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Danser Sur Un Volcan Universiteit Gent – Faculteit van de Rechtsgeleerdheid Danser sur un volcan. Een criminologisch en juridisch onderzoek naar het fenomeen barebacking en ander risicovol seksueel handelen. Scriptie neergelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Licentiaat/Master in de criminologische wetenschappen door Bjorn KETELS Academiejaar 2006-2007 Promotor: Prof. dr. Tom Balthazar Commissarissen: Prof. dr. Tom Vander Beken Prof. dr. Gert Vermeulen ~1~ TREFWOORDEN Risicovol seksueel handelen (hiv/aids). Epidemiologie. Etiologie. Aanpak (strafrecht, preventie en hulpverlening). ~2~ “The protective privilege ends where the public peril begins.” Supreme Court of California, Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 1976. “Die Lust ist mächtiger als alle Furcht der Strafe.” J.W. GOETHE, Die Mitschuldigen, 1, 3. “Het lijkt een eeuw terug, maar het is pas 25 jaar geleden (…); het seksleven was heerlijk ongecompliceerd en ongeremd. Alles mocht, zo leek het. Het juk van verbod en moraal was afgeschud. En wie tegen een geslachtsziekte opliep, was met medicijnen snel weer gezond. Toen doken er hier en daar berichten op over een nieuwe ziekte, die in het begin ‘de homoziekte’ werd genoemd. Grid, zeiden ze eerst in Amerika, daarna: aids. (…) Schoonheid en onbezorgdheid maakten plaats voor lichamelijke ellende en stress. De dood lag plotsklaps op de loer. Seks werd een mijnenveld. (…) Het was je lust of je leven. (…) Na een paar jaar doofde de ergste angst en maakte hij plaats voor een sluimerende ongerustheid. ‘Vrij veilig’, het dwingende advies uit het begin, verwerd tot een manier van leven, een automatisme. Aids was gewoon. Toen later seropositieven door nieuwe medicijncocktails als Lazarus uit de dood leken te herrijzen, was aids geen doodvonnis meer. Aids was uit. De regels die eerst als een ijzeren korset het seksleven hadden afgekneld, werden lossere teugels.” T. DEKKERS, Je lust of je leven. Hiv-preventie voor homoseksuele mannen 1982-2005, Amsterdam, Schorer, 2005, 9-10. “La responsabilité est de toute justice.” M. LOCRE, Législation civile, commerciale et criminelle ou commentaire et complément des codes français, Brussel, Tarlier, 1836, 276. ~3~ Voor mijn peter Wilfried VAN ACKER, geboren op 16 oktober 1925 en overleden op 29 september 2006. Mijn universitaire studie was zijn grote droom. ~4~ VOORWOORD Deze scriptie is het resultaat van twee jaar grondig onderzoek in het kader van het behalen van de graad van licentiaat/master in de criminologische wetenschappen aan de Universiteit Gent. In essentie is een universitaire opleiding op de creatie van de universele mens gericht. Sudenten moeten doorheen de jaren autonoom kennis leren opbouwen en een zin voor scherpe reflectie aan de dag leggen. Het schrijven van een verhandeling is de klap op de vuurpijl. Het is een leerrijk groeiproces, een mijlpaal in de queeste naar het summum van kritische zelfstandigheid. Hoewel een eindwerk in wezen de vrucht van individuele arbeid is, droeg een heel aantal mensen bij tot de verwezenlijking van dit document. Het zou alleszins onvolledig zijn zonder een woord van dank aan iedereen die medewerking verleende en zorgde voor begeleiding of steun. In het bijzonder wil ik mijn promotor, Professor Doctor Tom BALTHAZAR, bedanken. Hij inspireerde mij al tijdens mijn derde licentie rechten aan de Gentse Alma Mater tot de keuze voor het onderwerp. Bovendien nam hij, ondanks zijn drukke agenda, de nodige tijd om mij wetenschappelijk te begeleiden en heel wat interessante toelichtingen en tips te verschaffen. Ten slotte ben ik hem heel erkentelijk voor de ruime vrijheid die hij me liet bij de uitwerking van het onderzoek. Dank ook aan mevrouw Tessa GOMBEER. Zij was meer dan eens een reddende engel. Ik richt tevens een gemeend dankwoord aan mijn twee commissarissen, Professor Doctor Tom VANDER BEKEN en Professor Doctor Gert VERMEULEN. Hun expertise als professor en hun jarenlang onderwijs en research in het strafrecht staan borg voor een gedegen evaluatie van het voorliggende werkstuk. De medewerkers van de FOD Volksgezondheid, Veiligheid van de Voedselketen en Leefmilieu, van de Vlaamse overheid, van Sensoa (het service- en expertisecentrum voor seksuele gezondheid en hiv) en van de Nationale Raad en de Provinciale Raad van West-Vlaanderen van de Orde van geneesheren, verdienen een woord van dank voor de informatie die ze ter beschikking stelden en de vele vragen die ze beantwoordden. Hun ervaring betekende voor mij een grote verrijking. Ik wil ook mijn stageplaats bedanken en dan vooral de parketmagistraten waarmee ik nauw kon samenwerken. Dank aan mevrouw Kathleen MISSIAEN, Fien MADDENS, Grace VAN BESELAERE en Kathleen VANDENBERGHE en de heren Carl BERGEN, Christophe BERGEZ, Guy BILLIOUW, ~5~ Luc STRYPSTEEN en