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The Mongol and Ming Empires

The Mongol and Ming Empires

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Mongolian archer Mongol warrior’s boots Step-by-Step on horseback SECTION 2 Instruction WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO Warriors on Horseback Objectives The were tough warriors As you teach this section, keep students who lived in the saddle and were focused on the following objectives to help considered the most skilled riders in them answer the Section Focus Question the world. The Italian traveler described Mongol battle tactics: and master core content. 2 They keep hovering about the enemy, discharging ■ Summarize how Mongol armies built “ their arrows first from one side and then from the an . other. . . . Their horses are so well broken-in to ■ Describe under Mongol rule. quick changes of movement, that upon the signal given, they instantly turn in any direction, and by ■ Understand how the restored these rapid maneuvers many victories have Chinese rule. been obtained.” ■ Explain why the Ming explored the —Marco Polo, A Description of the World high seas for only a brief period. Focus Question What were the effects of the Mongol invasion and the rise of the Ming on China?

Prepare to Read The Mongol and Ming

Build Background Knowledge L3 Objectives About 1200, the Mongols burst out of Central to conquer an Remind students what they read in • Summarize how Mongol armies built an empire. empire stretching across Asia and Europe. In the process, they the previous section about the decline of • Describe China under Mongol rule. overran Song China and imposed Mongol rule on its people. the . Explain that in this • Understand how the Ming restored Chinese rule. section, they’ll read about the Mongols— • Explain why the Ming explored the high seas for Mongol Armies Build an Empire the efficient fighters who ousted the Song only a brief period. and took control of China. The Mongols were a nomadic people who grazed their horses and sheep on the steppes, or vast, treeless plains, of . Rival Mongol clans spent much of their time warring with one Set a Purpose L3 another. In the early 1200s, however, a brilliant Mongol chieftain ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection Terms, People, and Places united these warring tribes. This chieftain took the name aloud or play the audio. Genghis , meaning “Universal Ruler.” Under his leader- steppe Marco Polo ship, Mongol forces conquered a vast empire that stretched from AUDIO Witness History Audio CD,

Warriors on Horseback the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe. Ask What advantages would Mon- dynasty Mongols Invade China Genghis Khan imposed strict military gol warriors gain by fighting on discipline and demanded absolute loyalty. His highly trained, mobile armies had some of the most skilled horsemen in the world. horseback? (Sample: speed of move- Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence Create a Genghis Khan had a reputation for fierceness. He could order the ment; ability to cover longer distances timeline like the one below to record important than soldiers fighting on foot; ability to events as you read this section. massacre of an entire city. Yet he also could be generous, reward- strike quickly against an enemy force) ing the bravery of a single fighter. Mongol armies conquered the Asian steppe lands with some ■ Mongols advance Focus Point out the Section Focus into China. ease, but as they turned on China, they encountered the problem Question and write it on the board. Tell of attacking walled cities. Chinese and Turkish military experts students to refer to this question as c. 1200 1279 1368 1405 taught them to use and other new weapons. The Mongols they read. (Answer appears with Sec- tion 2 Assessment answers.) ■ Preview Have students preview the Vocabulary Builder Section Objectives and the list of Terms, People, and Places. Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section. ■ Have students read this Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 106, Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook p. 3

section using the Guided Questioning High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, dominate, p. 377 v. to rule or control with power have students fill in the timeline Under the Tang and Song, the gentry dominated Chinese society. sequencing important events during the Mongol and Ming Empires. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 109

