International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research and Management, Volume 3 Issue 8, Aug 2018 www.ijasrm.com

ISSN 2455-6378

Socio-Demographic Inequalities among Scheduled Caste Women: A Block Level Analysis of of ,

Bikash Barman1, Avijit Roy2 and Pradip Chouhan3

1,2Research Scholar Dept. of Geography, , Malda, West Bengal, India

3Associate Professor, Dept. of Geography, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal, India

Abstract as well as education (Benjamin, 1991; Pai, 2000). This work attempt to study the block wise In British rule as the result of faulty and neglected inequalities of the different socio-demographic educational policy, the Scheduled Caste and variables (SC female population growth, sex ratio, Scheduled Tribes were far distance from the main child sex ratio, female literacy, female work stream of the society (Chaterjee, 2000). Though participation) of Scheduled Caste women and their after that Indian government has been taken present status in Malda district with the help of different initiatives or policies or safe guards which secondary data which has been collected from the helps them to acquire higher social status (Francis, District Census Hand Book 2001 and 2011. 1993) as well as higher education and economic Different methods have been applied for the opportunities (Khatoon, 2013) also. Though the depiction of result i.e. growth rate, Gender male populations of the Scheduled Caste category Disparity Index, Standardized Score (Z-Score) and are more developed than the Scheduled Caste Composite Score. Result tells about the increasing women (Manohar,1989), they also are going pattern of women’s participation in different forward in terms of education and social status developmental sector with the increase of female (Isaac, 1997). Scheduled caste women status has literacy and work participation. been studied under the large umbrella concept of Key Words: Inequality, Female work participation rate, woman empowerment and equality. Great strides Gender disparity. have been made toward equality in modern era (Menon, 2000). The Constitution also provides 1. Introduction: safeguards to sc woman from all possible arising Regional differentiation is the main matter of problems and expressing them in public. Even they geography which deals with the analysis of have joined their hands together to fight against inequalities on the different elements of the region social illness and injustice (Sharma & Ashis, 2014). to region (Dholakia, 2003; Chandna, 2014). As They have full right to take bold decision and lead because social geography also deals with the study the world independently. It has still limited effect of the regional inequalities or differentiation of the on women’s conditions (Kusum, 1974). No doubt, human behaviour (Rai, 2015) , their regional that sc male get much more advantage, only SC custom, their means of livelihood (Banerjee, 1989), women’s are avoided. Basically the country is their educational as well as economic situation and moving away from male dominated culture (Khan it is obviously seen that there are various et al, 2012), discrimination on a wide range of inequalities among them according to their region ground can be highly seen in rural as well as urban or living place (Ghosh, 2006; Rustogi, 2010). areas in small villages and even metropolitan cities Scheduled Caste are the termed as the depress class in almost all spheres of life (Williamson, 1965). or fifth class or untouchable or Dalit of the society Only women are considered as disadvantage in this who are originally backward in terms of economic regard. In some remote space sc women have failed

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ISSN 2455-6378 in seeking their own space in modern society = the mean value and (Nayar, 2008). SC women- men equality is linked u = stands for standard deviation with sustainable development where both can enjoy In standard score analysis, a positive value all the opportunities and access to all the rights of specifies a datum above the sample mean, where a decision making (Kurian, 2000) with regard to age negative value shows the result a datum below the at marriage, distribution of power, financial sample mean. independency, contraceptive use, develop their iii) Composite Index after Iyengar & personal ambitions and interests and may more Sudarshan’s Method: This index have been used alike (Rafikul, 2010). Gender equality does not for showing the status of Scheduled Caste women mean that they should be dealt on the same scale of the different blocks of Malda with the help of but they should have accessibility to all resources composite score.In 1982 Iyengar & Sudarshan put and should not be discriminated or constrained on forwarded this method following modified the ground of gender. In this paper, an attempt has dimension index. They used dimension index for been made to analyze demographic data to measure making data standardized in this compositing the socio-demographic inequalities among the approach. Using dimension index they transformed Scheduled Caste female population among the original data in to a new form of data set. Divided different blocks of Malda district and it also data set summed up region/block/district wise and investigates the roots of gender disparities which after that ranked on that data set by descending more and more from years to years. order. This value range from 0 to 1, greater the value of compositing indicate higher development. 2. Materials and Methods: The following formula have been used- The entire work had been done on the basis of secondary data collected from District Census Dimension Index =

