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Abstract Racking Performance Of ABSTRACT RACKING PERFORMANCE OF PAPERBOARD AND WOOD BASED SHEATHING MATERIALS By Benjamin Ong A small scale (16 x 16 inch) racking tester was used to evaluate the racking performance of the paperboard and wood based sheathing materials. In this study it was shown that the staple spacing, staple size and caliper of the paperboard affect racking performance. It was established in this study that extending staples length beyond 1 inch has no advantage for the paperboard and wood based sheathing materials. Similarly, using nails for fasteners has no advantage both for paperboard and wood based sheathing materials. This finding is limited to the present set up and does not represent other racking testers. The racking performance improved when adhesive was used in combination with staples to attach the sheathing to the wood frame. It was observed after the racking test, the physical state of the paperboard sheathings indicate that staples have a higher withdrawal resistance and less tear through when compared to the nails. The stretching of the paperboards during the racking test slightly affects the tensile properties and further study is needed. The hardboard was evaluated to have better racking stiffness and strength than that of plywood and oriented strand board. The comparison of staples and nails as fasteners based on the racking stiffness and strength show that nail will be preferred for hardboard but for plywood and oriented strand board, either nails or staples could be used as fasteners. The basis weight and racking strength have an inverse relationship for the wood based sheathing. THE RACKING PERFORMANCE OF PAPERBOARD AND WOOD BASED SHEATHING MATERIALS A thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science Department of Paper and Chemical Engineering by Benjamin Ong Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2006 Approved by: Advisor ______________________________ Dr. Douglas W. Coffin Reader ______________________________ Dr. Catherine Almquist Reader ______________________________ Dr. Robert C. Peterson Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………...............1 Literature Review…………………………………………………………..3 Objectives…………………………………………………………………...9 Test Specimens, Equipment, and Procedures…………………………...10 1. Materials…………………………………………………………...10 2. Paperboard Characterization………………………………………10 3. Wood Board Characterization……………………………………..11 4. Simplified Small Scale Racking Tester……………………………12 5. Experimental Procedure…………………………………………...14 6. Method of Analysis………………………………………………..18 Discussion of Results……………………………………………………...19 I. Paperboard……………………………………………………………..19 1. Paperboard Characterization………………………………………19 2. Experimental Program……………………………………………..20 (1) Effect of Staple Spacing on the Racking Performance of the Paperboard Sheathing…………………….21 (2) Effect of Staple Size on the Racking Performance of the Paperboard Sheathing…………………….25 (3) Effect of Caliper (thickness) on the Racking Performance of the Paperboard Sheathing…………………….28 (4) Comparison of Racking Performance of the Paperboard Sheathing using Staples and Nails………………..30 (5) Effect of Stretching during Racking Test on the Tensile Properties………………………………………35 ii (6) Racking Stiffness as a Function of Geometric Mean Modulus ……………………………………………………….36 II. Wood-Based Board……………………………………………………38 (1) Effect of Staple Size and Thickness on the Racking Performance of Hardboard……………………………………38 (2) Comparison of Racking Performance of the Three Wood Boards using Staples……………………………39 (3) Comparison of Racking Performance of the Three Wood Boards using Nails……………………………………..41 (4) Comparison of Racking Performance of the Three Wood Boards using Both Staples and Nails…………………..42 (5) Comparison of Racking Performance of Wood Boards and Paperboards……………………………………………....44 (6) Effect of Basis Weight on the Racking Performance of the Wood Boards…………………………….46 III. Comparison of Calculated and Actual Racking Load……………..47 IV. Metal Sheathing....................................................................................48 Summary and Conclusion…………………………………………..........51 Recommendation………………………………………………………….56 Literature Cited…………………………………………………………...57 Appendix…………………………………………………………………..60 Appendix 1a: Effect of spacing on the racking performance of the Paperboard……………………………..60 Appendix 1b: Effect of spacing on the racking performance of the paperboard……………………………..61 Appendix 2: Effect of staple size on the racking iii performance of the paperboard……………………………...62 Appendix 3: Effect of caliper (thickness) on the racking performance of the paperboard……………………..65 Appendix 4: Comparison of racking performance of the paperboards using both staples and nails…………….68 Appendix 5: Comparison of racking performance of the wood boards using both staples and nails……………69 iv List of Tables Table 1a: Characterization data of the three grades of paperboard..................................19 Table 1b: Characterization data of the Dark Gray and Dirty White paperboard.