNAP), 942 synchronization functions, 684–685 (TDM) subnetwork connection protection short code, 678, 679 statistical wireless channel model, physical rings (SNCPRings), 940 spectral spreading performance 344–346 Subramaniam, S., 909, 925 fi gures, 678 STDM. See statistical time division subscriber line charge (SLC), 6, 8 synchronization functions, 684–685 multiplexing (STDM) subscriber number, 160 universal frequency reuse, 683–684 Steblina, V. V., 866, 877 substitution codes, 530–531 Universal Mobile Telecommunications Steffey, J. R., 545 Suda, H., 676 System, 676, 682, 687–688 Stegeman, G. I., 865, 866, 867, 868, 877 Suematsu, 754 UTMS terrestrial radio access, Steiglitz, K., 867, 877 suffi cient statistics, 680, 681 687–688 Steiner tree, 51 Suhara, T., 761, 830, 831 see also spread spectrum (SS) step-index fi bers, 698 Sukhorukov, A. P., 868 SprintLink, 287 Stevens, W., 69 Sullivan, G., 249, 250 sprites, 259 Stiliadis, D., 369 Sullivan, W. A., 438 Spurgeon, C. E., 327, 328 still image frame compression, 196 Sumida, J. T., 450 spurious time-out, 66 stimulated absorption, 752 sum of absolute deviation (SAD), squarer, 444 stimulated emission, 752 254, 255 square root raised cosine (SRRC), 677, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), Sundberg, C.-E. W., 511 678, 679 863, 873 Sunde’s frequency shift keying, Squier, Major George O., 579 Stokes vector, 822 419, 444 Squier, R., 867, 877 Stolen, R. H., 864 Sun Microsystems, 81 SRAM, 371 http://www.pbookshop.comStone, J., 32 Sun Microsystems’s network fi le system Srinivasan, M., 500, 501, 505 storage area networking (SAN), 929, 943 (Sun-NSF), 82 Sriram, K., 584 storage area network (SAN), 301 sunshine switches, 379 SS. See spread spectrum (SS); spread storage subsystem management, 289 Suntsov, S., 870 spectrum (SS) signals for digital store-and-forward service, 145 supercontinuum (SC), 887 communications store-and-forward switching, 380 super cycles, 777 staggered quadrature phase-shift keying store-and-forward unit (SFU), 145 superframe (SF), 162, 168, 574, 662 (SQPSK), 440, 519 straight connection (SC) superframe format, 574–575 Stallings, W., 31, 123, 391, 572 connectors, 330 superheterodyne principle, 416 Stamp, M., 191 straight (ST) connectors, 330 supernetting. See classless interdomain Stamper, D., 124 straight-through wiring, 329 routing (CIDR) standard defi nition television Strang, G., 196 super-resolution near-fi eld structure (SDTV), 294, 295 stream control transmission protocol (Super-RENS), 810 standard intermediate format (SIF), 257 (SCTP), 63, 73 super video compact disc (SVCD), 807 Standard Telecommunications stream identifi er, 41 supervisory signals, 168–169 Laboratories, 692 streaming, 269, 280 supplemental program service Stanton, P. H., 450 streaming audio codec, 666 (SPS), 653 star, 31 streaming protocols, 283–285 supplemental program service audio star couplers, 775, 841–842 streaming server, 282, 283 (SPSA), 653 star networks, 842 stream merging, 287–288 suppressed carrier, 556 Starr, T., 488, 948 stream tapping and patching, 287 suppressed carrier signal, 106 start delimiters, 35, 36 Streetman, B. G., 132, 834 surface accoustic wave (SAW), 189 start-of-frame delimiter, 38 Stremler, F. G., 565 surface-conductive electron emitter, 302 star topology, 31, 321, 323 strictly nonblocking networks, 790 surface-emitting LEDs, 748 INDEX 1015 surveillance and control, 173 digital transmission, 84 multiplexing hierarchy, 930–932 Susanto, H., 868 pulse position modulation, 497–500 mapping of non-SONET Sust, M., 885 symbol intervals, 511 payloads, 932 Suzuki, M., 863 symbol rate, 313, 510 negative stuffi ng, 933, 934 Sveum, M., 117 symbol repetition, 686 networks, 938–939 Swann, C. M., 7 symbols, 630 overhead, 935–937 Swartzlander, G. A., 877 symbols transmission, 84 path overhead, 932, 936–937 switch-based architecture, 369–370 symbol synchronization, 502, 505, 519 pointers, 932–933 switchboard operators, 117 symbol timing, 636 positive stuffi ng, 933, 934 switch controllers, 779 symmetric 50/50 coupler, 840 protection switching, 939–940 switch control unit (SCU), 617, 912, 915 symmetric digital subscriber line, 948 public switched telephone network, switched access lines, 6 symmetric extension, 218 161, 164–166 switched Ethernet, 393 symmetric modes, 845 section overhead, 935–936 switched services, 159 symmetry in information theory, 189 self-healing rings, 940–942 switches, 375–389 syn, 64, 65 bidirectional line switched ring, architectures, 375–379 synchronization 941–942 ATM switches, 384–385 digital communications, 636 unidirectional path switched ring, bridges, 391 digital phase modulation, 519 940–941 conducted communications minimum shift keying, 444–445 statistical time division multiplexing, media, 321 modems, 311, 312 579, 580, 582, 586, 587 crossbar switches, 377 pulse position modulation, 501–502 STS-N frame, 933–934 Ethernet switches, 380, 381 spread spectrum signals, 684–685 system architecture, 930 generic, 376 time division multiplexing, 574 time division multiplexing, 576–577 hardware components, 375–376 synchronization functions, 684–685 unidirectional path switched ring, knockout switches, 377–378 synchronization implementation, 940–941 LAN switches, 379–383 433–434 virtual concatenation, 943–944, 945 Ethernet switches, 380, 381 synchronization source identifi er virtual tributaries, 934–935 spanning tree algorithm, 