Hand Book (DCHB) 2011 of Malda district. The essential cartographic techniques such as maps, 3.Analysis: diagrams and tables used with the help of GIS-Arc 3.1 Growth of Female Population: software. For the fulfillment of the study many Growth of population is the rate in the number of parametric measures have been used such as – people living in a particular area between two i) Modified Gender Disparity Index: The given points of time. The net change between the modified disparity index proposed by Kundu & two points of time is expressed in percentage and is Rao (1986) is- described as the growth rate of population. Table 1 gives the highlights of growth rate of SC female ( ) DI = log population Malda District over the decade (2001- KR ( ) 2011). In Malda Total population in 2001 was Where, 554165 including female population of 269439. In

X1= Value of Deprived Group (Female) 2011, the value reached up to 281265 and 133247 X = Value of Dominant Group (Male) respectively (DCHB of Malda). 2 3.2. Trend of Sex Ratio among SC population: This (Disparity Index by Kundu & Rao) method is Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per most suitable to measure the inequality between thousand of males. Of all the demographic two variables. The value of DI 0 means the perfect attributes of population, sex ratio is the most equality between two variables. Greater the value fundamental as it determines the reproductive indicates higher gender inequality. potential, marital status, work force, migration ii) Standard Score (Z-Score): To analyse the pattern, growth of population, and the socio- spatial distribution of different socio-demographic economic relationship. In fact it is an important characteristics of Scheduled Caste women standard demographic indicator to measure the extent of score has been applied which is the sign number of prevailing equality between males and females in a standard deviations an observation or datum is society at a given point of time. above the mean. It is a dimensionless quantity that involves the varying means and varying standard 3.2.1. Inter Block Variation in Sex Ratio deviations and therefore, it can be suitably used to Among Scheduled caste population in Malda examine the pattern of regional distribution of a District: variable (Sarkar, 2013; Bhandarkar et al., 2005). This section describes the inter-block variation Standard Score (Z-Score) has been calculated using spatio-temporal analysis of Sex ratio of Scheduled the following formula- ( ) Caste population of Malda district. Malda has not Z = been able to beat the West Bengal scenario. From Where the table 2 it is very clear the overall sex ratio of x = the variable to be examined Malda block is far better in the year 2001 and the

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ISSN 2455-6378 rate of sex ratio decreases in the decade of point difference (996 in 2001 and 943 in 2011). 2011. –II block has registered highest Table 1. Block Wise Variation in SC Population of Malda District 1901 Growth 2001 2011 Growth rate Rate of CD Block of Total Sc Female Sc Total Female Total Female Population Population -I 17646 8537 30538 14561 0.731 0.706 Ratua-II 12812 6281 12880 6140 0.005 -0.022 Harischandrapur-I 40806 19885 49,069 23,723 0.202 0.193 Harischandrapur-II 22126 10645 32294 15423 0.460 0.449 -I 8337 4000 15033 7259 0.803 0.815 Kaliachak-II 17349 8382 32686 15768 0.884 0.881 Kaliachak-III 22351 10850 105698 51572 3.729 3.753 Habibpur 86865 42634 105386 51002 0.213 0.196 63459 30649 71176 34078 0.122 0.112 English Bazar(R) 35085 16823 47532 22952 0.355 0.364 Old Maldah(R) 36572 17750 50287 24418 0.375 0.376 Manikchalk 24192 11665 74816 35903 2.093 2.078 Gazole 98649 47966 128464 62485 0.302 0.303 Chanchal-I 23736 11660 27370 13184 0.153 0.131 Chanchal-II 14518 7243 17112 8305 0.179 0.147 Malda District 554165 269439 835430 402686 0.508 0.495 Source: Calculated From DCHB, Malda (2001-2011) It may be lack of education facilities and lack of marginal increase in the number of females to economic development. Ratua – II block also males from 2001. But a much number of blocks experienced sharp fall of about 51 points in sex have shown a marginal decrease in the number of ratio since 2001. Substantial decline in sex ratio has females to males from 2001. All the blocks are also been observed in Ratua –I, Harischandrapur –I struggling to achieve the female favored sex ratio and II, Kaliachak – II , Habibpur, Bamangola, values. Table 2 clearly indicates a constantly Manikchak, Gazole, Chanchal –I. While some deteriorating condition of sex ratio in Malda since block viz. Kaliachak –I and III, English Bazar and 2011. Continuous gender gap is evident in every Old Maldah have shown remarkable improvement successive census enumeration. In 2001 and 2011 in the figures. Few states like Kaliachak – I and III, the male – female proportion has become low. It English Bazar and Manikchak blocks have shown a has decreased by 7 points since 2001. It means for

