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Hindutva, Hindunasjonalisme Og Bharatiya Janata Party En Tekstanalyse Av Bjp.Org

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Hindutva, Hindunasjonalisme Og Bharatiya Janata Party En Tekstanalyse Av Bjp.Org Hindutva, Hindunasjonalisme og Bharatiya Janata Party En tekstanalyse av bjp.org Marianne Myreng Masteroppgave i Religionsvitenskap Det samfunnsvitenskapelige fakultet Universitetet i Tromsø Høst 2007 Forord Jeg vil rette en stor takk til min veileder Peter Jackson for gode råd og enorme innsats i sluttspurten av oppgaveskrivningen. Også en takknemlighet til mine medstudenter og forelesere de siste tre årene på Institutt for Religionsvitenskap fortjener en plass i dette forordet. Ellers vil jeg takke alle venner og familie som har hjulpet meg komme gjennom denne prosessen, både med viljestyrke og inspirasjon. Til Pappa Innhold: Kapittel 1. Introduksjon s. 3 1.1 Kildene s. 6 1.2 Personoversikt s. 6 Kapittel 2. Historisk bakgrunn s. 9 2.1 Hindutva blir til s. 9 2.2 Hindunasjonalismen organiserer seg; Sangh parivar s. 11 Kapittel 3. bjp.org; deres filosofi, ideologi og historie s. 15 3.1 BJP Philosophy; Hindutva: the Great Nationalist Ideology s. 15 3.2 BJP Philosophy; Integral Humanism s. 18 3.3 BJP History; Its Birth, Growth and onward March s. 22 3.4 Generelle tendenser s. 26 Kapittel 4. Fremtidsutsikter og BJP Today s. 29 4.1 Tasks Ahead s. 29 4.2 Election manifesto`s s. 31 4.3 BJP Today s. 34 4.4 Generelle tendenser s. 42 Kapittel 5. Nasjonalisme, myter og symboler s. 45 5.1 Nasjonalismens bruk av symboler og myter s. 47 5.2 BJPs symbol- og mytebruk s. 48 5.2.1 Flagget s. 48 5.2.2 Nasjonalsangen s. 49 5.2.3 Kubeskyttelsen s. 50 5.2.4 Ram Janmabhoomi s. 52 1 5.2.5 Andre observasjoner ved bjp.prg s. 54 5.3 Religiøse symboler knyttet til Hindutva s. 54 Kapittel 6. Avslutning s. 54 6.1 Andre hjemmesider knyttet til den hindunasjonalistiske bevegelsen s. 60 Kapittel 7. Appendiks s. 61 A. BJP Today, march 1-15, 2005, Humanism, Viewed Integrally s. 61 B. National Democratic Alliance; An agenda for Development, Good Governance, Peace, and Harmony s. 64 C. BJP Today, February 1-15 2004, India`s Tomorrow Linked With NDA`s Victory Today s. 104 D. BJP Today, May 16-31 2004, The great game of obfuscation: the “real” 2004 poll story s. 106 E. BJP Today, July 16-31 2004, “Poisonous Congress ideology would lead country to further division”- Atalji s. 109 F. BJP Today, December 16-31 2004, `Stand like a rock against anti-Hindu forces` s. 111 G. BJP Today, May 16-31 2005, Opposition humiliation unacceptable: NDA NDA left with no alternative but to boycott remaining session of Parliament s. 116 H. BJP Today, December 1-15 2005, Sinia and Manmohan`s honor besmeared s. 117 I. BJP Today, March 1-15 2006, UPA dividing the country and armed forces: Advaniji s. 120 J. BJP Today, July 16-31 2006, Preserve an enrich our democracy, Advaniji s. 123 K. BJP Today, December 16-31 2005, No difficulty is insurmountable, Say Atalji s. 126 Kapittel 8. Litteratur s. 129 2 Kapittel 1. Introduksjon India er i dag verdens største demokrati med over én milliard mennesker. Landet har hatt en enorm utvikling siden frigjøringen i 1947, dette både når det kommer til økonomi, teknologi, utdannelse, politikk og mer til. Landet er en smeltedigel av tradisjoner, kulturer, religioner og hellige steder for de fleste av verdensreligionene. Landet er også en ung nasjon med tanke på at de nettopp feiret sin 60 årsdag som fri nasjon. Delingen i kjølvannet av frigjøringen har hatt stor påvirkning på politikken i landet i alle år, og enda i dag konkurrerer India og Pakistan i områder som har innvirkning på hele verdenspolitikken. Dette viste seg særdeles godt da disse statene hadde sitt eget atomkappløp mot slutten av 1990-tallet, og som resulterte i en rekke atomprøvespregninger i 1998. Siden den tid har India og Pakistan forsøkt seg på fredssamtaler flere ganger, og det handler da ofte om områdene nord i India bedre kjent som Kashmir. Dette området har vært preget av konflikter og konfrontasjoner mellom hinduer og muslimer siden delingen, og er stadig et tema i samtaler mellom disse to landene. Det er ikke bare i disse områdene det har vært konfrontasjoner mellom disse to folkegruppene, dette selv om det er avgrenset til nordområdene i India. Årsakene har vært mange, og grupper tilknyttet den hindunasjonalistiske bevegelsen i India har fått skylden for å ha oppfordret til voldelige handlinger. Denne bevegelsen har satt sine spor også på den politiske arena i landet, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) er nå et av de største politiske partiene i landet og kjemper mot Kongresspartiet om makten. Hovedpunktet i denne oppgaven vil være hjemmesiden til det hindunasjonalistiske politiske partiet Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) og hvordan de har tolket og brukt Savarkars ideologi om Hindutva. Dette