382–383 (SSRC), 284 wavelength division multiplexing, token ring switches, 380–381 synchronous code division multiplexing 606, 610–611 virtual LAN switching capabilities, (SCDM), 681 synchronous optical-packet switching, 381–382 synchronous data-link control 615, 915 mixed traffi c switching capability, (SDLC), 35 synchronous orthogonal CDM 386–387 synchronous demodulation, 107 (SOCDM), 681, 682 multicast switching capability, synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), synchronous payload envelope (SPE) 385–386 929–947 public switched telephone no speedup requirement contiguous concatenation, 937 network, 165 architectures, 386 data transport, 942–943 statistical time division optical fi ber communications, generic framing procedure, 937–938 multiplexing, 586 702–703 public switched telephone network, synchronous optical network, 931, packet switches, 383–384 161, 164–166 933, 934 performance metrics, 379 statistical time division multiplexing, synchronous optical network self-routing switches, 378–379 579, 580, 586, 587 technique, 610 shared-memory switches, 376–377 time division multiplexing, 576–577 synchronous payload overhead, 610 spanning tree algorithm, 382–383 virtual concatenation, 943–944, 945 synchronous ring or bus, 775 sunshine switches, 379 http://www.pbookshop.comwavelength division multiplexing, synchronous sub-lambda switching, token ring switches, 380–381 606, 611 777–780 virtual LAN switching capabilities, synchronous-feedback control synchronous time division 381–382 system, 68 multiplexing, 571 WAN switches, 383–386 synchronous modulation (SM), 732, 739 synchronous transmission modes, 22 ATM switches, 384–385 synchronous optical code division synchronous transport module (STM), multicast switching capability, multiplexing systems, 885–899 165, 611, 931 385–386 high spectral effi ciency transport synchronous transport signal 1 packet switches, 383–384 system, 887–890 (STS-1), 929 wavelength division multiplexing, 616 optical path networks, 891–893 synchronous transport signal n (STS-n), switch ID, 382 photonic access nodes, 890–891 577, 610–611, 930, 931 switching fabrics (SFs), 368, 375 photonic routing, 894–898 synchronous transport signals (STS), switching hub, 31 synchronous optical network (SONET), 165–166, 582, 586 switching matrix, 121, 122 929–947 syntax, 78 switching nodes, 160 bidirectional line switched ring, Syvridis, D., 741 switching offi ce, 117 941–942 switching perspectives, 925–926 contiguous concatenation, 937 T1 channel bank, 573–574 switching predictive (SP) frames, 256 data transport, 942–943 T-1 frame, 162 switching speed, 768 generic framing procedure, 943–944 T1 line, 573–574, 905, 906 switching techniques, 614–618 lambda and sub-lambda Tabatabai, A., 223 symbol boundaries, 511 switching, 768 Tabatbai, A., 584 symbol distance, 84 line overhead, 931, 936 table lookup, 365 symbol error rate (SER) mapping of non-SONET Tachikawa, K., 227 digital communications, 633, 639 payloads, 932 Taga, H., 828 1016 INDEX tagged image fi le format (TIFF), international, 15–16 progressive programming, 296 146, 221 internet access, 14–15 progressive scanning, 296 tags, 400 landline voice market, 4–9 quantization, 297 Tahoe, 69 local market, 6–9 reception, 303–304 tail dropping, 623 long distance, 4–6, 7–9 recording formats, 299–301 Tajima, K., 734 video and cable television, 12–14 séquential colour avec mémoire Takada, A., 873 wireless voice market, 9–11 (SECAM), 294 Takahashi, A., 810 Telecommunications Industry and standard defi nition television, 295 Takahashi, H., 789, 843 Association (TIA), 274, 327, 328 technical aspects, 295–299 Takahashi, R., 911, 925 Telecommunication Standardization codecs, 295–296 Takato, N., 833 Sector of the International color sampling, 297 Talbot, P., 816 Telecommunication Union color space, 297 Talbot effect, 844 (ITU-T), 76–77 format conversion, 297–299 Tamura, K., 456 discrete multitone modulation, 488 frame rates, 296–297 Tan, W., 285, 286 facsimile transmissions, 131, 132, interlaced scanning, 296 Tanenbaum, A. S., 33, 359, 367, 368, 134, 137, 140, 144, 145 metadata, 296 381, 390 frequency division multiplexing, progressive programming, 296 Tang, C. L., 763 561–562 progressive scanning, 296 Tang, X., 436 image compression, 222 quantization, 297 Tapalian, H. C., 769 messaging systems, 127, 150 usage and saturation, 304 tapped delay line, 345 modem standards, 313, 316 users, 304 Tappert, F. D., 861, 866 passive optical networks, 948, 951, video storage, servers and networks, Taratorin, A. M., 801 952, 954 301–302 Tarokh, V., 484 public switched telephone network, television broadcast systems, 562–564 Tateda, M., 818, 820 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 168 television station ownership, 14 Tatipamula, M., 376, 378 SONET and SDH networks, 931, 940, Tellado, J., 484 Taubman, D. S., 210, 236, 241, 242 943, 945 tell and go (TAG), 618, 619, 922, 923 Taubmann, D., 221 speech and audio compression, tell and wait (TAW), 618–619, 922–923 Taverner, D., 873 274, 275 temperature monitoring, 817–819 Taylor, B. G., 841 statistical time division temporal domain, 237, 250–251 Taylor, D. P., 438, 443 multiplexing, 586 temporal interpolation, 287 Taylor, H. F., 830, 831 time division multiplexing, 575 temporally incoherent solitons, 871 Taylor, L. D., 5 video compression, 229 temporal redundancy, 228 Taylor, W. E., 5 wavelength