Table 2. Block wise Sex Ratio of Malda (2001- 2011) Sex Ratio Block Change Z Score(Sex Ratio) 2001 2011 Ratua-I 937 911 -26 -1.54 Ratua-II 962 911 -51 -1.54 Harischandrapur-I 950 936 -14 0.385 Harischandrapur-II 927 914 -13 -1.309 Kaliachak-I 922 934 12 0.231 Kaliachak-II 935 932 -3 0.077 Kaliachak-III 943 953 10 1.695 Habibpur 958 938 -20 0.539 Bamangola 934 919 -15 -0.924 English Bazar 921 934 13 0.231 Old Maldah 943 944 1 1.001 Manikchak 931 923 -8 -0.616 Gazole 946 944 -2 1.001 Chanchal-I 966 929 -37 -0.154 Chanchal-II 996 943 -53 0.924 Malda 946 939 -7 0.616

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Source: Calculated From DCHB, Malda (2001-2011) every thousand male, more than hundred females in the year 2001 and the rate of sex ratio decreases are should be required for the region. Since 2001 in the decade of 2011.Ratua –II block has inter blocks of Malda districts had never registered highest point difference (1020 in 2001 experienced the value of sex ratio as equal to and 935 in 2011). It may be due to backwardness of district of Malda. The region has shown socio- economic development. Chanchal – II block fluctuations. Malda district demonstrated a wide also experienced sharp fall of about 65 points in increase in gender gap of around 7 points in 2011. sex ratio since 2001. Substantial decline in sex ratio has also been observed in Ratua –I, and II, 3.2.2. Inter Block Variation in Child Sex Ratio Kaliachak – II , Habibpur, Bamongola, Manikchak, among Scheduled caste population in Malda Gazole, Chanchal –I and II. While some block viz. District: Harishchndrapur -I , Kaliachak –I and III, This section describes the inter-block variation Bamongola, English Bazar and Old Maldah have spatio-temporal analysis of child Sex ratio of shown remarkable improvement in the figures , Scheduled Caste population of Malda district. where Bamongola shows the little trend of Malda has not been able to beat the West Bengal improvement in child sex ratio which denote its scenario. From the table 3 it is very clear the increasing manner of socio- economic condition. overall child sex ratio of Malda block is far better .

Table 3 Block wise Child Sex Ratio of Malda District 2001-2011 Child Sex Ratio Block Change Z- Score 2001 2011 Ratua-I 1006 942 -64 -0.432 Ratua-II 1020 935 -85 -0.758 Harischandrapur-I 928 966 38 0.688 Harischandrapur-II 964 999 35 2.227 Kaliachak-I 914 943 29 -0.385 Kaliachak-II 996 947 -49 -0.199 Kaliachak-III 914 974 60 1.061 Habibpur 988 923 -65 -1.318 Bamangola 958 971 13 0.921 English Bazar 938 968 30 0.781 927 962 35 0.501 Manikchak 998 941 -57 -0.479 Gazole 974 944 -30 -0.339 Chanchal-I 987 933 -54 -0.852 Chanchal-Ii 986 921 -65 -1.411 Malda 966 958 -8 0.314 Source: Calculated From DCHB, Malda (2001-2011) 3.3. Scheduled Caste Female Literacy Rate: the field of education, the disparity between males Literacy is one of the vital qualitative factors for and female are still large. the improvement of a person as well as socio- 3.3.1. Inter-Block Variation in Literacy Rate economic development of human society. Literacy among Scheduled Caste Population in Malda: helps to acquire a higher social status through the This section describes the inter-block variation process of social mobility. Being one of the most Spatio-temporal analysis of literacy rate of important key factors of socio-economic change, Scheduled Caste female population of Malda study of literacy pattern and its differential on district. From the table 4 it is very clear that the gender of an area is very valuable. A person aged 7 overall literacy rate of Malda district is increased and above who can both read and write with in the year 2011 as well as the literacy rate of all understanding in any language has been taken as blocks of Malda district also increased . From this literate by the Indian Census. Female literacy is table it can be seen that Bamongola block considered to be the more sensitive index of social maintained its top position with 48.42 per cent total development compared to overall literacy rates. literacy in 2001 and 70.7 per cent in 2011. The Without female’s development any country cannot percentage among males are 77.61 and females be developed. In spite of all the special 61.81 (in 2011) which are the highest among all constitutional provisions and government efforts in the district. Chanchal –II stood at the bottom with total literacy of 46.02 percent (males 54.15 and

