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Philadelphia's Councilmanic Prerogative
A report from July 2015 Philadelphia’s Councilmanic Prerogative How it works and why it matters Contents 1 Overview 3 Background 5 How prerogative has worked in Philadelphia 14 Prerogative and zoning 17 Analyzing prerogative’s reach 19 Prerogative in action 20 What happens in other cities 22 Conclusion 24 Endnotes About this report This report was produced by The Pew Charitable Trusts in partnership with PlanPhilly, a news website dedicated to covering design, planning, and development issues in Philadelphia. PlanPhilly is a project of WHYY and NewsWorks. The report was researched and written by journalists Patrick Kerkstra, Jared Brey, and Casey Thomas. It was edited by Matt Golas of PlanPhilly and Larry Eichel of Pew’s Philadelphia research initiative, as well as Elizabeth Lowe, Daniel LeDuc, Bernard Ohanian, and Carol Hutchinson of Pew. The report was designed by Kodi Seaton. Acknowledgments In producing this report, the authors interviewed more than two dozen officials from Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter’s administration, members of Philadelphia City Council and council staffers, for-profit and nonprofit developers in the city, neighborhood organization leaders, development consultants, academics, zoning lawyers, and lobbyists, all of whom spoke on the understanding that they would not be named. Research into the practices of other cities included interviews with about a dozen planning department staff members and veteran journalists in those cities. John Kromer, a housing and development consultant who served as Philadelphia’s director of housing from 1992 to 2001; Joseph P. McLaughlin Jr., director of the Institute of Public Affairs and the Center on Regional Politics at Temple University; and Kenneth Steif, a doctoral candidate in the City and Regional Planning Program at the University of Pennsylvania, were independent reviewers of this report. -
Heatwave Guide for Cities
HEATWAVE GUIDE FOR CITIES HEATWAVE GUIDE FOR CITIES 2 HEATWAVE GUIDE FOR CITIES Heatwaves are deadly and their impacts are on the rise globally due to climate change. But this is not inevitable; it is up to us to prevent this public-health crisis from impacting our neighbours, family members and friends. Every year, heatwaves claim the lives of infants, older people, and people with chronic health conditions. The urban poor frequently bear the brunt of this silent emergency. In addition to threatening the lives and health of vulnerable popula- tions, heatwaves have cascading impacts in other areas of society, such as reduced economic output, strained health systems and rolling power outages. The Lancet estimates that in 2017, 153 billion hours of work were lost due to extreme heat. What is unacceptable about this silent emergency is that simple, low-cost actions such as ordinary citizens checking on vulnerable neighbours can save lives during episodes of extreme heat. As many as 5 billion people live in areas of the world where heatwaves can be forecast before they happen, which means we have time to take early action to save lives. To address the existing need and reduce future risks posed by climate change, we need collective global action to scale up early warning systems for heat. People living in urban areas are amongst the hardest hit when a heatwave occurs because these are hotter than the surrounding countryside. Along with climate change, urbanization is one of the most transformative trends of this century and the last. Over half the world now lives in urban areas and this is projected to increase to two-thirds by 2050. -
Paper-20 Urban Sociology
MA SOCIOLOGY P-20 URBAN SOCIOLOGY Author Dr. P.K.Kar 1 Unit-I: Evolution of Cities in History based on Major Functions:Growth of Urbanization in India, City type and functions in India, The Rural-Urban dichotomy and continum in India and Theories of Unrbanization Unit-II:Social Institutions in the Urban Milieu:Family and Marriage Caste, Religion, Economy, Polity Unit-III: The new Social Structures in Urban India:Informal Sector: Various Occupations , Formal Sector: Various Professions and Secondary Institutions: Educational, Leisure and Recreation, Voluntary Organizations. Unit-IV: Problems of Urban India: Housing, Transport, Communication, Pollution, Sanitation, And Crime. UNIT-I Evolution of Cities in History based on Major Functions: CONTENTS 1.0. OBJECTIVES 1.1. EVOLUTION OF CITIES IN HISTORY BASED ON FUCTIONS 1.1.1 Ancient Cities 1.1.2 Medieval cities 1.1.3 Modern Cities 1.1.4 Pre-lndustrial Cities 1.1.5 Industrial Cities 1.2. GROWTH OF URBANIZATION IN INDIA 1.3. REGIONAL URBANISATION PROCESS: 1.4. FORMATION OF URBAN AGGLOMERATION 2 1.5. TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF URBANIZATION IN INDIA 1.5.1 Demographic approach 1.5.2 Geographic approach 1.6. URBAN ECONOMIC GROWTH 1.6.1. Size of total NDP by sectors and per capita NDP 1.7. COMPOUND ANNUAL GROWTH 1.8. CITY TYPE AND FUCTIONS IN INDIA 1.9. RURAL URBAN DICHOTOMY AND CONTINUUM 1.10. DISTINCTION BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN COMMUNITIES 1.11. THEORIES OF URBAN GROWTH 1.11.1. Concentric zone model 1.11.2. Sectors model 1.11.3. Multiple nuclei model 1.11.4. -