division multiplexing, 612 temporal soliton-based approach, T-carrier systems, 163, 164, 573–575 telegraphy, 127–129 876–877 T-connector, 321, 322, 325 telephone user part (TUP), 172 temporal solitons in T couplers, 840 telephotography machine, 129 telecommunications systems, TCP. See transmission control television, high-defi nition, 293–305 861–865 protocol (TCP) Advanced Television System 10 Gigabit Ethernet Alliance, 328, 331 TCP-friendly protocols, 72 Committee (ATSC), 294–295 Tennenhouse, D. L., 372 TCP-friendly rate controls (TFRC), 72 Blu-Ray discs, 304 terminal framing, 574 TCP header, 64–66 broadcast transmission, 303 terminal leaf node, 193 TCP/IP protocol suite, 80–81 cables and connectors, 302–303 terminal multiplexers (TM), 166, 167, TCP/IP reference model, 76 cameras, 299 930, 938 TCP/IP Request for Comments http://www.pbookshop.comcodecs, 295–296 terminating code words, 133, 134–135 (RFC), 80 color sampling, 297 terminator, 322, 325 TCP/IP stack, 151, 312 color space, 297 ternary kBnT codes, 524, 533–534 TCP Real, 70–71 color television, 294 terrestrial digital video broadcasting TCP Vegas, 70 digital video disks, 304 (DVB-T), 601 TCP Westwood, 70–71 display technologies, 302 terrestrial integrated services digital TDK, 809 editing, 301 broadcasting (ISDB-T), 600, TDM. See time division multiplexing feature fi lms, 304–305 601, 602 (TDM) Federal Communications terrestrial reception, 304 TDMA. See time division multiple Commission (FCC), 293, 294 Terris, B. D., 809 access (TDMA) format conversion, 297–299 tertiary (T) sidebands, 654 TD-SCDMA Forum, 688 frame rates, 296–297 Tesla, Nikola, 493 Teh, K .C., 540 high-defi nition advances, 294 Tetschner, W., 146, 147 Teh, P. C., 886 high defi nition DVDs, 304 Tewari, R., 289 Teich, M. C., 815, 819 , 293–295 Texas Instruments, 416, 417, 421, 424 Telatar, I. E., 689 impact of, 304–305 thermal noise, 103, 353, 635–636, telecine process, 299 implementation, 299–304 718–719 Telecommunications Act of 1996 interlaced scanning, 296 thermal paper recording, 133 (TA96), 3, 13, 159 metadata, 296 thermal stability, 836 telecommunications industry, 3–18 National Television System thermoelectric (TE) cooler, 716 cable television and video, 12–14 Committee (NTSC), 294, 295, 296 Thévenaz, L., 818, 820 convergence, 3–4 phase alternating line, 294 thickwire Ethernet (thicknet), 323–325, data and internet access, 14–15 playback formats, 299–301 326, 331 described, 3 production, 304 Thiele, H. J., 734 INDEX 1017 thin-fi lm fi lters, 852–853 superframe format, 574–575 toll access code, 160, 161 thin-fi lm interference fi lters, 608 synchronous, 571 toll-free service, 120–121 thinwire Ethernet (thinnet), 323, 324, synchronous digital hierarchy, Tomazic, S., 824 325–326, 331 576–577 Tominaga, J., 810 third generation (3G) synchronous optical network, Tomkins, W., 492 cellular systems, 675–676, 686–689 576–577 Tomlinson, W. J., 862 networks, 11 T1 line, 573–574 topology change, 397 wireless services, 539 T-carrier systems, 573–575 topology change acknowledgement Third-Generation Partnership Project extended superframe format, (TCA), 398 (3GPP), 153, 629, 687, 688 574–575 Torner, L., 861, 868, 876, 877 third-party control, 152 plesiochronous digital Torruellas, W., 861, 867 Thng, I. L. J., 436 hierarchy, 575 Toskala, A., 539 Thomas, 585 superframe format, 574–575 total internal refl ection (TIR), 696, Thomas, J. A., 181, 200, 201, 204 T1 line, 573–574 698, 699 Thomas, M., 619, 620 transmission rates, 570–571 total power conversion effi ciency, 750 Thomas, S., 36 variable input rates, 571–572 total quantum effi ciency, 758 three-dimensional compression, 237 wavelength division multiplexing, touch tone dialing, 116, 117 three-duplicate acknowledgement 569, 606, 610 Townes, C. H., 865 see also (3-DACK), 66 statistical time division Townes, S., 493 three-layer scalable coder, 256 multiplexing (STDM) traditional NAT-PT, 59 three-layer strip (3LS), 142 time division multiplexing capable traffi c class, 370 See 3R. reamplifying, reshaping, (TDMC), 924 traffi c classifi er, 911 retiming (3R) time division multiplexing passive traffi c grooming, 614–615, 910–911 three-spot method, 798, 799 optical networks traffi c shaping and conditioning, 624 3-2 pulldown, 299 (TDM-PON), 955 training signal (TCF), 138 three way handshake, 65 time-division switching (T), 166 Tran, A. V., 785 threshold-based burst assembly, 616 time division synchronous code division transaction processing (TP), 78 threshold-based scheme, 913 multiple access (TD-SCDMA), transceiver, 323, 324 threshold coding, 209 676, 682, 688–689 transcoding, 270, 286, 297 threshold detection, 801 time domain equalization (TEQ), transfer function, 592 throughput 483–484 transfer syntax, 78 IP datagram header, 40 time domain formulas, 185 transform coding, 208–209, 215 performance metrics, 67, 68 time domain representation, 182–183 transimpedance amplifi ers, 722–725 routers, 368 time durations, 120 transition patching, 287, 288 switches, 379 time-hopping spread spectrum, 544, 545 transition window (Wt), 288 Thurwachter, C., 121 time interleaving, 648, 649 translating, 59 Tien, M. N., 446 time-of-arrival measurements, 541–542 transmission bandwidth, 89, 524 time correlation function, 346 time of day (TOD) routing, 146 transmission coding. See line coding time cycles, 777 time-of-fl ight method, 821 transmission control protocol and