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ISSN 2455-6378 females 37.43) in 2011. The literacy rate of very poor in respect all other blocks and in 2011 it Chanchal- II block is respectively better than 2001 also situated in same condition. Chanchal – II block but this block can not beat the literacy rate of other is lagging behind than other districts on the ground districts, in 2001 the condition of literacy rate is of female literacy.

Table- 4 Block wise Male – Female Literacy in Malda District (2001-2011) Female Literacy Rate Block Change Z-Score 2001 2011 Ratua-I 26.8 49.78 22.98 0.003 Ratua-II 28.96 46.28 17.32 -0.5 Harischandrapur-I 20.7 37.26 16.56 -1.795 Harischandrapur –II 20.22 42.72 22.5 -1.011 Kaliachak-I 38.02 56.07 18.05 0.907 Kaliachak-II 28.72 51.16 22.44 0.202 Kaliachak-III 22.94 49.12 26.18 -0.092 Habibpur 33.25 54.61 21.36 0.697 Bamangola 37.48 61.81 24.33 1.732 English Bazar 34.28 56.2 21.92 0.926 Old Maldah 33.13 51.41 18.28 0.238 Manikchak 23.63 48.2 24.57 -0.224 Gazole 35.88 56.57 20.69 0.979 Chanchal-I 20.22 47.73 27.51 -0.291 Chanchal-II 16.95 37.43 20.48 -1.772 Malda 31.96 51.59 19.63 0.263 Source: Calculated From DCHB, Malda (2001-2011) 3.3.2 Gender Disparity in Literacy among characterized by low literacy rates, high dropout Scheduled Caste Population: rates as well as by the persistence of highly In India, women face much more discrimination at discriminatory malpractices (Pai).Literacy is a tool every level in society; they are not treated at per to empower women in the wider struggle against with men, socially, economically or politically and inequality and injustice in society (Patel & Dighe, as a result they far behind men in almost all spheres 1997) There is a need to implement literacy of life. The following factors are responsible for programmes as an integral part of an integrated poor female literacy rates: gender –based rural development programme with a provision for inequality, social discrimination and economic vocational skill development and income exploitation the occupational of the girl child in generation programmes because literacy has link domestic chores, the low enrollment of girls in with both societal needs and national development schools, their low retention rate and high dropout (Das & Singh , 2002).. rate. The education of Scheduled Castes has been

Table-5 Spatio-temporal variation on Gender Disparity in literacy 2001 Gender 2011 Gender Block Male Female Disparity Male Female Disparity Ratua-I 49.41 26.8 0.281 68.65 49.78 0.156 Ratua-II 47.42 28.96 0.229 62.67 46.28 0.148 Harischandrapur-I 39.87 20.7 0.299 55.14 37.26 0.185 Harischandrapur –II 42.62 20.22 0.338 59.4 42.72 0.159 Kaliachak-I 55.38 38.02 0.179 68.35 56.07 0.102 Kaliachak-II 50.29 28.72 0.258 68.8 51.16 0.145 Kaliachak-III 42.22 22.94 0.279 64.1 49.12 0.132 Habibpur 53.54 33.25 0.222 70.88 54.61 0.130 Bamangola 58.65 37.48 0.210 77.61 61.81 0.116 English Bazar 50.93 34.28 0.187 69.29 56.2 0.107 Old Maldah 53.19 33.13 0.221 68.04 51.41 0.138 Manikchak 44.01 23.63 0.284 64.61 48.2 0.143 Gazole 57.16 35.88 0.218 73.29 56.57 0.129 Chanchal-I 39.52 20.22 0.305 63.66 47.73 0.141 Chanchal-II 36.25 16.95 0.344 54.15 37.43 0.176 Malda 51.73 31.96 0.224 67.79 51.59 0.135

