Groundwater Recharge – Solution To The Water Woes Of

Dr Sanskriti Mujumdar Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department Faculty of Technology & Engineering The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Email: [email protected]

Dr Sanskriti Mujumdar : Vadodara 2019 Urbanization alters the hydrology of a region; rainfall – runoff relationships get affected; The quicker and higher peak flows ; more runoff Problem Winds Interact with Urban-induced Convection to Produce Downwind Rainfall Results • Inadequate discharge carrying Source : http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20020613urbanrain.html capacity of stormwater After Urbanization drains Before • Flooding in low Urbanization lying areas Q t Vadodara is prone to frequent floods and the most severe floods were received in 1994, 1996, 2005, 2007, 2014 and 2019 in the recent past.

Dr Sanskriti Mujumdar : Vadodara 2019 The Other Side Groundwater scenario Deterioration of Quantity & Quality of groundwater

• Increase in demand due to population and lifestyle • Less recharge due to Wall to

Wall Carpeting of roads Source : Groundwater‐dependent ecosystems • Extreme events result in flash floods with less contact time for Vadodara doesn’t have an unconfined aquifer within the vicinity of the city recharge • No regulation for extraction

Dr Sanskriti Mujumdar : Vadodara 2019 WIN‐WIN Lets Use Flood As A Resource To Recharge Groundwater

Simple Direct Benefits of Groundwater Recharge • Reduced load on stormwater drains • Less flooding on roads • Improved quality of groundwater • More availability of water for our use • Less costly to store as compared to surface water • Groundwater treatment costs are almost negligible • Reduced temperature due to better soil moisture • Future generations will thank us Each litre conserved can help meet new water demands without damming another stretch of river or depleting more groundwater. Dr Sanskriti Mujumdar : Vadodara 2019 • Annual rainfall of 1000 mm Simple • One mm of rain falling on one 10000 sq m area leads to Calculations harvesting of 10,000 litres of water • Area of city @160 sq km • At 50% efficiency ‐enough for entire population of Vadodara for @ 40 days • At 70% efficiency ‐ enough for entire population of Vadodara for @ 60 days Plot size 1000 sft At 100 % conservation it is enough for • one person for @ 720 days • For two people for over a year Research by Dr Sanskriti Mujumdar Rainwater Harvesting Methods

Storing rainwater for ready use in containers above or below ground.

Charged into the soil for withdrawal later. (groundwater recharging).

Research by Dr Sanskriti Mujumdar What is needed for implementation.. AQUIFER MAPPING –HANDY GUIDE • Identifying locations of aquifers • Thickness of aquifer at various locations • Properties of the aquifer strata • Suggestions for structures suitable for recharge

Research by Dr Sanskriti Mujumdar STUDY AREA ¾ Vadodara the capital of Gaekwar State, is the third most populated city of Gujarat ¾ The present status of the city has resulted mainly due to establishment of industrial complexes of national importance such as GSFC, GACL, IOCL, Reliance Industries, ABB, L & T, Bombardier, Alembic, Sun • SMART CITY pharmaceuticals, ONGC, Apollo • FALLS ON GOLDEN tyres, Ceat Tyres, Suzlon , SEZ QUADRILATERAL at Waghodiya etc.. CONNECTING DELHI AND MUMBAI 31‐08‐2019 9 Location of study area: 22o17’59” N latitude and 73o15’18” E longitude, with a gentle slope from the Northeast to Southwest.

31‐08‐2019 10 Sources of Water supply for the city: At present, water is supplied once a day for 40 to 70 minutes. Most common complaints received by the water supply department of VMC are inadequate water supply/pressure and quality of supply.