time dispersion, 347 timer-based burst assembly, 616 Internet protocol (TCP/IP), 582 time division multiple access (TDMA), 11 timer-based scheme, 913 transmission control protocol (TCP) multi-access link control, 34 time sampling, 85, 86 network layer protocols, 40 orthogonal frequency division time slice, 571 probing, 71 multiplexing, 601 http://www.pbookshop.comtime slot (TS), 162 Real, 70 passive optical networks, 951, 955 time slot interchangers (TSI), 166–167 SACK, 69 spread spectrum signals, 675, 676, time-slot level synchronization, 168 session establishment, 80 681, 683, 684 time-space-time (TST) switch, 167–168 transport layer of the OSI model, time division multiplexing (TDM), time stamping, 284, 365 63, 64 568–578 time switch (T), 167 Vegas, 70 add-drop multiplexer, 576–577 time to live (TTL), 40–41, 919, 923 Westwood, 70–71 basic operations, 569 time to live (TTL) fi eld, 365 transmission frames, 649, 650, 651, 662 bit-interleaved multiplexers, 569–570 time variability, 334 transmission media, 164 byte-interleaved multiplexers, 570 timing, 89 transmission modes digital transmission, 93 timing extraction, 93 data communications basics, 22–23 extended superframe format, 574–575 timing jitter, 93, 729, 863 digital radio broadcasting, 649, 650 framing, 570, 571 tip connections, 328 Ethernet protocol, 38 frequency division multiplexing, Tittel, E., 320, 321, 323, 324, 326, 327, modems, 311, 312 558, 569 328, 329, 330, 331 transmission performance, 404, 463, inactive input lines, 572–573 Tittel, W., 187 466–467 multiplexer, 569 Tkach, R. W., 455, 824 transmission rates, 570–571 optical switching techniques in WDM Tobagi, F. A., 34, 583 transmissions, 661, 662 networks, 924 Toeplitz matrix, 485 transmission subsystem, 653–657 passive optical networks, 951, 955 token, 31, 35, 321 transmission systems, 87, plesiochronous digital hierarchy, 575 token passing, 321 693–695 shared communication lines, 568–569 token rings, 35–36, 329 transmit power, 632 SONET and SDH networks, 929, 931 network protocol, 326 transmitted energy per bit, 513 statistical time division multiplexing, protocol, 321 transmitted energy per symbol, 513 580–582, 587 switches, 380–381 1018 INDEX transmitter (TX) Tranter, W., 102, 103, 104, 112 tunnel end points (TEPs), 59 carrierless amplitude phase trap network, 379 tunneling, 51, 58–59, 365 modulation, 428–429 Trappe, W., 179, 181, 188, 191, 192, tunnel soft state mechanism, 53 digital communications, 630 193, 194 Turbo codes, 362 frequency division multiplexing, 559 Trautmann, S., 484 Turin, G., 112, 685 Gaussian minimum shift keying, 449 traveling wave modulators, 714 Turitsyn, S., 729, 741 minimum shift keying, 443–444, 449 Travis, L. F., 581 Turitsyn, S. K., 864 optical fi ber communications, 693, trees turnaround time, 23 694–695 bridges, 393–398 Turner, J., 379 optical multiplexing techniques, couplers, 840–841 Turner, J. S., 773 607, 608 data compression, 200 twiddle factor, 478 orthogonal frequency division embedded zerotree wavelet, 210, twinned binary, 529 multiplexing, 595 220, 221 twin-spot method, 798 pulse-amplitude modulation, 403 line coding, 522 twisted-pair cable, 326–329 voice communication systems, minimum shift keying, 440, 442 two-channel fi lter bank, 218 115–116 network topologies, 31 two-dimensional discrete Fourier wireless channels, 334, 335 public switched telephone transform (2D-DFT), 212, 213 transparency, 89 network, 176 two frequency signaling, 169 transparent bridges, 391–392 set partitioning in hierarchical trees, two-layer strip, 142 transparent-mapped GFP (GFP-T), 220, 221 two-layer videc code, 255 943–944 spanning tree algorithm two-level pulse amplitude modulation transparent switching, 380 bridges, 393–398 (2-PAM) transport control protocol (TCP), 283, 285 switches, 382–383 optical differential phase shift transport equipment, 160 Steiner, 51 keying, 456 transport layer, 24 switches, 382–383 pulse-amplitude modulation, 404, transport layer of the OSI model, 24 tree-structured vector 405, 408–410 additive increase, multiplicative quantization, 207 two-ray propagation model, 340, 341 decrease algorithm, 69 trellis-coded modulation (TCM), 314 two-stream spatial multiplexing, 640 AIMD fast convergence, 69–70 trellis-coded quantization, 224 two-way local exchange trunks, 159 bimodal mechanism, 71 trellis coding, 133, 630 two-way scheme, 618 congestion control, 66–67 trellis modulation, 132 Twu, Y., 710 core functions, 64 Tribus, M., 179 type, length, and value (TLV), 79 frameworks for potential tributaries, 582, 610 type fi eld, 38 improvements, 71–72 Trillo, S., 861 type header error correction measurement-based congestion Trimm, R. H., 853 (tHEC), 944 control, 70–71 TrueMotion VP7, 262, 264 type of service (ToS), 40, 370, 923 bimodal mechanism, 71 truncated binary exponential type-specifi ed data, 55 TCP Real, 70 back-off, 38 typical insertion loss, 835 TCP Vegas, 70 truncated pulse position modulation Tzannes, A. P., 242, 252 TCP Westwood, 70–71 (TPPM), 505 network as a black box, 68–70 truncated reverse path broadcasting UCDMA. See universal mobile telephone additive increase, multiplicative (TRPB), 51 service (UMTS) decrease algorithm, 69 trunk card, 121 Ueno, Y., 734 AIMD fast convergence, 69–70 trunk code, 160 Ugur, K., 256 performance metrics, 67–68 http://www.pbookshop.comtrunk lines, 117, 119, 159 ultra-density optical (UDO), 803 and protocols, 