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The Mongol and Ming Empires

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The Mongol and Ming Empires wh07_te_ch12_s02_na_s.fm Page 376 Thursday, January 4, 2007 11:53 wh07_se_ch12_s02_s.fmAM Page 376 Wednesday, November 29, 2006 12:44 PM Mongolian archer Mongol warrior’s boots Step-by-Step on horseback SECTION 2 Instruction WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO Warriors on Horseback Objectives The Mongols were tough warriors As you teach this section, keep students who lived in the saddle and were focused on the following objectives to help considered the most skilled riders in them answer the Section Focus Question the world. The Italian traveler Marco Polo described Mongol battle tactics: and master core content. 2 They keep hovering about the enemy, discharging ■ Summarize how Mongol armies built “ their arrows first from one side and then from the an empire. other. Their horses are so well broken-in to ■ Describe China under Mongol rule. quick changes of movement, that upon the signal given, they instantly turn in any direction, and by ■ Understand how the Ming restored these rapid maneuvers many victories have Chinese rule. been obtained.” ■ Explain why the Ming explored the —Marco Polo, A Description of the World high seas for only a brief period. Focus Question What were the effects of the Mongol invasion and the rise of the Ming dynasty on China? Prepare to Read The Mongol and Ming Empires Build Background Knowledge L3 Objectives About 1200, the Mongols burst out of Central Asia to conquer an Remind students what they read in • Summarize how Mongol armies built an empire. empire stretching across Asia and Europe. In the process, they the previous section about the decline of • Describe China under Mongol rule. overran Song China and imposed Mongol rule on its people. the Song dynasty. Explain that in this • Understand how the Ming restored Chinese rule. section, they’ll read about the Mongols— • Explain why the Ming explored the high seas for Mongol Armies Build an Empire the efficient fighters who ousted the Song only a brief period. and took control of China. The Mongols were a nomadic people who grazed their horses and sheep on the steppes, or vast, treeless plains, of Central Asia. Rival Mongol clans spent much of their time warring with one Set a Purpose L3 another. In the early 1200s, however, a brilliant Mongol chieftain ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection Terms, People, and Places united these warring tribes. This chieftain took the name aloud or play the audio. Genghis Khan, meaning “Universal Ruler.” Under his leader- steppe Marco Polo ship, Mongol forces conquered a vast empire that stretched from AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, Genghis Khan Ming dynasty Warriors on Horseback Kublai Khan Zheng He the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe. Ask What advantages would Mon- Yuan dynasty Mongols Invade China Genghis Khan imposed strict military gol warriors gain by fighting on discipline and demanded absolute loyalty. His highly trained, mobile armies had some of the most skilled horsemen in the world. horseback? (Sample: speed of move- Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence Create a Genghis Khan had a reputation for fierceness. He could order the ment; ability to cover longer distances timeline like the one below to record important than soldiers fighting on foot; ability to events as you read this section. massacre of an entire city. Yet he also could be generous, reward- strike quickly against an enemy force) ing the bravery of a single fighter. Mongol armies conquered the Asian steppe lands with some ■ Mongols advance Focus Point out the Section Focus into China. ease, but as they turned on China, they encountered the problem Question and write it on the board. Tell of attacking walled cities. Chinese and Turkish military experts students to refer to this question as c. 1200 1279 1368 1405 taught them to use cannons and other new weapons. The Mongols they read. (Answer appears with Sec- tion 2 Assessment answers.) ■ Preview Have students preview the Vocabulary Builder Section Objectives and the list of Terms, People, and Places. Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section. ■ Have students read this Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 106, Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook p. 3 section using the Guided Questioning High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, dominate, p. 377 v. to rule or control with power have students fill in the timeline Under the Tang and Song, the gentry dominated Chinese society. sequencing important events during the Mongol and Ming Empires. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 109 376 The Spread of Civilization in East and Southeast Asia wh07_se_ch12_s02_s.fmwh09NA_te_ch12_s02_s.fm Page 377 Monday, Page 377 March Monday, 6, 2006 1:40April PM 30, 2007 4:35 PM and Chinese launched missiles against each other from metal tubes filled with gunpowder. This use of cannons in warfare would soon spread west- Teach ward to Europe. Genghis Khan did not live to complete the conquest of China. His heirs, however, continued to expand the Mongol empire. For the next 150 Vocabulary Builder Mongol Armies L3 years, they dominated much of Asia. Their furious assaults toppled dominated—(DAHM ih nayt id) v. ruled Instruct empires and spread destruction from southern Russia through Muslim or controlled with power lands in Southwest Asia to China. Protected by steep mountain ranges, ■ Introduce: Vocabulary Builder India avoided invasion, but the Mongols arrived in China, devastated the Have students read the Vocabulary flourishing province of Sichuan (see chwahn), and annihilated its great Builder term and definition. Ask How capital city of Chengdu. did the Mongols come to dominate other peoples? (They were skilled Rulers Establish Order and Peace Once conquest was completed, warriors.) the Mongols were not oppressive rulers. Often, they allowed conquered people to live much as they had before—as long as they regularly paid ■ Teach Have students compare how the tribute to the Mongols. Mongols acted during their conquests Genghis Khan had set an example for his successors by ruling con- and later when they ruled. Ask What quered lands with toleration and justice. Although the Mongol warrior are examples of the Mongols’ had no use for city life, he respected scholars, artists, and artisans. He destructive power when conquer- listened to the ideas of Confucians, Buddhists, Christians, Muslims, ing their empire? (massacring an Jews, and Zoroastrians. entire city, devastating the province of In the 1200s and 1300s, the sons and grandsons of Genghis Khan Sichuan, annihilating the great capital established peace and order within their domains. Today, many histori- city of Chengdu) How did Mongols ans refer to this period of order as the Pax Mongolica, or Mongol Peace. act once they had established con- Political stability set the stage for economic growth. Under the protec- trol of an area? (with tolerance and tion of the Mongols, who now controlled the great Silk Road, trade flour- ished across Eurasia. According to a contemporary, Mongol rule meant justice) What was the effect of that that people “enjoyed such a peace that a man might have journeyed from rule? (created a period of peace and the land of sunrise to the land of sunset with a golden platter upon his prosperity) head without suffering the least violence from anyone.” ■ Quick Activity Display Color Trans- Cultural exchanges increased as foods, tools, inventions, and ideas parency 72: Extent of the Mongol spread along the protected trade routes. From China, Empire Under Genghis Khan and the use of gunpowder moved westward into Europe. Kublai Khan. Have students compare Techniques of papermaking also reached parts of BIOGRAPHY the map to the political map of Asia in Europe, and crops and trees from the Middle East were the Atlas at the back of the textbook. carried into East Asia. Genghis Khan Have them identify all the modern How did the Mongol Empire change Originally called Temüjin, countries that were once part of the once conquest was over? Genghis Khan (c. 1162– Mongol Empire. 1227) was renowned for Color Transparencies, 72 being ruthless, determined, China Under Mongol Rule and courageous. When Temüjin was nine years old, a Although Genghis Khan had subdued northern China, Independent Practice rival Mongol clan poisoned his the Mongols needed nearly 70 more years to conquer the Biography To help students better father. At the age of 15, Temüjin was south. Genghis Khan’s grandson, Kublai Khan (KOO taken prisoner. For the rest of his life, he never forgot understand the Mongol ruler of China, bly KAHN), finally toppled the last Song emperor in the humiliation of being locked in a wooden collar have them read the biography Kublai 1279. From his capital at Khanbaliq, present-day and paraded before his enemies. Khan and answer the questions. Beijing, Kublai Khan ruled all of China as well as Korea When he regained his freedom, Temüjin wandered Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 109 and Tibet. among drifting clans. He took revenge on the clan that had imprisoned him and in time, became An All-Mongol Government Kublai Khan tried to supreme ruler of all the Mongols. Once despised, Monitor Progress prevent the Mongols from being absorbed into Chinese Genghis Khan would be admired and feared across As students complete their timelines, civilization as other conquerors of China had been. He two continents. How might Temüjin’s experiences circulate to make sure they understand decreed that only Mongols could serve in the military. have motivated him to unite the Mongol clans? He also reserved the highest government jobs for the events during this period. For a com- pleted version of the timeline, see Note Taking Transparencies, 97 History Background Mongol Impact on Southwest Asia The Mon- Muslim world. Because the Mongols gave no greater Answers gol conquest had profound effects on lands other than power or authority to the majority Sunni Muslims, They were not oppressive but allowed people China.
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