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Security Sector Governance: Turkey and Europe

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Security Sector Governance: Turkey and Europe Türkiye'nin uzun süredir devam eden demokratikleflme sorunlar›na bilimsel The Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV) aims to find social temelli katk›larda bulunmay› amaçlayan Türkiye Ekonomik ve Sosyal Etüdler science-based solutions to Turkey's longitudinal democratization-oriented problems. Vakf› (TESEV), 2004 y›l›ndan beri “Güvenlik Sektöründe Demokratik Aç›l›mlar Since 2004, we continue on with our projects assembled together under the heading / Güvenlik Sektörü Reformu” bafll›kl› projeler öbe¤ini sürdürüyor. Bir “düflünce of “Democratic Horizons in the Security Sector/Security Sector Reform”. As a “think GÜVENL‹K SECURITY üretim merkezi” olan TESEV, gündelik siyasetin gerilimli dünyas›na ve bu tank”, TESEV strives to keep at a distance from the conflictual and tense world of dünyan›n inifl-ç›k›fll› dalgalanmalar›na tabi olmamaya çabalayarak ve sosyal daily politics and its ebbs and flows. Instead we try to emulate a long-term “cool- bilimler yöntemlerini seferber ederek daha uzun soluklu, uzun vadeye yay›lm›fl headed” perspective premised on social scientific methods and advocacy strategies. ve “serinkanl›” bir bak›fl› infla etmeye çabal›yor. GÜVENL‹K SEKTÖRÜ YÖNET‹fi‹M‹: TÜRK‹YE VE AVRUPA SECURITY SECTOR GOVERNANCE: TURKEY AND EUROPE SEKTÖRÜ SECTOR In this broader perspective, we follow the example of contemporary democracies Sivilleflme olarak ifade edilebilecek genel bir siyasi çerçeveye oturan ve bu and place the debates -which are otherwise known as “civilianization” in Turkey yönüyle de hararetli çat›flmalar yaratan tart›flmalar› ise, ça¤dafl demokrasilerde and thus creates heated controversies- under the headings of the “Democratic oldu¤u gibi “Güvenlik Sektörünün Demokratik Gözetimi” ya da “Güvenlik Sektörü Oversight of the Security Sector” or “Security Sector Reform”. Understandably, the YÖNET‹fi‹M‹: GOVERNANCE: Reformu” ba¤lam›na yerlefltiriyoruz. Hiç kuflkusuz, “Güvenlik Sektörü” Türkiye “Security Sector” is a novel concept in Turkey and does provoke strong reactions. için yeni bir kavram ve al›fl›ld›k olunmad›¤› için tepkiler de yaratabiliyor. Hele Reactions are especially magnified when we mention the “Security Sector Reform,”. de “Güvenlik Sektörü Reformu”ndan bahsetmek, çok sert tepkilere yol aç›yor. However, it would be far more productive to realize that security is a demand of the Oysa güvenli¤in temel bir insan ve ülke talebi oldu¤u, bunu sa¤layan kurum ve citizens and of the country. Since the institutions that provide security have a public TÜRK‹YE VE TURKEY AND kurulufllar›n da tüm di¤erleri gibi kamusal varl›klar oldu¤u düflünülürse, character, demanding transparency and accountability from them is only normal. saydaml›k ve hesap verebilirlik gündemini daha do¤ru ve so¤ukkanl› bir flekilde anlamak mümkün olabilir. While one could rightly suggest that the security domain is somewhat different than others domains, this is not grounds enough to narrow its parameters down to AVRUPA EUROPE Güvenlik alan›n›n di¤erlerinden farkl› oldu¤u kabul edilse bile, bunu an ambigious concept of “Turkey's particular sensitivities” and thus hamper