63–75 Truscott, A. G., 877 ultrahigh frequency (UHF), 12 real-time transport protocol, 72–73 Tsang, D. H. K., 913, 914, 925 ultralong SOA (UL-SOA), 737 retransmission, 66 Tsaoussidis, V., 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, ultraviolet (UV) semiconductor stream control transmission 72, 73 lasers, 809 protocol, 73 Tseng, L., 288, 289 ultra-wide band (UWB), 689 synergistic approaches, 73–74 Tsiboukis, T. D., 700 UMTS terrestrial radio access– TCP-friendly protocols, 72 Tsiolis, A. K., 583 frequency division duplexing TCP header, 64–66 Tsuda, H., 886 (UTRA-FDD), 687–688 retransmission, 66 Tsuda, T., 909 UMTS terrestrial radio access–time time out, 66 Tsuji, Y., 840 division duplexing (UTRA-TDD), TCP Real, 70–71 Tsukada, M., 570 687–689 TCP Vegas, 70 Tu, J. C., 600, 601 unavailable seconds (UAS), 173 TCP Westwood, 70–71 Tucker, R. S., 788, 789 uncertainty principle. See Heisenberg time out, 66 Tudor, P. N., 259 uncertainty principles transport layer security (TLS), 80 Tukey, J. W., 184 uncompressed mode code words, 139 transport media, 160 tunable input and tunable output unconstrained motion vectors, 250 transport multiplex subsystem, 653 wavelength converter unconventional fi bers, 699–700 transport overhead, 165, 931 (TTWC), 788 unconventional optical fi bers, 699–700 transport services, 159 tunable-input fi xed-output wavelength uncooled applications, 717 transresistance amplifi ers, 722 converter (TFWC), 789, 791 underfl ow limit, 254 transverse electric (TE) modes, 830 tunable laser diodes, 761–763 underwater acoustic communications transverse electromagnetic wave, 745 tunable lasers, 712–713 link, 493 transverse modes, 698 tunneled traffi c, 618 unequal error protection (UEP), 648 INDEX 1019 unicast switches, 385, 386, 387 Uttamchandani, D., 885 psychovisual domain, 251–252 unicode, 22 Uysal, M., 904 rate control, 252–255 unidirectional couplers, 837 scalability, 255–257 unidirectional path switched rings Vaidyanathan, P. P., 218, 485 spacial domain, 245–249 (UPSRs), 940–941 Vakhitov, N. G., 866 spectral domain, 249–250 unifi ed communications (UC), 154 value-added network (VAN), 159 standards, 244–245 unifi ed display interface (UD), 303 value fi eld, 79 temporal domain, 250–251 unifi ed messaging (UM), 152–154 vampire tap, 323, 324 JPEG codecs, 232–244 uniformity, 835 Van Caenegem, T., 951, 954 codec enhancements, 239–241 uniform quantizer, 205 van der Meer, S., 153 digital cinema system, 244 uniform resource indicator (URI), 154 van Howe, J., 465 error resilience, 243 uniform resource locator (URL), 154 Van Nee, R., 484, 601 Mars Exploration Rover unipolar non-return to zero, 90, Van Nee, R. D. J., 484 (MER), 244 524, 527 Vannucci, G., 885 psychovisual domain, 237–239 unipolar return to zero, 90, 511, varactor diode, 111 rate control, 241–243 524, 528 Varaiya, P., 376, 585 scalability, 243 unipolar signaling, 89 variable bit rate (VBR), 241, 255, 274 spatial domain, 234–237 unitary transform, 215, 217 variable input rates, 571–572 spectral domain, 233–234 United Kingdom, 16, 643, 646, 647, variable length code (VLC), 257 temporal domain, 237 668–670 VCO. See voltage-controlled lossless entropy coder, 229, 230–231 universal frequency reuse, 683–684 oscillator (VCO) Mars Exploration Rover (MER), 244 universal message store, 153 vector quantization (VQ), 206–207, motion DCT codec, 229–232, 234 Universal Mobile Telecommunication 215–216, 273–274 performance, 231 System (UMTS), 676, 682, vector solitons, 866, 867 standards, 231 687–688 vector space, 633 MPEG-1, 257–258 Universal Mobile Telephone Service vector wave equations, 829 MPEG-2, 258–259 (UMTS), 11 Vehel, J. L., 583 MPEG-4, 259–260, 263, 264 universal service, 8 vendor code, 391 MPEG-7, 260–261 University of Maryland, College Verdeyen, J. T., 746 MPEG codecs, 257–261 Park, 123 Verdù, S., 683, 885 psychovisual domain, 237–239, unnamed pipes, 81 verical-cavity surface-emitting lasers 251–252 unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) media, (VCSELs), 760–761, 765 rate control, 241–243, 252–255 326, 327, 328, 329, 331 Verma, D., 585 RealVideo-10, 262, 264 unslotted optical packet switching, Verma, R., 70 scalability, 243, 255–257 615–616 Vernon, M. K., 287, 288 SMPTE 421M (WMV 9), untagged sets, 400 version of IPv6 header, 54 261–262, 263 unvoiced segments, 272 vertical cavity surface emitting lasers spacial domain, 245–249 upconverting, 297, 634 (VCSELs) spatial domain, 234–237 update messages, 50 free-space optics, 904 spectral domain, 233–234, 249–250 uplink (UL), 678, 681, 688–689 optical sources, 760–761 standards, 231, 244–245 uplink port, 329 optical transmitters, 709, 712 temporal domain, 237, 250–251 upper-layer header, 57 vertical modes, 137 TrueMotion VP7, 262, 264 upper-layer packet length, 57 vertical redundancy check, 355 video home system (VHS), 257 upper sideband (USB) very high data rate digital subscriber video on demand (VOD), 282, 287, amplitude modulation, 104 http://www.pbookshop.comlines (VDSLs), 316, 473 289, 303 digital radio broadcasting, 659, 660 very high frequency, 12 video quality metrics (VQM) frequency division multiplexing, 556 Veselka, J. J., 456, 716 video compression, 228–229, 231 upper single-sideband (USSB), 107 vestigial sideband amplitude Vidmar, M., 824 upshift character code, 22 modulation (VSB AM), 104, Villamizar, C., 372 upstream node, 51 108–109, 556–558 Villeneuve, A., 874 