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Evolving an Effective Management Information System to Monitor Co-Management of Forests

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Evolving an Effective Management Information System to Monitor Co-Management of Forests SPECIAL ARTICLE Evolving an Effective Management Information System to Monitor Co-Management of Forests Milindo Chakrabarti, Samar K Datta The failure of the Joint Forest Management programme he rapid rate of deforestation witnessed in India during since 2000 to sustain the growth in afforestation 1981-90 – at the rate of around 1.3 million hectares per year, more than 11.84 million hectares of forest cover was lost achieved during the 1990s is a cause for concern. This T during this period (FAO 1993) – was successfully arrested during paper looks at the necessity of developing an effective the next decade. Between 1990 and 2000, forest cover actually management information system that can contribute increased in India at an annual rate of 0.36 million hectares per meaningfully to the resilience of a JFM system. year or 0.6% while the world as a whole still persisted with a “deforestation” crisis. During the same period, the global forest Identifying four scenarios that differ in terms of the cover shrunk by more than 8.8 million hectares per year (0.22%) relative contribution of the community and the State in (FRA 2005; FAO 2007). However, the trend growth of afforestation the management process, it offers a schematic in India could not be maintained during 2000-05. The Global structure of an MIS . Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) 2005 notes that between 2000 and 2005 the annual rate of increase in Indian forest cover came down to about 29,000 hectares per year, even though the figure compares well with the global scenario witnessed during the same period (–7.3 million hectares per year at an annual rate of –0.18%). The spurt in growth in forest cover during 1990-2000 also added considerably to the annual rate of growth in growing stock in Indian forests (a little less than 30 million m3 per year) which came down to 7.2 million m3 per year during 2000-05. These changes are to be considered against the backdrop of the fact that per capita forest cover came down drastically from 0.1 hectare in 2000 to 0.06 hectare in 2005. The growth in forest cover during 2000-05 could not simply keep pace with the growth in Indian population. 1 Background The introduction of the new National Forest Policy (NFP) in 1988 maintained that the “principal aim of Forest Policy must be to ensure environmental stability and maintenance of ecological balance including atmospheric equilibrium which are vital for sustenance of all life forms, human, animal and plant” and made it clear in no uncertain terms that “derivation of direct economic benefit must be subordinated to this principal aim” GoI( 1988: para 2.2). This obviously played a major role in initiating reversal This is a revised version of a paper presented at the 83rd Annual of trends in deforestation during 1990-2000. The introduction of Conference of WEA International 2008 at Honolulu, United States. The “Joint Forest Management” through a union government circular authors would like to thank Animesh Sarkar for excellent research dated 1 June 1990 sent to the forest secretaries of all states and support provided by him. Comments from J B Nugent and Christine Cooper, in particular, and from the participants of the conference, union territories setting out the new policy on “involvement of helped improve contents of the paper considerably. However, the usual village communities and VAs (village associations) in the regen- disclaimers apply. eration of degraded forest lands” paved the way for the opera- Milindo Chakrabarti ([email protected]) is at the National Institute tionalisation of the policy goals (IIFM 1990). The spread of the JFM of Science, Technology and Development Studies, New Delhi and Samar institutions was quite rapid and by 1 January 2000, 1,02,48,586.41 K Datta ([email protected]) is with the Indian Institute of ha of forest land was brought under the purview of JFM with the Management, Ahmedabad. total number of JFM forest protection committees (FPCs) managing Economic & Political Weekly EPW may 2, 2009 vol xliv no 18 53 SPECIAL ARTICLE and protecting them standing at 36,130. In view of experiences i nstitutional reforms and also strengthen the set-up of NTFP manage- gathered over the last decade vis-à-vis the functioning of JFM, ment based on the experience in different States. The guiding princi- ples should be to first ensure sustainability of the resources and then fresh guidelines were issued to the state governments on 21 Feb- maximum benefit to the gatherers and value addition. Panchayats ruary 2000 that included issues regarding legal backup to the and State Forest Corporations should assist the JFM Committees for JFM committees, participation of women in the JFM programme, developing skills for handling the NTFP collection, storage, marketing, extension of JFM in good forest areas, preparation of microplan etc (GoI 2002). in JFM areas, conflict resolution, recognition of self-initiated However, the tempo in the growth of JFM appears to have groups and contribution