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Cultural Resources Inventory Survey (Table of Contents) Pecos NHP: Cultural Resources Inventory Survey (Table of Contents) PECOS From Folsom to Fogelson: The Cultural Resources Inventory Survey of Pecos National Historical Park TABLE OF CONTENTS COVER VOLUME I FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES 1. INTRODUCTION Genevieve N. Head, Janet D. Orcutt, and Robert P. Powers The Need for an Archeological Inventory Upper Pecos Valley Culture History Preceramic Period (11,500 B.C.-A.D. 600) Developmental Period (A.D. 600-1200) Coalition Period (A.D. 1200-1325) Classic Period (A.D. 1325-1600) Pecos Pueblo/Spanish Mission Period (A.D. 1540-1838) Spanish Colonial Period (A.D. 16004821) Early Colonial/Pre-Revolt (A.D. 1600-1680) Pueblo Revolt (A.D. 1680-1692) Late Colonial/Post-Revolt (A.D. 1692-1821) Early Settlement, Santa Fe Trail, Civil War Period (A.D. 1812-1880) Mexican/Santa Fe Trail (A.D. 1821-1846) United States Territorial (A.D. 1846-1880) Railroad/Tourism (A.D. 1880-1941) Ranching Period (A.D. 1925-1993) Fogelson/Monument Period (A.D. 1941-1991) The Environment Topography Geology Soils Climate Flora and Fauna http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/pecos/cris/contents.htm[8/14/2013 11:44:19 AM] Pecos NHP: Cultural Resources Inventory Survey (Table of Contents) Recent Impacts to the Pecos Environment Research Objectives Community Development Exchange Historic Period Investigations Organization of the Volume 2. PREVIOUS ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK Susan Eininger The Beginnings of Pecos Archeology The Kidder Years The State Monument Era National Park Service Projects Recent Years Summary 3. METHODOLOGY Susan F. Eininger Project Organization Survey Methodology Survey Areas Survey Procedures Cultural Resource Identification Sites Isolated Occurrences Cultural Landscape Elements Site Documentation Site Numbering Site Recording Forms Site Components Native American Artifact Documentation Artifact Sampling Density Count Procedures Artifact Attribute Analyses Euro-American Artifact Documentation Artifact Collection Location Information Site Maps Photodocumentation Isolated Occurrence Documentation Cultural Landscape Documentation Data Processing and Management Summary http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/pecos/cris/contents.htm[8/14/2013 11:44:19 AM] Pecos NHP: Cultural Resources Inventory Survey (Table of Contents) 4. CERAMIC CHRONOLOGY Melissa S. Powell and Karl K. Benedict Ceramic Typologies Rio Grande Chronologies Background on the Survey Chronology The Pecos Ceramic Assemblage Sampling and Analytic Methods The Ceramic Database Ceramic Wares and Chronologically Sensitive Types Dating the Pecos Survey Sites The Mean Ceramic Date Approach South's Mean Ceramic Date Formula Assumptions of Mean Ceramic Dating Method Mean Ceramic Date Findings Ceramic Probability Dating Probability Assumptions Method Interpreting Ceramic Probabilities Dating Multicomponent Sites The Pecos Survey Chronology Temporal Trends Contemporaneity of the Early Pueblos Conclusions Notes 5. SITE TYPOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE Genevieve N. Head Site Typology in the Upper Pecos Valley The Effects of Mechanical Vegetation Removal on Site Interpretation Components and Features Classification of the Survey Sites Categories for the Pecos Survey Sites Functional Types for the Pecos Survey Sites Habitations Seasonal Sites Special-Use Sites General Artifactual Parameters of the Site Types Nonstructural Feature Groups and Site Types Change in Site Types through Time Site Types across Space and through Time Summary Description of the Survey Sites http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/pecos/cris/contents.htm[8/14/2013 11:44:19 AM] Pecos NHP: Cultural Resources Inventory Survey (Table of Contents) Habitations Communal Pueblos (100 rooms or more) Pueblos (6-99 rooms) Seasonal Sites Special-use Sites Subsistence and Social Change through Architecture Agriculture Expectations Expectation Testing Discussion Social Integration Expectations Expectation Testing Discussion Summary and Conclusions Notes 6. SETTLEMENT Karl K. Benedict and Janet D. Orcutt Characterizing Climate through the Palmer Drought Severity Index Expectations for Site Locations Site Types by Environment Period 2 (A.D. 1200-1325) Period 3 (A.D. 1325-1450) Period 4 (A.D. 1450-1575) Period 5 (A.D. 1575-1700) Habitation Site Locations through Time Seasonal Site Locations through Time Special-use Site Locations through Time Social Influences on Site Location Traditional Spatial Analysis Methods Quadrat Analysis Nearest-Neighbor Analysis Conclusions Regarding Traditional Spatial Analysis Methods Simulation-based Nearest-Neighbor Analysis Simulation Analysis Methods Results of Simulated Nearest Neighbor Analysis Comparison of Special-Use to Special-Use Sites Comparison of Special-Use