urgent pointer, 65 Vetterli, M., 209, 210, 285 Vilnrotter, V., 501 U. S. Department of Commerce, 559 Vickers, L., 330 Vin, H., 287 U. S. Department of Defense, 539 Victora, R. H., 804 Violino, B., 328 U. S. Weather Bureau, 130 video buffer verifi er (VBV), 258 Virtamo, J. T., 584 USA Digital Radio Partners, L. P., video capture, 301 virtual circuit identifi er (VCI), 643, 644 video compact disc (VCD), 258, 807 376, 384 USA Digital Radio (USADR), 644 video compression, 227–267 virtual circuits (VCs), 580, 582 USB. See upper sideband (USB) codec enhancements, 239–241 virtual concatenation, 943–944, 945 useful symbol length, 596 digital cinema system, 244 virtual concatenation group (VCG), user datagram protocol (UDP) encoder and decoder, 244–245 586, 945 multimedia streaming, 283, 286 error resilience, 243, 252 virtual concatenation (VCAT), 586, transport layer of the OSI model, 63, 64 EuclidVision, 262–263 943, 945 user diagram protocol (UDP), 40 evaluation of codecs, 263–265 virtual container (VC), 166, 611 user part (UP), 172 high-defi nition video storage, 257 virtual LAN IDs (VLAN IDs), 400 user payload identifi er (UPI), 944 ITU codecs, 244–257 virtual LANs (VLANs), 400 Utah Telecommunication Open encoder and decoder, 244–245 virtual LAN switching capabilities, Infrastructure Agency high-defi nition video storage, 257 381–382 (UTOPIA), 15 profi les, 257 virtual LAN (VLAN) switches, 375 1020 INDEX virtual optical code path, virtual virtual private branch exchange, 123 waveforms, 84, 630 wavelength path (VOCP-VWP), voice communications services, waveguide couplers, 846 891, 893 120–121 waveguide dispersion, 819 virtual organization, 19 voice compression, 120 waveguide fi lters, 853, 854 virtual output queueing (VOQ), 371, voice digitization technologies, waveguide modes and guiding 383, 386 119–120 conditions, 830–831 virtual path identifi er (VPI), 376, 384 voice over internet protocol, 124 waveguide photodetectors, 722 virtual paths (VPs), 582 wide area telecommunications waveguide photonic fi lters, 854 virtual private branch exchange, 123 service, 121 wavelength allocation (WA), 916 virtual private networks (VPNs), 60, 159 voice compression, 120 wavelength allocation and threshold virtual SPIHT, 221 voice digitization technologies, 119–120 dropping (WATD), 916 virtual tributaries (VTs) voiced segments, 272 wavelength continuity constraints, public switched telephone network, voice messaging (VM), 149–150 614, 783 165, 166 system architecture, 150–155 wavelength converters (WCs) statistical time division voice over Internet protocol (VoIP), 3, 7 optical cross connects, 785 multiplexing, 582 cable TV industry, 14 optical differential phase shift synchronous optical network, digital phase modulation, 510 keying, 469 934–935 intercarrier compensation, 9 optical switching techniques in WDM virtual tributary groups (VTGs), 935 speech and audio compression, 275 networks, 913, 916, 919 virtual wavelength path (VWP), 783–784 TCP/IP protocol suite, 81 wavelength division multiplexing, 622 visual features, 261 voice communication systems, 124 wavelength cross connects (WXCs), 851 visual inspection, 227–228 wireless channels, 338 wavelength dependency, 769 visual object plane (VOP), 260 voice processing, 146–150 wavelength division multiple access visual perception, 194 VoIP. See voice over Internet protocol (WDMA), 951 Viswanathan, A., 370, 586, 587, 909, 910 (VoIP) wavelength division multiplexed passive Viswanathan, S., 288 Vokkarane, V. M., 616, 617, 912, 913, optical networks (WDM-PONs), Viterbi, A. J., 680, 683, 885 920, 921, 922, 923 955–956 Viterbi algorithm, 637, 681 Voloshchenko, Y. I., 872 wavelength division multiplexing Viterbi decoder, 505, 533 voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) (WDM), 606–626 V number, 699 angle modulation, 111 absolute quality of service, 623 voice activity detector (VAD), 274 frequency modulation, 414, 416 broadcast and select networks, voice communication systems, 115–126 Gaussian minimum shift keying, 620–621 architecture 445, 449 dense WDM, 613–614 computer telephony integration, phase modulation, 414, 422 evolution of, 612 124–125 Von der Weid, J. P., 820 fi ber-optic fi lters, 851, 852, 853, 857 private branch exchange, 121 von Hann window, 429 free-space optics, 901, 906 automatic call distribution, 122, 123 von Neumann, John, 179 frequency division multiplexing, 553 the central offi ce, 116–117 Voronoi diagram of output points, 206 lambda and sub-lambda switching, Centrex, 123 Vu, H. L., 773 768 computer telephony integration, Vysloukh, V. A., 862, 866, 868 network architectures, 620–621 124–125 optical add-drop multiplexers, architecture, 124–125 Wabnitz, S., 872 607, 609 dialing systems, 116 Wada, N., 885, 886, 894 optical amplifi ers, 607, 608–609 digital private branch exchange, 123 Waddy, D. S., 821, 822 optical burst-switching, 606–607, dual tone multifrequency, 116, 117 http://www.pbookshop.comWagner, K., 868, 873, 874 616–617, 622–623 history of, 115 Wakita, K., 713 optical burst switching signaling infrastructure, 116–119 Walfi sch, J., 343 schemes, 618–619 the central offi ce, 116–117 Walfi sch-Bertoni model, 343 optical burst-switching techniques, local access and transport areas, 118 Wallace, G. K., 215, 221 616–617 point of presence, 118 wall-plug effi ciency, 750, 758 optical components, 607–609 public switching telephone market, Walrand, J., 