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©2020 Qun Wang ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NORMALIZATION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN GOOGLE NEWS: A MULTI-METHOD ANALYSIS OF THE WORLD’S LARGEST NEWS AGGREGATOR By QUN WANG A dissertation submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Communication, Information and Media Written under the direction of Susan Keith And approved by _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey January 2020 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION NORMALIZATION AND DIFFERENTIATION IN GOOGLE NEWS: A MULTI-METHOD ANALYSIS OF THE WORLD’S LARGEST NEWS AGGREGATOR by QUN WANG Dissertation Director: Susan Keith This dissertation examines the history, evolution, and influence of Google News— Google’s news aggregation service—from the late 1990s to 2019. There are scattered studies about Google News, but no systematic and substantive research on what is, at this writing, its nearly two decades of existence. Those two decades happened to be a period of time that witnessed the intense digital transformation of the media industry and our society. Both the object of the study and the timeframe this study examines are significant to understand the changing media and technology environment in the 21st century. Drawing on normalization and differentiation theoretical frameworks, this dissertation combines traditional research methods and computational approaches to conduct historical research, web archival analysis, legal analysis, algorithm analysis, and more. In six chapters, this dissertation traces the origin and early history of Google News; the structural, visual, and functional evolution on the Google News homepage design ii since its launch in 2002; disputes about Google and its news aggregation service in different parts of the world; Google’s news-related technologies and algorithms; and Google’s systematic initiatives in the news area and their influences. Based on the analysis of the normalization and differentiation trends and the driving forces behind these trends, this study proposes an N-D-N theoretical model that conceptualizes Google’s development in the news area and the interaction between Google and the news industry. The dissertation concludes with a discussion about the implications of the N-D- N model for policymaking on platform governance and the future of journalism. Using Google News as a case study, this dissertation provides a snapshot of the changing media landscape in the digital era. It also makes theoretical and empirical contributions to the ongoing conversation about the interrelationship between digital platforms and the traditional media industry. iii Table of contents Chapter 1. Introduction and Theoretical Frameworks (p. 1-35) Introduction Online News Aggregation Google News as the World’s Largest News Aggregator Theoretical Frameworks Plan of This Dissertation Chapter 2. Origin and Early History: 9/11, A Turning Point (p. 36-65) Pre-911 911 9/11 and the Web Immediately Post-911 Discussions Chapter 3. Structural, Visual, and Functional Trends on Google News Homepage Design (p. 66-124) When “Google News” Was “Google News Search” Major Redesigns and Implications Gradual Homepage Changes Over Time and Implications Personalization Discussions Chapter 4. Battles: Google News and the News Media Industry (p. 125-177) France Belgium Italy United States UK China Germany Spain The New European Union Copyright Directive Discussions Chapter 5. Google’s News-related Technologies and Algorithms (p. 178-211) Algorithm Patent and Patent Analysis Method in This Chapter Google’s News-related Technologies Google’s News-related Algorithms Discussions Chapter 6. A Growing Institutional Power and N-D-N—A New Theoretical Model (p. 212-236) Google News Initiatives Conclusion: The N-D-N Theoretical Model References (p. 237-259) 1 Chapter 1. Introduction and Theoretical Frameworks Introduction As one of the world’s leading technology companies, Google owns a wide range of products. Among the earliest and most long-lasting is Google News (Shiels, 2018), Google’s news aggregation service and the central component of Google’s news business. As a digital news aggregator, Google News does not produce news itself. Instead, it aggregates news from different sources, presenting news to users through a mostly automatic process based on Google’s computational algorithms. Since its launch in 2002, Google News—the world’s largest news aggregator—has had profound impact on the news media industry and people’s everyday lives. As of January 2019, Google News covers more than 80,000 news publishers around the world (Google, 2019). Google reports that Google News contributes more than 10 billion clicks per month to publishers’ websites (Schindler, 2018). By 2018, Google News had approximately 150 million unique monthly visitors in the U.S. (Helmore, 2019). Google News is also one of the most controversial of Google’s products. As it grew into a major actor in the early 21st century media ecosystem, tensions between Google News and traditional news media escalated around the world. For example, in the United Kingdom, Rupert Murdoch, the founder of News Corp., publicly accused Google and other technology companies of “stealing,” for they “simply just pick up everything and run with it, steal our stories-—we say they steal our stories—they just take them” (Johnson, 2009, para. 12). In the United States, at a 2010 Federal Communications Commission event “The Future of Media and Information Needs of Communities: Serving the Public Interest in the Digital Era,” news executives called news aggregators 2 associated with search engines “the enemy.” For example, Associated Press General Counsel Srinandan Kasi argued that their practices threatened the value of original reporting by manipulating the monetization of the news content (Anderson, 2013). The development of Google News and the tension between the “older” and “newer” media sectors reveal complex dynamics in the media and technology ecosystem in the digital era. To better understand these dynamics and the forces that drive these dynamics, this dissertation explores Google News in terms of its history, evolution, and influence, as well as Google’s news business evolving around it. There are a few studies about Google News (See Das, Datar, Garg, & Rajaram, 2007; Schroeder & Kralemann, 2005; Weaver & Bimber, 2008) but no systematic and substantive examination of its seventeen years of existence since its launch in 2002. These years happen to be a period that has witnessed the most intense digital transformation of the media industry and our societies. Therefore, both the object and the timeframe that this dissertation examines are important for understanding the negotiations and relationships that shape the changing media landscape. This study of Google News is conducted against the backdrop of the ongoing conversation about digital platforms, in terms of their roles, influence, and regulation (e.g. Bell & Albright, 2018; Gillespie, 2017; Newman, Fletcher, Kalogeropoulos, Levy, & Niesen, 2018). The debate in the regulatory domain is especially heated surrounding the questions of whether digital platforms should be governed and, if so, how. To answer these questions, one needs to first be clear about the answers to a series of related questions: What are these digital platforms? How do they work? Are they technology companies or media companies? The question about the nature of digital platforms is 3 especially puzzling: many scholars and observers point out that platforms strategically position themselves and construct the public discourse for economic, political, and legal considerations (Bogust, 2016; Gillespie, 2010; Napoli & Caplan, 2017). Digital platforms define themselves as technology companies as this identity makes them appealing to the investment community and helps them avoid legal and regulatory constraints, but they play the role of the media companies because of their power in determining what information the public receives through algorithmic gatekeeping and their close relationship with the media industry (Baram, 2017; Napoli & Caplan, 2017; Napoli, 2015). The identity question matters because it defines the public’s perception of digital platforms. It also determines the rationales underlying law and policymakers’ decision- making. Studying Google News provides a timely opportunity to contribute to the ongoing conversation in terms of the role of digital platforms and their implications for journalism, democracy, and policymaking. In this dissertation, “What is Google News?” also serves as a driving question that runs throughout the study as it examines how Google News emerged, how it works and has evolved, and how it wields influences. “What is Google News?” is a question with no simple answers. As the name implies, Google News is a hybrid of “Google”—a technology giant and a representative of “new” media actors—and “news,” the product traditionally created by mass media, “old” media actors. The hybrid nature of Google News determines that it carries genes from both sides, giving the news aggregator interesting characteristics that are both similar to and different from either sector. To understand how the genes are edited in Google News’ DNA in terms of its operations, functionalities, and roles, this dissertation
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