to Habitation Sites Comparison of Special-Use to Seasonal Sites Comparison of Habitation to Habitation Sites Comparison of Habitation to Seasonal Sites Comparison of Seasonal to Seasonal Sites Nearest-Neighbor Summary http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/pecos/cris/contents.htm[8/14/2013 11:44:19 AM] Pecos NHP: Cultural Resources Inventory Survey (Table of Contents) Site Location and Localized Soil and Resource Productivity Potential Plant Productivity of Soils Data Analysis Statistical Considerations The Models Considered in the Current Analysis The Analysis Procedure Analysis Results Habitation Sites—Food Resources Habitation Sites—Fuel Resources Seasonal Sites—Food Resources Seasonal Sites—Fuel Resources Special-Use Sites—Food Resources Special-Use Sites—Fuel Resources Conclusions Summary and Conclusions Notes 7. DEMOGRAPHY Janet D. Orcutt Reconstructing Population Population Estimation Methods Estimating Population in the Pecos Area Pecos Pueblo Population Aggregation Northern Rio Grande Population Conclusions Climate and Pecos Area Population 8. CERAMICS Melissa S. Powell Ceramic Research in the Northern Rio Grande Region Methods of Ceramic Analysis The Ceramic Assemblage Ceramic Types Ceramic Wares Rio Grande Gray Ware Pajarito White Ware Rio Grande Glaze Ware Historic Polychromes and Plain Ware Plains/Apache Other Trade Ware Ceramics Vessel Form Trends in Ceramic Wares http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/pecos/cris/contents.htm[8/14/2013 11:44:19 AM] Pecos NHP: Cultural Resources Inventory Survey (Table of Contents) Ceramic Wares through Time Rio Grande Gray Ware through Time Ceramic Ware by Site Type Functional Analyses Functional Classes through Time Functional Classes by Site Type Vessel Size Ceramic Vessel Size through Time Vessel Size by Site Type Vessel Size by Ceramic Type The Organization of Ceramic Production Direct Evidence Indirect Evidence Standardization and Specialization Ceramic Resources in the Rio Grande Region Goals of the Compositional Study Assumptions of Compositional Analysis The Sample for Compositional Analysis Rio Grande Gray Ware Pajarito White Ware Analytic Methods Results of Refiring Results of Petrography Utility Ware Temper and Paste Categories White Ware Temper and Paste Categories The Raw Clays Addressing the Research Questions Production Areas Variation among Sites Variation between Santa Fe Black-on-white and Galisteo Black-on-white Comparisons to Apache and Pithouse Ceramics Conclusions 9. LITHICS J. David Kilby and Joseph Vasquez Cunningham The Flaked Stone Assemblage Regional Sources of Lithic Raw Materials Rocky Mountains Jemez Mountains Sources Pedernal Chert Other Sources in the Rocky Mountains Basin and Range Madera and San Andres Formations The Rio Grande Mount Taylor http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/pecos/cris/contents.htm[8/14/2013 11:44:19 AM] Pecos NHP: Cultural Resources Inventory Survey (Table of Contents) Great Plains Alibates Flint Tecovas Chert Edwards Plateau Chert Other Sources on the Great Plains Summary Flaked Stone Assemblage Parameters Raw Material Type Size Cortex Platform Type Debitage Type/Condition Thermal Alteration Edge Damage Technological Type Functional Type Tool Classes for Analysis The Organization of Flaked Stone Technology Technological Organization and Raw Material Tool Production and Raw Material Pueblo Period Obsidian Use Technological Organization and Settlement Patterns Artifact Classes and Site Types Site Types through Time The Nonflaked Lithic Assemblage Nonflaked Lithic Assemblage Parameters Manos Metates Nonportable Grinding Features Axes, Mauls, and Hoes Other Nonflaked Lithic Artifacts Population Aggregation and Grinding Intensity Grinding Intensity and Site Types Grinding Intensity through Time Summary and Conclusions Notes VOLUME II 10. EURO-AMERICAN SITES Jeffrey L. Boyer, James L. Moore, Natasha Williamson and Genevieve N. Head Description of Euro-American Components Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Euro-American Sites Temporal Analyses of Euro-American Artifacts http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/pecos/cris/contents.htm[8/14/2013 11:44:19 AM] Pecos NHP: Cultural Resources Inventory Survey (Table of Contents) Data Collection Dating the Euro-American Sites Pecos National Historical Park Cultural Periods Dating the Sites Euro-American Sites and Cultural Periods Spanish Colonial/Mexican/Hispanic Settlement, Santa Fe Trail, Civil War Period (A.D. 1812-1880) Railroad/Tourism Period (A.D. 1880-1941) Sites Tentatively Associated with Periods or Unassignable to a Period Comparing Homestead Artifact Dates with Documentary Dates PECO 540: Homestead D PECO 270: Homestead A, Benigno Quintana PECO 175: Homestead B PECO 367: Homestead E, Pedro Ruiz PECO 541: Homestead C, Anicieto Rivera Summary of Analyses of Euro-American Artifacts
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