376, 572, 585 optical couplers and splitters, 117–118 Walsh codes, 549, 550 834, 835 trunk lines, 119 Walsh-Hadamard (WH) set, 681 optical cross connects, 607, 609, 784 key telephone system, 115 Walsh transforms, 195 optical differential phase shift local access and transport areas, 118 Wang, B., 285 keying, 455 point of presence, 118 Wang, C. C., 441, 450 optical fi ber communications, 693, private branch exchange, 121–124 Wang, H., 240 702, 705 public switching telephone market, Wang, J., 460, 463 optical fi bers, 606, 607–608, 819 117–118 Wang, Q., 684 optical label-switching, 606–607, 622 pulse modulations, 120 Wang, R., 72 signaling protocols, 619–620 quality of service, 158 Wang, S. X., 801 switching techniques, 617–618 receiver operation, 115–116 Wang, W., 191 optical multiplexing techniques, rotary dialing, 116 Wang, Y., 207, 243, 286 607–611 telephone mouthpiece, 116 Wang, Z., 240 major optical components, 607–609 telephone system, 115–116 Warrier, U., 176 optical add-drop multiplexers, toll-free service, 120–121 Washington, L. C., 179, 181, 188, 191, 607, 609 touch tone dialing, 116 192, 193, 194 optical amplifi er, 607, 608–609 transmitter operations, 115–116 Watanabe, A., 786, 787 optical cross-connect, 607, 609 trunk lines, 119 water-fi lling solution, 486, 487, 488, 489 optical fi ber, 607–608 INDEX 1021

optical multiplexers and wavelength routing and assignment wide sense stationary (WSS) demultiplexers, 609 (WRA), 770 process, 346 optical multiplexing, 609–610 wavelength routing networks (WRNs), wide sense stationary uncorrelated optical receiver, 607, 608 620, 621, 910–911 scattering (WSSUS) channel, 346 optical transmitter, 607, 608 wavelength-selective coupler, 842–844 wide sense stationary (WSS) signal, 524 synchronous digital hierarchy, wavelength selective optical cross Widjaja, I., 576 606, 611 connects (WS-OXCs), 784, Widmer, J., 72 synchronous optical network 785–787 Wiener-Khintchine theorem, 524 technique, 606, 610–611 wavelength selective switches Wi-Fi Alliance, 539 optical packet-switching, 606–607, (WSSs), 855 WiFi (wireless fi delity), 3, 15, 539 615–617, 622 wavelength shift keying (WSK), 505–506 Wikipedia, 104, 311, 312, 390, 509, 510, optical receivers, 607, 608 wavelength switching, 784 512, 518, 562, 575, 576, 948 optical signal regeneration, 729 wavelet coding, 209–210 Wilkinson, T. A., 599 optical solitons, 863 wavelet transforms, 195, 196, 209, 223 Willebrand, H. A., 903, 904, 905, 906 optical transmitters, 607, 608, 712 wave-particle duality, 752 Williams, E. W., 806 passive optical networks, 948, waves, 70 Williams, P., 821 955–956 wave shift keying, 506 Willinger, W., 583 protection schemes, 613 WCs. See wavelength converters (WCs) Wilmsen, C. W., 712 quality of service requirements, 606, WDM. See wavelength division Wilsky, A. S., 553 617, 621–625 multiplexing (WDM) Wilson, K., 493 restoration schemes, 613 weather and free-space optics (FSO), Wilson, K. E., 492, 493 signaling protocols, 618–620 903 Wilson, R., 237 optical burst switching signaling Webb, D. J., 818, 819 Wilson, S. G., 520 schemes, 618–619 Webb, P. P., 495 WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for optical label-switching signaling Webb channel, 505 microwave access), 15 schemes, 619–620 Web caching, 287 digital communications, 629, 638–640 statistical time division webcasting, 665–667, 671 modems, 317 multiplexing, 587 Weber, W. J., 450 orthogonal frequency division survivability, 612–613 Weber’s law, 238 multiplexing, 603 switching techniques, 614–618 Wedding, B., 715 window frequency response, 188 optical burst-switching technique, Wee, S. J., 286 windowing functions, 184, 188 616–617 Wei, J., 249 Windows Media Video 9 (WMV9), 261, optical label-switching technique, Wei, J. Y., 910 263, 264, 265 617–618 Wei, X., 457, 458, 460, 463, 464, 465, window switching, 277 optical packet-switching 466, 469 Winful, H. G., 872, 873 techniques, 615–616 Weibull distribution, 583 Winters, J. H., 693, 701, 702 wavelength routing, 614–615 Weinberger, M., 235 Winzer, P. J., 456, 457, 460, 463, 464, synchronous digital hierarchy, Weiner, A. M., 865, 886 465, 467 606, 611 Weinstein, S., 112, 473, 591, 593, 594 wired communication, 404–405 synchronous OCDM, 885, 889, Weiser, P. J., 12 wireless application environment 890, 893 Weisman, D. L., 5 (WAE), 317 synchronous optical network Weisstein, E. W., 461, 585, 829, 830 wireless application protocol (WAP), 317 technique, 606, 610–611 Welch, Terry, 195, 216 wireless channels, 334–351 technology, 611–614 Weldon Jr., E. J., 678 bandwidth, 347–348 time division multiplexing, 569 http://www.pbookshop.comWerner, J. J., 429 channel impulse response, 344–345 wavelength routing, 614–615, 621 Western Union, 130 channel modeling, 338–342 see also optical switching techniques Westinghouse Electronic Corporation, 643 diffraction path loss, 341–342 in WDM networks White, P. P., 287 free space propagation path loss, wavelength grouping, 914 white noise, 353, 719 338–339 wavelength interchangeable optical Whitt, W., 584, 585 path loss modeling, 338 cross connects (WI-OXCs), 784, whole lambda switching (Wl S), path loss over smooth plane, 339–340 785, 787–790 770–771 channel scattering functions, wavelength interchange devices (WIDs), whole sample symmetry (wss), 218–219 336–337, 346 789, 790 Wicker, S. B., 361, 637 channel transfer functions, 345–346 wavelength