Municipal Performance Index 2019: Assessment Framework
Municipal Performance Index 2019 Assessment Framework CONTENT Foreword, Message, Preface 05 Introduction 10 Framework of the Index 15 Methodology 21 Indicator Description 29 Appendix 79 Durga Shanker Mishra Secretary, MoHUA Cities are drivers of economic growth and important units of local governance within a nation. The development and growth of a nation, is influenced to a large extent by its cities. The Smart Cities concept relies on fostering a balanced confluence of two mega trends: Rapid Global Urbanization and Digital Technologies 4.0 revolution. These trends have consequences on our efforts to improve liveability for citizens, enhance human capital and transform the relationship between Government, Civil Society and Market Players in an environmentally, sustainable and inclusive manner. The governance of cities is determined by the functioning of Municipalities. They are the key agents that provide the enablers into making a city ‘Smart’. With this view, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs is launching the first ever Municipal Performance Index 2019 to assess and analyse the performance of Municipalities across the country in all 100 Smart Cities and million plus population cities, based on their defined set of functions. The assessment will examine the sectoral performance of Municipalities across a set of five verticals namely Services; Finance; Technology; Planning and Governance which include 20 sectors (Education, Health, Water & Wastewater, SWM & MESSAGE Sanitation, Registration & Permits, Infrastructure, Revenue Management, -
Lawrason Act January 2014
The Lawrason Act January 2014 "THE LAWRASON ACT" Prepared for the Louisiana Municipal Association by Jerry J. Guillot INTRODUCTION Louisiana municipalities are governed by the Lawrason Act (hereinafter referred to as "Act") except those municipalities governed by a special legislative charter or a home rule charter or plan of government. (R.S. 33:321) Prior to 1882, each municipality was incorporated by special legislative act which also set forth the municipal charter. In 1882, Act 49 was enacted, setting up a general method whereby any municipality might be incorporated. However this law allowed the body of a new municipality to draw up its municipal charter. Thus, between 1882 and 1898, each municipality enjoyed the right to draw up its own charter. In 1898, the Act was enacted. It set forth a general legislative charter for all municipalities created after its effective date, as well as for those created prior to its effective date which chose to accept its provisions. The intent of this law was to provide a uniform type of government for all municipalities in Louisiana. This fundamental municipal incorporation law currently governs some 248 villages, towns, and cities. The law is named after Judge Samuel McCutcheon Lawrason, a West Feliciana Parish lawyer born in 1852 in New Orleans. Educated in France, Spain, and West Virginia, he received his doctor of laws degree from the University of Louisiana in 1874 and opened his law practice that same year in New Orleans. He married and moved the following year to West Feliciana Parish, where he was elected parish judge. He later became a school board member, a member of the Louisiana State University's Board of Supervisors, a state senator (from 1896 to 1900 and again in 1920 to 1924), and vice president of the Louisiana Constitutional Convention of 1898. -
Meetings, Agendas, and Minutes
ITEM CC1(b) OXFORDSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL MINUTES of the meeting of the Extraordinary County Council held at County Hall on Tuesday 8 September 2009 commencing at 12.30 pm and finishing at 1.00 pm Present: Councillor TONY CRABBE – in the chair Councillors: Alyas Ahmed Timothy Hallchurch MBE Rodney Rose M Altaf-Khan Jenny Hannaby John Sanders Alan Armitage Steve Hayward Larry Sanders Lynda Atkins Mrs J Heathcoat Don Seale Marilyn Badcock Hilary Hibbert-Biles Bill Service Michael Badcock Ian Hudspeth Dave Sexon Roger Belson Ray Jelf Chip Sherwood Maurice Billington Peter Jones C H Shouler Norman Bolster Stewart Lilly Peter Skolar Ann Bonner Lorraine Lindsay-Gale Roz Smith Liz Brighouse Sandy Lovatt Val Smith Iain Brown Sajjad Hussain Malik Richard Stevens Nick Carter Kieron Mallon John Tanner Louise Chapman Charles Mathew Alan Thompson Jim Couchman Keith R Mitchell CBE Melinda Tilley Roy Darke David Nimmo-Smith Nicholas P Turner Arash Fatemian Neil Owen Carol Viney Jean Fooks Zoé Patrick Michael Waine Anthony Gearing Susanna Pressel David Wilmshurst Michael Gibbard G A Reynolds Patrick Greene David Robertson The Council considered the matters, reports and recommendations contained or referred to in the agenda for the meeting and decided as set out below. Except insofar as otherwise specified, the reasons for the decisions are contained in the agenda and reports, copies of which are attached to the signed Minutes. 82/09 APOLOGIES FOR ABSENCE (Agenda Item 1) CCNOV0309R020.doc CC1 – page 2 Apologies for absence were received from Councillors Mrs Fitzgerald O’Connor, Mrs Fulljames, Goddard, Godden, Handley, Harbour, Harvey, Hutchinson, Purse, Stratford, Strangwood and David Turner. -