i forhold til konstruksjonen, språket og struktur på deres hjemmeside bjp.org. Jeg vil se på hvordan de beskriver seg selv og andre på denne hjemmesiden, og hvilke virkemidler de bruker for å sanke stemmer hos folket. Sett bort fra de vanlige politiske valgkampsakene, som jordbruksutvikling, økonomi, utdannelse og teknologi, skal jeg her forsøke å belyse hvordan de bruker religion i sin politikk. Denne oppgaven vil dermed bli en tekstuell analyse av en hjemmeside, med fokus på bruken av religiøst språk, symboler og myter. Siden dette er en nokså ukjent form for politikk i denne delen av verden, Vesten, har jeg valgt å begynne med en kort innføring i historien bak hindunasjonalismen og hvordan BJP kom til å 3 bli et så viktig politisk parti i India. Jeg vil starte historie kapitlet med en redegjørelse for hva Hindutva går ut på ifølge Savarkars egen bok Hindutva; Who is a Hindu? Deretter vil jeg fortsette kapittel 2 med en redegjørelse for hvordan hindinasjonalismen ble til, og organiserte seg på begynnelsen av 1900-tallet. Deretter går jeg over til an analysedel av de sentrale delene ved BJPs hjemmeside, både skriftlig og visuelt. Det vil på denne måten bli en slags to-delt oppgave, hvor jeg på den ene siden ser på BJPs bruk av Hindutva gjennom det de skriver i tekstene på sin hjemmeside. Og på den andre siden hvilke virkemidler de bruker for å promotere sin hindunasjonalisme ved bruk av religiøs retorikk og religiøse symboler på sin hjemmeside. Den første delen er hoveddelen av disse to, og den andre delen er en nødvendig utfyllelse med tanke på hvordan de bruker religion i sin politiske status. Når man ser nærmere på hjemmesidene til BJP til forskjell for hva til de uttaler til folket i valgperioder, vil en se store forskjeller. De har her også en side som er rettet mot deres ideologi Hindutva, og hva deres meninger og tolkninger om dette er. Men hvis en ser på avis artikler og valgkampanjer så kommer ikke denne nasjonalistiske og religiøse delen noe særlig fram i senere tid. Bare på noen få steder utenom linken tilknyttet deres filosofi og de andre faste linkene på hjemmesiden, vil en finne uttalelser som kan tolkes til Hindutva. Dette vil jeg ta opp i kapittel 3 med en gjennomgang og diskusjon av de viktigste linkene på siden i forhold til historie og filosofi. Også når det kommer til artikler de har gitt ut, og ulike uttalelser fra lederne i organisasjonen som også publiseres utenom hjemmesiden, finner man ikke mye som kan knyttes til det de kaller for sin ideologi og filosofi. Dette til tross for at de har fått klager fra andre deler av den hindunasjonalistiske organisasjonen om at de beveger seg lengre og lengre bort fra sitt grunnleggende budskap. I kapittel 4 tar jeg opp de punktene som går mer på deres aktuelle politikk, med hvilke planer de har for framtiden til partiet og hvilket budskap de sprer til folket gjennom deres eget tidsskrift BJP Today. Jeg vil her gå gjennom de artiklene jeg har plukket ut som et representativt utvalg i forhold til deres politikk og hva som er relevant i forhold til denne oppgaven. Jeg har satt inn de artikler fra BJP Today i en appendiks bak i oppgaven. Dette fordi de ikke har egne nettverksadresser, men bare er satt opp under domenet til bjp.org. Jeg valgte da å sette disse inn i en appendiks fordi de ikke er like lett tilgjengelige som de linkene 4 jeg har brukt tidligere i oppgaven. Jeg har derfor satt inn nettadressene som hører til kapittel 3 i teksten. Hjemmesidene er preget av et religiøst og nasjonalistisk vokabular og religiøse symboler, som lotusblomsten, og steder og saker som er hellige for det hinduistiske folket. Dette vil jeg ta opp i kapittel 5, med en gjennomgang av hvilke symboler og myter de bruker i sin politikk. Dette både for å sanke stemmer hos befolkningen, og for å opprettholde sin posisjon innen den hindunasjonalistiske organisasjonen. Symboler har ingen bestemt mening, bare den mening som blir gitt et symbol. Symboler er multivokale som vil si at det ikke inneholder en bestemt mening, men en rekke mulige meninger som er gitt dem av ulike aktører (Kunin 2003:195). De forklaringene jeg har på de symbolene jeg presenterer i dette kapitlet er tatt ut fra et hinduistisk perspektiv, fra en ordbok som skal presentere ulike ords betydning fra denne trosretningens perspektiv og brukemåte. Dette selv om disse symbolene kan ha andre meninger for andre trosretninger. Årsaken til at jeg valgte dette temaet er egentlig ganske komplisert, men jeg skal her gi en meget kortfattet versjon. Da jeg som student dro til India gjennom Kulturstudier i tre måneder kom jeg til en helt ny verden. Allerede første natten våknet vi til utrolig mange rare lyder fra gatene. Tusenvis av mennesker gikk gjennom gatene med blåseinstrumenter og draende på enorme gudefigurer med etterslepende aggregater slik at disse figurene skulle få lyd og lys.
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