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Source: Calculated From DCHB, Malda (2001-2011) Table 5 describe about the Spatio-temporal Population is dynamic as because the entire variation of gender disparity in literacy of different concept related with population such as blocks of Malda district. From this table the clear demographic structure of work force are dynamic picture has been shown that the female literacy has with the changes in size, composition and been increased from 2001 to 2011 which is good distribution of population (Chandna, 2014).The scenario for the women empowerment. From 2001 workforce may be defined as the number of people census to 2011census the district average SC engaged in or available for work, and conceptually female literacy rate is increased about 19.63% and includes all persons who contribute to the Gross also gender disparity has been decreased from Domestic Product (GDP) of the country’s 0.224 to 0.135. The highest increased of SC female economy(Rai, 2015).The study of labour force literacy rate is found in Chanchal-I block i.e. occupies an important position in the field of 27.51% followed by Kaliachak-III (26.18%) and population studies(Chandna, 2014 ). Work force Bamangola (24.33%) and low degree of change is influences socio- economic development of a found in Harischandrapur-I (16.56%) block. A nation and also provides the information about the good scenario of females education is found by the productive capacity of that country (Sinha, 2005). decreasing trend of gender disparity in literacy has Work Force Participation Rates are useful for an been showed in the table 5. In 2011 the highest understanding of the extent to which women, gender disparity is found in Harischandrapur-I children and the aged participate in economic block i.e. 0.185 followed by Chanchal-II (0.176) activity (Bhagat & Das, 2008). The work force and Harischandrapur-II (0.159) where lowest value participation varies from region to region, across is found in Kaliachak-I (0.102) and followed by culture, different age group, stages of economic English Bazar (0.107). Six blocks namely development and between sexes. India is one of the Kaliachak-I (0.102), Kaliachak-III(0.132), traditional countries where found different diversity Habibpur (0.130), Bamangola(0.116), English in culture, religion, custom and so on (Singh & Bazar (0.107) and Gazole(0.107) has the less Mishra, 2013). The role of women in India is gender disparity than the district average (0.135) in mainly found in household and some domestic 2011 census works only. But in some cases it is found that a few number of women’s are engage in nurses’ doctors’ 3.4. Scheduled Caste Female Work Participation teachers’ engineers’ philosopher’ geologist and Rate: astronomer also (Banerjee, 1989& Rustagi, 2010).

Table 6. Block Wise Variation in Female Work Participation Rate (2001 – 2011) SC Female WPR Block Change in WPR Z-Score 2001 2011 Harischandrapur-I 16.9 26.71 9.81 3.021 Harischandrapur-II 23.08 25.69 2.61 2.888 Chanchal-I 19.21 29.34 10.13 3.363 Chanchal-II 24.72 29.05 4.33 3.326 Ratua –I 14.35 21.66 7.31 2.363 Ratua –II 22.73 18.79 -3.94 1.99 Gazole 18.29 34.07 15.78 3.979 Bamangola 13.76 27.29 13.53 3.096 Habibpur 22.86 34.7 11.84 4.061 Old Maldah 22.44 31.15 8.71 3.599 English Bazar 19.01 23.84 4.83 2.647 Manikchak 16.8 28.08 11.28 3.199 Kaliachak-I 42.28 43.76 1.48 5.241 Kaliachak-II 19.83 36.87 17.04 4.343 Kaliachak-III 34.47 46.75 12.28 5.63 Malda 20.35 32.5 12.15 3.775 Source: Calculated From DCHB, Malda (2001-2011) The study of female work participation of all the economically active female population. But in blocks of Maldah District in 2001 and 2011 has 2011, Kaliachak – III( 46.75 per cent) as the top shown great incensement in the percentage. As per ranking block in female work participation rate. census of India 2001, Kaliachak –I (42.28 per cent) Bamongola (13.76 per cent) had the lowest is the only block having high proportion of proportion of economically active female