much- “ülke hassasiyetleri” gibi mu¤lâk ve nas›l ve kimlerce tespit edildi¤i çok daha needed free, open and informed discussion. We actually do have an alternative to net olmayan çerçevelere s›k›flt›rmak hem bu yaflamsal tart›flmay› çoraklaflt›r›yor, anxieties, fears and emotional reactions: Turkey could become simultaneously more hem de de¤iflik ihtimaller ve yaklafl›mlar› dile getirmenin önünde engel secure and more democratic if we free the security sector debate from the thick oluflturuyor. Oysa alternatif yollar da mevcut. Güvenlik sektörünü alt›na veil of secrecy and taboos, mutually learn from the experiences of the contemporary gömüldü¤ü s›r, gizem ve tabular perdesinden kurtaran, bu tart›flmay› democracies which we strive to be a more integral part of, find solutions more normallefltiren, parças› olmaya çabalad›¤›m›z ça¤dafl demokrasilerdeki iyi attuned with the realities in our own country. In this way, we also have to build up deneyimlerden ö¤renen, bunlar› ülkenin gereklilikleri ba¤lam›nda tart›flan ve participatory and democratic processes of open discussions. For long, Turkey and Ümit Cizre yurttafllar›n hak ve talep etti¤i yeni ve kat›l›mc› süreçler infla eden bir Türkiye its citizens have been deserving and demanding such a transformation. This book, hem daha güvenli hem de daha demokratik olmaz m›yd›? Güvenlik sektörü edited by two seminal and prolific academics of the field, Professors Cizre and yönetiflimi konusundaki Avrupa ve küresel deneyimleri karfl›laflt›rmal› olarak Cerrah, has a similarconcern and aims to introduce alternative channels of ‹brahim Cerrah sunan, Türkiye'den uzmanlar›n katk›lar›n› dünya ile paylaflan ve konunun iki information, scientific debate and public discussion. We could only hope that duayeni, Cizre ve Cerrah'›n editörlü¤ünde haz›rlanan bu kitap tam da bu yolu emotional and defensive reactions will be balanced with a more open minded açmak için çabal›yor. Umar›z ki, önümüzdeki dönemde hem TESEV'in hem de perspective, and we will be able to more aptly and fairly discuss the contributions bu kitab›n katk›lar›n› duygusal tepkilerden uzak bir flekilde anlay›p tart›flabiliriz. of TESEV and this edited book. DCAF - TESEV DCAF - TESEV DCAF - TESEV DCAF - TESEV Güvenlik Sektörü Series in Güvenlik Sektörü Series in Çal›flmalar› Security Sector Çal›flmalar› Security Sector Dizisi Studies Dizisi Studies DCAF - TESEV 4 4 4 ISBN: 978-975-8112-91-3 Türkiye Ekonomik ve Geneva Centre for the Democratic Sosyal Etüdler Vakf› Control of Armed Forces Güvenlik Sektörü Yönetiflimi: Security Sector Governance: Türkiye ve Avrupa Turkey and Europe DCAF - TESEV DCAF - TESEV Güvenlik Sektörü Çal›flmalar› Dizisi - 4 Series in Security Sector Studies - 4 Güvenlik Sektörü Yönetiflimi: Security Sector Governance: Türkiye ve Avrupa Turkey and Europe DCAF - TESEV DCAF - TESEV Güvenlik Sektörü Çal›flmalar› Dizisi - 4 Series in Security Sector Studies - 4 TESEV Yay›nlar› TESEV Publications ISBN: 978-975-8112-91-3 ISBN: 978-975-8112-91-3 Editörler: Ümit Cizre, ‹brahim Cerrah Editors: Ümit Cizre, ‹brahim Cerrah Yay›na Haz›rlayanlar: Z. Selen Artan, Ebru ‹lhan Prepared for Publication by: Z. Selen Artan, Ebru ‹lhan Çeviriler: M. Ali Bah›t, Zarife Biliz, Translations: M. Ali Bah›t, Zarife Biliz, Ali R›za Taflkale, It›r Toksöz Ali R›za Taflkale, It›r Toksöz