Decentralisation and Municipalities
DECENTRALISATION AND MUNICIPALITIES The 73rd and 74th Constitution Amendment Acts are sister legislations passed by the Parliament in 1992. The 73rd Constitution Amendment Act provided directions for the creation of Panchayats in the rural areas and the 74th Constitution Amendment Act provided for the creation of Municipalities in urban areas. The two legislations laid a broad framework for the setting up of Panchayats and Municipalities by the states. The legislations also stipulated a time limit within which the state governments were to enact conforming legislations to enable setting up of Panchayats and Municipalities, that is by the 1st of July 1994. Prior to the enactment of these two legislations, the functioning of the local bodies was totally dependent on the whims and fancies of the state governments. The supersession of the local bodies was a very common occurrence. Further, the vital arms necessary for the efficient functioning of the local bodies such as the District Planning Committee, Metropolitan Planning Committee, Wards Committee, State Election Commission etc., are either missing or not in a functional state. Although the setting up of these institutions has been made mandatory by the Constitution, in most states they are still not in place. The reasons for their absence or ineffectivity have been discussed in this paper. The legislation apart from laying broad criteria for constitution, composition of Municipalities, elections/removal of Mayor or Chairpersons, qualification/disqualification of membership, setting up of State Election Commission etc., left it to the state governments to prescribe the actual norms. This was done while keeping in mind the federal nature of our political system and also since a minority government was tabling the Bill in the Parliament and was dependent on other regional parties for its passage. -
Honorary Aldermen
Agenda Item No. 5 Governance Committee 22 January 2018 Part I Honorary Aldermen Report by Director of Law and Assurance Electoral Division: N/A Executive Summary The County Council is able to appoint former members with eminent service as honorary aldermen of West Sussex. The Chairman has asked for the matter to be considered. The report sets out possible criteria and other considerations for the Governance Committee to discuss. Recommendation That the Governance Committee determines whether to recommend to the County Council that an honorary alderman scheme should be adopted. Proposal 1. Background and Context 1.1 Section 249 of the Local Government Act 1972 sets out a power for councils to appoint former members as honorary aldermen in recognition of eminent service as a councillor. The County Council has never used this power, but research has now been undertaken at the Chairman’s request. Research has found that about half of the County Councils in England appoint honorary aldermen, including Hampshire and Kent in the South East. 1.2 The Governance Committee is asked to consider whether an Honorary Alderman scheme should be established in West Sussex County Council. To be appointed, a member must have retired as a member of the County Council and have ceased to be politically active. 1.3 The Act leaves it for councils to define ‘eminent service’. From a check of other councils’ criteria, where published, it seems that most work on a system of either a certain minimum length of service, or holding certain senior positions, or a mixture of both. The number of aldermen can be capped (one council gives 12 as the maximum number at one time) but many others do not cap, with up to around 30 Aldermen. -
Chapter 120. QUASI-MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS OR DISTRICTS CHAPTER 120 QUASI-MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS OR DISTRICTS §2351. Definition
MRS Title 30-A, Chapter 120. QUASI-MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS OR DISTRICTS CHAPTER 120 QUASI-MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS OR DISTRICTS §2351. Definitions As used in this chapter, unless the context indicates otherwise, the following terms have the following meanings. [PL 1987, c. 737, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 1987, c. 737, Pt. C, §106 (NEW); PL 1989, c. 6 (AMD); PL 1989, c. 9, §2 (AMD); PL 1989, c. 104, Pt. C, §§8, 10 (AMD).] 1. Affected municipalities. "Affected municipalities" means all those municipalities which, in whole or in part, lie within the boundaries of the quasi-municipal corporation or district. [PL 1987, c. 737, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 1987, c. 737, Pt. C, §106 (NEW); PL 1989, c. 6 (AMD); PL 1989, c. 9, §2 (AMD); PL 1989, c. 104, Pt. C, §§8, 10 (AMD).] 2. Charter amendment. "Charter amendment" means a change in the charter of a quasi-municipal corporation or district which is not a charter revision. [PL 1987, c. 737, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 1987, c. 737, Pt. C, §106 (NEW); PL 1989, c. 6 (AMD); PL 1989, c. 9, §2 (AMD); PL 1989, c. 104, Pt. C, §§8, 10 (AMD).] 3. Charter revision. "Charter revision" means a change in the charter of a quasi-municipal corporation or district which has an effect on: A. The number of or method of selecting trustees; [PL 1987, c. 737, Pt. A, §2 (NEW); PL 1987, c. 737, Pt. C, §106 (NEW); PL 1989, c. 6 (AMD); PL 1989, c. 9, §2 (AMD); PL 1989, c. 104, Pt. C, §§8, 10 (AMD).] B. -