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and Chinese launched missiles against each other from metal tubes filled with gunpowder. This use of cannons in warfare would soon spread west- Teach ward to Europe. Genghis Khan did not live to complete the conquest of China. His heirs, however, continued to expand the . For the next 150 Vocabulary Builder Mongol Armies L3 years, they dominated much of Asia. Their furious assaults toppled dominated—(DAHM ih nayt id) v. ruled Instruct empires and spread destruction from southern Russia through Muslim or controlled with power lands in Southwest Asia to China. Protected by steep mountain ranges, ■ Introduce: Vocabulary Builder India avoided invasion, but the Mongols arrived in China, devastated the Have students read the Vocabulary flourishing of (see chwahn), and annihilated its great Builder term and definition. Ask How capital city of . did the Mongols come to dominate other peoples? (They were skilled Rulers Establish Order and Peace Once conquest was completed, warriors.) the Mongols were not oppressive rulers. Often, they allowed conquered people to live much as they had before—as long as they regularly paid ■ Teach Have students compare how the tribute to the Mongols. Mongols acted during their conquests Genghis Khan had set an example for his successors by ruling con- and later when they ruled. Ask What quered lands with toleration and justice. Although the Mongol warrior are examples of the Mongols’ had no use for city life, he respected scholars, artists, and artisans. He destructive power when conquer- listened to the ideas of Confucians, Buddhists, , , ing their empire? (massacring an Jews, and Zoroastrians. entire city, devastating the province of In the 1200s and 1300s, the sons and grandsons of Genghis Khan Sichuan, annihilating the great capital established peace and order within their domains. Today, many histori- city of Chengdu) How did Mongols ans refer to this period of order as the , or Mongol Peace. act once they had established con- Political stability set the stage for economic growth. Under the protec- trol of an area? (with tolerance and tion of the Mongols, who now controlled the great , trade flour- ished across Eurasia. According to a contemporary, Mongol rule meant justice) What was the effect of that that people “enjoyed such a peace that a man might have journeyed from rule? (created a period of peace and the land of sunrise to the land of sunset with a golden platter upon his prosperity) head without suffering the least violence from anyone.” ■ Quick Activity Display Color Trans- Cultural exchanges increased as foods, tools, inventions, and ideas parency 72: Extent of the Mongol spread along the protected trade routes. From China, Empire Under Genghis Khan and the use of gunpowder moved westward into Europe. Kublai Khan. Have students compare Techniques of papermaking also reached parts of BIOGRAPHY the map to the political map of Asia in Europe, and crops and trees from the were the Atlas at the back of the textbook. carried into East Asia. Genghis Khan Have them identify all the modern How did the Mongol Empire change Originally called Temüjin, countries that were once part of the once conquest was over? Genghis Khan (c. 1162– Mongol Empire. 1227) was renowned for Color Transparencies, 72 being ruthless, determined, China Under Mongol Rule and courageous. When Temüjin was nine years old, a Although Genghis Khan had subdued northern China, Independent Practice rival Mongol clan poisoned his the Mongols needed nearly 70 more years to conquer the Biography To help students better father. At the age of 15, Temüjin was south. Genghis Khan’s grandson, Kublai Khan (KOO taken prisoner. For the rest of his life, he never forgot understand the Mongol ruler of China, bly KAHN), finally toppled the last Song in the humiliation of being locked in a wooden collar have them read the biography Kublai 1279. From his capital at , present-day and paraded before his enemies. Khan and answer the questions. , Kublai Khan ruled all of China as well as When he regained his freedom, Temüjin wandered Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 109 and . among drifting clans. He took revenge on the clan that had imprisoned him and in time, became An All-Mongol Government Kublai Khan tried to supreme ruler of all the Mongols. Once despised, Monitor Progress prevent the Mongols from being absorbed into Chinese Genghis Khan would be admired and feared across As students complete their timelines, civilization as other conquerors of China had been. He two continents. How might Temüjin’s experiences circulate to make sure they understand decreed that only Mongols could serve in the military. have motivated him to unite the Mongol clans? He also reserved the highest government jobs for the events during this period. For a com- pleted version of the timeline, see Note Taking Transparencies, 97

History Background

Mongol Impact on Southwest Asia The Mon- Muslim world. Because the Mongols gave no greater Answers gol conquest had profound effects on lands other than power or authority to the majority Sunni Muslims, They were not oppressive but allowed people China. As students learned in Chapter 9, Mongol rule Shiites enjoyed a better position than they had under of Russia opened the way for the princes of Moscow the . This helped provide the groundwork to live much as they had before, as long as they to eventually gain control of that area. In Southwest for the establishment of the Shiite-influenced Safavid paid tribute. Asia, the Mongols destroyed the of Empire in Persia around 1500. BIOGRAPHY Sample: The tragedies of Baghdad, which ended the symbolic unity of the Temüjin’s early life were a result of clan rival- ries among the Mongols, and by uniting them, he hoped suffering would end.

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China Under

Mongol Rule L3 Marco ᭣ Instruct Marco Polo Polo Marco Polo (1254–1324) was a traveler and adventurer from . In ■ Introduce Ask What are some ways 1295, he returned home after a sojourn of 25 years in Asia where he had that people today find out about served the Chinese emperor Kublai Khan for 17 years. In 1298, Marco life and important events in other Polo was imprisoned during a war with the city-state of Genoa. It was at countries? (the Internet, newspapers, this time that he dictated his tales to a fellow prisoner, and they were and television) How could people subsequently published as The Travels of Marco Polo. This excerpt learn about other lands before (facing page) is from Marco Polo’s description of Kublai Khan’s palace. those technologies were available?