Türkçe Dil Editörü: Zarife Biliz Turkish Language Editor: Zarife Biliz ‹ngilizce Dil Editörleri: Laurie Freeman, English Language Editors: Laurie Freeman, Hari Theodorelis-Rigas Hari Theodorelis-Rigas Metin Düzeltme: Bengi Ruken Cengiz, Zeynep Kaparo¤lu Text Correction: Bengi Ruken Cengiz, Zeynep Kaparo¤lu Bas›m Yeri: Sena Ofset, 0212 613 38 46 Printer: Sena Ofset, 0212 613 38 46 All rights are reserved. No part of this book may be Bu kitab›n bütün haklar› sakl›d›r. Kitab›n hiçbir bölümü, reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical Türkiye Ekonomik ve Sosyal Etüdler Vakf›’n›n (TESEV) izni means (including photocopying, recording or information olmadan, hiçbir elektronik veya mekanik formatta ve araçla storage, retrieval) without the permission of Turkish (fotokopi, kay›t, bilgi depolama vb.) ço¤alt›lamaz. Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV). COPYRIGHT © May›s 2008 TESEV COPYRIGHT © May 2008, TESEV 1. Bask›: May›s 2008, 1000 adet 1st Edition: May 2008, 1000 copies TESEV TESEV BANKALAR CADDES‹, NO: 2 KAT: 3 BANKALAR CADDESI N0:2 3RD FLOOR M‹NERVA HAN, KARAKÖY 34420 MINERVA HAN, KARAKÖY 34425 ‹STANBUL / TÜRK‹YE ISTANBUL - TURKEY TEL: +90 212 292 89 03 TEL:+90.212.292.89.03 PBX FAX: +90 212 292 90 46 FAX:+90.212.292.90.46 [email protected] [email protected]. www.tesev.org.tr www.tesev.org.tr Bu kitapta yer alan görüfller yazarlara aittir ve bir kurum The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, olarak TESEV’in görüflleri ile bire bir örtüflmeyebilir. and do not necessarily reflect the views of TESEV. Bu kitab›n yay›mlanmas›nda katk›lar›ndan ötürü Aç›k Toplum We would like to thank Open Society Institute – Turkey, Enstitüsü – Türkiye’ye, TESEV Yüksek Dan›flma Kurulu’na ve TESEV’s Higher Advisory Council and Geneva Centre for the Cenevre Silahl› Kuvvetlerin Demokratik Denetimi Merkezi’ne Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) for their teflekkürü borç biliriz. valuable assistance that made this book possible. ‹Ç‹NDEK‹LER CONTENTS GÜVENL‹K SEKTÖRÜ REFORMU PROJES‹ 6 SECURITY SECTOR REFORM PROJECT 6 DE⁄ERLEND‹RMELER 8 REVIEWS 8 SUNUfi 12 PREFACE 12 Volkan Aytar Volkan Aytar GÜVENL‹K SEKTÖRÜNDE DEMOKRAT‹KLEfiME DEMOCRATIZATION IN THE SECURITY SECTOR SUNUfi KONUfiMASI 14 WELCOMING REMARKS 14 Can Paker Can Paker AÇILIfi KONUfiMASI 18 OPENING REMARKS 18 Tevfik Ziyaeddin Akbulut Tevfik Ziyaeddin Akbulut GÜVENL‹K SEKTÖRÜ VE DEMOKRAT‹KLEfiME 22 SECURITY SECTOR AND DEMOCRATIZATION 22 Philipp Fluri Philipp Fluri GÜVENL‹K VE ‹NSAN HAKLARI ARASINDAK‹ KIRILGAN DENGE 25 THE FRAGILE BALANCE BETWEEN SECURITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS 25 Zühtü Arslan Zühtü Arslan DÜNYA L‹TERATÜRÜ VE UYGULAMASINDA GÜVENL‹K SEKTÖRÜ: THE SECURITY SECTOR IN THEORY AND PRACTICE: “DEVLET MERKEZL‹” GÜVENL‹KTEN “YURTTAfi-MERKEZL‹” FROM “STATE-CENTERED” SECURITY TO “CITIZEN-CENTERED” GÜVENL‹⁄E DO⁄RU MU? “YEN‹ GÜVENL‹K” 43 SECURITY? “NEW SECURITY” 43 P›nar Bilgin P›nar Bilgin AVRUPA GÜVENL‹K S‹STEMLER‹N‹N B‹RB‹R‹NE UYUMU 62 CONVERGENCE OF EUROPEAN SECURITY SYSTEMS 62 Willem van Eekelen Willem van Eekelen DAHA FAZLA ÖZGÜRLÜK ‹Ç‹N ÖZEL GÜVENL‹K 68 PRIVATE SECURITY FOR MORE FREEDOM 68 Serdar Kandemir Serdar Kandemir ‹Ç GÜVENL‹K SEKTÖRÜNDE Z‹H‹NSEL MODERN‹ZASYON MENTAL MODERNIZATION
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