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ISSN 2455-6378 population in 2001. Unfortunately Ratua –II 3.5. Socio-Demographic Status of SC women: experienced great decline (22.73 per cent in 2001 The status of SC women of the different blocks of to 18.79 per cent in 2011) in the proportion of Malda district with the help of compositing score economically active females. On the other hand a of Dimension index given by Iyengar and Sudarsan highly improvement can be seen particularly in the in 1982. Dimension index of different socio- block of Kaliachak – II( 19.83 per cent in 2001 to demographic factor has been calculated and after 36.87 per cent in 2011) as having approximate that all the score has been summed up and then increment of 17 point . In terms of progress on ranked the blocks as per total compositing score in Female work perticipation rate not only Kaliachak ascending order. With the help of composite score – II block, even also Gazole ( 15.78 ) , three class have been identified i.e. low, moderate Bamongola(13.53) and Kaliachak –III (12.28) have and high. In low status of SC women is found in given better performance in FWP during 2001- Harischandrapur-I, Chanchal-I, Ratua-I, Ratua-II 2011. and Kaliachak-II having the composite score The least improvement in economically active between 0.79 to 1.71. In moderate status of SC FWP in overall has shown by Kaliachak – I (1.48 women has been found in Harischandrapur-II, per cent), Harischandrapur – II (2.61 percent point) Chanchal-II, Manikchak, English Bazar, and Chanchal – II (4.33 per cent) during 2001- Malda(old), Habibpur, Bamangola and Kaliachak-I 2011. Finally it also can be seen that the percentage block having the score between 1.71 to 2.64 where of economically active female population of in high status is found in only two blocks namely Maldah district also great increased (12.15 per cent Gazole and Kaliachak-I having score greater than point) during 2001- 2011. 2.64.

Table 7: Block Wise Composite Score on Different Demographic Variables in Malda District, 2011 SC Female Dimens Sex Dimensi Child Dimensi Female Dimensi Dimensi Comp Populat Work CD Block ion Rati on Sex on Literacy on on osite Rank ion Precipitat Index o Index Ratio Index Rate Index Index Score Growth ion Rate Ratua-I 0.706 0.17 911 0.00 942 0.27 49.78 0.51 26.71 0.28 1.23 14

Ratua-II -0.022 0.00 911 0.00 935 0.18 46.28 0.37 25.69 0.25 0.79 15 Harischand 0.193 0.05 936 0.60 966 0.58 37.26 0.00 29.34 0.38 1.60 13 rapur-I Harischand 0.449 0.11 914 0.07 999 1.00 42.72 0.22 29.05 0.37 1.77 9 rapur-II Kaliachak- 0.815 0.19 934 0.55 943 0.28 56.07 0.77 21.66 0.10 1.89 7 I Kaliachak- 0.881 0.21 932 0.50 947 0.33 51.16 0.57 18.79 0.00 1.61 12 II Kaliachak- 3.753 0.86 953 1.00 974 0.68 49.12 0.48 34.07 0.55 3.57 1 III Habibpur 0.196 0.05 938 0.64 923 0.03 54.61 0.71 27.29 0.30 1.73 10

Bamangola 0.112 0.03 919 0.19 971 0.64 61.81 1.00 34.7 0.57 2.43 3 English 0.364 0.09 934 0.01 968 0.60 56.2 0.77 31.15 0.44 1.92 6 Bazar(R) Old 0.376 0.09 944 0.79 962 0.53 51.41 0.58 23.84 0.18 2.16 4 Maldah(R) Manikchal 4.357 1.00 923 0.02 941 0.26 48.2 0.45 28.08 0.33 2.06 5 k Gazole 0.303 0.07 944 0.79 944 0.29 56.57 0.79 43.76 0.89 2.83 2

Chanchal-I 0.131 0.03 929 0.43 933 0.15 47.73 0.43 36.87 0.65 1.69 11 Chanchal- 0.147 0.04 943 0.76 921 0.00 37.43 0.01 46.75 1.00 1.81 8 Ii Source: Calculated From DCHB, Malda (2001-2011)

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Figure-1 Spatial Distribution of Sex Ratio Figure-5 Spatial Distribution of Status of SC Women of Malda, 2011

3. Findings:

i) Growth rate of SC female is highest in Kaliachak- (3.753 per cent) in 2011, which is much better than the district growth rate of SC female population (0.495 per cent). ii) The highest sex ratio found in Chanchal – II (996 female per thousand male) in 2001 where the highest sex ratio is found in Kaliachak – III (953 Figure-2 Spatial Distribution of SC Child Sex Ratio per thousand male) in 2011. It may be pointed out that the district sex ratio decreased 7 point (946 in 2001, 939 in 2011) and sex ratio of all the districts respectively decreased in 2011.