(from books and letters written by peo- ᭣ Marco Polo at the ple who had seen the other areas) Court of Kublai Khan, 1375 ■ Teach Explore the mix of Chinese and other elements that were part of Mon- gol rule. Ask How did Kublai Khan try to maintain Mongol control of China? (Only Mongols could serve in the military or high government posts.) Why was he unable to completely eliminate Chinese influence on the government? (The empire was too large.) What influences from other cultures were present in his empire? (Many foreigners came to his court; Arab architects designed his palace.) ■ Analyzing the Visuals Direct stu- dents’ attention to the of Mongols or for other non-Chinese officials whom he employed. Still, Marco Polo at the Court of Kublai because there were too few Mongols to control so vast an empire, Kublai Khan. Ask In what part of the world allowed Chinese officials to continue to rule in the . do you think this painting was Under Mongol rule, an uneasy mix of Chinese and foreign customs made? Why? (Students should recog- developed. Kublai adopted a for his dynasty, the Yuan nize that the clothing reflects Western (yoo AHN), and turned Khanbaliq into a Chinese walled city. At the same dress and that the style of the art is time, he had Arab architects design his palace, and many rooms reflected Western rather than Chinese. From this Mongol steppe dwellings. Kublai rebuilt and extended the they should conclude that the painting to his new capital, which made the shipment of rice and other goods eas- was done in Europe rather than China.) ier. He also welcomed many foreigners to his court, including the African Muslim world traveler .

Independent Practice Marco Polo Writes About China The Italian merchant Marco Polo ■ Traveler’s Tales To develop a deeper was one of many visitors to China during the Yuan dynasty. Although understanding of what Marco Polo there is some debate on whether Marco Polo reached China, most histori- described, have students read the ans acknowledge that he did indeed reach (northern China). In excerpt from his book and answer the 1271, Polo left Venice with his father and uncle. He crossed Persia and questions on the worksheet. Central Asia to reach China. He then spent 17 years in Kublai’s service. Finally, he returned to Venice by sea, visiting Southeast Asia and India Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 108 along the way.

■ Some historians question the reliability In his writings, Marco Polo left a vivid account of the wealth and of Marco Polo’s book since he omitted splendor of China. He described the royal palace of Kublai Khan (see Traveler’s Tale) and also described China’s efficient royal mail system, specific information on such Chinese customs as . (See History Background box.) Have students write an essay explaining whether or not they think the book is useful to histori- History Background ans, based on these doubts. Marco Polo’s Travels Although The Travels of binding. Also, the Chinese themselves never mention Marco Polo was a medieval bestseller, some scholars Polo in their accounts. However, Polo did travel in Asia Monitor Progress doubt its historical accuracy, and even during Polo’s and probably did serve Kublai Khan, and much of the Check that students’ responses on their own lifetime the book was considered by many to be Travels is accurate. It is possible, however, that Polo worksheets reflect a solid understanding a collection of tall tales. Historians point to the fact used material from existing Chinese histories or bor- of Marco Polo’s experiences. that Polo uses Persian words for some Chinese places, rowed from stories he heard from Persian merchants never mentions having seen the Great Wall, nor does on the Silk Road. he remark on obvious cultural practices such as foot