for regeneration of resources (GoI 2002). reduced even with the issuance of these two guidelines. Inciden- Further guidelines, paving the way for signing of memorandum tally, the web site of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, of understanding (MoU) between the FPCs and the forest depart- which so painstakingly updated the data on the expansion of JFM ment outlining the short- and long-term roles and responsibili- during the second half of 1990s, has become reluctant to update ties, implementation of work programme and pattern of sharing them further. The latest information available on their web site of usufructs and conflict resolution were issued on 24 December pertains to 2001 and has been reproduced in Appendix 1. Infor- 2002. The resolution also underscored the necessity to create a mation on subsequent spread of JFM activities till August 2003 functional relationship with the FPCs and the panchayats1 to take could be retrieved from another web site (Kerala Planning Board advantage of the administrative and financial position and or- 2003). Even though the source is attributed to the JFM cell of the ganisational capacity of the panchayats for the management of Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, it exists the forest resources. The guideline also emphasised that not on their web site but on that of the Kerala Planning Board. It the success of JFM in good forest areas would depend upon the sus- is interesting to note that the number of JFM committees in India tainable development and harvesting of Non-Timber Forest Products increased by 35% between 2001 and 2003 – 21,711 new commit- (NTFPs). The sustainability of JFM would also depend upon the remu- tees were formed during this time – and the forest area brought nerative prices for the gatherers of NTFPs. This requires a well organised under co-management increased by more than 21% during the setup and plan of action for the collection, transportation, storage, same time, i e, more than three million hectares to be specific. processing and marketing of Non-Timber Forest Products. For better return to the gatherer and the Committees, State Governments may However, the rate of afforestation recorded a drastic decline. initiate non-destructive harvesting (in accordance and within the And to argue further it appears that expansion of JFM has not overall prescriptions of the working plans), equity in sharing, been appropriately converted into a spurt in afforestation. Forum on Contemporary Theory C-304 Sidhivinayak Complex, Faramji Road, Baroda 390 007 Tel: (0265)2320870; email: [email protected]; website: www.fctworld.org XII International Conference Theme: “The Political Economy of Social Division: Race, Gender, Class, and Caste as Fetishized/Fetishizing Borders” 14-17 December 2009 Convener: Prof. Abdul R. JanMohamed, English Dept, University of California, Berkeley This International Conference of the Forum on Contemporary Theory will be held in Trivandrum, Kerala from the 14th to 17th December 2009 in collaboration with Samyukta: A Journal of Women’s Studies and the Centre for Women’s Studies, University of Kerala. For thematic details, please log on to Forum’s website, mentioned above. Special Session In conformity with our earlier practice, a plenary session on a regional text will be one of the special features of the conference schedule. This year’s choices for the panel are two Malayalam novels: Indulekha (1889) by O. Chandu Menon and Parangodi Parinayam (1892) by Kizhakkeppattu Ramankutty Menon. Submission Deadline 500-word abstract or proposal is due by August 15, 2009. It should be mailed as an email attachment to Professor Abdul R. JanMohamed, the Convener of the Conference. The completed paper should reach the Convener of the Conference by October 30, 2009. Registration Deadline The last date for receiving the registration fee is August 1, 2009. The fee may be paid through a bank draft drawn in favor of Forum on Contemporary Theory on a Bank in Baroda. The overseas participants may pay the fee through checks drawn in favor of Forum on Contemporary Theory. For details of registration fee please check Forum’s website. Keynote Speaker Hortense Spillers, currently the Gertrude Conaway Vanderbilt Chair in English at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA will deliver the keynote address on the topic “Race, Gender, and the Citizen.” For further information, any one of the following may be contacted. Prafulla C. Kar, Convener, Forum on Contemporary Theory, Baroda Tel: 0265-2338067 ®; (0265) 2320870 (O); Email: [email protected] Abdul R. JanMohamed, Chancellor’s Professor Department of English, University of California at Berkeley Email: [email protected] G. S. Jayasree Editor, Samyukta: A Journal of Women;s Studies & Director, Centre for Women’s Studies, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram Mobile: 09447024545; Email: [email protected] 54 may 2, 2009 vol xliv no 18 EPW Economic & Political Weekly SPECIAL ARTICLE The spurt in the growth of afforestation during 1990s and its JFM in better stocked forests were to ensure that they are taken subsequent slowdown may tentatively be ascribed to the apparent care of before reaching the flipping point.
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