isolation, 835 wide area network (WAN) coherence time, 346, 347–348 wavelength laser diode tuning, conducted communications COST-231 model, 343 continuous, 762–763 media, 320 diffraction path loss, 341–342 wavelength multiplexing, 812 data communications, 25–26 Doppler effect, 347 wavelength path (WP), 783 SONET and SDH networks, 929 Durkins model, 344 wavelength routers, 614–615, switches, 375, 383 empirical path loss models, 342–344 620, 621 voice communication systems, 122 fading in, 348–349 wavelength routing (WR) wide area telecommunications service free space propagation, 335 optical cross connects, 788, 789–790 (WATS), 121 free space propagation path loss, optical switching techniques in WDM wideband CDMA (W-CDMA), 539 338–339 networks, 910 wide-band diagram congestion Hata model, 342–343 wavelength division multiplexing, control, 167 indoor propagation, 338 606–607, 614–615, 621 wideband frequency modulation, Longley-Rice model, 343–344 wavelength interchangeable OXCs, 415–416 multipath propagation, 336, 789–790 widescreen format, 297–299 337–338, 340 1022 INDEX wireless channels (cont.) Wu, W., 619, 620 Yoshida, T., 804 Okumura model, 342, 343 Wu, X. N., 787 Yoshino, T., 818 path loss modeling, 338 Wyner, A. D., 502 Yu, H., 191 path loss over smooth plane, 339–340 Wysocki, P. F., 857 Yu, J., 249 power delay profi le, 347 Yu, P. S., 289 radio wave propagation, 334–338 X.25 protocol stack, 151 Yu, P. K. L., 713, 758 free space propagation, 335 X couplers, 837–839 Yu, Q., 819 indoor propagation, 338 XDCAM HD, 300, 301 Yu, T., 864 mechanism of, 335–337 Xenophon, 900 Yu, W., 487, 489 multipath propagation, 336, Xia, L., 844 Yu, X., 913 337–338, 340 Xiao, G., 622, 910 Yuan, H., 787 statistical parameters of the wireless Xiao, X., 287 Yuan, J. S., 726 channel, 347–348 Xiao, X. P., 619 Yuan, S., 769, 918, 920 statistical wireless channel model, Xiaohua, M., 829, 837 Yuan, Z., 748 344–346 Xie, C., 463 Yung, 776 time dispersion, 347 Xiong, F., 96, 97, 524, 525, 529, 530, Walfi sch-Bertoni model, 343 531, 533, 535 Zabusky, N. J., 861 wideband PCS microcell model, 343 Xiong, X., 511, 516, 519 Zahorjan, J., 287, 288 wireless digital subscriber line Xiong, Z., 221 Zakharov, V. E., 862, 866 (WDSL), 317 XML encoding rules (XER), 79 Zakhor, A., 285 wireless fi delity (WiFi), 3, 15, 317 XM Satellite Radio, 646, 662, Zang, H., 614, 620, 785, 910, 920 wireless Internet service providers 663–664, 671 Zegura, E. W., 372 (WISPs), 15 XPM. See cross-phase modulation Zehnder, Ludwig, 694 wireless local area networks (WLANs) (XPM) Zeng, F., 842 modems, 317 Xu, C., 457, 460, 464, 465, 469 Zeng, Q. J., 790, 791 orthogonal frequency division Xu, L., 915, 916 zero-forcing equalizers (ZFEs), 637 multiplexing, 591, 601 Xu, Z., 868, 876 zero-padded OFDM, 594 spread spectrum, 539 Xue, F., 842 zero padding, 485–486 wireless channels, 338 zerotrees, 210, 220, 221 WirelessMAN, 602 Yabusaki, M., 675 Zhang, C., 67, 68, 70, 72 wireless modems, 317 Yadin, Y., 460 Zhang, F., 818 wireless phones, 5, 11 Yaeger, R. E., 581 Zhang, H., 287, 370 wireless revolution, 675 Yajima, N., 862 Zhang, L., 66, 287 wireless spectrum licenses, 11 Yamada, N., 803 Zhang, Q., 913, 914, 925 wireless voice market, 9–11 Yamada, Y., 854 Zhang, T., 622 Wise, F., 868 Yamagishi, F., 909 Zhang, X., 587, 877 Witten, I. H., 199, 203, 210, 229 Yamanaka, N., 379 Zhang, Y., 584 Witten-Neal-Cleary adaptive arithmetic Yan, T.-Y., 505 Zhang, Y.-Q., 207, 286 coder, 229, 231 Yang, J., 867, 868 Zhang, Z., 583 Wolf, E., 828 Yang, J. J., 760, 761, 763 Zhang, Z. Y., 822 Wolf, J. L., 289 Yang, T.-S., 864 Zhao, M., 734, 735 Wolfson, D., 733 Yang, Y. R., 68, 69, 72 Zhao, W., 737, 865 Wong, C. Y., 601 Yang Liao, D., 914 Zharova, N. A., 868 Wood, D., 873 Yano, M., 909 Zhong, W. D., 787, 788, 789, 790 Woods, J., 218 http://www.pbookshop.comYao, J., 842 Zhong, Y., 249 words in data compression, 203 Yao, S., 608, 609, 615, 622, 624, 909, Zhou, J., 785 workgroup switches, 380 910, 916 Zhu, B., 693, 696 working lines, 939 Yariv, A., 819, 822, 830, 831, 834, 837, Zhu, K., 614, 785 workstation, 20 846, 857 Zhu, M., 383 World DAB, 668, 670 Yasuda, Y., 141, 215, 448 Zhu, Q.-F., 243, 286 World Radiocommunication Y couplers, 840 Zhu, W., 386, 387 Conference, 671 Ye, C., 763 Zhu, Y., 953 WorldSpace, 646, 671 Yegenoglu, F., 584 Zhu, Z., 586, 739, 943 WorldSpace Satellite Radio, 662, 663 Yeh, C., 876 Zhuang, W., 340 World War II, 130, 538 Yeh, J. W., 31 Ziemer, R., 102, 103, 104, 112, 443, 540, World Wide Web, 80–81 Yeh, Y., 377 541, 542, 549 see also Internet Yener, B., 779 zigzag scan, 249 WR. See wavelength routing (WR) Yeung, K. H., 689 Zimmerman, M. S., 591, 592 wraparound order, 184 Yilmaz, G., 828 Zimmermann, H., 77, 375, 727 Wree, C., 469 Yip, P., 216, 217 Zimmermann, R., 287 Wright, E. M., 866 Yodo, S., 841 ZIP, 195, 203, 210 write address control (WAC), 378 Yoo, M., 615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 909, Ziv, Jacob, 195, 203, 216 write-once, read many (WORM), 802 910, 914, 922 Zlatanovici, R., 431 write-once recording, 802–803 Yoo, S. J. B., 785, 788, 842, 918, zonal coding, 209 Wu, E., 838 919, 923 Zou, L., 819 Wu, S.-T., 700 Yoon, E., 844 Zozulya, A. A., 871 Wu, T., 940 Yoshia, S., 338 Zukerman, M., 585 Zwillinger, D., 505 http://www.pbookshop.com http://www.pbookshop.com http://www.pbookshop.com http://www.pbookshop.com http://www.pbookshop.com http://www.pbookshop.com