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The Ming Restore Chinese Rule L3 Instruct ■ Introduce Review with students Kublai Khan’s attempts to ensure that Mongols dominated Chinese society. Have them predict how the Chinese might have felt about that and what might result from those feelings. ■ Teach Ask What caused the down- fall of Mongol rule of China? (resentment of foreign rulers, lack of support for the government from Confu- cian scholars, heavy taxes, and corrup- Thinking Critically tion) How did the first Ming rulers 1. Analyze Credibility Some historians gain control of the area? (by forging think that Marco Polo took parts of his a rebel army, overcoming the Mongols, material from existing Chinese sources. and forcing them north of China) What Do you think the excerpt here was steps did the Ming take to restore based on Marco Polo’s own experiences or on a secondary source? Explain your ? (They temporarily answer. moved the capital to and put 2. Synthesize Information Why do you the civil service system back in place.) think Kublai Khan turned Khanbaliq into What evidence is there that the a walled city? Ming dynasty did not completely close China off to foreign influ- ences at first? (the introduction of new crops from the Americas) with couriers riding swift ponies along the empire’s well-kept roads. Fur- ■ thermore, he reported that the city of was 10 or 12 times the Analyzing the Visuals Direct stu- size of Venice, one of Italy’s richest city-states. In the next centuries, dents’ attention to the map of the Mon- Polo’s reports sparked European interest in the riches of Asia. gol Empire on the next page. Point to India. Ask What geographical rea- Mongols Continue Outside Contact As long as the Mongol empire sons might explain why the Mon- prospered, contacts between Europe and Asia continued. The Mongols gols did not conquer this area? (The tolerated a variety of beliefs. The pope sent Christian priests to Beijing, high mountains to the north may have while Muslims set up their own communities in China. Meanwhile, some blocked the Mongol armies.) Chinese products moved toward Europe. They included gunpowder, por- celain, and playing cards. How did Kublai Khan organize Mongol rule in China?

The Ming Restore Chinese Rule The Yuan dynasty declined after the death of Kublai Khan, which occurred in 1294. Most Chinese despised the foreign Mongol rulers. Con- fucian scholars retreated into their own world, seeing little to gain from the barbarians. Heavy taxes, corruption, and natural disasters led to fre- quent uprisings. Finally, Zhu Yuanzhang (dzoo YOO AHND zahng), a peas- ant leader, forged a rebel army that toppled the Mongols and pushed them back beyond the Great Wall. In 1368, he founded a new Chinese dynasty, which he called the Ming, meaning brilliant.

Connect to Our World Answers

Civic Responsibility Kublai Khan respected the sent the memorial was rewarded. Have students He said that only Mongols could serve in the

opinions of his officials even when they were com- generate lists of ways that modern government military and kept the highest government jobs plaining about his policies. He set up a system for offi- employees—and private citizens—can make known for Mongols, though Chinese officials still ruled cials to send him memorials, or petitions. This way, their complaints about government policies. They in the provinces. officials could alert him to problems and propose should then make suggestions for improvement. Thinking Critically solutions. If a solution was adopted, the official who Discuss the advantages of “whistle blower” laws. 1. Sample: It might be based on his own experi- ence, because he could have seen the palace and the surrounding grounds. 2. Sample: to protect it from invaders

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For: Interactive map Web Code: nap-1221 Independent Practice The Mongol Empire ■ Web Code nap-1221 will take stu- Map Skills At its height, the Mongol 1. Locate (a) Beijing (b) Venice 3. Make Comparisons What countries dents to an interactive map. Have stu- empire was the largest in the world up to (c) Hangzhou would Marco Polo pass through if he dents complete the interactivity and that time. 2. Region What happened to the Mongol made his journey today? then answer the questions in the text. empire between 1227 and 1294? ■ Have students write an essay that com- pares Ming rule to Song rule. They should explain how the two were similar and different in terms of government, the economy, and culture.

Monitor Progress ■ Tell students to write ten statements about China under Mongol or Ming rule. Have them quiz a partner to iden- tify which dynasty their statements apply to. Give students time to locate the correct information for any state- ments that were incorrectly identified. ■ Check answers to map skill questions.

᭣ An illustration from a fourteenth-century story called The History of the Mongols. Mongol troops made a bridge out of boats in order to storm across the Chang River and capture a city controlled by the Song.

A Mongolian passport ᭤

᭣ Mongol horsemen were known for being fast and furious. They were agile and used such equipment as these stirrups, which allowed them to turn in a wide range of directions while fighting on horseback.

Answers Solutions for All Learners L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers L2 English Language Learners Map Skills 1. Review locations with students. Pair students who have difficulty reading with those Use the following resources to help students acquire 2. The empire expanded to include more of China who are more proficient. Have the proficient students basic skills: and Persia and parts of Russia and Eastern guide the others in using graphic organizers to sum- Adapted Reading and Note Taking Europe. marize the key details about the Ming dynasty by find- Study Guide 3. Israel, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, , Afghanistan, ing the answers to the basic questions of journalism: ■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 109 Tajikistan, China, Vietnam, Malaysia, India, Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How. Then have ■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 110 Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Turkey them work together to write a summary of Ming rule.

