Marine Protected Areas: Benefits and Costs for Islands Marine Protected Areas: 3 Benefits and Costs for Islands Lead Author: Indrani Lutchman Case Studies compiled and provided by: Bill Aalbersberg, David Hinchley, Gerald Miles, Anna Tiraa and Sue Wells Chapter 2 – Special thanks to Ghislaine Llewellyn Chapter 4 – Special thanks to Scott Smith This report was conceived of and sponsored by: The International Coral Reef Action Network is a The mission of the World Commission on Protected collaborative effort working to halt and reverse the Areas is to promote the establishment and effective decline in health of the world’s coral reefs. ICRAN management of a world-wide representative network is an innovative and dynamic global partnership of terrestrial and marine protected areas, as an integral of many of the world’s leading coral reef science contribution to the IUCN mission. and conservation organizations, which draws on its partners’ investments to create strategically linked WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the actions across local, national and global scales. planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature by: The mission of The Nature Conservancy is to preserve - conserving the world’s biological diversity the plants, animals and natural communities that - ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources represent the diversity of life on Earth by protecting the is sustainable lands and waters they need to survive. - promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. 4 Acknowledgements © WWF-Canon / Jürgen FREUND Mushroom Islands Palau, Micronesia This report would not have been possible without the critical review and input from William Aalbersberg, Nicola Barnard, Dominique Benzaken, Jude Bijoux, Patrick Christie, Alison Glass, Caroline Goodman, Carla Gordon, Hugh Govan, Satish Hanoomanjee, Carl Hanson, Dan Hoggarth, Richard Kenchington, Delphine Malleret King, Ghislaine Llewellyn, Patrick McConney, Kalli De Meyer, Gerald Miles, Malden Miller, Imani Fairweather Morrison, Nishanthi Perera, Mary Power, Sian Owen, Arthur Paterson, Toby Roxburgh, Allan Smith, Scott Smith, James Spurgeon, Anna Tiraa, Kristian Teleki, Joeli Veitayaki and Brian Zane. We would like to recognize the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for its support to this project. Thanks and appreciation also go to Kim Roos, Aurore Sajhau and Franc Vermij for their work on the design and layout. Copies are available on-line at: www.icran.org www.panda.org/coral www.tnc.org ©June 2005 Published by: WWF the Netherlands Photos: WWF Canon Database Production: drukkerij de Toekomst, Hilversum Printed by: printservice de Toekomst, Hilversum Photo credits front page: © WWF-Canon / Cat HOLLOWAY Table of Contents 5 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 7 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 9 2. What is an MPA? .....................................................................................................................................11 2.1 An evolving concept .................................................................................................................................11 2.2 Single site MPAs .....................................................................................................................................11 2.3 Stakeholder participation ..........................................................................................................................12 2.4 MPA Networks .....................................................................................................................................14 3. Benefits of MPAs to Islands ....................................................................................................................17 3.1 Livelihoods .....................................................................................................................................17 3.2 Ecosystem Goods and Services ...............................................................................................................18 3.3 Fisheries .....................................................................................................................................19 3.4 Tourism .....................................................................................................................................21 4. MPAs costs and financing ......................................................................................................................23 4.1 Direct costs .....................................................................................................................................23 4.2 Indirect and opportunity costs ..................................................................................................................24 4.3 Incentives and sustainable financing ........................................................................................................25 5. International policy guidance and progress to date .............................................................................31 5.1 1994 Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of SIDS ......................................31 5.2 2005 Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the BPOA ......................................................33 5.3 Other treaties and agreements ..................................................................................................................33 6. Conclusions and Recommendations .....................................................................................................35 Notes .....................................................................................................................................37 Annex 1 Excerpts of International Agreements relevant to MPAs ..........................................39 Annex 2 Country case studies .................................................................................................42 List of tables Table 1 Financing Mechanisms for Marine Conservation .......................................26 Table 2 MPAs in the Seychelles .............................................................................44 Table 3 MPA costs in the Seychelles .....................................................................47 Table 4 Marine Protected Areas of Belize ..............................................................54 List of Boxes Box 1 Re-adoption of the customary ra’ui system in the Cook Islands. 13 Box 2 Locally Managed Marine Areas in Fiji. 14 Box 3 Development of Palau’s network of MPAs. 16 Box 4 Fisheries benefits at the Soufrière Marine Management Area (SMMA) in St Lucia. 21 Box 5 Tourism benefits to local communities near Belize’s Hol Chan Marine Reserve. 22 Box 6 Management costs for Belize’s MPAs. 24 Box 7 Compensation of fishers’ short term costs in St Lucia’s SMMA. 24 Box 8 Belize’s national financing strategy for MPAs. 27 Box 9 User fees in St Lucia’s SMMA. 28 Box 10 User fees for MPAs in the Seychelles. 29 Box 11 Community Level MPA Trust – Samoa 30 Box 12 Pacific Islands Regional Ocean Policy 32 Box 13 New Political and Financial Commitments – Reefs, Island Communities and Protected Areas. 34 6 Acronyms AIMS Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean, South China Sea BPOA Barbados Programme of Action CARSEA Caribbean Sea Monitoring programme CBD Convention on Biological Diversity COP Conference of Parties CRFM Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism CROP Council of Regional Organisations of the Pacific CZMAI Coastal Zone Management Authority Institute EBM Ecosystem Based Management EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GIS Global Information Systems HCMR Hol Chan Marine Reserve ICM Integrated Coastal Management ICRAN International Coral Reef Action Network ICRI International Coral Reef Initiative ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management IUCN World Conservation Union LME Large Marine Ecosystem LMMA Locally Managed Marine Area MPA Marine Protected Area NGO Non-governmental organisation SIDS Small Island Developing States OECS Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States SMMA St. Lucia Marine Management Area TEV Total Economic Value TNC The Nature Conservancy UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNGA United Nations General Assembly WCPA World Commission for Protected Areas WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development WWF World Wide Fund for Nature © WWF / Lyn TRELOAR Mozambique. Beach on Ibo Island Executive Summary 7 © WWF-Canon / Cat HOLLOWAY Divers can often approach marine wildlife very closely without disturbing their natural behaviours. Fiji. We have a vision. We have agreed goals. We have diversity of island marine systems is eroding rapidly, great knowledge and ever-greener technologies. What threatened by over-fishing, the loss of habitats due we need is high-level political commitment for marine to destructive fishing techniques and inappropriate conservation and protection areas. I assure you that coastal development, pollution and run-off from a the United Nations system shares your strong devotion range of sources, and invasions of alien species to this effort. If at one time what happened