………………………………………………………………........19 Table 2: Results of the reproducibility test of small scale racking tester…………………………………………………………………..20 Table 3: Comparison of racking performance of the nailed and stapled paperboards……………………………………………………………………33 Table 4: Comparison of elastic modulus of the paperboards before and after racking test…………………………………………………………........36 Table 5: Properties of the wood boards……...................................................................38 Table 6: Comparison of racking performance of 2/16 and 3/16 inch hardboard……………………………………………………………………...39 Table 7: Comparison of racking performance of the three types of wood board…………………………………………………………………….41 Table 8: Comparison of racking performance of the three wood boards using nails as fastener………………………………………………................42 Table 9: Comparison of racking performance of the wood boards using nails and staples……………………………………………………………….43 Table 10: Effect of basis weight on the racking strength of the three wood boards…………………………………………………………………...47 Table 11: Comparison of calculated and actual load……………………………………48 Table 12: Comparison of racking performance of the aluminum sheathing using staples and screws………………………………………………………49 v List of Figures Figure 1: Component of a timber shea wall……………………………………………..3 Figure 2: Distortion of frame when panel is subjected to racking load…………………4 Figure 3: Set up of small scale (16 x 16 inch) racking tester………………………......12 Figure 4: Close up of small scale racking tester.............................................................13 Figure 5: The directional force of 16 x 16 inch racking tester…………………………13 Figure 6: The directional force of racking load of standard tester……………………..14 Figure 7: The edge wood and the metal frame…………………………………….......15 Figure 8a: The metal frame and wood inserts…………………………………………..16 Figure 8b: The woods were inserted into the metal frame……………………………...16 Figure 9: Alignment of the test frame with a template………………………………...17 Figure 10a: The paperboard as stapled to the edge wood using the markings of the template………………………………………………………………17 Figure 10b: The installed racking test assembly………………………………………...18 Figure 11: Reproducibility test of the small scale racking tester……………………….21 Figure 12: Effect of spacing on the racking stiffness…………………………………..22 Figure 13: Effect of spacing on the displacement……………………………………...22 Figure 14: Effect of spacing on the peak load………………………………………….23 Figure 15: Effect of spacing on the peak load (with glue)……………………………..24 Figure 16: Effect of staple size on the racking stiffness………………………………. 26 Figure 17: Effect of staple size on the displacement…………………………………...26 Figure 18: Effect of staple size on the racking stiffness………………………………..27 Figure 19: Effect of staple size on the displacement…………………………………...27 Figure 20: Effect of caliper (thickness) on the peak load………………………………29 Figure 21: Effect of caliper (thickness) on the racking stiffness……………………… 29 Figure 22: Effect of caliper (thickness) on the displacement…………………………..30 Figure 23: Load displacement curves of 1 inch staple and nail………………………...31 Figure 24: Load displacement curves of 1-1/4 inch nail and staple……………………32 vi Figure 25: Comparison of physical state of nailed and stapled paperboards using fastener size of 1 inch and 2 inch spacing……………...34 Figure 26: Nails withdrawal and nail torn through on paperboard using 1 inch nail and 3 inch spacing……………………………………………....34 Figure 27: Nails torn through on paperboard and displacement of paperboard from the wood frame…………………………………………...35 Figure 28: Plot of racking stiffness with geometric mean modulus................................37 Figure 29: Load displacement curves of 2/16 and 3/16 inch hardboard………………..38 Figure 30: Load displacement curves of the three wood boards using 1-1/4 inch staple…………………………………………………………….40 Figure 31: Load displacement curves of the three wood boards using 1-1/4 inch nail………………………………………………………………42 Figure 32: Comparison of racking strength of plywood………………………………..44 Figure 33: Comparison of racking performance of the wood boards with paperboards using 1-1/4 inch staple and nail……………………………….45 Figure 34: Comparison of racking performance of the wood boards with paperboards using 1 inch staple…………………………………………….46 Figure 35: Load displacement curves of the aluminum sheathing……………………..49 Figure 36: Comparison of racking performance of the aluminum sheathing with paperboards…………………………………………………50 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank
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