Sources of Supply Approximate Supply

Mahi Radial Collector Wells 110 – 120 MLD

Mahi River Tube Wells 55 ‐ 65 –MLD

Ajwa –Nimeta 65 –70 MLD

City Tube Wells 10 –15 MLD

Total Supply 240 – 270 MLD

31‐08‐2019 11 DATA COLLECTION Agency Data Regarding No of Samples Litholog of Vadodara GWRDC, Vadodara 20 City Litholog of Vadodara GWSSB, Vadodara 11 City Baroda Water Management Litholog Of Vadodara 9 Consultant City GWRDC, Vadodara Quality of Ground Water 22 GWSSB, Vadodara Quality of Ground Water 49 Baroda Water Management Quality of Ground Water 9 Consultant Public Health Laboratory, VMSS Quality of Ground Water 65 GSFC Laboratory Quality of Ground Water 13 B T Enterprise Quality of Ground Water 25 31‐08‐2019 12 Aquifer Mapping and Water Quality for Vadodara city

Research by Dr Sanskriti Mujumdar QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER IN VADODARA (2012)

TDS Content mg/l pH Content Calcium Content mg/l Total Hardness mg/l

Magnesium Chloride Sulphar Content Nitrate Content mg/l Content mg/l mg/l Content mg/l Dr Sanskriti Mujumdar : Vadodara 2019 Geohydrological zones according to Nature of Aquifer Sr Feasible Aquifer Area Zone Remarks No Depth (mtr) Thickness (mtr) Very good for recharge as aquifer 1 I 50 To 70 25 To 30 characteristic is fine to medium Very good for recharge structure, 2Gotri, Sevasi I 70 To 100 30 To 35 permeability is good for deep aquifers. Old Padara Road, , 3 II 55 To 60 25 To 30 Aquifers are good for recharge Atladara Good aquifers below 30m for Manjalpur, Makarpura, 4 III 35 To 65 20 To 25 recharge. Productive aquifer Pratapnagar having good intake capacity Ajwa Road, Non feasible for ground water Road, 5 IV 30 To 50 15 To 25 Exploration. Non‐productive Road aquifers and saline zone. Harni Road, Shubhanpura, 6 V55 To 60 25 To 30 Aquifers are good for recharge , IPCL. Non productive aquifers with dry Fategunj, Sama, Nizampura, 7 VI 35 To 70 15 To 25 aquifers but medium to coarse Savli Road, Chhani Road sand mixed with clay. Highly non‐productive saline City Area, Mandvi, Panigate, aquifers at shallow depth. Only 8 Nyaymandir, Ravpura, Wadi Mix 25 To 50 15 To 30 unconfined aquifers can be Fatepura recharge through rooftop 31‐08‐2019 harvesting. 15 Recharge Structures For Various Wards Of Vadodara City.

31‐08‐2019 16 Recharge Structure for Zone I and V (Alkapuri, Gotri, Sevasi, , Gorwa, Ipcl)‐ Recharge Well ¾ In this method water is not pumped into the aquifer but allowed to percolate through a filter bed, which comprises sand and gravel. ¾ A recharge well is generally a borehole, 500 mm diameter, which is drilled to the desired depth depending upon the geological conditions, preferably 5 m in the aquifer. ¾ Inside this hole a slotted casing pipe of 200 mm diameter is inserted. The annular space between the borehole and the pipe is filled with gravel and developed with a compressor till it gives clear water. 17 Recharge Structure for Zone II, III and VI (Old padara Road, Akota, Atladara, Manjalpur, Makarpura, Pratapnagar, , Nizampura, Sama, Savli Road, Chhani road)‐ Storage Cum Recharge Well

¾ In this method the runoff is collected in storage tank and then it is allowed to percolate slowly to meet groundwater through recharge well constructed upto depth of aquifer in tank itself. ¾ This structure is capable of harvesting only a limited amount of runoff because of the limitation with regard to size and also permeability of aquifer is less.

18 Where it is being applied • On Trial Basis At 2 • Vadodara Railway Prime Locations In station, Railway The City staff college and railway colony • • 56 schools of Collectively they vadodara city use 35 lakh litres per day More public buildings to follow ….

Dr Sanskriti Mujumdar : Vadodara 2019 Its Time We Pay Back To Mother Earth

Thank you

Research by Dr Sanskriti Mujumdar