Honorary Freemen of the Borough of Guildford
Honorary Freemen of the Borough of Guildford Introduction In past centuries, admission to the Freedom of a Borough conferred upon the recipient possession of recognisable privileges. In order to carry out certain trades or professions in a particular Borough, one had to be enrolled as a freeman and admission to the freedom was frequently necessary in order to have a vote in parliamentary elections. To become a freeman of Guildford, one had to be: (a) apprenticed to a freeman of the Borough for at least seven years, or (b) the eldest son of a freeman, or (c) by admission into the “Corporation”. Records kept in the Guildford Muniment Room contain the names of 1,061 persons admitted to the freedom of the Borough between 1655 and 1933 and also record the production of indentures of apprenticeship between 1655 and 1903. Typical entries in the two volumes of Borough Records known as the Freemen’s Books are reproduced below: 39. BARRETT, John, of Ockley. Appr. by ind. 7 Nov. 1796 to Jos. Jennings of H.T., plumber and glazier, Jos Jennings having died. Adm. 10 Oct 1803. (Jos. Jennings was one of the Society of Bailiffs.) 2/41. 2/43. 2/101. 3/1 52. BAVERSTOCK, John, son of Wm. road-surveyor. Appr. Wm.Elkins, brewer and one of the Aldermen, by ind. 6 Jan. 1826, for 7 yrs from that date, “to learn the Art of a Brewer’s Clerk”, Adm. 14 Oct. 1833. 2/80. 2/133 186. COBBETT, Wm., of High St., G., son of Wm. of Littleton, St.N. -
Urban Area Types of Urban Area
URBAN AREA TYPES OF URBAN AREA • An urban area is the region surrounding a city. Most inhabitants of urban areas have non-agricultural jobs. Urban areas are very developed, meaning there is a density of human structures such as houses, commercial buildings, roads, bridges, and railways. • "Urban area" can refer to towns, cities, and suburbs. An urban area includes the city itself, as well as the surrounding areas. Many urban areas are called metropolitan areas, or "greater," as in Greater New York or Greater London. • An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, towns, conurbations or suburbs. • In urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. • The creation of early predecessors of urban areas during the urban revolution led to the creation of human civilization with modern urban planning, which along with other human activities such as exploitation of natural resources leads to human impact on the environment. • The world's urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since. • In 2009, the number of people living in urban areas (3.42 billion) surpassed the number living in rural areas (3.41 billion) and since then the world has become more urban than rural. • This was the first time that the majority of the world's population lived in a city. • In 2014 there were 7.2 billion people living on the planet, of which the global urban population comprised 3.9 billion. -
Downtown Development Authorities Law."
36-42-1 Citation. This chapter may be referred to as the "Downtown Development Authorities Law." 36-42-2 Legislative purpose. The revitalization and redevelopment of the central business districts of the municipal corporations of this state develop and promote for the public good and general welfare trade, commerce, industry, and employment opportunities and promote the general welfare of this state by creating a climate favorable to the location of new industry, trade, and commerce and the development of existing industry, trade, and commerce within the municipal corporations of this state. Revitalization and redevelopment of central business districts by financing projects under this chapter will develop and promote for the public good and general welfare trade, commerce, industry, and employment opportunities and will promote the general welfare of this state. It is, therefore, in the public interest and is vital to the public welfare of the people of this state, and it is declared to be the public purpose of this chapter, so to revitalize and redevelop the central business districts of the municipal corporations of this state. No bonds, notes, or other obligations, except refunding bonds, shall be issued by an authority under this chapter unless its board of directors adopts a resolution finding that the project for which such bonds, notes, or other obligations are to be issued will promote the foregoing objectives. 36-42-3 Definitions. As used in this chapter, the term: (1) "Authority" means each public body corporate and politic