Koen WITTOUCK. De heer Tom VANDEWALLE (onderzoeksrechter) en de heren Hubert FLORÉ en Geert VAN PARYS (wetsdokters) dank ik eveneens. Door de gesprekken die wij samen voerden, kwam ik telkens opnieuw tot andere inzichten. Mijn ouders ontsnappen niet aan dit dankwoord. Pa en ma, bedankt voor de morele en financiële steun die mij toeliet mijn studies aan te vatten en te voltooien. Ook Nathalie DELAERE en Christof VERHELST wil ik in de bloemetjes zetten. Nathalie bezorgde heel wat nuttige informatie en nam een groot deel van het (onaangename) kopiewerk voor haar rekening. Christof las het geheel grondig en kritisch na. Mijn oprechte dank daarvoor. Ten slotte vermeld ik graag mijn vriendin Sophie, niet alleen omdat ze de strijd aanbond met het zetduiveltje maar hoofdzakelijk voor haar niet-aflatende steun en de vele aanmoedigingen. Haar ontembaar doorzettingsvermogen straalde steeds op mij af. Fieke, accept my thoughts for thanks; I have no words. Gratias tibi ago. Bjorn KETELS, Pittem, zaterdag 28 april 2007. ~6~ VERWIJZINGEN EN AFKORTINGEN Bij het verwijzen en afkorten werden de klassieke regels uit de meest recente editie van het zogenaamde “V&A-boekje” gerespecteerd.1 Verwijzingen naar jurisprudentie beperkten we tot één enkele vindplaats tenzij onder éénzelfde uitspraak verschillende interessante noten of conclusies verschenen. 1 Zie INTERUNIVERSITAIRE COMMISSIE JURIDISCHE VERWIJZINGEN EN AFKORTINGEN, Juridische verwijzingen en afkortingen, Deurne, Kluwer, 2000, 207 p. ~7~ INHOUDSOPGAVE TREFWOORDEN .............................................................................................................................................2 VOORWOORD ..................................................................................................................................................5 VERWIJZINGEN EN AFKORTINGEN.........................................................................................................7 INHOUDSOPGAVE..........................................................................................................................................8 DEEL 1: ALGEMENE INLEIDING...............................................................................................................11 HOOFDSTUK 1: ALGEMEEN .................................................................................................................................. 12 HOOFDSTUK 2: INLEIDENDE BESCHOUWINGEN...................................................................................... 13 Afdeling 1. Motivatie voor en onderwerp, achtergrond en afbakening van het onderzoek.................................................. 13 Afdeling 2. (Criminologische) relevantie en doelstelling van het onderzoek....................................................................... 19 Afdeling 3. Methodologie van het onderzoek: onderzoeksmethodes en -materiaal............................................................. 20 Afdeling 4. Structuur van het onderzoek ...................................................................................................................... 22 HOOFDSTUK 3: TERMINOLOGISCHE TOELICHTINGEN.......................................................................... 23 Afdeling 1. Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................... 23 Afdeling 2. Risicovol seksueel handelen......................................................................................................................... 23 Afdeling 3. Hiv en aids ............................................................................................................................................... 24 DEEL 2: EEN EPIDEMIOLOGISCH EN ETIOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK NAAR RISICOVOL SEKSU- EEL HANDELEN...........................................................................................................................................32 HOOFDSTUK 1: ALGEMEEN .................................................................................................................................. 33 HOOFDSTUK 2: EPIDEMIOLOGISCHE GEGEVENS..................................................................................... 34 Afdeling 1. Inleiding.................................................................................................................................................... 34 Afdeling 2. Hiv en aids in België ................................................................................................................................. 34 Afdeling 3. Risicovol seksueel handelen in België........................................................................................................... 36 HOOFDSTUK 3: RISKANT SEKSUEEL GEDRAG IN ETIOLOGISCH PERSPECTIEF.........................
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