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Early Ming rulers sought to reassert Chinese greatness after years of foreign rule. They initially moved the capital to Nanjing, which they felt Chinese Fleets Sail possessed more characteristics of the Chinese, but eventually moved it the Seas L3 back to present-day Beijing. The Ming restored the civil service system, and Confucian learning again became the road to success. The civil ser- Instruct vice exams became more rigorous than ever. A board of censors watched ■ Introduce Ask students to recall the over the , rooting out corruption and disloyalty. pilgrimage of Mansa Musa, which they The Economy Grows Economically, Ming China was immensely pro- read about in the previous chapter. Dis- ductive. The fertile, well-irrigated plains of eastern China supported a cuss how the size of his caravan and population of more than 100 million. In the Chang River valley, peasants the vast quantities of gold he carried produced huge rice crops. Better methods of fertilizing helped to improve impressed all who saw the expedition. farming. Reshaping the landscape helped as well. Some farmers cut hor- Then ask students to put themselves in izontal steps called terraces into steep hillsides to gain soil in which to the place of someone in Southeast Asia grow crops. In the 1500s, new crops reached China from the Americas, or India who had seen a fleet of more especially corn and sweet potatoes. than 260 ships. Have volunteers dis- Chinese cities, such as Nanjing, were home to many industries, includ- cuss what they would think about the ing , paper, and tools. The Ming repaired the extensive canal country that could send such a force. system that linked various regions, made trade easier, and allowed cities ■ to grow. New technologies increased output in manufacturing. Better Teach Review the course of Chinese methods of printing, for example, led to the production of a flood of books. exploration and its end. Ask Where did Zheng He travel to? (the coasts of Culture Flourishes Ming China also saw a revival of arts and litera- Southeast Asia, India, Southwest Asia ture. Ming artists developed their own styles of landscape painting and as far as the Red Sea and Persian Gulf, created brilliant blue and white porcelain. Ming vases were among the and East Africa) How many voyages most valuable and popular Chinese products exported to the West. did he make? (seven) What hap- Confucian scholars continued to produce classical poetry. At the same pened after his last voyage? (The time, new forms of popular literature to be enjoyed by the common people emperor banned the building of sea- began to emerge. Ming writers composed novels, including The about an outlaw gang that tries to end injustice by corrupt offi- going ships, and no further expeditions cials. Ming writers also produced the world’s first detective stories. were made.) ■ Quick Activity Have students debate How did Ming rulers restore a previous style of Chinese government? the following statement: “The Chinese lost an opportunity when they stopped their overseas expeditions.” Chinese Fleets Sail the Seas Early Ming rulers proudly sent Chinese fleets into distant waters to Independent Practice show the glory of their government. The most extraordinary of these ■ Give students the task of designing a overseas ventures were the voyages of the Chinese admiral and diplomat fitting memorial to Admiral Zheng He. Zheng He (jeng he). Tell them to think first of memorials or Zheng He and His Fleets Starting in 1405, Zheng He commanded the monuments they have visited or seen first of seven expeditions. He departed at the head of a fleet of 62 huge pictures of. Then have them sketch the ships and over 200 smaller ones, carrying a crew of about 28,000 sailors. memorial on a sheet of paper and The largest ships measured 400 feet long. The goal of each expedition describe it in one or two paragraphs. was to promote trade and collect tribute from lesser powers across the ■ western seas. Tell students to take the role of one of Between 1405 and 1433, Zheng He explored the coasts of Southeast Asia the Ming emperor’s Confucian scholar- and India and the entrances to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. He also officials. Have them write a letter to the visited many ports in East Africa. In the wake of these expeditions, Chinese emperor recommending that no more merchants settled in Southeast Asia and India and became a permanent large ships be built and no more expedi- presence in their trading centers. Exotic animals, such as giraffes, were tions be undertaken. Have them give the imported from foreign lands as well. The voyages also showed local rulers reasons that a scholar-official might offer. the power and strength of the Chinese empire. Monitor Progress Have students identify the main ideas of the subsections Zheng He and His Fleets and Exploration Ends, and provide two Solutions for All Learners details that support each main idea. L4 Gifted and Talented L4 Advanced Readers

In 2002, amateur historian Gavin Menzies published a versy is an excellent opportunity for students to learn book titled 1421 that proposed that Zheng He, and how history is studied and what constitutes real evi- not , led the first voyage of dis- dence. Have interested students investigate both Answer covery to the New World. Many scholars have criti- Menzies’ claims and his critics’ responses, and report cized Menzies’ assertion by pointing to alternative on the controversy to the class. They restored the civil service system, and

explanations for the evidence he offers. The contro- Confucian learning again became the road to success.