iii) Child sex ratio was highest in Ratua – II (1020 in 2001 ) which is much greater than district child sex ratio ,while Harischandrapur- II occurs highest position in 2011 (999 per thousand male) which is 21 point less than 2001 child sex ratio. It also point to be noted that district sex ratio also decreased 8 point (966 in 2001 and 958 in 2011) and it also less than Harischandrapur – II block.

iv) Female literacy rate is highest in Figure-3 Spatial Distribution of SC Female Literacy Kaliachak – I (38.02 per cent ) in 2001 which is better than district female literacy rate (31.96 per cent ), while Bamangola occurs highest position in 2011 (61.81 per cent ) which is also much better than district female literacy rate (51.59 per cent in 2011).

v) Gender disparity in literacy was highest in Chanchal – II block in 2011 (0.379 per cent) which high from the district Gender disparity (0.263 per cent ) , while Harischandrapur – II occurs highest position in 2001 (0.221 percent ) which is also high from district Gender disparity (0.169 per cent ).

vi) Female work participation rate was Figure-4 Spatial Distribution of Female Work highest in Kaliachak – I (42.28 per cent ) in 2001 Participation which is much better than district female work

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ISSN 2455-6378 participation rate (20.35 per cent ) while Kaliachak [8] Development in the District Sirmour of – III occur highest position in 2011 (46.75 per cent Himachal Pradesh: A Geographical ) which is also better from district FWPR (12.15 Analysis, Indian Journal of Regional per cent ) n 2011. The rate of changing in FWPR is Science, 46(2): 91-100. high in Kaliachak – II (17.04). [9] Dholakia, R. H. 2003. Regional Disparity in Economic and Human Development in 4. Conclusion: India. Economic and Political Weekly Socio-demographic characteristics are the most XXXVIII. (39): 4146-4172 important factors to know the quality of population [10] Economic Deprivation in India: A of any region and also deal about the study of Regional Perspective. British Journal of regional inequality as well as gender inequality. Among the Scheduled Caste population these Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(2), inequalities are always prevailed at any place. In 126-140. Malda SC women’s status is increasing day by day [11] Francis, K. (1993). Education and through the different governmental developmental Development. Discovery Publishing initiatives, policies and programmes. Educational House, New Delhi. attainment is the most important instrument which [12] Ghosh, M. 2006. Economic Growth and can abolish these types of inequalities. Women’s Human Development in Indian States. participation is the most important issue for any Economic and Political Weekly XLI. kind of development. Finally it can be said that all (30): 3321-3329. the literate persons have to take the responsibilities [13] Isaac, T. and K.N. Harilal (1997). for the awareness of the women’s section for as Planning for Empowerment: People's they go ahead and take a major part of the society’s Campaign for Decentralised Planning developmental works. in Kerala. Economic and Political Weekly,

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[21] Nayyar, G. 2008. Economic Growth and [26] Singh, P. (1989), “Problem of Education Regional Inequality in India. Economic among Scheduled Castes”, Mittal and Political Weekly XLIII. (6): 58- Publications, New Delhi. 67. [27] Sinha, S. (2005). Female work [22] Pai, S. (2000). Changing socio economic participation rates in rural West Bengal: A and political profile of scheduled castes in village level analysis. The Indian uttarpradesh. Journal of Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 48(3). School of Political Economy, 12 (3), 405- [28] Sundaram, A. & Vanneman, R. (2001). 422. Gender Differential in Literacy in India: [23] Rafiqul, Islam Mohammed, Women’s The Intriguing Relationship with Empowerment for Sustainable Women’s Labour Force Participation. Development in Bangladesh(September William and Flora Hewlett 11, 2010). OIDA International Journal of Foundation. Sustainable Development, 1(8),77- [29] Khan, J. H., Shamshad, & Hassan, T. 83. (2012, January). “Unemployment and [24] Rai, S. (2015). Structure and growth of Levels of Socio-Economic Deprivation in work force in district of West India: A Regional Perspective”, British Bengal: A census bases study. Journal of Humanities and Social International Journal of informative and Sciences, 3(2): 126-140 futuristic research, 2 (8), 2577-2588. [30] Williamson, J. G. 1965. Regional [25] Rustagi, P. (2010). Employment trend for Inequality and the Process of National women in India. International labour Development: A Description of the organization Asia Pacific working Patterns. Economic Development and paper series, (1), 1-40. Cultural Change 13. (4): 3- 45.

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