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Assess and Reteach Zheng He set up an engraved stone tablet listing the dates, places, and achievements of his voyages. The tablet proudly proclaimed that the Ming Assess Progress L3 had unified the “seas and continents” even more than the Han and Tang ■ Have students complete the Section had done. What was the relevance of Zheng He’s overseas expeditions? Assessment. Primary Source ■ Administer the Section Quiz. The countries beyond the horizon and from the ends of the earth have all “ become subjects. . . . We have traversed immense waterspaces and have Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 102 beheld in the ocean huge waves like mountains rising sky high, and we ■ To further assess student under- have set eyes on barbarian regions far away . . . while our sails loftily standing, use unfurled like clouds day and night continued their course, traversing Progress Monitoring Transparencies, 49 those savage waves as if we were treading on a public thoroughfare.” —Zheng He, quoted in The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century (Duyvendak) Reteach If students need more instruction, have them read the section summary. Reading and Note Taking L3 Exploration Ends In 1435, the year Zheng He died, the Ming emperor Study Guide, p. 110 suddenly banned the building of seagoing ships. Later, ships with more than two masts were forbidden. Zheng He’s huge ships were retired and Adapted Reading and L1 L2 rotted away. Why did China, with its advanced naval technology, turn its back on Note Taking Study Guide, p. 110 overseas exploration? Historians are not sure. Some speculate that the fleets were costly and did not produce profit. Also, Confucian scholars at L2 Spanish Reading and court had little interest in overseas ventures and commerce. To them, Note Taking Study Guide, p. 110 Chinese civilization was the most successful in the world. They wanted to preserve its ancient traditions, which they saw as the source of stability. Extend L4 In fact, such rigid loyalty to tradition would eventually weaken China Have students prepare a presentation and once again leave it prey to foreign domination. that describes one aspect of government, Fewer than 60 years after China halted overseas expeditions, the art, social life, or technology in China explorer Christopher Columbus would sail west from Spain in search of a during the Mongol or Ming Empires. Stu- sea route to Asia. As you will see, this voyage made Spain a major power dents can create a display, a slide show, and had a dramatic impact on the entire world. We can only wonder how the course of history might have changed if the Chinese had continued an annotated map, or other media to the explorations they had begun under the Ming. show the results of their research, but they should include both text and images. What occurred in 1435 that changed China’s relationship with the rest of the world?

Answers Progress Monitoring Online For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice The Ming emperor banned the building of sea- 2 Web Code: naa-1221 2 going ships and halted expeditions, thereby Terms, People, and Places Comprehension and Critical Thinking ● Writing About History ending overseas exploration. 1. For each term, person, or place listed at 3. Synthesize Information How did the Quick Write: Provide Elaboration To PRIMARY SOURCE The expeditions the beginning of the section, write a Mongol conquests promote trade and illustrate each cause and effect of your

showed the strength of the Chinese empire sentence explaining its significance. cultural exchanges? essay, you should have supporting details, and promoted trade. 4. Recognize Cause and Effect Describe facts, and examples. List as many specific one effect of each of the following on details as you can about the Mongol inva- 2. Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence China: (a) the Mongol invasion (b) the sion of China. Then write a paragraph using Use your completed timeline to answer expulsion of the Mongols (c) the rise the details you listed to explain the effects the Focus Question: What were the of the Ming dynasty of the invasion. effects of the Mongol invasion and the 5. Draw Conclusions How did the Ming rise of the Ming dynasty on China? try to restore Chinese culture?

3. Trade and cultural exchanges flourished ● Writing About History Section 2 Assessment because the Mongols ensured safe pas- Students’ paragraphs should include rele- 1. Sentences should reflect an understanding sage along trade routes. vant details and show how they are con- of each term, person, or place listed in the 4. (a) Sample: increased trade; (b) Sample: nected in a cause-and-effect relationship. beginning of the section. restoration of Chinese traditions of gov- 2. The Mongol conquest opened an era of ernment; (c) Sample: economic growth, greater contact between China and flourishing culture Europe and the introduction of more reli- 5. Sample: by restoring the civil service sys- gions. The Ming dynasty restored govern- tem and giving prominence to Confucian For additional assessment, have students ment based on Confucian teaching and, learning once again access Progress Monitoring Online at later, stopped foreign exploration. Web Code naa-1221.

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